| geographical and temporal distribution of ockelbo disease in sweden. | the incidence of ockelbo disease and the prevalence of ockelbo virus neutralizing antibodies were investigated in a sample of the swedish population. the disease occurs throughout most of sweden but with higher incidence and antibody prevalence rates in the central part of the country. it generally affects middle-aged men and women, with equal incidence between sexes, and is uncommon in people younger than 20 years of age. the disease occurs during a short period each year between the third week ... | 1991 | 1646735 |
| structure of the ockelbo virus genome and its relationship to other sindbis viruses. | ockelbo virus was first isolated in 1982 in sweden. it is the causal agent of disease in humans characterized by arthritis, rash, and fever and is antigenically very closely related to sindbis virus. we have determined the nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of the prototype ockelbo virus isolate (82-5) to determine the relatedness of ockelbo virus to sindbis virus at the genomic level and clarify the taxonomic position of ockelbo virus within the alphavirus genus. the numbers of nucl ... | 1991 | 1673813 |
| ecologic studies of mosquitoes and birds as hosts of ockelbo virus in sweden and isolation of inkoo and batai viruses from mosquitoes. | field studies were conducted in central sweden from 1983 through 1985 to obtain information on the etiologic agent of ockelbo disease, described in sweden in the 1960s and probably identical to pogosta disease in finland and to karelian fever in the western ussr. mosquitoes (63,644) collected during this 3 year period yielded 21 virus strains. ockelbo virus isolations were from culiseta morsitans (5 strains), culex pipiens and/or cx. torrentium (6 strains), and aedes cinereus (3 strains). inkoo ... | 1989 | 2572178 |
| nucleocapsid and glycoprotein organization in an enveloped virus. | alphaviruses are a group of icosahedral, positive-strand rna, enveloped viruses. the membrane bilayer, which surrounds the approximately 400 a diameter nucleocapsid, is penetrated by 80 spikes arranged in a t = 4 lattice. each spike is a trimer of heterodimers consisting of glycoproteins e1 and e2. cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction of ross river virus showed that the t = 4 quaternary structure of the nucleocapsid consists of pentamer and hexamer clusters of the capsid protein, but ... | 1995 | 7867069 |
| antigenic comparison of ockelbo virus isolates from sweden and russia with sindbis virus isolates from europe, africa, and australia: further evidence for variation among alphaviruses. | the plaque-reduction neutralization test (prnt) was used to compare 15 isolates of ockelbo virus from sweden, one isolate of ockelbo virus from russia, the egyptian prototype sindbis virus, and sindbis-like viruses from slovakia, south africa, cameroon, and australia. strains from northern europe (sweden and russia) were indistinguishable by prnt. we observed some antigenic variation between isolates of sindbis virus from europe, africa, and australia. an australian strain (c-377) was shown to b ... | 1993 | 7902675 |
| development of specific antibody patterns and clinical symptoms following ockelbo virus infection. | sixteen patients with symptoms typical for ockelbo disease (rash, arthralgia, fever) were enrolled in a 2 1/2 year study, during which clinical symptoms were recorded and elisa was employed to study specific igm, igg and igg subclass development. initially, all patients presented with rash and arthralgia, and five patients still suffered from joint symptoms at the end of the study period. ockelbo virus specific igm was detected during the first week post onset in 6 patients and in 15 patients by ... | 1994 | 8279960 |
| detection of ockelbo virus rna in skin biopsies by polymerase chain reaction. | a sensitive assay based on the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ockelbo virus rna was developed. two primer pairs from the gene coding for the e2 glycoprotein were chosen. by use of a nested strategy for the primers, as few as 1 to 10 pfu could be detected. the amplified products were visualized as bands of appropriate size on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. the primer pairs allowed amplification of several ockelbo and sindbis virus isolates but discriminated between these a ... | 1993 | 8396582 |
| [analysis of the primary structure of segments of the karelian fever virus genome]. | primary structure of two parts of karelian fever virus (kfv) genome (29-57 nt and 10507-11591 nt) cloned in recombinant plasmids has been studied and compared with that of sindbis (hrsp strain) and ockelbo viruses. fifty-four nucleotide substitutes were revealed in the sequenced parts of kfv genome including partially 5' and 3'-nontranslated sites ( a total of 1613 nucleotides, or approximately 13.8% of the genome length), in comparison with the sindbis virus prototype hrsp strain, this being in ... | 1995 | 8659171 |
| genetic relatedness of sindbis virus strains from europe, middle east, and africa. | the relatedness of 40 strains of sindbis virus (sin) from europe, the middle east, and africa was investigated by limited sequencing within the gene encoding the e2 glycoprotein corresponding to amino acid residues 117 to 229 and encompassing one of the major neutralization epitopes. phylogenetic analyses using distance matrix and parsimonious methods identified two major genetic clusters of western sin strains, although the variability was less than that of the corresponding region for venezuel ... | 1996 | 8806528 |
| a single point mutation controls the cholesterol dependence of semliki forest virus entry and exit. | membrane fusion and budding are key steps in the life cycle of all enveloped viruses. semliki forest virus (sfv) is an enveloped alphavirus that requires cellular membrane cholesterol for both membrane fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus from infected cells. we selected an sfv mutant, srf-3, that was strikingly independent of cholesterol for growth. this phenotype was conferred by a single amino acid change in the e1 spike protein subunit, proline 226 to serine, that increased the cholest ... | 1998 | 9425157 |
| fus-1, a ph shift mutant of semliki forest virus, acts by altering spike subunit interactions via a mutation in the e2 subunit. | semliki forest virus (sfv), an enveloped alphavirus, is a well-characterized paradigm for viruses that infect cells via endocytic uptake and low-ph-triggered fusion. the sfv spike protein is composed of a dimer of e1 and e2 transmembrane subunits, which dissociate upon exposure to low ph, liberating e2 and the fusogenic e1 subunit to undergo independent conformational changes. sfv fusion and infection are blocked by agents such as ammonium chloride, which act by raising the ph in the endosome an ... | 1998 | 9557718 |
| effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of aedes aegypti and ae. taeniorhynchus for ockelbo virus. | studies were conducted to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the ability of aedes aegypti and ae. taeniorhynchus to transmit ockelbo (ock) virus. temperatures tested were 10 degrees c, 17 degrees c, 24 degrees c, and a cyclic (10-24 degrees c, mean = 17 degrees c) regimen designed to mimic continuously temperatures to which a mosquito might be exposed in july and august in central sweden. both species were highly susceptible to oral infection, with no consistent association bet ... | 1990 | 2173434 |
| selection of rna replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells. | the natural life cycle of alphaviruses, a group of plus-strand rna viruses, involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes. chronic infections are established in mosquitoes (and usually in mosquito cell cultures), but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mrna translation and cell death. using engineered sindbis virus rna replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker, we identified mutations allowing pers ... | 1999 | 10196280 |
| rainbow trout sleeping disease virus is an atypical alphavirus. | sleeping disease (sd) is currently a matter of concern for salmonid fish farmers in most parts of the world. a viral etiology of sd has recently been suspected, since virus-like particles have been observed in infected rainbow trout cells. in salmonid-derived cell lines, the maximal rate of virus production was observed at 10 degrees c, while little virus was produced at 14 degrees c. through biochemical, physicochemical, and morphological studies, sd virus (sdv) was shown to be an enveloped vir ... | 2000 | 10590104 |
| development of reverse transcription-pcr assays specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. | specific and sensitive reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays were developed for the detection of eastern, western, and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (eee, wee, and vee, respectively). tests for specificity included all known alphavirus species. the eee-specific rt-pcr amplified a 464-bp region of the e2 gene exclusively from 10 different eee strains from south and north america with a sensitivity of about 3,000 rna molecules. in a subsequent nested pcr, the specificity was confirmed ... | 2000 | 10747138 |
| a single amino acid change in nsp1 attenuates neurovirulence of the sindbis-group alphavirus s.a.ar86. | s.a.ar86, a member of the sindbis group of alphaviruses, is neurovirulent in adult mice and has a unique threonine at position 538 of nsp1; nonneurovirulent members of this group of alphaviruses encode isoleucine. isoleucine was introduced at position 538 in the wild-type s.a.ar86 infectious clone, ps55, and virus derived from this mutant clone, ps51, was significantly attenuated for neurovirulence compared to that derived from ps55. intracranial (i.c. ) s55 infection resulted in severe disease, ... | 2000 | 10756033 |
| sindbis-group alphavirus replication in periosteum and endosteum of long bones in adult mice. | several alphaviruses, including the sindbis-group viruses, ross river virus, o'nyong-nyong virus, and chikungunya virus, are associated with outbreaks of acute and persistent arthralgia and arthritis in humans. mechanisms underlying alphavirus-induced arthralgia and arthritis are not clearly understood, though direct viral replication within or around the affected joints is thought to contribute to disease. s.a.ar86 is a sindbis-group alphavirus closely related to the arthralgia-associated ockel ... | 2000 | 10982376 |
| arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, lepidophthirus macrorhini. | a novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, mirounga leonina, on macquarie island, australia. the virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known australasian alphaviruses. nearly all macquarie island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. antarctic division personnel who have worked exte ... | 2001 | 11287559 |
| evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. | partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ... | 2001 | 11581380 |
| comparison of two aquatic alphaviruses, salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus, by using genome sequence analysis, monoclonal reactivity, and cross-infection. | cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) of farmed atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (sdv) of rainbow trout were compared. excluding the poly(a) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of spdv and sdv rnas include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. phylogenetic analysis places spdv and sdv between the new world viruses of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus and the old world viruses of aura virus and sindbis virus. w ... | 2002 | 12021349 |
| novel mutations that control the sphingolipid and cholesterol dependence of the semliki forest virus fusion protein. | the enveloped alphavirus semliki forest virus (sfv) infects cells via a membrane fusion reaction mediated by the e1 membrane protein. efficient sfv-membrane fusion requires the presence of cholesterol and sphingolipid in the target membrane. here we report on two mutants, srf-4 and srf-5, selected for growth in cholesterol-depleted cells. like the previously isolated srf-3 mutant (e1 proline 226 to serine), the phenotypes of the srf-4 and srf-5 mutants were conferred by single-amino-acid changes ... | 2002 | 12438597 |
| effect of environmental temperature on the vector competence of culex pipiens and cx. torrentium for ockelbo virus. | the effects of environmental temperature on ockelbo virus infection, dissemination, and transmission were studied in culex torrentium and in the uppsala and the el gabal strains of cx. pipiens. temperatures tested included 10 degrees c, 17 degrees c, 24 degrees c, and a cyclic (10-24 degrees c, mean = 17 degrees c) regimen designed to mimic typical hourly temperatures in an area endemic for ockelbo disease in sweden during the transmission season. the vector competence of both the uppsala and th ... | 1990 | 2173433 |
| possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in great britain. | nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in europe, and several (west nile, sindbis and tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. although there have been no reported human cases in great britain (gb), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. this paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in gb, ... | 2007 | 16893487 |
| phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus: evidence for multiple clades in the western great plains, united states of america. | we present the first detailed phylogenetic analysis of buggy creek virus (bcrv), a poorly known alphavirus with transmission cycles involving a cimicid swallow bug (oeciacus vicarius) vector and cliff swallows (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) as the principal avian hosts. nucleotide sequences of a 2,075-bp viral envelope glycoprotein-coding region, covering the entire pe2 gene, were determined for 33 bcrv isolates taken from swallow bugs at cliff swallow colonies ... | 2006 | 16936062 |
| transmission of ockelbo virus by aedes cinereus, ae. communis, and ae. excrucians (diptera: culicidae) collected in an enzootic area in central sweden. | studies were conducted to determine the ability of aedes excrucians (walker), ae. cinereus meigen, and ae. communis (de geer) group mosquitoes, collected in an ockelbo (ock) virus enzootic area in central sweden, to transmit this virus. all three species were highly susceptible to infection; at least 96% of the specimens of each species became infected after ingesting blood from a viremic chicken. recovery of virus from the legs of all 61 of the ae. excrucians and from 51% (24 of 47) and 75% (6 ... | 1990 | 2159073 |
| alphavirus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes recognize a cross-reactive epitope from the capsid protein and can eliminate virus from persistently infected macrophages. | persistent alphavirus infections in synovial and neural tissues are believed to be associated with chronic arthritis and encephalitis, respectively, and represent likely targets for cd8+ alphabeta cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). here we show that the capsid protein is a dominant target for alphavirus-specific ctl in balb/c mice and that capsid-specific ctl from these mice recognize an h-2kd restricted epitope, qysggrfti. this epitope lies in the highly conserved region of the capsid protein, and ... | 1998 | 9573286 |
| impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases. | while some skeptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there is no doubt that during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have changed significantly. can this be attributed to climate change? climate is a major factor in determining: (1) the geographic and temporal distribution of arthropods; (2) characteristics of arthropod life cycles; (3) dispersal patterns of associated arboviruses; (4) the evolution of arboviruses; and (5) the efficiency ... | 2009 | 18799177 |
| larval competition differentially affects arbovirus infection in aedes mosquitoes. | both density-mediated and trait-mediated indirect biotic interactions may be important in structuring communities. indirect interactions in many study systems remain unexplored; in part, because they are often difficult to detect, and in many instances, have been identified empirically only when unexpected results arise. indirect effects induced by competition may be particularly important among organisms with complex life cycles, wherein competitive effects experienced in one life stage influen ... | 2005 | 19096729 |
| novel functions of the alphavirus nonstructural protein nsp3 c-terminal region. | the functions of the alphavirus-encoded nonstructural protein nsp3 during infection are poorly understood. in contrast, nsp1, nsp2, and nsp4 have known enzymatic activities and functions. a functional analysis of the c-terminal region of nsp3 of semliki forest virus revealed the presence of a degradation signal that overlaps with a sequence element located between nsp3 and nsp4 that is required for proteolytic processing. this element was responsible for the short half-life (1 h) of individually ... | 2010 | 20015978 |
| potential arbovirus emergence and implications for the united kingdom. | arboviruses have evolved a number of strategies to survive environmental challenges. this review examines the factors that may determine arbovirus emergence, provides examples of arboviruses that have emerged into new habitats, reviews the arbovirus situation in western europe in detail, discusses potential arthropod vectors, and attempts to predict the risk for arbovirus emergence in the united kingdom. we conclude that climate change is probably the most important requirement for the emergence ... | 2006 | 16704800 |
| molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
| a tyrosine-to-histidine switch at position 18 of the ross river virus e2 glycoprotein is a determinant of virus fitness in disparate hosts. | arthritogenic alphaviruses are human pathogens maintained in nature through alternating replication in vertebrates and mosquitoes. using chimeric viruses, we previously reported that replacement of the pe2 coding region of the t48 strain of ross river virus (rrv-t48) with that from the attenuated dc5692 strain, which differ by 7 amino acids, resulted in an attenuated disease phenotype in a mouse model of rrv-induced rheumatic disease. here, we demonstrate that introduction of one of these amino ... | 2013 | 23514884 |
| the alphavirus e3 glycoprotein functions in a clade-specific manner. | the 80 trimeric, glycoprotein spikes that cover the surface of alphavirus particles are required for mediating viral entry into a host cell. spike assembly is a regulated process that requires interactions between five structural proteins, e3, e2, 6k and its translational frameshift product tf, and e1. e3 is a small, ∼65-amino-acid glycoprotein that has two known functions: e3 serves as the signal sequence for translocation of the e3-e2-6k-e1 polyprotein into the endoplasmic reticulum (er), and ... | 2012 | 23035234 |
| endogenous rna viruses of plants in insect genomes. | endogenous viral elements (eves) derived from rna viruses with no dna stage are rare, especially those where the parental viruses possess single-strand positive-sense (ssrna+) genomes. here we provide evidence that eves that share a sequence similarity to ssrna+viruses of plants are integrated into the genomes of a number of insects, including mosquito, fruit flies, bees, ant, silkworm, pea aphid, monarch butterfly, and wasps. a preliminary phylogenetic analysis places these eves as divergent re ... | 2012 | 22410578 |
| multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne rna viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray. | arthropod-borne viruses are important emerging pathogens world-wide. viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses, infect hundreds of millions of people and animals each year. global surveillance of these viruses in mosquito vectors using molecular based assays is critical for prevention and control of the associated diseases. here, we report an oligonucleotide dna microarray design, termed arbochip5.1, for multi-gene detection and identifica ... | 2013 | 23967358 |
| direct pcr of indigenous and invasive mosquito species: a time- and cost-effective technique of mosquito barcoding. | millions of people die each year as a result of pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. however, the morphological identification of mosquito species can be difficult even for experts. the identification of morphologically indistinguishable species, such as members of the anopheles maculipennis complex (diptera: culicidae), and possible hybrids, such as culex pipiens pipiens/culex pipiens molestus (diptera: culicidae), presents a major problem. in addition, the detection and discrimination of newly ... | 2015 | 26663040 |
| population structure and distribution patterns of the sibling mosquito species culex pipiens and culex torrentium (diptera: culicidae) reveal different evolutionary paths. | nowadays a number of endemic mosquito species are known to possess vector abilities for various diseases, as e.g. the sibling species culex pipiens and culex torrentium. due to their morphological similarity, ecology, distribution and vector abilities, knowledge about these species' population structure is essential. culicidae from 25 different sampling sites were collected from march till october 2012. all analyses were performed with aligned cox1 sequences with a total length of 658 bp. popula ... | 2014 | 25048456 |
| european surveillance for west nile virus in mosquito populations. | a wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in europe or through risk of introduction. prominent among these is west nile virus (wnv), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. endemic outbreaks of west nile fever have been reported in italy, greece, france, romania, hungary, russia and spain, with further spread expected. most outbreaks in western europe have been due ... | 2013 | 24157510 |
| reduction of aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus under large temperature fluctuations. | diurnal temperature fluctuations can fundamentally alter mosquito biology and mosquito-virus interactions in ways that impact pathogen transmission. we investigated the effect of two daily fluctuating temperature profiles on aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus (denv) serotype-1. a large diurnal temperature range of 18.6°c around a 26°c mean, corresponding with the low denv transmission season in northwestern thailand, reduced midgut infection rates and tended to extend the virus ext ... | 2013 | 23438766 |
| the molecular and cellular aspects of arthritis due to alphavirus infections: lesson learned from ross river virus. | alphaviruses such as the sindbis-group viruses, scandinavian ockelbo virus, the african asian chikungunya virus, the african o'nyong-nyong virus, the south american mayaro virus, and the australasian barmah forest and ross river viruses, are commonly associated with outbreaks of acute and persistent arthritis and arthralgia in humans. the mechanisms by which these viruses cause arthritis/arthralgia are poorly understood. this chapter summarizes our current understanding of viral arthritides usin ... | 2007 | 17470914 |
| fatal human case of western equine encephalitis, uruguay. | to the editor: the genus alphavirus (family togaviridae) comprises 29 viral species (1), grouped in at least 7 antigenic complexes by their serologic cross-reactivity (2). they are maintained in nature through enzootic cycles involving arthropods as vectors with subsequent amplification in small mammals or birds, and epizootic cycles between mosquitoes and large mammals such as horses or humans. | 2011 | 21529429 |
| viremia in three orders of birds (anseriformes, galliformes and passeriformes) inoculated with ockelbo virus. | one-hundred six birds of 14 species were inoculated with approximately 10(2.7) plaque-forming units of ockelbo virus and bled daily for 5 days to determine viremia levels. virus was detected in birds of all 14 species tested (four anseriformes, one galliformes and nine passeriformes). the onset of viremia occurred earlier and viral titers were higher in very young anseriforms and galliforms than in older birds. adult passeriforms had ockelbo viremias of higher titer and longer duration than did ... | 1993 | 8387608 |
| swedish culex torrentium and cx. pipiens (diptera: culicidae) as experimental vectors of ockelbo virus. | the ability of the sibling species culex pipiens (l.) and culex torrentium (martini) from central sweden to transmit ockelbo (ock) virus was determined. both species became infected after ingesting ock virus from a viremic chicken; they transmitted this virus to chickens after 21-28 d of extrinsic incubation. in cx. torrentium, infection rates were 90% or higher, and all 10 refeeding mosquitoes transmitted virus after feeding on chickens with a viremia of at least 10(3.0) plaque-forming units (p ... | 1990 | 2167372 |
| antibodies to ockelbo virus in three orders of birds (anseriformes, galliformes and passeriformes) in sweden. | sera from 324 birds collected in an ockelbo virus disease endemic area in central sweden were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to ockelbo virus by a plaque reduction neutralization test. birds examined belonged to the orders anseriformes (n = 207), galliformes (n = 66) and passeriformes (n = 51). ockelbo virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 (8%) of the specimens, including species from each of the three orders tested. specific antibodies found in caged birds and in 6 ... | 1992 | 1312646 |
| diversity of culex torrentium martini, 1925 - a potential vector of arboviruses and filaria in europe. | culex torrentium is one of the most common mosquito species in germany. due to its sympatric occurrence as well as its similar morphological and ecological characteristics, it has often been confused with another common species, culex pipiens. both species are known to be potential vectors for different arboviruses (not only in germany) with c. torrentium being a possible vector for sindbis or ockelbo virus. in our study, we analyzed the genetic variability in a 658 bp fragment of the cytochrome ... | 2013 | 23604567 |
| sindbis virus infection in resident birds, migratory birds, and humans, finland. | sindbis virus (sinv), a mosquito-borne virus that causes rash and arthritis, has been causing outbreaks in humans every seventh year in northern europe. to gain a better understanding of sinv epidemiology in finland, we searched for sinv antibodies in 621 resident grouse, whose population declines have coincided with human sinv outbreaks, and in 836 migratory birds. we used hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests for the bird samples and enzyme immunoassays and hemagglutination-inhi ... | 2008 | 18258075 |
| british container breeding mosquitoes: the impact of urbanisation and climate change on community composition and phenology. | the proliferation of artificial container habitats in urban areas has benefitted urban adaptable mosquito species globally. in areas where mosquitoes transmit viruses and parasites, it can promote vector population productivity and fuel mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. in britain, storage of water in garden water butts is increasing, potentially expanding mosquito larval habitats and influencing population dynamics and mosquito-human contact. here we show that the community composition, abundan ... | 2014 | 24759617 |
| temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens mosquitoes. | the distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. west nile virus (wnv) was introduced into the united states of america in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the americas. previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of wnv, wn02, first detected in 2001, spread across the us and was more efficient than the introduced gen ... | 2008 | 18584026 |
| peptide motif analysis predicts alphaviruses as triggers for rheumatoid arthritis. | rheumatoid arthritis (ra) develops in response to both genetic and environmental factors. the strongest genetic determinant is hla-dr, where polymorphisms within the p4 and p6 binding pockets confer elevated risk. however, low disease concordance across monozygotic twin pairs underscores the importance of an environmental factor, probably infectious. the goal of this investigation was to predict the microorganism most likely to interact with hla-dr to trigger ra under the molecular mimicry hypot ... | 2015 | 26476978 |
| ockelbo virus (togaviridae: alphavirus) neutralizing antibodies in experimentally infected swedish birds. | the ability of native swedish birds to produce and maintain production of ockelbo virus neutralizing (nt) antibodies were evaluated experimentally between 6 june 1990 and 27 july 1991. after experimental infection of 57 birds of the orders anseriformes and passeriformes with ockelbo virus, these birds were examined for ockelbo virus nt antibodies at 5 days, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after inoculation. one month after inoculation, nt antibodies were more prevalent in birds with a detectable vi ... | 1996 | 8627942 |