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kyasanur forest disease virus non-mouse animal models: a pilot study.mouse models have delivered variable recapitulation of kyasanur forest disease (kfd) pathology and consistently demonstrated neurological involvement which may be a limited feature of human disease. with the purpose of more accurately modelling human disease progression we infected several small-mammalian models: guinea pigs, hamsters and ferrets with a titered infectious dose of kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv). clinical indicators of disease severity were observed for seventeen days, on da ...202032539799
growth kinetics of kyasanur forest disease virus in mammalian cell lines and development of plaque reduction neutralization test.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) is a tick-borne flavivirus identified in 1957 in the karnataka state of india causing fatalities in monkeys and humans. even after the introduction of a vaccine in the endemic areas, hundreds of cases are reported every year. being a high-risk category pathogen, the studies on this virus in india were limited till the past decade. the growth characteristics of this virus in various mammalian cell lines have not yet been studied. in this study, we have demonst ...201930994413
kyasanur forest disease in india: innovative options for intervention.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) is a tick-borne hemorrhagic fever of human, caused by kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) in india. the tick, haemaphysalis spinigera, has been incriminated as the vector of kfdv. in human, kfd clinically presents with high fever, frontal headache, and severe myalgia, followed by bleeding from the nasal cavity, throat, gingivae, and in some cases, gastrointestinal tract. the mortality rate in kfdv infected cases is estimated to be 3-10%. monkeys infected with the v ...201930945970
genetic diversity of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus in western asia.alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, caused by alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (alkv), is an arboviral infection which is further expanding in tropical and subtropical regions of the western asia. a number of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (alkv) strains have been isolated from clinical cases representing saudi arabia and egypt; however, the phylogenetic relationship of these particular isolates to those reported previously elsewhere in the world remains elusive. based on the analysis of the envelope ...201930779959
tick-borne flaviviruses and the type i interferon response.flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response.201829933625
comparative genome analysis of alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus with kyasanur forest disease and tick-borne encephalitis viruses by the in silico approach.alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv), a relatively new member of the flaviviruses, was discovered in saudi arabia 23 years ago. ahfv is classified in the tick-borne encephalitis virus serocomplex, along with the kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). currently, very little is known about the pathologies of ahfv. in this study, using the available genome information of ahfv, kfdv and tbev, we have predicted and compared the following aspects of these vir ...201829745301
development of single step rt-pcr for detection of kyasanur forest disease virus from clinical samples.kyasanur forest disease (kfd), a tick borne flavivirus, which was earlier endemic to karnataka state, india, has been confirmed and detected from neighboring states of tamil nadu, maharashtra, goa and kerala states in india. increased human and vector surveillance therefore becomes essential for the identification of kfd affected regions and control of further spread of the disease. currently, available kfd detection assays include realtime rt-pcr and nested rt-pcr assays. here we describe the d ...201829560461
kyasanur forest disease virus infection activates human vascular endothelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) is a highly pathogenic tick-borne flavivirus enzootic to india. in humans, kfdv causes a severe febrile disease. in some infected individuals, hemorrhagic manifestations, such as bleeding from the nose and gums and gastrointestinal bleeding with hematemesis and/or blood in the stool, have been reported. however, the mechanisms underlying these hemorrhagic complications remain unknown, and there is no information about the specific target cells for kfdv. we in ...201830401896
epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of a tick-borne disease- kyasanur forest disease: current status and future directions.in south asia, haemaphysalis spinigera tick transmits kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), a flavivirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with neurological manifestations such as mental disturbances, severe headache, tremors, and vision deficits in infected human beings with a fatality rate of 3-10%. the disease was first reported in march 1957 from kyasanur forest of karnataka (india) from sick and dying monkeys. since then, between 400 and 500 humans cases per year have been recorded; monk ...201829868505
bioinformatics characterization of envelope glycoprotein from kyasanur forest disease virus.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) is a febrile illness characterized by haemorrhages and caused by kfd virus (kfdv), which belongs to the flaviviridae family. it is reported to be an endemic disease in shimoga district of karnataka state, india, especially in forested and adjoining areas. several outbreaks have been reported in newer areas, which raised queries regarding the changing nature of structural proteins if any. the objective of the study was to investigate amino acid composition and antige ...201829806609
alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus rna in hyalomma rufipes ticks infesting migratory birds, europe and asia minor.alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus rna was detected in immature hyalomma rufipes ticks infesting northward migratory birds caught in the north mediterranean basin. this finding suggests a role for birds in the ecology of the alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus and a potential mechanism for dissemination to novel regions. increased surveillance is warranted.201829664386
antiviral activity of the adenosine analogue bcx4430 against west nile virus and tick-borne flaviviruses.there are currently no approved antiviral therapies against medically important human flaviviruses. the imino-c-nucleoside bcx4430 shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a wide range of rna viruses. here, we demonstrate that bcx4430 inhibits tick-borne species of the genus flavivirus; however, the antiviral effect varies against individual species. micro-molar bcx4430 levels inhibited tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev); while, approximately 3-8-fold higher concentrations were needed t ...201728336346
kyasanur forest disease virus breaking the endemic barrier: an investigation into ecological effects on disease emergence and future outlook.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) is found in a limited range of india, but is epidemiologically understudied. the seasonal patterns of kfd are well known; however, the significant concern is on the extent to which changes in epidemiology happen especially under the influence of ecological destructions and by the eventual effects of resulting climate change. presently, a southward and northward spread of the kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) along the western ghats has been reported in the adjoin ...201728220635
cross-neutralisation of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex following tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and/or infection.the tick-borne encephalitis complex contains a number of flaviviruses that share close genetic homology, and are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality with widespread geographical range. although many members of this complex have been recognised for decades, licenced human vaccines with broad availability are only available for tick-borne encephalitis virus. while tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines have been demonstrated to induce significant protective immunity, as deter ...201729263866
development of a subgenomic clone system for kyasanur forest disease virus.emerging tropical viruses pose an increasing threat to public health because social, economic and environmental factors such as global trade and deforestation allow for their migration into previously unexposed populations and ecological niches. among such viruses, kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) deserves particular recognition because it causes hemorrhagic fever. this work describes the completion of an antiviral testing platform (subgenomic system) for kfdv that could be used to quickly a ...201627357207
an early passage human isolate of kyasanur forest disease virus shows acute neuropathology in experimentally infected cd-1 mice.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) is a tick-borne flavivirus that causes a severe illness in humans. disease spectrum can vary from subclinical infection to fatal cases with hemorrhagic complications. the pathology of kfdv remains incompletely understood.201627171207
limited effects of type i interferons on kyasanur forest disease virus in cell culture.the tick-borne flavivirus, kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) causes seasonal infections and periodic outbreaks in south-west india. the current vaccine offers poor protection with reported issues of coverage and immunogenicity. since there are no approved prophylactic therapeutics for kfdv, type i ifn-α/β subtypes were assessed for antiviral potency against kfdv in cell culture.201627479197
inhibition of innate immune responses is key to pathogenesis by arenaviruses.mammalian arenaviruses are zoonotic viruses that cause asymptomatic, persistent infections in their rodent hosts but can lead to severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever with bleeding and multiorgan failure in human patients. lassa virus (lasv), for example, is endemic in several west african countries, where it is responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections and 5,000 deaths annually. there are currently no fda-licensed therapeutics or vaccines available to combat arenavirus infection. a hallmark ...201626865707
dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise.dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. it has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. it has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. its high adaptiveness gives an edge to th ...201627251148
genetic contribution of mhc class ii genes in susceptibility to west nile virus infection.wnv is a zoonotic neurotropic flavivirus that has recently emerged globally as a significant cause of viral encephalitis. the last five years, 624 incidents of wnv infection have been reported in greece. the risk for severe wnv disease increases among immunosuppressed individuals implying thus the contribution of the mhc locus to the control of wnv infection. in order to investigate a possible association of mhc class ii genes, especially hla-dpa1, hla-dqa1, hla-drb1, we examined 105 wnv patient ...201627812212
in vitro antiviral activity of adenosine analog nitd008 against tick-borne flaviviruses.there are currently no antiviral therapies available for the tick-borne flaviviruses associated with hemorrhagic fevers: kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), both classical and the alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) subtype, and omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (ohfv). in this brief study, we describe the in vitro antiviral activity of adenosine analog nitd008 against kfdv, ahfv, ohfv, as well as tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). alongside the well-established activity of nitd008 against m ...201627016316
viral hemorrhagic fever diagnostics.there are 4 families of viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf), including filoviridae. ebola virus is one virus within the family filoviridae and the cause of the current outbreak of vhf in west africa. vhf-endemic areas are found throughout the world, yet traditional diagnosis of vhf has been performed in large reference laboratories centered in europe and the united states. the large amount of capital needed, as well as highly trained and skilled personnel, has limited the availabili ...201526354968
tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in china.ticks, as obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. they are considered second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, and the most important vector of pathogens of domestic and wild animals. of the 117 described species in the chinese tick fauna, 60 are known to transmit one or more diseases: 36 species isolated within china and 24 species isolated outside china. moreover, 38 of these species ca ...201525586007
detection of langat virus by taqman real-time one-step qrt-pcr method.langat virus (lgtv), one of the members of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) complex, was firstly isolated from ixodes granulatus ticks in malaysia. however, the prevalence of lgtv in ticks in the region remains unknown. surveillance for lgtv is therefore important and thus a tool for specific detection of lgtv is needed. in the present study, we developed a real-time quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) for rapid detection of lgtv. our findings showed th ...201526360297
on the transmission pattern of kyasanur forest disease (kfd) in india.kyasanur forest disease (kfd), a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is endemic in five districts of karnataka state, india. recent reports of the spread of disease to neighboring districts of the western ghats, namely chamarajanagar district in karnataka, nilgiri district in tamil nadu, wayanad and malappuram districts in kerala, and pali village in goa are a cause for concern. besides vaccination of the affected population, establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in t ...201526286631
metagenomic profile of the viral communities in rhipicephalus spp. ticks from yunnan, china.besides mosquitoes, ticks are regarded as the primary source of vector-borne infectious diseases. indeed, a wide variety of severe infectious human diseases, including those involving viruses, are transmitted by ticks in many parts of the world. to date, there are no published reports on the use of next-generation sequencing for studying viral diversity in ticks or discovering new viruses in these arthropods from china. here, ion-torrent sequencing was used to investigate the presence of viruses ...201525799057
new focus of kyasanur forest disease virus activity in a tribal area in kerala, india, 2014.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) is a febrile illness characterized by hemorrhages, and is reported endemic in the shimoga district in karnataka state, india. it is caused by the kfd virus (kfdv) of the family flaviviridae, and is transmitted to monkeys and humans by haemaphysalis ticks.201525750730
outbreak of kyasanur forest disease in thirthahalli, karnataka, india, 2014.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) was first identified in 1957, when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the kyasanur forest in karnataka state, india. since then it has been reported to be enzootic in five districts of karnataka state, india. recent reports of human infections have reached an alarming level, in spite of the availability of a vaccine. this disease has also been reported from new areas, such as tamil nadu and kerala state. during january-march 2014, kfdv-positive cases wer ...201425063021
the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers.viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhf) are acute zoonotic diseases that, early on, seem to cause platelet destruction or dysfunction. here we present the four major ways viruses affect platelet development and function and new evidence of molecular factors that are preferentially induced by the more pathogenic members of the families flaviviridae, bunyaviridae, arenaviridae, and filoviridae. a systematic search was performed through the main medical electronic databases using as parameters all current f ...201424921924
complete genome sequencing and genetic characterization of alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus isolated from najran, saudi arabia.alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) is a newly described flavivirus first isolated in 1994-1995 from the alkhumra district south of jeddah, saudi arabia. subsequently, the virus was also isolated from makkah (2001-2003) and najran (2008-2009), saudi arabia.201425096447
kyasanur forest disease virus infection in mice is associated with higher morbidity and mortality than infection with the closely related alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) and alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) are closely related members of the flavivirus genus and are important causes of human disease in india and the arabian peninsula, respectively. despite high genetic similarity, the viruses have distinctly different host ranges and ecologies. human cases of kfdv or ahfv develop a spectrum of disease syndromes ranging from liver pathology to neurologic disease. case reports suggest kfdv is more commonly associated wit ...201424950196
inhibitors of the tick-borne, hemorrhagic fever-associated flaviviruses.no antiviral therapies are available for the tick-borne flaviviruses associated with hemorrhagic fevers: kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), both classical and the alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) subtype, and omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (ohfv). we tested compounds reported to have antiviral activity against members of the flaviviridae family for their ability to inhibit ahfv replication. 6-azauridine (6-azau), 2'-c-methylcytidine (2'-cmc), and interferon alpha 2a (ifn-α2a) inhibited t ...201424663025
the relationship between the structure of the tick-borne encephalitis virus strains and their pathogenic properties.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is transmitted to vertebrates by taiga or forest ticks through bites, inducing disease of variable severity. the reasons underlying these differences in the severity of the disease are unknown. in order to identify genetic factors affecting the pathogenicity of virus strains, we have sequenced and compared the complete genomes of 34 far-eastern subtype (fe) tbev strains isolated from patients with different disease severity (primorye, the russian far east). w ...201424740396
comparative pathogenesis of alkhumra hemorrhagic fever and kyasanur forest disease viruses in a mouse model.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) and alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) are genetically closely-related, tick-borne flaviviruses that cause severe, often fatal disease in humans. flaviviruses in the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex typically cause neurological disease in humans whereas patients infected with kfdv and ahfv predominately present with hemorrhagic fever. a small animal model for kfdv and ahfv to study the pathogenesis and evaluate countermeasures has been lacking mostl ...201424922308
problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases in india with special emphasis on progress in tick control research: a review.ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. the diseases spread by ticks are a major constraint to animal productivity while causing morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. a number of tick species have been recognised since long as vectors of lethal pathogens, viz. crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), babesia spp, theileria, rickettsia conorii, anaplasma marginale, etc. and the dama ...201425540956
tick-borne viruses: a review from the perspective of therapeutic approaches.several important human diseases worldwide are caused by tick-borne viruses. these diseases have become important public health concerns in recent years. the tick-borne viruses that cause diseases in humans mainly belong to 3 families: bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, and reoviridae. in this review, we focus on therapeutic approaches for several of the more important tick-borne viruses from these 3 families. these viruses are crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchf) and the newly discovered tick- ...201424907187
role of india's wildlife in the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens, risk factors and public health implications.evolving land use practices have led to an increase in interactions at the human/wildlife interface. the presence and poor knowledge of zoonotic pathogens in india's wildlife and the occurrence of enormous human populations interfacing with, and critically linked to, forest ecosystems warrant attention. factors such as diverse migratory bird populations, climate change, expanding human population and shrinking wildlife habitats play a significant role in the emergence and re-emergence of zoonoti ...201424983511
comprehensive multiplex one-step real-time taqman qrt-pcr assays for detection and quantification of hemorrhagic fever viruses.viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhfs) are a group of animal and human illnesses that are mostly caused by several distinct families of viruses including bunyaviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses and arenaviruses. although specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of vhf, initial signs and symptoms are very similar. therefore rapid immunologic and molecular tools for differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever viruses (hfvs) are important for effective case management and control of the spread of vhfs ...201424752452
the role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology.in nature, vector-borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. these viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of rna by rt-pcr and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, an ...201424737600
animal models of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses.tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (tbhfv) are detected throughout the african and eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. in the past decade, however, novel tbhfvs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating tbhfv as elim ...201325437041
vaccines for viral hemorrhagic fevers--progress and shortcomings.with a few exceptions, vaccines for viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever remain unavailable or lack well-documented efficacy. in the past decade this has not been due to a lack of the ability to develop vaccine platforms against highly pathogenic viruses, but rather the lack of will/interest to invest in platforms that have the potential to become successful vaccines. the two exceptions to this are vaccines against dengue virus (denv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv), which recently have seen ...201323773330
pathogenesis of modoc virus (flaviviridae; flavivirus) in persistently infected hamsters.the long-term persistence of modoc virus (modv) infection was investigated in a hamster model. golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were infected by subcutaneous inoculation with modv, in which fatal encephalitis developed in 12.5% (2 of 16). surviving hamsters shed infectious modv in their urine during the first five months after infection, and infectious modv was recovered by co-cultivation of kidney tissue up to eight months after infection. there were no histopathologic changes observed in ...201323358636
emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases in southeast asia.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have become significant public health problems, with the emergence and re-emergence of arboviral diseases nearly worldwide. the most populated southeast asia region is particularly vulnerable. the arboviral diseases such as dengue (den), japanese encephalitis (je), west nile virus (wnv), chikungunya fever (chik), hemorrhagic fevers such as crimean-congo hemorrhagic (cchf) fever, kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), etc. are on the rise and have spread unpre ...201323995308
kyasanur forest disease.in the spring of 1957, an outbreak of severe disease was documented in people living near the kyasanur forest in karnataka state, india, which also affected wild nonhuman primates. collection of samples from dead animals and the use of classical virological techniques led to the isolation of a previously unrecognized virus, named kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), which was found to be related to the russian spring-summer encephalitis (rsse) complex of tick-borne viruses. further evaluation f ...201223110991
revisiting the clinal concept of evolution and dispersal for the tick-borne flaviviruses by using phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses.tick-borne flaviviruses (tbf) are widely dispersed across africa, europe, asia, oceania, and north america, and some present a significant threat to human health. seminal studies on tick-borne encephalitis viruses (tbev), based on partial envelope gene sequences, predicted a westward clinal pattern of evolution and dispersal across northern eurasia, terminating in the british isles. we tested this hypothesis using all available full-length open reading frame (orf) tbf sequences. phylogenetic ana ...201222674986
kyasanur forest disease virus: viremia and challenge studies in monkeys with evidence of cross-protection by langat virus infection.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv), discovered in 1957, is a member of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) complex. diseases caused by members of the tbev complex occur in many parts of the world. kfdv produces a hemorrhagic fever in humans in south india and fatal illnesses in both species of monkeys in the area, the black faced langur (presbytis entellus) and the bonnet macaque (macaca radiata). experimental infection of the langur and the bonnet macaque with early mouse passage kfdv st ...201224627765
kyasanur forest disease virus alkhurma subtype in ticks, najran province, saudi arabia.to the editor: the lineage of kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) found in the kingdom of saudi arabia is commonly referred to as alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv). this virus was first isolated from a specimen collected in 1994 from a butcher living in makkah province, who was hospitalized for a hemorrhagic fever from which he died (1). the virus was assigned to the genus flavivirus on the basis of reactivity with genus-specific monoclonal antibodies and sequencing of a fragment of the n ...201121529425
alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in travelers returning from egypt, 2010.to the editor: the report of 2 visitors from italy being infected by alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) in southeastern egypt near the border with sudan (1) provides useful data to help clarify the evolutionary origin of these tick-borne flaviviruses. ahfv was first isolated in saudi arabia and is associated with camel ticks (2). it is a genetically close relative of kyasanur forest disease virus, which was first isolated in india in 1957. following the original isolation of kyasanur forest ...201121801660
ancient ancestry of kfdv and ahfv revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts.alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) and kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) cause significant human disease and mortality in saudi arabia and india, respectively. despite their distinct geographic ranges, ahfv and kfdv share a remarkably high sequence identity. given its emergence decades after kfdv, ahfv has since been considered a variant of kfdv and thought to have arisen from an introduction of kfdv to saudi arabia from india. to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history o ...201121991403
IRGM Is a Common Target of RNA Viruses that Subvert the Autophagy Network.Autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway used as a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. However, several viruses can evade or subvert autophagy to insure their own replication. Nevertheless, the molecular details of viral interaction with autophagy remain largely unknown. We have determined the ability of 83 proteins of several families of RNA viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae), to interact with 44 human autophagy-associ ...201122174682
the generation of a reverse genetics system for kyasanur forest disease virus and the ability to antagonize the induction of the antiviral state in vitro.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) is a tick-borne, hemorrhagic fever-causing member of the flaviviridae virus family. with infections annually ranging from 50 to 1000 people in south-west india and the lack of effective treatments, a better understanding of this virus is needed. the development of a reverse genetics system (rgs) for kfdv would provide the opportunity to address these issues. the kfdv genome sequence was elucidated and the rgs was created. utilizing this system, live infectiou ...201122100401
computer-based comparison of structural features of envelope protein of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus with the homologous proteins of two closest viruses.the aim of this study was prediction of epitopes and medically important structural properties of protein e of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ahfv) and comparing these features with two closely relates viruses, i.e. kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) by bioinformatics tools. prediction of evolutionary distance, localization, sequence of signal peptides, c, n o glycosylation sites, transmembrane helices (tmhs), cysteine bond positions and b cell and t ...201121235484
evaluation of the human host range of bovine and porcine viruses that may contaminate bovine serum and porcine trypsin used in the manufacture of biological products.current u.s. requirements for testing cell substrates used in production of human biological products for contamination with bovine and porcine viruses are u.s. department of agriculture (usda) 9cfr tests for bovine serum or porcine trypsin. 9cfr requires testing of bovine serum for seven specific viruses in six families (immunofluorescence) and at least 2 additional families non-specifically (cytopathicity and hemadsorption). 9cfr testing of porcine trypsin is for porcine parvovirus. recent con ...201122000165
the neglected arboviral infections in mainland china.the major arboviral diseases in mainland china include japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever), and tick-borne encephalitis. these and other newly found arbovirus infections due to banna virus and tahyna virus contribute to a large and relatively neglected disease burden in china. here we briefly review the literature regarding these arboviral infections in mainland china with emphasis on their epidemiology, primary vectors, ...201020436960
tick-borne flaviviruses.there has been a remarkable increase in tick-borne flaviviral disease incidence throughout the past 2 decades. transmission of tick-borne viruses, like other vector-borne agents, is impacted by a very broad set of factors, both natural (eg, climate and ecology) and man-made (eg, human mobility and agricultural patterns). as our encroachment into areas of virus endemicity intensifies, and as changes in global economic and environmental conditions continue to promote the expansion of tick populati ...201020513549
molecular epidemiology of powassan virus in north america.powassan virus (pow) is a tick-borne flavivirus distributed in canada, the northern usa and the primorsky region of russia. pow is the only tick-borne flavivirus endemic to the western hemisphere, where it is transmitted mainly between ixodes cookei and groundhogs (marmota monax). deer tick virus (dtv), a genotype of pow that has been frequently isolated from deer ticks (ixodes scapularis), appears to be maintained in an enzootic cycle between these ticks and white-footed mice (peromyscus leucop ...201020631087
the zoonotic flaviviruses of southern, south-eastern and eastern asia, and australasia: the potential for emergent viruses.the genus flaviviridae comprises about 70 members, of which about 30 are found in southern, south-eastern and eastern asia and australasia. these include major pathogens such as japanese encephalitis (je), west nile (wn), murray valley encephalitis (mve), tick-borne encephalitis, kyasanur forest disease virus, and the dengue viruses. other members are known to be associated with mild febrile disease in humans, or with no known disease. in addition, novel flaviviruses continue to be discovered, a ...200919486319
isolation of kyasanur forest disease virus from febrile patient, yunnan, china.we recently determined that nanjianyin virus, isolated from serum of a patient in yunnan province, china, in 1989, is a type of kyasanur forest disease virus. results of a 1987-1990 seroepidemiologic investigation in yunnan province had shown that residents of the hengduan mountain region had been infected with nanjianyin virus.200919193286
recent ancestry of kyasanur forest disease virus.kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) is enzootic to india and maintained in ticks, mammals, and birds. it causes severe febrile illness in humans and was first recognized in 1957 associated with a high number of deaths among monkeys in kyasanur forest. genetic analysis of 48 viruses isolated in india during 1957-2006 showed low diversity (1.2%). bayesian coalescence analysis of these sequences and those of kfdvs from saudi arabia and the people's republic of china estimated that kfdvs have evolv ...200919788811
novel variant of tickborne encephalitis virus, russia.we isolated a novel strain of tickborne encephalitis virus (tbev), glubinnoe/2004, from a patient with a fatal case in russia. we sequenced the strain, whose landmark features included 57 amino acid substitutions and 5 modified cleavage sites. phylogenetically, glubinnoe/2004 is a novel variant that belongs to the eastern type of tbev.200718258012
genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: new insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy.here, we analyze the complete coding sequences of all recognized tick-borne flavivirus species, including gadgets gully, royal farm and karshi virus, seabird-associated flaviviruses, kadam virus and previously uncharacterized isolates of kyasanur forest disease virus and omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. significant taxonomic improvements are proposed, e.g. the identification of three major groups (mammalian, seabird and kadam tick-borne flavivirus groups), the creation of a new species (karshi viru ...200717169393
tick-borne flavivirus infection in ixodes scapularis larvae: development of a novel method for synchronous viral infection of ticks.following a bite from an infected tick, tick-borne flaviviruses cause encephalitis, meningitis and hemorrhagic fever in humans. although these viruses spend most of their time in the tick, little is known regarding the virus-vector interactions. we developed a simple method for synchronously infecting ixodes scapularis larvae with langat virus (lgtv) by immersion in media containing the virus. this technique resulted in approximately 96% of ticks becoming infected. lgtv infection and replication ...200717490700
tickborne encephalitis virus, norway and denmark.serum from 2 norwegians with tickborne encephalitis (tbe) (1 of whom was infected in denmark) and 810 norwegian ticks were tested for tbe virus (tbev) rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed. this is the first genome detection of tbev in serum from norwegian patients.200616836835
kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in india.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) was first recognised as a febrile illness in the shimoga district of karnataka state of india. the causative agent, kfd virus (kfdv), is a highly pathogenic member in the family flaviviridae, producing a haemorrhagic disease in infected human beings. kfd is a zoonotic disease and has so far been localised only in a southern part of india. the exact cause of its emergence in the mid 1950s is not known. a variant of kfdv, characterised serologically and genetically as ...200616710839
alkhumra virus infection, a new viral hemorrhagic fever in saudi arabia.four patients with typical acute viral hemorrhagic fever were identified in the holy city of makkah, saudi arabia, between 8 and 23 february 2001, the hajj (pilgrimage) period of that year. tests for rift valley fever (rvf), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), and dengue were negative. blood specimens were sent to the centres for disease control and prevention (cdc), atlanta for viral culture and testing for other hemorrhagic fever viruses. a new flavivirus closely related to the tick-borne ...200516038757
low diversity of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, saudi arabia, 1994-1999.alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (genus flavivirus, ahfv) was recently identified as the agent of a viral hemorrhagic fever in saudi arabia and characterized serologically and genetically as a variant genotype of kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv). since viral diagnosis and vaccine development may be hindered by genetic diversity, this study was intended to address ahfv genetic heterogeneity. eleven strains isolated from hospitalized patients from 1994 to 1999 in saudi arabia were sequenced in ...200515890119
[the alkhurma virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus): an emerging pathogen responsible for hemorrhage fever in the middle east].to date tick-borne flaviviruses causing hemorrhagic fevers in humans have been isolated in siberia (omsk hemorrhagic fever virus), india (kyasanur forest disease virus), and saudi arabia (akhurma virus). because of their potential use as biological weapons for bioterrorism, these 3 viruses require level 4 biosafety handling facilities and have been listed as hypervirulent pathogens by the center for disease control and prevention. alkhurma virus was isolated in 1995 from patients with hemorrhagi ...200314579470
tick-borne flaviviruses.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), one of the most dangerous neuroinfections in europe and asia, is caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and currently involves approximately 11,000 human cases annually, mostly in russia. this chapter describes the main problems associated with the epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis, and control of this disease. we have attempted to review the factors that influence the incidence and distribution of tbe, and to discuss possible reasons for the different cl ...200314714436
tick-borne encephalitis.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one of the most dangerous human infections occurring in europe and many parts of asia. the etiological agent tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), is a member of the virus genus flavivirus, of the family flaviviridae. tbev is believed to cause at least 11,000 human cases of encephalitis in russia and about 3000 cases in the rest of europe annually. related viruses within the same group, louping ill virus (liv), langat virus (lgtv) and powassan virus (powv), also ...200312615309
tick-borne encephalitis with hemorrhagic syndrome, novosibirsk region, russia, 1999.eight fatal cases of tick-borne encephalitis with an unusual hemorrhagic syndrome were identified in 1999 in the novosibirsk region, russia. to study these strains, we sequenced cdna fragments of protein e gene from six archival formalin-fixed brain samples. phylogenetic analysis showed tick-borne encephalitis variants clustered with a far eastern subtype (homology 94.7%) but not with the siberian subtype (82%).200312781020
nosocomial spread of viral disease.viruses are important causes of nosocomial infection, but the fact that hospital outbreaks often result from introduction(s) from community-based epidemics, together with the need to initiate specific laboratory testing, means that there are usually insufficient data to allow the monitoring of trends in incidences. the most important defenses against nosocomial transmission of viruses are detailed and continuing education of staff and strict adherence to infection control policies. protocols mus ...200111432812
complete coding sequence of the alkhurma virus, a tick-borne flavivirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in saudi arabia.to date, tick-borne flaviviruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever in humans have been isolated in siberia (omsk hemorrhagic fever virus), india (kyasanur forest disease virus, kfdv), and in saudi arabia (alkhurma virus, alkv). prior to this study, only partial coding sequences of these severe pathogens had been determined. we report here the complete coding sequence of alk virus, which was determined to be 10,248 nucleotides (nt) long, and to encode a single 3,416 amino acid polyprotein. indepe ...200111554750
field evaluation of formalin inactivated kyasanur forest disease virus tissue culture vaccine in three districts of karnataka state.a formalin inactivated kyasanur forest disease (kfd) virus tissue culture vaccine produced by the health department of the state government of karnataka at shimoga was administered in shimoga, uttar kannada and chikmangalur districts during 1990-92 kfd epidemic seasons. the selection of places for vaccination was based on the prevalence of kfd activity in previous years; villages adjacent to kfd affected areas and the villages from which mortality in monkeys was reported. a total of 284 villages ...19947927566
analysis of the structural protein gene sequence shows kyasanur forest disease virus as a distinct member in the tick-borne encephalitis virus serocomplex.kyasanur forest disease (kfd) virus is a highly pathogenic member of the family flaviviridae producing a haemorrhagic disease in infected human beings. despite this high pathogenicity and potential epidemiological importance, there have been relatively few detailed antigenic or molecular studies on kfd virus. the nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus have now been determined. from these data we conclude that kfd virus is a distinct member in the tick-bor ...19948113732
epitope analysis of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex viruses using monoclonal antibodies to envelope glycoprotein of tbe virus (persulcatus subtype).the arrangement of envelope protein epitopes of tick-borne encephalitis viruses (tbev) (persulcatus or eastern subtype, sofjin strain and ricinus or western subtype, minsk-256 strain) and kyasanur forest disease virus (kfdv) was investigated using competitive binding of monoclonal antibodies against the sofjin e protein. the e protein of tbev sofjin strain forms three antigenic domains: e1, e2 and e3, represented by 12, 9 and 2 epitopes respectively; two additional epitopes stand alone. domains ...19937505512
antigenic relationships among viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex as studied by monoclonal antibodies.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) monoclonal antibodies showed haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) activity against viruses belonging to the tbe complex except of powassan virus. the hi titre with kyasanur forest disease virus was lower than with tick-borne encephalitis virus, when monoclonal antibodies were incubated with the antigen at +4 degrees c for 30 min. langat virus could be distinguished from other viruses of the tbe complex when the antigen was incubated with monoclonal antibodies at +4 deg ...19846201061
attenuated langat e5 virus as a live virus vaccine against kyasanur forest disease virus. 19816263797
the reaction of funambulus tristriatus tristriatus rattus blanfordi and suncus murinus to kyasanur forest disease virus. 19816273309
serological response to formolized kyasanur forest disease virus vaccine in humans at sagar and sorab talukas of shimoga district. 19806249824
susceptibility of rousettus leschenaulti to infection with kyasanur forest disease virus--a note. 1979222671
studies on the transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by partly fed ixodid ticks. 1979229077
experimental transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by dermacentor auratus supino. 1979116962
transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks.larvae of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides were infected with kaysanur forest disease (kfd) virus by feeding on viraemic rodents and reared into next generation larvae. fed larvae, nymphs, unfed adults, fed adult males, and females after oviposition were found infected, while the larvae were found free from infection. nymphs and adults transmitted the infection by bite to rodents and rabbits respectively. the virus was also passed through a second rodent-tick cycle. adult ticks showed a titre of 3 ...197827975
antibodies to kyasanur forest disease virus in bats in the epizootic-epidemic area and neighbourhood. 1978217820
reaction of rattus rattus wroughtoni to kyasanur forest disease virus. 1978207642
transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by haemaphysalis wellingtoni nuttall and warburton, 1907 (acarina : ixodidae). 1978680913
susceptibility of lepus nigricollis cuvier, to experimental infection with kyasanur forest disease virus. 1977193782
critical evaluation of kyasanur forest disease virus neutralizing antibodies found in bats (a preliminary report). 1976178594
susceptibility of vandeleuria oleracea bennet, 1832 (rodentia, muridae) to experimental infection with kyasanur forest disease virus. 1976184037
transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by haemaphysalis kyasanurensis trapido, hoogstraal and rajagopalan, 1964 (acarina: ixodidae). 19751213783
studies on the antibody response of a formalin inactivated kyasanur forest disease virus vaccine in langurs "presbytis entellus". 19744215753
transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by the soft tick, ornithodoros crossi. 19734148214
the reaction of mus platythrix to kyasanur forest disease virus. 19724661448
kyasanur forest disease virus encephalitis in mice. effect of cortisone on the encephalitic lesions. 19724661651
histological changes in mice infected with kyasanur forest disease virus. 19724661650
transmission of kyasanur forest disease virus by soft tick, argas persicus (ixodoidea: argasidae). 19715579237
attenuation of a strain of kyasanur forest disease virus for mice. 19715579236
the reaction of cattle to kyasanur forest disease virus. 19715579235
trans-monsoonal persitence of kyasanur forest disease virus in haemaphysalis nymphs infected in nature. 19705505199
serum neutralization of kyasanur forest disease virus in mice. 19704994290
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