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experimental arthrogryposis caused by viral myopathy.immobilization of the embryo has been postulated to cause the joint deformities in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (amc). experimental damage to the motor neurons or pharmacologic blockade of neuromuscular transmission has previously resulted in typical joint changes of amc. in the present investigation, we have studied the effects of paralysis produced by a viral myopathy on joint development. coxsackievirus a2 was injected intravenously into chick embryos on the seventh day of incubation. w ...19761267622
multiple sclerosis in key west, florida.in 1984, a press release by a miami, florida, neurologist described a possible cluster of persons with multiple sclerosis in key west, florida. the authors examined the cluster using prevalence rates, which are recognized as having a latitudinal gradient for multiple sclerosis, being generally high at high latitudes and low at low latitudes. case ascertainment showed 32 definite or probable cases among residents of the study area (latitude, 24.5 degrees n) on september 1, 1985, a prevalence rate ...19892816901
the histopathology of enterovirus infections of new-born mice.for 32 years we have provided a routine histopathological service on animals for the regional virus laboratory, ruchill hospital, glasgow. this article concerns mainly experimental coxsackievirus a, coxsackievirus b and echovirus infections in new-born mice. in addition to previously reported findings, we have sometimes observed degenerative and inflammatory changes in neurons related to the gasserian, posterior root or autonomic ganglia. not all deposits of brown fat are simultaneously the seat ...19872822811
eclipse of coxsackievirus infectivity: the restrictive event for a non-fusing myogenic cell line.coxsackieviruses a2, a5 and b3 did not replicate in l8cl3-u cells (a non-fusing variant of the rat l8 myogenic cell line) although these cells possessed a common receptor for coxsackieviruses a2 and a5, and a different receptor for coxsackievirus b3. the restriction in replication was identified as a block in viral eclipse, since 6 m-licl treatment permitted recovery of the coxsackievirus a2 inoculum from l8cl3-u cells after 2 h at 37 degrees c, and the cells could be transfected by viral rna. c ...19836308134
acquisition of susceptibility to coxsackievirus a2 by the rat l8 cell line during myogenic differentiation.coxsackievirus a2 was propagated to high titres in the established rat l8 myogenic cell line during the stage of differentiation characterized by fusion of myoblasts into multinucleated myotubes (192 h post-plating cultures). in contrast, pre-fusion mononucleated l8 cultured infected 24 h after plating were refractory to coxsackievirus a2 infection, as was a non-fusing clonal variant of the l8 line (l8cl3-u) regardless of the age of the latter cultures. the development of virus susceptibility in ...19807351536
complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is capable of causing paralytic disease indistinguishable from poliomyelitis due to poliovirus. to determine the relationship of ev71 to poliovirus and other enteroviruses, two strains of ev71 have been cloned and sequenced. the ev71 strains had only 46% amino acid identity with the polioviral p1 capsid region and 55% with the entire polyprotein. there were no regions of high similarity that might account for their respective ability to cause paralytic disease. the two stra ...19958837884
enterovirus sequences resembling coxsackievirus a2 detected in stool and spleen from a girl with fatal myocarditis.a 10-year-old girl who died suddenly was found at post mortem to have myocarditis. virus could not be cultured from post-mortem stool, spleen or heart but enterovirus rna was detected in stool and spleen by pcr, and the stool caused flaccid paralysis in newborn suckling mice. a 654 base pair (bp) sequence from the capsid-coding region of the viral genome was amplified from an affected mouse and sequenced. using this sequence, strain-specific nested primers were designed and used to amplify viral ...200111468733
[epidemiology of enterovirus associated with neurologic diseases].this report describes the results of human enterovirus (hev) detection and characterization using cell culture, polymerase chain reaction and molecular typing in 2167 samples obtained from acute flaccid paralysis, aseptic meningitis and acute encephalitis patients, from 1991 to 1998 in argentina. hev were isolated in 130 out of 666 cases (19.5%) and 36 out of 666 (5.4%). hev rna was detected in 28.8% (231/801) and 3.0% (21/700) of the patients with meningitis and encephalitis, respectively. chil ...200717593593
rapid and highly sensitive coxsackievirus a indirect immunofluorescence assay typing kit for enterovirus serotyping.we describe the development and evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) kit for rapid and sensitive detection of coxsackievirus a2, -4, -5, -6, and -10. this ifa kit was determined to have 95.9 to 100% sensitivity and 95.8 to 97.2% specificity. it also proved to be beneficial in reducing the number of enteroviruses that are untypeable in the clinical virology laboratory.200818032614
prevalence of enteroviruses in hot spring recreation areas of taiwan.enteroviruses can be introduced into the water environment as a result of human activity. contaminations within hot tubs, spas and public baths are also possible. we investigated the distribution of enteroviruses at six hot spring recreation areas throughout taiwan. spring water was collected from 34 sites and enteroviruses were detected in 13 (38.2%). the most frequently detected was coxsackievirus a2, followed by echovirus 11. enterovirus 71 (ev 71) and porcine enterovirus 9 were detected once ...200818218023
comparison of clinical features between coxsackievirus a2 and enterovirus 71 during the enterovirus outbreak in taiwan, 2008: a children's hospital experience.coxsackievirus a2 (cox a2) was the predominant serotype in the enterovirus outbreak in taiwan, 2008. however, detailed clinical features of cox a2 infection have not been reported. in this study, we compared cox a2 with enterovirus 71 (ev71) in terms of clinical manifestation and epidemiology during the 2008 enterovirus outbreak in taiwan.201020457425
molecular diagnosis and clinical presentations of enteroviral infections in taipei during the 2008 epidemic.in 2008, an epidemic of enterovirus (ev) infection caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina in children in taiwan, and some of them died. to establish an early detection and effective management for children with ev71 infection, sensitive molecular diagnostic methods were applied from may to july 2008.201121524611
complete genome analysis of coxsackievirus a2, a4, a5, and a10 strains isolated from hand-foot-and-mouth disease patients in china revealing frequent recombination of human enterovirus a.coxsackievirus (cv) strains cva2, cva4, cva5, and cva10 were isolated from patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease during a 2009 outbreak in china. full genome sequences for four representative strains (a2sd09, a4sz09, a5sd09, and a10sd09) were determined. phylogenetic and recombination analyses of the isolates relative to human enterovirus a prototype strains revealed that genetic recombination occurred during co-circulation of the viruses. the a2sd09 and a4sz09 strains were most closely rela ...201121543560
an echovirus 18 associated outbreak of aseptic meningitis in taiwan:epidemiology, diagnostic, and genetic aspects.in 2006, an outbreak of aseptic meningitis was noted in taiwan. the majority (27.4%) of enterovirus isolates was echovirus 18 (e18). from january to october, 2006, a total of 3,283 collected from patients with viral infection, including 173 cerebrospinal fluid (csf), were examined for viral isolation and identification. phylogenetic relationship among e18 strains was probed. the epidemic saw 339 enterovirus (ev) positive cases were identified by viral culture: e.g., echovirus 18 (e18) (27.4%, 93 ...201121546563
visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 and coxsackievirus a16 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with the hydroxynaphthol blue dye.a sensitive reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for rapid visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 (ev71-c4) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infection, respectively. the reaction was performed in one step in a single tube at 65°c for 60min with the addition of the hydroxynaphthol blue (hnb) dye prior to amplification. the detection limits of the rt-lamp assay were 0.33 and 1.58 of a 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid(50)) ...201121621554
epidemics of enterovirus infection in chungnam korea, 2008 and 2009.abstract: previously, we explored the epidemic pattern and molecular characterization of enteroviruses isolated in chungnam, korea from 2005 to 2006. the present study extended these observations to 2008 and 2009. in this study, enteroviruses showed similar seasonal prevalent pattern from summer to fall and age distribution to previous investigation. the most prevalent month was july: 42.9% in 2008 and 31.9% in 2009. the highest rate of enterovirus-positive samples occurred in children < 1-year- ...201121668960
detection and characterization of enterovirus associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease in seoul, korea.human enteroviruses (hevs) are a major cause of herpangina, hfmd (hand, foot, and mouth disease), and other neurological diseases in seoul, korea.201122239028
detection of enteroviruses in stools precedes islet autoimmunity by several months: possible evidence for slowly operating mechanisms in virus-induced autoimmunity.this case-control study was nested in a prospective birth cohort to evaluate whether the presence of enteroviruses in stools was associated with the appearance of islet autoimmunity in the type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention study in finland.201728070615
a molecular approach applied to enteroviruses surveillance in northern taiwan, 2008-2012.traditional methods for detection and serotyping of enterovirus infections are virus isolation and immunofluorescence assay (vi-ifa), which are labor-intensive and time-consuming. recently, vp1 gene has been targeted to develop a codehop-based rt-pcr (vp1-codehop) for the same purpose. in this study, we conducted a 5-year enterovirus surveillance comparing the vi-ifa and vp1-codehop tests. throat swabs were collected from 431 pediatric patients and 208(48%) and 250(58%) were tested positive by t ...201627907198
a case of recombinant coxsackievirus a2 infection with neurological complications in taiwan. 201628082064
two genotypes of coxsackievirus a2 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease circulating in china since 2008.coxsackievirus a2 (cv-a2) has been frequently detected and commonly associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in china since 2008. however, limited sequences of cv-a2 are currently available. as a result, we have been focusing on the genetic characteristics of cv-a2 in the mainland of china during 2008-2015 based on national hfmd surveillance. in this study, 20 cv-a2 strains were isolated and phylogenetic analyses of the vp1 sequences were performed. full-length genome sequences of tw ...201628030650
large outbreak of herpangina in children caused by enterovirus in summer of 2015 in hangzhou, china.herpangina, usually caused by coxsackie virus a, is prevalent in children spreading through the fecal-oral transmission and the respiratory droplets dissemination. also, it is mostly asymptomatic and self-limiting. in our study, we found that large outbreak of herpangina in children occurred in the summer of 2015 in hangzhou, china. from may 1th to august 31th, a total of 10 210 children were diagnosed with herpangina in children's hospital of zhejiang university school of medicine. 2 310 throat ...201627752104
[investigation of a patient with pre-vaccine-derived poliovirus in shandong province, china].to analyze the genetic characteristics of a polio-i highly variant vaccine recombinant virus in shandong province (china) in 2011 and to identify isolates from healthy contacts, two stool specimens from one patient with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and 40 stool specimens from his contacts were collected for virus isolation. the complete genome of poliovirus and vp1 coding region of the non-polio enterovirus were sequenced. homologous comparison and phylogenetic analyses based on vp1 sequences w ...201526738293
enterovirus infections in hospitals of ile de france region over 2013.the monitoring and genotyping of enterovirus (ev) infections can help to associate particular or severe clinical manifestations with specific ev types and to identify the aetiology of infectious outbreaks.201626655266
recombinant coxsackievirus a2 and deaths of children, hong kong, 2012.a natural recombinant of coxsackievirus a2 was found in 4 children with respiratory symptoms in hong kong, china, during the summer of 2012. two of these children died. vigilant monitoring of this emerging recombinant enterovirus is needed to prevent its transmission to other regions.201323876841
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