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coexistence dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks from north-western poland.the tick ixodes ricinus may carry microorganisms which cause serious human and animal diseases, i.a., the lyme disease (borreliosis), caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and babesiosis, induced by the protozoan babesia microti. both microbe species may co-occur in the same and other species of the genus tick and produce a mixed infection in humans and animals. the major objective of the study was to identify dna of b. burgdorferi and b. microti in the i. ricinus ticks colle ...200212088393
study on the occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ticks collected in lublin region (eastern poland).in 114 ixodes ricinus ticks from 1 district of lublin region (eastern poland) examined by dark field microscopy method, the presence of motile spirochetes, morphologically corresponding to borrelia species was detected in 8.8% of the total examined ticks. the highest infection rate was noted among females (16.7%), much lower in males (7.1%) and nymphs (4.0%). examination of 550 ticks collected from 3 districts of the lublin region by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) showed that 5.3% of the total ...200212088406
seroprevalence of babesia infections in humans exposed to ticks in midwestern germany.babesiosis is considered to be an emerging tick-borne disease in humans worldwide. however, most studies on the epidemiology of human babesiosis to date have been carried out in north america, and there is little knowledge on the prevalence of infection and frequency of disease in other areas. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of babesia infections in a human population in germany. a total of 467 sera collected between may and october 1999 from individuals living in the rhe ...200212089258
entomologic and serologic evidence of zoonotic transmission of babesia microti, eastern switzerland.we evaluated human risk for infection with babesia microti at a site in eastern switzerland where several b. microti-infected nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks had been found. dna from pooled nymphal ticks amplified by polymerase chain reaction was highly homologous to published b. microti sequences. more ticks carried babesial infection in the lower portion of the rectangular 0.7-ha grid than in the upper (11% vs. 0.8%). in addition, we measured seroprevalence of immunoglobulin (ig) g antibodies aga ...200212095442
igg responses to salivary gland extract of ixodes ricinus ticks vary inversely with resistance in naturally exposed sheep.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to investigate the antibody responses of control sheep, and sheep naturally exposed to ixodes ricinus linné (acari: ixodidae) ticks, to salivary gland extract (sge) proteins of partially fed, adult i. ricinus. comparisons between responses of control sheep and naturally infested sheep by western blot analysis suggested that variations in igg responses of i. ricinus-exposed sheep were mostly associated with specific responses to i. ricinus sge an ...200212109713
exploring the messages of the salivary glands of ixodes ricinus. 200212139211
isolation of ixodes ricinus salivary gland mrna encoding factors induced during blood feeding.in tick salivary glands, genes induced during blood feeding result in the expression of new proteins secreted into tick saliva. these proteins are potentially involved in modulation of vertebrate host immune and hemostatic responses. in this study, subtractive and full-length cdna libraries were constructed by use of mrna extracted from salivary glands of unfed and 5-day engorged ixodes ricinus. sequences from these 2 libraries were compared with european molecular biology laboratory (embl)/genb ...200212139212
ehrlichiosis in ixodes ricinus and wild mammals. 200212141732
zoonotic babesiosis.zoonotic babesiosis has received increased attention recently, due mainly to the interest in tick-borne zoonotic diseases generated by the emergence of lyme borreliosis and to increased awareness of diagnostic and treatment difficulties associated with co-infection cases. the vast majority of european cases have been caused by babesia divergens in splenectomised patients, and although rare, this disease is very dangerous, requiring aggressive treatment. the use of atovaquone, a recently develope ...200212141733
the key roles of selection and migration in the ecology of lyme borreliosis.the roles of selection and migration of b. burgdorferi s. l. were studied. questing adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected across europe and analysed for infection with b. burgdorferi s. l. analysis of the genospecies in individual ticks showed that b. garinii and b. valaisiana segregate from b. afzelii. segregation of bird- and rodent-associated borrelia genotypes can be explained by the operation of complement-mediated selection in the midgut of the feeding tick. phylogenetic analyses of b. ...200212141740
coinfection of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in northern poland with the agents of lyme borreliosis (lb) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge).adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from pomerania province, northern poland, to determine the presence of infection with agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) and lyme borreliosis by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). of the 424 ticks 19.2% and 11.6% contained ehrlichiae and spirochetes, respectively. frequency of single infection with the hge agent was 63/424 while frequency of single infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 28/424. as many as 21/424 ticks (5% ...200212141746
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the selected ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) population in weilburg forests, hesse, germany.we studied the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in woodland areas in the vicinity of weilburg (hesse, germany). ticks (n = 13,347) were collected in five localities in 1996 and were fixed in 70% ethanol. out of them, 4404 specimens were analysed individually (n = 406) and in 796 pools of 2-10 specimens (n = 3998) by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the calculated minimal infection rate of individual and pooled ticks was 0% in larvae (n = 280), 6.9 ...200212141747
foci of tick-borne diseases in southwest germany.presently known tick-borne diseases in germany include lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (tbe-virus, western subtype), q-fever, babesiosis and presumably ehrlichiosis. blood samples of 4,368 forestry workers in the state of baden-wuerttemberg (b-w), southwestern germany, were tested for the presence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tbe-virus and ehrlichia spp. (genogroup e. phagocytophila). furthermore 12,327 ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected in various areas of b-w ...200212141751
birds and borrelia.after several years of controversy, the contribution of birds in the ecology of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) has become more and more obvious on the three continents where the pathogens are distributed. evidence of the reservoir competence of particular bird species has been obtained using tick xenodiagnosis. b. burgdorferi sl circulates not only in terrestrial environment involving ixodes ricinus and undergrowth-frequenting birds but also in marine environment involving i. uriae and sea ...200212141764
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the nightingale (luscinia megarhynchos) and other passerine birds.in order to explore the involvement of terrestrial birds in the ecology of lyme disease spirochetes, we determined the presence of borrelia burgdorferi s. i. dna in tick larvae feeding on the hosts. birds were caught at several study sites along the rhine valley in sw germany between august 1999 and march 2001. a total of 987 ixodes ricinus larvae were collected from 225 birds belonging to 20 host species. the following four passerine species that have not yet been subject to detailed reservoir ...200212141765
genetic detection and isolation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, kosovo, yugoslavia.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (c-chfv) strains were isolated from a fatal case and the attending physician in kosovo, yugoslavia. early, rapid diagnosis of the disease was achieved by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the physician was successfully treated with oral ribavirin. these cases yielded the first genetically studied c-chfv human isolates in the balkans.200212141973
behavioural and chemoreceptor cell responses of the tick, ixodes ricinus, to its own faeces and faecal constituents.ticks are ectoparasites of vertebrates and utilize a variety of infochemicals for host finding and acceptance as well as for intraspecific aggregation and mating responses. individual male and female ixodes ricinus. the vector of lyme disease in europe. readily arrest on filter paper strips contaminated with their own faeces. i. ricinus also responds, but to a lesser degree, to faeces-contaminated papers enclosed in metal mesh envelopes. i.e. without directly contacting the faeces, suggesting a ...200112171273
cellular immunity, but not gamma interferon, is essential for resolution of babesia microti infection in balb/c mice.a new strain of babesia microti (kr-1) was isolated from a connecticut resident with babesiosis by hamster inoculation and adapted to c3h/hej and balb/c mice. to examine the relative importance of humoral and cellular immunity for the control of b. microti infection, we compared the course of disease in wild-type balb/c mice with that in balb/c scid mice, jhd-null (b-cell-deficient) mice, and t-cell receptor alphabeta (tcrbeta(-/-)) or gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) (ifn-gamma(-/-)) knockout mice ...200212183588
[pcr sensitivity in detection of dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in different isolates].because of lack of standardization of pcr method in poland to amplify borrelia burgdorferi s. l. dna in this case we applied three different primer sets for amplification of: fla gene, 16s rrna small subunit gene as well as 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer and two different polymerases. we compare the efficacy of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. detection in whole blood from borreliosis suspected patients and isolates of intestine contents of ixodes ricinus ticks. a quality of polymerase is also importan ...200212194233
tick salivary gland extract-activated transmission of borrelia afzelii spirochaetes.saliva-activated transmission of borrelia afzelii canica, nato, du merle, mazie, baranton et postic, 1993 was demonstrated using salivary gland extract (sge) from ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) ticks and c3h mice. injection of borrelia spirochaetes together with sge increased the level of bacteraemia and accelerated the appearance of bacteria in the urinary bladder, compared with the injection of spirochaetes alone. more i. ricinus nymphs became infected when feeding on mice inoculated with b. afzeli ...200212194488
first detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus from italy.ixodes ricinus from italy were examined for the first time to detect whether rickettsiae were present. using molecular methods, we detected three different spotted fever group rickettsiae, including rickettsia helvetica. our results raise the possibility that bacteria other than r. conorii are involved in rickettsial diseases in italy.200212194779
disease severity in a murine model of lyme borreliosis is associated with the genotype of the infecting borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain.the pathogenicity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto clinical isolates representing 2 distinct ribosomal dna spacer restriction fragment-length polymorphism genotypes (rsts) was assessed in a murine model of lyme disease. b. burgdorferi was recovered from 71.5% and 26.6% of specimens from mice infected with rst1 and rst3 isolates, respectively (p<.0001). the average ankle diameter and histologic scores for carditis and arthritis were significantly higher after 2 weeks of infection among mice ...200212198612
rickettsia monacensis sp. nov., a spotted fever group rickettsia, from ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected in a european city park.we describe the isolation and characterization of rickettsia monacensis sp. nov. (type strain, irr/munich(t)) from an ixodes ricinus tick collected in a city park, the english garden in munich, germany. rickettsiae were propagated in vitro with ixodes scapularis cell line ise6. blast analysis of the 16s rrna, the citrate synthase, and the partial 190-kda rickettsial outer membrane protein a (rompa) gene sequences demonstrated that the isolate was a spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia closely re ...200212200314
identification of anaplasma phagocytophila (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) variants in blood from sheep in norway.a total of 41 blood samples were collected from 40 anaplasma phagocytophila-infected sheep in 11 sheep flocks from four different counties of southern norway. the presence and nature of the anaplasma species were identified by microscopic detection of morulae, pcr, reverse line blot hybridization, and 16s rrna gene sequencing. a. phagocytophila was identified in all of the samples, and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene revealed the presence of four variants of a. phagocytophila. two of these varia ...200212202552
determination of novel borrelia genospecies in swedish ixodes ricinus ticks.a total of 301 adult questing ixodes ricinus ticks were collected at 15 different locations along the south and east coasts of sweden to determine the borrelia genospecies diversity. thirty-two ticks (11%) were found to be positive by nested pcr with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific primers. species determination was based on partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene and the flagellin gene. five different borrelia species were found. the nucleotide sequence of the borrelia dna found in two ...200212202571
detection of rickettsia prowazekii in body lice and their feces by using monoclonal antibodies.in order to identify rickettsia prowazekii in lice, we developed a panel of 29 representative monoclonal antibodies selected from 187 positive hybridomas made by fusing splenocytes of immunized mice with sp2/0-ag14 myeloma cells. immunoblotting revealed that 15 monoclonal antibodies reacted with the lipopolysaccharide-like (lps-l) antigen and 14 reacted with the epitopes of a 120-kda protein. only typhus group rickettsiae reacted with the monoclonal antibodies against lps-l. r. felis, a recently ...200212202579
detection of four borrelia burgdorferi genospecies and first report of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in central italy.the presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and of ehrlichia phagocytophila group was sought by pcr in ixodes ricinus collected in a protected area of central italy. nymphs (n = 1475, gathered in 295 pools of 5 nymphs each) and adult ticks (n = 28) were examined. b. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in 13.8% of the nymph pools; of these, 63.4% were infected by b. valaisiana, 26.8% by b. afzelii, 7.3% by b. garinii, and 2.5% by b. burgdorferi s.s. only a single adult male tick proved to host b. afzelii ...200212211602
[borrelia burgdorferi s.s. length and its variability].the length of 469 borreliae burgdorferi s.i. from the ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus images collected in the moscow region, that of 5433 b. burgdorferi s.s from the i. persulcatus nymphs and images cultured at a laboratory, and b. burdorferi s.s. grown on the bsk-ii (1 and 10 passages) were measured. there was a wide range of variations in the length of specimens (3-74 microns) and in those of this group average sizes (10.7-24.8 microns). the lengths of borelliae from natural and laboratory t ...200212214524
attraction of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum, to human breath and to the breath components acetone, no and co2.ticks are of medical and veterinary importance and employ several cues in search of a host. olfaction is one modality by which ticks locate a blood-meal and breath is the major vent of gaseous and volatile metabolites from the host that could contribute to this search. we studied the responses of a hunter tick, amblyomma variegatum, to diluted human breath and five of its components (acetone, co2, no, isoprene and nh3) while walking in an air stream on a locomotion compensator. diluted breath el ...200212216862
differential survival of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in ticks that feed on birds.the abilities of the most common european genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato to survive blood meals taken by ticks feeding on birds were analyzed. a pattern of differential survival of the spirochetes in feeding ticks was observed. the result is consistent with the concept of selective transmission of lyme borreliosis spirochetes.200212228325
cultivation of an ovine strain of ehrlichia phagocytophila in tick cell cultures.ehrlichia phagocytophila (previously known as cytoecetes phagocytophila) which causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in the uk and mainland europe is transmitted by the temperate hard tick ixodes ricinus. the disease in sheep is characterized by fever, leucopenia and immunosuppression. studies on the pathogenesis and other aspects of the disease have been hampered because the organism has not been cultivated in continuous or primary cell culture systems. this paper d ...200212354525
tularemia.francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of tularemia, a serious and occasionally fatal disease of humans and animals. in humans, ulceroglandular tularemia is the most common form of the disease and is usually a consequence of a bite from an arthropod vector which has previously fed on an infected animal. the pneumonic form of the disease occurs rarely but is the likely form of the disease should this bacterium be used as a bioterrorism agent. the diagnosis of disease is not straightforwa ...200212364373
[studies on the importance of tick-borne encephalitis in rhineland-pfalz].within the scope of a prospective clinical study during 2001 in rhineland-palatinate specimen from sera and cerebrospinal fluids of 163 patients with suspected meningitis were controlled in an enzyme immunoassay concerning a tbe infection. questionable results were checked via a neutralisation test. in no case such an infection was confirmed. no virus specific nucleic acids could be detected in 998 nymphs and adults of ixodes ricinus in an additional investigation in 2000. therefore rhineland-pa ...200212375231
evaluation of different media and a bgm cell culture assay for isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ticks and dogs.a co-culture assay for isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl.) from naturally infected ticks and dogs suspected of lyme borreliosis (lb) was evaluated using buffalo-green-monkey (bgm) cells as the mammalian component. four different media were tested for their ability to provide sufficient growth conditions for spirochetes and bgm cells. a total of 176 ixodes ricinus ticks and 268 specimens from 98 dogs were used to compare cell-free culture with the bgm co-culture. a 1:1 mixture of b ...200212383638
tick-borne parasitic diseases in cattle: current knowledge and prospective risk analysis related to the ongoing evolution in french cattle farming systems.parasitic diseases, like babesiosis and theileriosis are transmitted by ticks: their occurrence is therefore linked to the size of the tick stock and the seasonality of the vectors. babesia divergens bovine babesiosis transmitted by ixodes ricinus is widespread and often reported in france. serological prevalence is high, ranging from 20 to 80% according to the farms. clinical incidence is low: around 0.4% for the whole cattle population. the endemic situation is unstable and clinical cases occu ...200212387492
sex-biased genetic structure in the vector of lyme disease, ixodes ricinus.we analyzed 725 ixodes ricinus ticks (the principal vector of lyme disease in europe) collected in switzerland in 1995 and 1996 (three and eight samples, respectively) and in tunisia in 1996 (one sample) with five microsatellite markers. we found highly significant genetic differentiation between swiss and tunisian samples but detected almost no differentiation within switzerland, even between those samples separated by the alps. interestingly, we found that i. ricinus females were more genetica ...200212389725
lacerta bilineata (reptilia, lacertidae) as a host of ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) in a protected area of northern italy.a survey on the importance of lacerta bilineata as host of ixodes ricinus was conducted in northern italy over a three-year period. a total of 202 western green lizards were captured and a total of 2349 ticks were collected. all ticks were identified as i. ricinus; 53.2% and 46.7% were at the larval and nymphal stages, respectively. tick number and prevalence were higher in males than in females, especially from april to june during the host breeding period. the level of tick infestation increas ...200112402524
distribution, density and migration dynamics of ixodes ricinus in an area of the jurassic mountains of switzerland.in an area of the jurassic mountains of switzerland ecological aspects of the tick species ixodes ricinus were studied. in particular, the influence of temperature, humidity and vegetation parameters on tick density and distribution were investigated several times in six different habitat types. this was carried out on two scales; on a small scale, within a habitat type and on a larger scale, where all six habitat types were included. by a marking experiment, aspects of the migration dynamics of ...200212404812
biology of ixodes species ticks in relation to tick-borne zoonoses.at least six tick-borne zoonoses are transmitted by members of the ixodes ricinus species complex in northern hemisphere temperate regions, and include the relatively recently emerged diseases, lyme borreliosis and ehrlichiosis. an understanding of the biology of these ticks is essential for the prevention and control of the zoonoses they transmit and this review summarises established knowledge in addition to addressing recent work on host specificity of ticks, inter- and intra-specific biologi ...200212422585
comparison of self-assessment and scutal index for the duration of ixodes ricinus tick attachment.experimental studies have shown that the efficacy of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato from an infected tick to an experimental animal is significantly associated with the duration of tick attachment. scutal index is the ratio between body length and scutum width and was found to be an objective indicator of the duration of ixodes scapularis tick attachment, but no data for i. ricinus have been published. in this preliminary report on 30 volunteers with an attached i. ricinus tick (21 ha ...200212422588
infection with anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages.human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) was recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne infection in europe. the disease is caused by anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophila. the first confirmed acute human disease caused by a. phagocytophila was reported from slovenia in 1998. the tick ixodes ricinus was identified as the likely vector for this pathogen of humans and animals in europe. in order to assess the possibility that roe and red deer in slovenia serve as potential reservoir host ...200212422618
molecular and microscopical evidence of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients, animals and ticks in the czech republic.we report moderately severe cases of human ehrlichiosis and a lethal one caused by human granulocytic ehrlichia, the hge agent, closely related to ehrlichia phagocytophila and ehrlichia equi. their vector is the ixodes ricinus tick, which also transmits borrelia burgorferi sensu lato in central, west and east regions of the czech republic. the diagnosis was established by pcr with sequence analysis of the genes encoding 16s rrna of ehrlichia and with reverse hybridization by using enzyme linked ...200212437223
salivary gland extract from ixodes ricinus tick modulates the host immune response towards the th2 cytokine profile.in our previous work, the salivary gland extract (sge) from ixodes ricinus ticks impaired t-lymphocyte proliferation and clearly modulated the immune response towards the th2 pattern in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture. in the present work, the results obtained on mouse splenocytes are compared with those on human leukocytes. elisa (protein level) and rnase protection assay (mrna level) showed that sge enhanced interleukin (il)-1alpha, il-1beta, il-1ra, il-6, and il-12p40 cytokine ...200212444457
seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis.background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ...200212453316
apodemus species mice are reservoir hosts of borrelia garinii ospa serotype 4 in switzerland.among borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates, seven outer surface protein a (ospa) serotypes have been described: serotypes 1 and 2 correspond to b. burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia afzelii, respectively, and serotypes 3 to 7 correspond to borrelia garinii. in europe, serotype 4 has never been isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks until recently, although this serotype has been frequently isolated from cerebrospinal fluid from patients. in europe, b. afzelii and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto ...200212454181
molecular cloning, expression and isolation of ferritins from two tick species--ornithodoros moubata and ixodes ricinus.genes encoding ferritins were isolated and cloned from cdna libraries of hard tick ixodes ricinus and soft tick ornithodoros moubata. both tick ferritins are composed of 172 amino-acid residues and their calculated mass is 19,667.2 da and 19,974.5 da for i. ricinus and o. moubata, respectively. the sequences of both proteins are closely related to each other as well as to the ferritin from another tick species dermacentor variabilis (>84% similarity). the proteins contain the conserved motifs fo ...200312459205
application of broad-range 16s rrna pcr amplification and dgge fingerprinting for detection of tick-infecting bacteria.ticks play an important role in the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases of viral, protozoal and bacterial origin. the present article describes a molecular-biological based method, which facilitated the broad-range analyses of bacterial communities in ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus). dna was extracted both from single ticks and pooled adult ticks. eubacterial 16s rrna gene fragments (16s rdna) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with broad-range ribosomal primers. sequences span ...200312459246
tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in high risk habitats of the south-bohemian region of the czech republic.a survey for tick-borne encephalitis virus in trades ricinus ticks was conducted in may 2000 in two districts of the south-bohemian region of the czech republic with a high occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in humans. homogenized ticks were tested on ps cells, which were examined for any cytopathic effect, plaque assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test (ift). the ift has proved to be the most sensitive and most rapid test to demonstrate the virus in ticks. tbe virus was found in 1 ...200212475083
the prevalence of piroplasms in a population of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) from north-western poland.developmental forms of babesia spp. were studied in isolated salivary glands of ixodes ricinus, subjected to the feulgen reaction. the same ticks were also hosts to babesia microti, which was determined by pcr amplification with primers specific to the fragment of a gene encoding the nuclear small sub-unit ribosomal rna (ss-rdna). presence of babesia spp. was recorded in the salivary glands of 59.9% of ticks collected, both in nymphs and adults. pcr reactions specific to babesia microti were pos ...200212498586
co-feeding transmission and its contribution to the perpetuation of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia afzelii.to determine whether direct passage of spirochetes between co-feeding vector ticks contributes to the likelihood that the lyme disease spirochete borrelia afzelii will perpetuate in nature, we compared the effects of time and space on transmission efficiency between simultaneously feeding ticks. the likelihood of co-feeding transmission increases with duration of attachment of the infecting tick. co-feeding transmission becomes less efficient as distance from the infecting tick increases. approx ...200212498658
antibiotic susceptibilities of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum strains from various geographic areas in the united states.we tested the antibiotic susceptibilities of eight strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) collected in various geographic areas of the united states, including minnesota, wisconsin, california, and new york. the results are homogeneous and show that doxycycline, rifampin, and levofloxacin are the most active antibiotics against these strains in vitro.200312499227
genetic variability within borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies established by pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer in ixodes ricinus ticks from the czech republic.in europe the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex is represented by five distinct genospecies: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia lusitaniae. these taxonomic entities are known to differ in their specific associations with vertebrate hosts and to provoke distinct clinical manifestations in human patients. however, exceptions to these rules have often been observed, indicating that strains belonging to a single genospecies ...200312514035
human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe.ehrlichiosis comprises a group of emerging tick-borne infectious diseases caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that infect leukocytes. infections caused by members of the genus ehrlichia have been described in animals and humans, but to date there are no convincing reports of the presence of other types of human ehrlichiosis different from human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in europe. the european vector is the same as that of lyme borreliosis, the hard tick ixodes ricinus, ...200212519349
ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen.ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. the moderate to severe disease caused by e. chaffeensis in humans, first identified in 1986 and reported for more than 1,000 patients through 2000, represents a prototypical "emerging infection." knowledge of the biology and natural history of e. chaffeensis, and of the epidemiology, clinical features, and ...200312525424
detection and molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks and in different patient samples from southwest germany.the prevalence of different genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in infected ticks could be a determinant for the risk of acquiring lyme borreliosis (lb) and its clinical presentation. a total of 7373 ticks and 2761 samples from lb patients from the same area in southwest germany were analyzed by pcr to assess the frequency of the occurrence of lb-associated genospecies. fifteen percent of the tick samples and 19% of the human samples were found positive for the presence of b. burgdorf ...200112530764
four serine proteinase inhibitors (serpin) from the brown ear tick, rhiphicephalus appendiculatus; cdna cloning and preliminary characterization.while development of an anti-boophilus microplus vaccine is advanced and practical, work on other economically important ticks such as rhipicephalus appendiculatus is still in its infancy. guess pcr primers, designed from a consensus amino acid sequence (navykfg) motif were used with rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) to clone four cdnas encoding serine proteinase inhibitors (serpin) from the brown ear tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. the four genes designated as r. appendiculatus serpin ...200312535684
coinoculation of borrelia spp. with tick salivary gland lysate enhances spirochete load in mice and is tick species-specific.c3h/hen mice were inoculated with 10(6) spirochetes, either borrelia burgdorferi strain n40 or the portuguese strain of b. lusitaniae, potib2. mice receiving spirochetes coinoculated with salivary gland lysate (sgl) demonstrated significantly higher spirochete loads in target organs as measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. this effect was tick dependent, in that ixodes ricinus sgl specifically enhanced b. lusitaniae load, whereas i. scapularis sgl specifically increased b ...200212537131
geographical and seasonal correlation of multiple sclerosis to sporadic schizophrenia.background: clusters by season and locality reveal a striking epidemiological overlap between sporadic schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis (ms). as the birth excesses of those individuals who later in life develop schizophrenia mirror the seasonal distribution of ixodid ticks, a meta analysis has been performed between all neuropsychiatric birth excesses including ms and the epidemiology of spirochaetal infectious diseases. results: the prevalence of ms and schizophrenic birth excesses entirely ...200212537588
prevalence of igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and ehrlichia phagocytophila in sera of patients presenting symptoms of lyme disease in a central region of italy.the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence (seroprevalence) of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila among patients resident in lazio, a region of central italy. of a sample of 1,050 patients, which presented clinical manifestations related to lyme disease, 34 (3.2%) were borrelia-seropositive (lyme index value >/= 1.2). the sera of 25 out of the 34 patients that were borrelia-positive were also analysed for the presence of antibodies against e. phagocyto ...200212575927
ixodes hexagonus is the main candidate as vector of theileria annae in northwest spain.babesia canis and babesia gibsoni have, until recently, been considered the only piroplasms that parasitise dogs. however, recent reports indicate that "small" babesia infections in spanish dogs are surprisingly frequent and molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the infecting agent is closely related to babesia microti. because the 18srdna sequence was not completely identical to that of b. microti, the new name "theileria annae" was assigned to the canine agent. no information is avail ...200312581593
the effect of feeding status on sexual attractiveness of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) females.sexual attractiveness of unengorged, semiengorged and fully engorged females of both field and laboratory populations of ixodes ricinus was studied under laboratory conditions by means of a computerised video tracking system. a male and a female were allowed to walk freely in a glass arena during 1 h and their behavioural interactions were observed. obtained results revealed that the feeding status of l. ricinus females affects their sexual attractiveness. the highest attractiveness was observed ...200212593518
[forest tick ixodes ricinus (ixodidae) in the foci of tick-borne borreliosis of the northwestern part of the moscow region].monitoring studies during 1996-2001 have shown a natural foci of tick-borne borreliosis with high abundance of ixodes ricinus and high infection rate with an agent: 19.5-38.4 tick individuals per 1 km of route, infection rate 18.0 +/- 1.7-22.5 +/- 1.5%. a risk to be infected with the lyme disease in the ricinus focus of the tick-borne borreliosis during the epizootic season did not vary much during the period of study, 3.5-8.2 in different year, mean 6.0 infected ticks per 1 km of route.200212624961
[effect of juvenoids and retinoic acid on the development or larva and nymphs of the tick ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae) and regeneration of haller's organ during metamorphosis].larvae and nymphae of the tick ixodes ricinus l. display similar reactions to analogs of the insect juvenile hormones (methopren and pyriproxyfen), which induce at both stages juvenalization of the haller's sense organ regenerates. similar effects were also described for retinoic acid. unlike juvenoids, retinoic acid can affect not only regeneration, but also normal development of the haller's organ and cause changes corresponding to so-called regenerative induction. amputation of the leg and tr ...200312625074
antigenic classification of rickettsia felis by using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.rickettsia felis is a flea-transmitted rickettsia. there is a discrepancy between its reported phylogenic and phenotypic identifications. following the first report of r. felis, it was considered by tests with serologic reagents to be closely related to another recognized flea-transmitted rickettia, r. typhi. subsequently, it appeared to be more closely related to spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae by genetic analysis. in the present work, r. felis was studied by microimmunofluorescence (mif) ...200312626446
in vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of a combination containing 10% imidacloprid and 50% permethrin against ixodes ricinus ticks. 200312632172
the molecular evidence of babesia microti infection in small mammals collected in slovenia.in europe, the zoonotic cycle of babesia microti has not been determined so far. recently, b. microti was detected in ixodes ricinus ticks in slovenia by using molecular methods. in order to investigate the mammalian hosts of b. microti in slovenia we collected 261 small mammals representing 11 species. they were tested for the presence of babesial parasites with a pcr assay based on the nuclear small subunit rrna gene (nss-rdna). the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and yellow-necked mouse ( ...200312636348
nymphal diapause and its photoperiodic control in the tick ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae).it is shown experimentally that the option between developmental diapause and non-diapause development in nymphs of ixodes scapularis say, 1821 (middle atlantic population) is determined by photoperiodic conditions according to a two-step photoperiodic reaction of short-day long-day type. diapause arrest of development is induced by an impact of either long day upon unfed nymphs, or short day upon engorged nymphs, while non-diapause development completed in 2-2.5 months at 20 degrees c needs the ...200212641206
bartonella henselae in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodida) removed from humans, belluno province, italy.the potential role of ticks as vectors of bartonella species has recently been suggested. in this study, we investigated the presence of bartonella species in 271 ticks removed from humans in belluno province, italy. by using primers derived from the 60-kda heat shock protein gene sequences, bartonella dna was amplified and sequenced from four ixodes ricinus ticks (1.48%). to confirm this finding, we performed amplification and partial sequencing of the pap31 protein and the cell division protei ...200312643827
[borrelia in ticks biting humans and prevention of lyme borreliosis].we examined by dark field microscopy 195 of 209 ixodes ricinus ticks that were removed from humans in the czech republic (mainly in southern moravia) during 1997-2001. the majority of the ticks were nymphs (62%), 31% were females and 7% larvae; 10.7% of the nymphs, 20.3% of the females but no larvae were found to be infected with b. burgdorferi s.l., the agent of lyme borreliosis (lb). this observation supports for central europe the conclusions drawn from north america about nymphal ixodid tick ...200312647556
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi species and identification of borrelia valaisiana in questing ixodes ricinus in the lyon region of france as determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.many cases of lyme borreliosis have been reported over the years in the region of lyon, france. the identification and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the flagellin gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. questing ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults were collected by the flagging method from deciduous forests in four areas in the lyon region of france between october 1994 and s ...200312649714
anaplasma phagocytophilum reduces neutrophil apoptosis in vivo.ovine neutrophils spontaneously underwent apoptosis during culture in vitro, as assessed by morphological changes and exposure of annexin v binding sites on their cell surfaces. the addition of conditioned medium from concanavalin a-treated ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) could partially protect against this progression into apoptosis, but dexamethasone and sodium butyrate could not. actinomycin d accelerated the rate at which ovine neutrophils underwent apoptosis. neutrophils is ...200312654818
transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum to ixodes ricinus ticks from sheep in the acute and post-acute phases of infection.a total of 60 sheep were exposed to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on an enclosed area of ixodes ricinus-infested pasture in north wales, united kingdom, and rapidly acquired acute a. phagocytophilum infections detectable by pcr and blood smear examination. of the ticks that had engorged in the previous instar on infected sheep, 52% of adult ticks and 28% of nymphs were pcr positive; a significant, 10-fold increase in prevalence compared to that of ticks that engorged on sheep preinfection ...200312654828
investigations on the mode and dynamics of transmission and infectivity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia afzelii in ixodes ricinus ticks.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), the agent of lyme disease, is transmitted to the host during the blood meal of ixodes ticks. in most unfed ticks, spirochetes are present in the midgut and migrate during blood feeding to the salivary glands, from which they are transmitted to the host via saliva. in the present study, the efficiency of ixodes ricinus ticks to transmit b. afzelii and b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss) and their infectivity for mice were examined in relation to the duration of ...200212656125
tick salivary gland extract accelerates proliferation of francisella tularensis in the host.accelerated proliferation of the tick-borne bacterial pathogen francisella tularensis was demonstrated in mice when the bacterium was injected together with salivary gland extract from ixodes ricinus ticks. a significant increase in the numbers of bacteria was recorded in the dermal site of infection,the draining lymph nodes, and the spleen. analysis of the expression of cytokine messenger ribonucleic acids showed polarization toward a th2 profile. salivary gland extract-mediated suppression of ...200312659297
molecular evidence of coinfection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, and babesia microti in ticks from northwestern poland.to assess the potential risk for tick-borne agents, ixodes ricinus were collected from 2 sites in northwestern poland. the ticks were tested by polymerase chain reaction for coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent, and babesia microti. of the 533 processed ticks, 16.7% were positive for b. burgdorferi s. l., 13.3% for b. microti, and 4.5% for the hge agent. twenty ticks were coinfected with 2 or 3 of the pathogens.200312659331
prevalence of borreliae in ixodid ticks from a floodplain forest ecosystem.host-seeking ixodid ticks were sampled in a floodplain forest ecosystem along the lower reaches of the thaya (dyje) river in south moravia (czech republic) and lower austria during the period 1989-2002. the ticks were examined by dark-field microscopy for borreliae (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis), and attempts were made to culture the spirochetes in bsk-h medium from preparations containing their high numbers. isolated borreliae were identified by pcr-rflp analys ...200312674689
longitudinal surveillance of the tick ixodes ricinus for borreliae.host-seeking ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) were monitored for borreliae (borrelia burgdorferi s.l.) using dark-field microscopy in south moravia (czech republic) each may from 1991 to 2001 (150 nymphs, 100 females and 100 males each year). this survey revealed a mean annual percentage of infected ticks of 16.8% (range, 11.7-24.2) in nymphs, 24.9% (range, 16.5-33.6) in females and 26.1% (range, 17.1-37.3) in males. annual incidence of lyme borreliosis in humans of the area in the same per ...200312680924
sex-specific genetic structure: new trends for dioecious parasites.in dioecious parasite species, genetic structure can differ between sexes, as recently demonstrated for the digenetic trematode schistosoma mansoni and the ectoparasitic tick ixodes ricinus. this article presents some of the methods that allow detecting such a pattern in natural populations. the proximate and ultimate factors that potentially generate a sex-specific genetic structure are discussed, as are evolutionary and epidemiological consequences for dioecious parasites and vectors.200312689647
prevalence of granulocytic ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from southwestern finland and from vormsi island in estonia.altogether, 343 adult and 111 nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks collected from parks in turku and suburban and rural islands of the turku archipelago, finland, and 100 adult i. ricinus ticks collected from vormsi island, estonia, were included in this study. using the polymerase chain reaction the ticks were examined for 16s rdna of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup and for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato reca and flagellin genes. none of the finnish ticks was found to be infected with e. phagoc ...200312716393
darkness induces mobility, and saturation deficit limits questing duration, in the tick ixodes ricinus.the behaviour of ixodes ricinus nymphs was recorded in 10-day experiments using computer-assisted video-tracking, in the absence of any host stimuli. these ticks switch spontaneously from questing in a desiccating atmosphere to quiescence in a water-saturated atmosphere after dark. quantification of both questing and quiescence duration demonstrates that questing duration is inversely related to saturation deficit whereas quiescence duration is not. distance walked after quiescence increased wit ...200312728002
association of borrelia garinii and b. valaisiana with songbirds in slovakia.in europe, 6 of the 11 genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are prevalent in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. in most parts of central europe, b. afzelii, b. garinii, and b. valaisiana are the most frequent species, whereas b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. bissettii, and b. lusitaniae are rare. previously, it has been shown that b. afzelii is associated with european rodents. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify reservoir hosts of b. garinii and b. valaisiana in slovakia. son ...200312732554
habitat-specific diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in europe, exemplified by data from latvia.the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from ecologically distinct habitats in latvia was analyzed. a significant variation in the frequency of the genospecies across sites was observed, pointing to the importance of the host community in the ecology of lyme borreliosis.200312732580
shift of the tick ixodes ricinus and tick-borne encephalitis to higher altitudes in central europe. 200312736793
ixodes ricinus tick salivary gland extract inhibits il-10 secretion and cd69 expression by mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and induces hyporesponsiveness in b lymphocytes.tick saliva contains immunosuppressive factors allowing this blood-feeding ectoparasite to remain on hosts and enhancing pathogen transmission. in this study, we examined the modulation of mitogen-induced activation of naive murine splenocytes by the saliva and salivary gland extract (sge) of i. ricinus ticks. we found that saliva-specific factors reduced il-10 production by both concanavalin a (cona) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulated splenocytes. the lps-induced il-10 production is 10 tim ...200312753435
cloning of a salivary gland metalloprotease and characterization of gelatinase and fibrin(ogen)lytic activities in the saliva of the lyme disease tick vector ixodes scapularis.the full-length sequence of tick salivary gland cdna coding for a protein similar to metalloproteases (mp) of the reprolysin family is reported. the ixodes scapularis mp is a 488 amino acid (aa) protein containing pre- and pro-enzyme domains, the zinc-binding motif hexxhxxgxxh common to metalloproteases, and a cysteine-rich region. in addition, the predicted amino-terminal sequences of i. scapularis mps were found by edman degradation of pvdf-transferred sds/page-separated tick saliva proteins, ...200312767911
cold hardiness, supercooling ability and causes of low-temperature mortality in the soft tick, argas reflexus, and the hard tick, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodoidea) from central europe.seasonal supercooling points (scps=temperature of crystallization) and cold hardiness were investigated in the indigenous hard tick, i. ricinus, and in a. reflexus, a soft tick introduced to central europe from the south. both species proved to be freeze-susceptible as well as highly susceptible to inoculative freezing. none of the postembryonic developmental stages of either species showed any distinct seasonal pattern of scp. unexpectedly, the introduced a. reflexus exhibited a distinctly high ...199712770496
relapsing fever-like spirochetes infecting european vector tick of lyme disease agent.to determine whether relapsing fever-like spirochetes associated with hard ticks may infect ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe, we screened questing ticks for 16s rdna similar to that of asian and american relapsing fever-like spirochetes. we compared the prevalence of these spirochetes to that of lyme disease spirochetes transmitted by the same vector. relapsing fever-like spirochetes infect 3.5% of questing vector ticks in our three central european sites near the rhein valley. these spiro ...200312781009
prevalence of four species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes ricinus ticks in central germany.a total of 305 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from three areas of thuringia in central germany were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species and anaplasma phagocytophila. overall, 11.1% were infected with borrelia burgdorferi and 2.3% with anaplasma phagocytophila. adult ticks showed a significantly higher rate of infection with both borreliae and anaplasma phagocytophila. borrelia garinii (55.9%) was detected most frequently, followed by borrelia burgdorferi sensu ...200312783276
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies and of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the area of monti lepini, italy.ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that are parasites in every class of vertebrates in most regions of the world. they are also considered to be important vectors for the transmission of human infectious diseases. in the present study we used polymer chain reaction (pcr) amplification analysis to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila, the agents of, respectively, lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, among ticks inhabiting the area ...200312797900
detection of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected in slovakia and hungary.a total of 235 adult ticks collected from vegetation in slovakia and hungary in 1998-2000 were tested for coxiella burnetii by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp). c. burnetii was identified in six ticks of ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, and haemaphysalis concinna species.200312800953
babesia microti infection of anthropophilic ticks (ixodes ricinus) in hungary. 200312803863
quantitative ecology of ticks as a basis for transmission models of tick-borne pathogens.tick population ecology is the basis of spatiotemporal variation in the risk of infection by tick-borne pathogens. the continental distribution of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe is statistically associated with a specific pattern of the seasonal dynamics of ixodes ricinus, and a particular characteristic of the seasonal land surface temperature profile. a tick population model would allow us to move from this statistical analysis to a biological, process-based model for tbe virus and th ...200212804161
diversity of ixodes-borne borrelia species--clinical, pathogenetic, and diagnostic implications and impact on vaccine development.among borrelia spirochetes carried by hard ticks belonging to the various ixodes species, at least 10 species can be distinguished. of these, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is involved in human lyme borreliosis in north america and europe, and borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii in human disease in europe and asia. the pathogenetic significance of the other species is uncertain. although some of the borrelia species are restricted to certain tick species, ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme ...200212804166
epidemiology and impact of coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks.ixodes scapularis and other ticks in the ixodes ricinus complex may transmit multiple pathogens, but research on coinfections has been limited. coinfections occur with varying frequency in ticks, but single infections are more common than dual infections. the proportion of i. scapularis or i. ricinus ticks coinfected with both borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophila is generally low, ranging from < 1% to 6% in six geographic areas. a higher prevalence of tick coinfection (26 ...200212804168
ospa heterogeneity of borrelia valaisiana confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analyses.although european borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates have been divided into five genospecies, specific tools for the serotype characterization of only three genospecies are available. monoclonals antibodies (mabs) h3ts, d6 and i17.3 identify b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss.), b. garinii and b. afzelii respectively, but no mabs are available to identify b. valaisiana. in the same way, specific primers exist to amplify the ospa gene of b. burgdorferi ss., b. garinii and b. afzelii. the aim ...200312823864
the occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the populations of ixodes ricinus in forest areas of szczecin during 2000-2001.the aim of the present study was to determine the seasonal abundance of ticks, ixodes ricinus and their infection frequency with spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi in wooded areas of the vicinity of the city of szczecin during 2000-2001. the ticks were collected from april to october. presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was detected with the method of indirect immunofluorescence (ifa). the results showed differences in seasonal activity of ticks within the years of the study. in the year ...200312852727
borrelia burgdorferi infection among forestry workers - assessed with an immunoenzymatic method (elisa), pcr and correlated with the clinical state of the patients.occurrence of borreliosis in human population is associated with possibility of contact with the biological vector of this disease - a common european tick, ixodes ricinus. therefore, the highest number of cases of lyme disease has been recorded among forestry workers and inhabitants of wooded areas. diagnostics of borreliosis is based on immunoserologic tests - elisa or indirect immunofluorescence method, western blot technique, or on increasingly popular dna examination using the polymerase ch ...200312852729
molecular evidence of the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in blood samples taken from dogs in poland.our earlier studies on ticks, ixodes ricinus have demonstrated that the north-western part of poland is an endemic area for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and therefore sick dogs, at the time of the highest activity of ticks, should be suspected for having borreliosis. we carried out a preliminary pcr survey of the blood of 15 dogs naturally exposed on ticks for the presence of the dna of b. burgdorferi using primers complementary to the fragment of the gene encoding 16s rrna of the small ribos ...200312852742
ixodes ricinus as a potential vector of toxoplasma gondii.the presence of toxoplasma gondii dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test in 2 out of 92 ixodes ricinus ticks (2.8%) collected in the woodlands of eastern poland. this suggests that ticks of this species may be involved in the spread of toxoplasmosis under natural conditions.200312852744
differences in clinical manifestations and hematological and serological responses after experimental infection with genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep.five-month-old lambs were experimentally infected with two 16s rrna genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum, variants 1 (genbank accession no. m73220) and 2 (genbank accession no. af336220). additional sequencing of the groesl heat shock operon gene indicated that these variants differ in three nucleotides at positions 782, 824, and 890. the variants were obtained by blood sampling of a. phagocytophilum-infected lambs from one sheep flock in norway and were stored at -70 degrees c with 10% ...200312853406
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