| the existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. | it is currently thought that new world monkeys, prosimians, and humans are the only primates to possess vomeronasal organs (vnos) as adults. recent studies of the human vno suggest that previous investigations on old world primates may have missed the vno. we examined nasal septa from the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) grossly and histologically for comparison with nasal septa from humans, old world monkeys (macaca fascicularis, m. nemistrina) and prosimian primates (microcebus murinus, otolemur g ... | 2001 | 11215770 |
| frequency of stages of the seminiferous cycle in the thick-tailed bush baby (otolemur garnetti), a prosimian primate: possible phylogenetic implications? | spermatogenesis in the thick-tailed bush baby, otolemur garnetti, was studied using light microscopy. the stages and stage frequencies of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium were determined using semithin sections stained with methylene blue-azure ii. these sections were obtained from the testes of six healthy adult males (n = 6). they revealed 11 stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in this species. the mean relative frequencies of the stages i-xi were 10.9, 6.0, 5.9, 7.3, 13.2, 10. ... | 2005 | 15895272 |
| converging evidence from microstimulation, architecture, and connections for multiple motor areas in the frontal and cingulate cortex of prosimian primates. | in the present study, somatotopic organization, architectonic features, and patterns of connections were used to define motor areas in the frontal and cingulate cortex of the prosimian primate galago garnetti. sites throughout portions of the motor cortex were electrically stimulated with microelectrodes at the approximate depth of layer v. in some of the same animals, injections in primary motor cortex (m1), and in the spinal cord, revealed patterns of connections with physiologically identifie ... | 2000 | 10861543 |
| unexpected conservation of the x-linked color vision gene in nocturnal prosimians: evidence from two bush babies. | bush babies have had a long history of nocturnal life and it would be interesting to know whether their color vision genes have become degenerate. therefore, we used pcr techniques to sequence the x-linked pigment gene of two of these nocturnal prosimians: galago senegalensis and otolemur garnettii. southern hybridization of genomic dna of g. senegalensis showed a single x-linked pigment gene. interestingly, the deduced pigment sequences of the two bush babies are identical. by comparing the x-l ... | 1997 | 9419238 |
| cholinergic axonal dystrophy and mitochondrial pathology in prosimian primates. | progressive cholinergic axonal dystrophy, cholinergic denervation, and generalized gliosis begin in the prosimian primate species otolemur at 10% of maximum life span. in these same animals, extensive cerebral beta-amyloidosis follows relatively more abruptly at 50% of maximum life span. in contrast, even at maximum life span, the prosimian primate species galago senegalensis moholi, microcebus murinus, and eulemur fulvus collaris and insectivore species t. belangeri are either spared or much le ... | 1996 | 8912903 |
| eye dominance in the small-eared bushbaby, otolemur garnettii. | eye-preference has been measured in the small-eared bushbaby, otolemur garnettii, using two testing conditions, one requiring the subject to look through a grid and the other involving trained looking through a small hole. monocular eye use was scored for viewing a variety of stimuli. the six subjects (four adult females and two babies) tested using the grid showed left-eye dominance for viewing the tester. five subjects were tested for viewing food and all were similarly left-eye preferent. tha ... | 1994 | 8190249 |
| exceptional expansion and conservation of a ct-repeat complex in the core promoter of paxbp1 in primates. | adaptive evolution may be linked with the genomic distribution and function of short tandem repeats (strs). proximity of the core promoter strs to the +1 transcription start site (tss), and their mutable nature are characteristics that highlight those strs as a novel source of interspecies variation. the paxbp1 gene (alternatively known as gcfc1) core promoter contains the longest str identified in a homo sapiens gene core promoter. indeed, this core promoter is a stretch of four consecutive ct- ... | 2014 | 24573656 |
| the origin of the primate mhc-drb genes and allelic lineages as deduced from the study of prosimians. | mhc class ii genes of the drb family were partially sequenced from 10 individuals representing six species of prosimians: galago senegalensis, g. moholi, otolemur garnetti, loris tardigradus, petterus (lemur) fulvus, and lemur catta. altogether, 41 different genes were discerned, all distinct from genes identified previously. comparative analysis of the sequences has led to the following conclusions. first, the drb loci present in human populations diverged from one another before the divergence ... | 1994 | 8157963 |
| prosimian mhc-dqb allelic polymorphisms. | in this report the first description of mhc-dqb homologues in prosimians, the lemurs (lemur fulvus sanfordi) and galagos (galago garnetti and g. senegalensis moholi), is presented. in these species the class ii alleles are similar to their human counterparts, in that the number and position of substitutions are analogous to the substitutions among various human dqb alleles. presence of allelic variants for both dqb1 and dqb2 in all three species of prosimians studied suggests that the divergence ... | 1994 | 8031573 |
| leishmania major: the suitability of east african nonhuman primates as animal models for cutaneous leishmaniasis. | the susceptibility of four species of east african nonhuman primates to experimental infection with leishmania major was investigated. four syke's monkeys (cercopithecus mitis), two vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops), two baboons (papio cynocephalus), and two brown bushbabies (galago garnettii) were each inoculated intradermally on the left eyelid, left ear, and nose with 0.1 ml of medium containing 1 x 10(7) promastigotes of a characterized l. major strain. all the nonhuman primates except ... | 1987 | 3678449 |
| distinct subfamilies of primate l1gg retroposons, with some elements carrying tandem repeats in the 5' region. | two subfamilies of l1 elements, differing dramatically in the first 1.2 kb of sequence at their 5' ends, were identified in the prosimian primate, galago garnetti. interesting patterns of sequence similarity were observed between the galago subfamilies, and with the l1s from human and from another prosimian, the slow loris. furthermore, members of one of the subfamilies have six to eight tandemly repeated units of 73 bp, starting about 730 bp from their 5' ends. such tandem repeats have not been ... | 1988 | 3399387 |
| distribution of photoreceptor subtypes in the retina of diurnal and nocturnal primates. | we have used antibodies specific to either the red/green-or blue-sensitive cones in order to compare their ratio and distributions to that of the rods in the retinae of 3 primate species that differ in their capacity for color vision. we have found that the monoclonal antibody csa-1 (johnson and hageman, 1988) and the polyclonal antibody 4942a, specific to the red- and green-cone opsin (lerea et al., 1989), applied to retinal whole-mounts labeled approximately 90% of all cones in the diurnal old ... | 1990 | 2145402 |
| the jump as a fast mode of locomotion in arboreal and terrestrial biotopes. | the jump is always used for locomotion. for its execution in arboreal and terrestrial biotopes the requirements are of somewhat different nature. in an arboreal biotope the jump is characterized by a rapid progression through discontinuous substrates and the ability to take off from a small area and a secure landing on a spot. this requires well coordinated movements in all phases of the jump. on the ground, the jump is less frequent and often used for crossing obstacles or gaps. in primates bot ... | 1991 | 1887664 |
| how do functional maps in primary visual cortex vary with eccentricity? | it is important to understand whether functional maps of primary visual cortex (v1) are organized differently at the representation of different eccentricities. by using optical imaging of intrinsic signals, we compared the maps of orientation and spatial frequency (sf) preference between central (0-3 degrees ) and paracentral (4-8 degrees ) v1 in the prosimian bush baby (otolemur garnetti). no differences related to eccentricity were found for orientation selectivity or magnitude between centra ... | 2007 | 17299757 |
| isolation of trueperella pyogenes in a case of thoracic and abdominal abscess in a galago (otolemur garnettii). | an adult male galago (otolemur garnettii) presented for fight wounds following pairing for breeding. treatment was symptomatic with recovery. following resolution, the animal re-presented and died, despite additional treatment. | 2016 | 27338233 |
| sequence characterization and phylogenetic analysis of toll-like receptor (tlr) 4 gene in the tibetan macaque (macaca thibetana). | in this study, the complete coding region sequence of an innate immune-related tlr4 gene was obtained from the tibetan macaque (macaca thibetana) genome via pcr and direct sequencing. the sequence had a total length of 2481 bp, contained 3 complete exons, and encoded 826 amino acids (aas); its isoelectric point was 5.703, and the molecular weight was 94.72 kda. the high structure prediction showed that the protein was comprised of one extracellular region, one transmembrane region, and one intra ... | 2015 | 25867333 |
| genomic organization of eukaryotic trnas. | surprisingly little is known about the organization and distribution of trna genes and trna-related sequences on a genome-wide scale. while trna gene complements are usually reported in passing as part of genome annotation efforts, and peculiar features such as the tandem arrangements of trna gene in entamoeba histolytica have been described in some detail, systematic comparative studies are rare and mostly restricted to bacteria. we therefore set out to survey the genomic arrangement of trna ge ... | 2010 | 20426822 |
| rating vs. coding in animal personality research. | animal personality research has become increasingly popular over the past few decades. the two main methods used to examine individual differences in animals are rating and coding. the rating method involves human scoring of an animal's behavioral tendencies along various behavioral dimensions, such ratings are typically based on the human rater's experience with the animal. the coding method also requires humans to score an animal's behavior, but differs in that the scoring is based on the anim ... | 2010 | 19827135 |
| cortical connections of the visual pulvinar complex in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti). | the pulvinar complex of prosimian primates is not as architectonically differentiated as that of anthropoid primates. thus, the functional subdivisions of the complex have been more difficult to determine. in the present study, we related patterns of connections of cortical visual areas (primary visual area, v1; secondary visual area, v2; and middle temporal visual area, mt) as well as the superior colliculus of the visual midbrain, with subdivisions of the pulvinar complex of prosimian galagos ... | 2009 | 19795374 |
| similar hand shaping in reaching-for-food (skilled reaching) in rats and humans provides evidence of homology in release, collection, and manipulation movements. | many animal species use their forelimbs to assist in eating, such as occurs in a reach-to-eat task (skilled reaching) in which a forelimb is extended to grasp food that is placed in the mouth for eating. it is unclear the extent to which the skilled reaching movements of different species share common ancestry and so are homologous or evolved independently and so are analogous (homoplasy). here hand shaping (the movements of the hand and digits) that occur as the hand is transported to the targe ... | 2009 | 19520119 |
| cortical connections of the middle temporal and the middle temporal crescent visual areas in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti). | while considerable progress has been made in understanding the organization of visual cortex in monkeys, less is known about the visual systems of prosimians. the middle temporal visual area (mt), an area involved in motion perception, is common to all primates. we placed injections of tracers in mt and just caudal to mt in cortex expected to be the mt crescent (mtc), an area previously identified in monkeys but not in prosimians. we analyzed the patterns of projections in sections of the flatte ... | 2007 | 17525950 |
| the effect of intercessory prayer on wound healing in nonhuman primates. | this study was performed to examine the effects of intercessory prayer (ip) on wound healing and related physiological and behavioral factors in nonhuman primates. | 2006 | 17131981 |
| the thalamic connections of motor, premotor, and prefrontal areas of cortex in a prosimian primate (otolemur garnetti). | connections of motor areas in the frontal cortex of prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti) were determined by injecting tracers into sites identified by microstimulation in the primary motor area (m1), dorsal premotor area (pmd), ventral premotor area (pmv), supplementary motor area (sma), frontal eye field (fef), and granular frontal cortex. retrogradely labeled neurons for each injection were related to architectonically defined thalamic nuclei. nissl, acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase, ... | 2006 | 17055664 |
| ipsilateral cortical connections of motor, premotor, frontal eye, and posterior parietal fields in a prosimian primate, otolemur garnetti. | the ipsilateral connections of motor areas of galagos were determined by injecting tracers into primary motor cortex (m1), dorsal premotor area (pmd), ventral premotor area (pmv), supplementary motor area (sma), and frontal eye field (fef). other injections were placed in frontal cortex and in posterior parietal cortex to define the connections of motor areas further. intracortical microstimulation was used to identify injection sites and map motor areas in the same cases. the major connections ... | 2005 | 16082679 |
| regional specialization in pyramidal cell structure in the visual cortex of the galago: an intracellular injection study of striate and extrastriate areas with comparative notes on new world and old world monkeys. | recent studies have revealed marked differences in the basal dendritic structure of layer iii pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of adult simian primates. in particular, there is a consistent trend for pyramidal cells of increasing complexity with anterior progression through occipitotemporal cortical visual areas. these differences in pyramidal cell structure, and their systematic nature, are believed to be important for specialized aspects of visual processing within, and between, cortical ... | 2005 | 15821345 |
| optical imaging of visually evoked responses in prosimian primates reveals conserved features of the middle temporal visual area. | optical imaging of intrinsic cortical responses to visual stimuli was used to characterize the organization of the middle temporal visual area (mt) of a prosimian primate, the bush baby (otolemur garnetti). stimulation with moving gratings revealed a patchwork of oval-like domains in mt. these orientation domains could, in turn, be subdivided into zones selective to directional movements that were mainly orthogonal to the preferred orientation. similar, but not identical, zones were activated by ... | 2004 | 14983049 |
| the chemo- and somatotopic architecture of the galago cuneate and gracile nuclei. | the pattern of peripheral nerve inputs into the dorsal column nuclei, cuneate and gracile, was investigated in the prosimian galago garnetti. the major findings were, that there is a greater segregation of the inputs from the fingers/hand within the cuneate compared with input form the toes/foot within the gracile. in both nuclei, cell clusters can be identified as cytochrome oxidase dense blotches, reactive also for the activity-dependent enzyme nitric oxide synthase. in the cuneate, cell clust ... | 2003 | 12573723 |
| somatosensory cortex of prosimian galagos: physiological recording, cytoarchitecture, and corticocortical connections of anterior parietal cortex and cortex of the lateral sulcus. | compared with our growing understanding of the organization of somatosensory cortex in monkeys, little is known about prosimian primates, a major branch of primate evolution that diverged from anthropoid primates some 60 million years ago. here we describe extensive results obtained from an african prosimian, galago garnetti. microelectrodes were used to record from large numbers of cortical sites in order to reveal regions of responsiveness to cutaneous stimuli and patterns of somatotopic organ ... | 2003 | 12541310 |
| connectional evidence for dorsal and ventral v3, and other extrastriate areas in the prosimian primate, galago garnetti. | previously we described patterns of connections that support the concept of v3 in small new world marmoset monkeys, three species of larger new world monkeys, and two species of old world macaque monkeys. here we describe a pattern of v1 connections with extrastriate visual cortex in galago garnetti (also known as otolemur garnetti) that demonstrates the existence of a v3 in a strepsirhine (prosimian) primate. injections of fluorochromes or cholera toxin subunit-b (ctb) in v1 labeled cells and t ... | 2002 | 12119531 |
| projections of the superior colliculus to the pulvinar in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnettii) and vglut2 staining of the visual pulvinar. | an understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex in prosimian primates has been somewhat elusive due to the lack of clear architectonic divisions. in the current study we reveal features of the organization of the pulvinar complex in galagos by examining superior colliculus (sc) projections to this structure and comparing them with staining patterns of the vesicular glutamate transporter, vglut2. cholera toxin subunit β (ctb), fluoro-ruby (fr), and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated wi ... | 2013 | 23124867 |
| somatosensory areas s2 and pv project to the superior colliculus of a prosimian primate, galago garnetti. | as part of an effort to describe the connections of the somatosensory system in galago garnetti, a small prosimian primate, injections of tracers into cortex revealed that two somatosensory areas, the second somatosensory area (s2) and the parietal ventral somatosensory area (pv), project densely to the ipsilateral superior colliculus, while the primary somatosensory area (s1 or area 3b) does not. the three cortical areas were defined in microelectrode mapping experiments and recordings were use ... | 2005 | 16338830 |
| growth and the development of sexual size dimorphism in lorises and galagos. | three fundamental ontogenetic pathways lead to the development of size differences between males and females. males and females may grow at the same rate for different durations (bimaturism), grow for the same duration at different rates, or grow at a mix of rate and duration differences. while patterns of growth and the development of adult body size are well established for many haplorhines, the extent to which rate and duration differences affect strepsirrhine growth trajectories remains uncl ... | 2012 | 21989860 |
| microanatomical assessment of nasomaxillary suture patency. | in addition to acting as a growth site, sutures in the facial skeleton are important for distributing mechanical forces during mastication. in the present study, the extent of fusion of a facial suture is assessed in two samples of adult bushbabies (galago moholi and otolemur garnettii). microanatomical techniques were used to determine the loci of osseous bridges across the nasomaxillary suture (nms). histological sections containing sutures with osseous bridging were rated as "fused." one of t ... | 2010 | 20235318 |
| brief communication: histology and micro ct as methods for assessment of facial suture patency. | the extent of fusion in facial sutures has implications for topics ranging from biomechanics to phylogeny reconstruction. an unfortunate limitation of studying sutural fusion in skeletal specimens is that it is difficult to assess whether apparently patent sutures are in fact fused internally. both histology and microcomputed tomography (ct) are potential tools for solving this, but relatively few studies have attempted to discern the limits of micro ct for visualization of microanatomical struc ... | 2009 | 19170212 |
| patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates. | many primatologists believe that there is no sexual dimorphism in body size in prosimian primates. because this belief is based upon data that came from only a few species and were largely flawed in some aspect of sample quality, i re-examined the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, using weights of 791 adult prosimians from 34 taxa recorded over the last 17 years at the duke university primate center. there was no significant sex difference in body weight in 17 species, but males were s ... | 1991 | 1794769 |
| analyses of feeding lateralization in the small-eared bushbaby (otolemur garnettii): a comparison with the ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta). | feeding related lateralization was examined in a population of 23 small-eared bushbabies (otolemur garnettii). the three measures used to determine lateralization were food reaching, holding, and manipulation. sex and age differences were found, with adult females showing a strong right bias and adult males a left bias. juvenile males were weakly lateralized and less consistent across measures than adult animals. the use of standard scores to assess lateralization allowed species comparisons to ... | 1991 | 1935006 |
| a phyllodes-like mammary tumor in a breeding galago (otolemur garnettii). | in humans, phyllodes tumors of the breast are rare fibroepithelial tumors that are further characterized as benign, borderline, or malignant according to their histomorphologic features. phyllodes tumors are poorly responsive to treatment other than excision. nhp have a much lower frequency of mammary neoplasia than do humans, and none of the lesions reported previously in nhp are consistent with phyllodes tumors. here we present the case of a mammary tumor in a northern greater galago (otolemur ... | 2016 | 27780011 |
| development of myelination and cholinergic innervation in the central auditory system of a prosimian primate (otolemur garnetti). | change in the timeline of neurobiological growth is an important source of biological variation, and thus phenotypic evolution. however, no study has to date investigated sensory system development in any of the prosimian primates that are thought to most closely resemble our earliest primate ancestors. acetylcholine (ach) is a neurotransmitter critical to normal brain function by regulating synaptic plasticity associated with attention and learning. myelination is an important structural compon ... | 2013 | 23749337 |
| retinotopic maps in the pulvinar of bush baby (otolemur garnettii). | despite its anatomical prominence, the function of the primate pulvinar is poorly understood. a few electrophysiological studies in simian primates have investigated the functional organization of pulvinar by examining visuotopic maps. multiple visuotopic maps have been found for all studied simians, with differences in organization reported between new and old world simians. given that prosimians are considered closer to the common ancestors of new and old world primates, we investigated the vi ... | 2013 | 23640865 |
| strain in the galago facial skull. | little experimental work has been directed at understanding the distribution of stresses along the facial skull during routine masticatory behaviors. such information is important for understanding the functional significance of the mammalian circumorbital region. in this study, bone strain was recorded along the dorsal interorbit, postorbital bar, and mandibular corpus in otolemur garnettii and o. crassicaudatus (greater galagos) during molar chewing and biting. we determined principal-strain m ... | 2000 | 10861831 |
| hematology, serum chemistry values, and rectal temperatures of adult greater galagos (galago garnetti and g. crassicaudatus). | hematological and serum chemistry values, as well as rectal temperatures, were obtained from greater galagos (galago garnettii and g. crassicaudatus), in order to establish normative values. no species or sex differences were found for four hematological parameters and 15 serum chemistry parameters. species differences were seen in phosphate, magnesium, cholesterol, alkaline phosphate, g-glutamyl transferase, mean corpuscular volume and leucocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte number. significant s ... | 1991 | 1895330 |
| reversible deactivation of motor cortex reveals functional connectivity with posterior parietal cortex in the prosimian galago (otolemur garnettii). | we examined the functional macrocircuitry of frontoparietal networks in the neocortex of prosimian primates (otolemur garnettii) using a microfluidic thermal regulator to reversibly deactivate selected regions of motor cortex (m1). during deactivation of either forelimb or mouth/face movement domains within m1, we used long-train intracortical microstimulation techniques to evoke movements from the rostral division of posterior parietal cortex (ppcr). we found that deactivation of m1 movement do ... | 2015 | 26490876 |
| foot-rubbing as a multifunctional form of intraspecific communication in garnett's greater bushbabies (otolemur garnettii). | | 2006 | 11490138 |
| female dominance in african lorises (otolemur garnettii). | | 2006 | 11275751 |
| cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in garnett's greater bush baby (otolemur garnettii). | a study was conducted to assess the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of sevoflurane anesthesia on garnett's greater bush baby (otolemur garnettii). | 2000 | 11200571 |
| patchy distributions of myelin and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 align with cytochrome oxidase blobs and interblobs in the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex. | blobs are a modular component of the primary visual cortex (area 17) of all primates, but not of other mammals closely related to primates. they are characterized as an even distribution of patches, puffs, or blobs of dense cytochrome oxidase (co) expression in layer iii of area 17, and are now known to differ from surrounding, nonblob cortex in thalamic, intrinsic, and extrastriate connections. previous studies have also recognized a blob-like pattern of myelin-dense patches in layer iii of are ... | 2014 | 26097384 |
| subcortical barrelette-like and barreloid-like structures in the prosimian galago (otolemur garnetti). | galagos are prosimian primates that resemble ancestral primates more than most other extant primates. as in many other mammals, the facial vibrissae of galagos are distributed across the upper and lower jaws and above the eye. in rats and mice, the mystacial macrovibrissae are represented throughout the ascending trigeminal pathways as arrays of cytoarchitecturally distinct modules, with each module having a nearly one-to-one relationship with a specific facial whisker. the macrovibrissal repres ... | 2015 | 26038561 |
| effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (pcpa) on the bush baby auditory brainstem response. | click-evoked auditory brainstem responses were recorded in a prosimian primate, the bush baby (otolemur garnettii), before and after depletion of serotonin (by systemic injection of para-chlorophenylalanine; pcpa) and up to 20 days after discontinuing pcpa injections (during the recovery of serotonin). biphasic 100 micros clicks were presented at five repetition rates (13.2, 33.2, 53.2, 73.2, and 93.2 clicks/s; rate) and sound pressure levels (spl) were varied in 10 db steps from 120-60 db spl p ... | 1998 | 9508035 |
| distinct patterns of corticogeniculate feedback to different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. | in primates, feedforward visual pathways from retina to lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) are segregated to different layers. these layers also receive strong reciprocal feedback pathways from cortex. the degree to which feedforward streams in primates are segregated from feedback streams remains unclear. here, we asked whether corticogeniculate cells that innervate the magnocellular (m), parvocellular (p), and koniocellular (k) layers of the lgn in the prosimian primate bush baby (otolemur garne ... | 2014 | 25892906 |
| vglut1 mrna and protein expression in the visual system of prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti). | the presynaptic storage and release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is modulated by a family of transport proteins known as vesicular glutamate transporters. vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vglut1) is widely distributed in the central nervous system of most mammalian and nonmammalian species, and regulates the uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles as well as the transport of filled glutamatergic vesicles to the terminal membrane during excitatory transmission. in rodents, v ... | 2011 | 22912561 |
| intrinsic signal optical imaging evidence for dorsal v3 in the prosimian galago (otolemur garnettii). | currently, we lack consensus regarding the organization along the anterior border of dorsomedial v2 in primates. previous studies suggest that this region could be either the dorsomedial area, characterized by both an upper and a lower visual field representation, or the dorsal aspect of area v3, which only contains a lower visual field representation. we examined these proposals by using optical imaging of intrinsic signals to investigate this region in the prosimian galago (otolemur garnettii) ... | 2012 | 22628051 |
| handedness and lateralised tympanic membrane temperature in relation to approach-avoidance behaviour in garnett's bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | studies of handedness suggest a relationship between hemispheric specialisation and emotional processing. recently measures of lateralised tympanic membrane temperature (tmt) have identified similar relationships (i.e., the left hemisphere is involved in approach behaviour and the right hemisphere avoidance behaviour). in the present study we examined lateralised changes in tmt in response to social interaction in 10 garnett's bushbabies. additionally, we examined whether handedness could be use ... | 2013 | 22352337 |
| age-related decline in lateralised prey capture success in garnett's bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | we examined differences in prey capture success when reaching for moving prey with the preferred and non-preferred hand (as determined previously using stationary food items) in 12 garnett's bushbabies (otolemur garnettii). hand preference was determined by a test of simple reaching for stationary food items. we assessed both the frequency of hand use and success rates for each hand in capturing live mealworms. we also examined the effect of age on overall prey capture success. subjects were ind ... | 2012 | 24735232 |
| cortical projections to the superior colliculus in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti). | the superior colliculus (sc) is a key structure within the extrageniculate pathway of visual information to cortex and is highly involved in visuomotor functions. previous studies in anthropoid primates have shown that superficial layers of the sc receive direct inputs from various visual cortical areas such as v1, v2, and middle temporal (mt), while deeper layers receive direct inputs from visuomotor cortical areas within the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields. very little is ... | 2012 | 22173729 |
| food reinforcement effects on tympanic membrane temperature in response to restraint stress in garnett's bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | | 2011 | 21732949 |
| vglut2 mrna and protein expression in the visual thalamus and midbrain of prosimian galagos (otolemur garnetti). | vesicular glutamate transporters (vgluts) control the storage and presynaptic release of glutamate in the central nervous system, and are involved in the majority of glutamatergic transmission in the brain. two vglut isoforms, vglut1 and vglut2, are known to characterize complementary distributions of glutamatergic neurons in the rodent brain, which suggests that they are each responsible for unique circuits of excitatory transmission. in rodents, vglut2 is primarily utilized in thalamocortical ... | 2011 | 22984342 |
| architectonic subdivisions of neocortex in the galago (otolemur garnetti). | in the present study, galago brains were sectioned in the coronal, sagittal, or horizontal planes, and sections were processed with several different histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures to reveal the architectonic characteristics of the various cortical areas. the histochemical methods used included the traditional nissl, cytochrome oxidase, and myelin stains, as well as a zinc stain, which reveals free ionic zinc in the axon terminals of neurons. immunohistochemical methods include ... | 2010 | 20201060 |
| multiple measures of laterality in garnett's bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | behavioral laterality, a common measure of hemispheric specialization of the brain, has been examined in multiple tasks across several species of prosimian primates; however, there is inconsistency among findings between and within species that leaves many questions about laterality unanswered. most studies have employed few measures of laterality, most commonly handedness. this study examined multiple measures of laterality within subjects in 17 captive-born garnett's bushbabies (otolemur garne ... | 2010 | 19960526 |
| revision of the genus galagocheles fain (acari: cheyletidae), parasites of galagos (primates: galagonidae). | galagocheles fain, 1979 (acari: cheyletidae), comprising permanent parasites of african prosimian primates (galagonidae), is revised. an amended diagnosis of the genus based on characters of adults and immatures is given. the type-species, g. lemuricola (lawrence, 1948), from otolemur garnetti (ogilby) (type-host) and o. crassicaudatus geoffroy, is redescribed, and g. lawrencei n. sp. is described from galago senegalensis geoffroy (type-host) and g. moholi smith. the new species differs from g. ... | 2006 | 16758296 |
| distribution of interstitial telomeric sequences in primates and the pygmy tree shrew (scandentia). | it has been hypothesized that interstitial telomeric sequences (itss), i.e., repeated telomeric dna sequences found at intrachromosomal sites in many vertebrates, could be correlated to chromosomal rearrangements and plasticity. to test this hypothesis, we hybridized a telomeric pna probe through fish on representative species of 2 primate infraorders, strepsirrhini (lemur catta, otolemur garnettii, nycticebus coucang) and catarrhini (erythrocebus patas, cercopithecus petaurista, chlorocebus aet ... | 2017 | 28423373 |
| density of muscle spindles in prosimian shoulder muscles reflects locomotor adaptation. | we examined the correlation between the density of muscle spindles in shoulder muscles and the locomotor mode in three species of prosimian primates: the slow loris (nycticebus coucang), garnett's galago (otolemur garnettii), and the ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta). the shoulder muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, and subscapularis) were embedded in celloidin and cut into transverse serial thin sections (40 microm); then, every tenth section was stained using the aza ... | 2006 | 17361082 |
| functional organization of temporal frequency selectivity in primate visual cortex. | several studies have shown that neurons with similar response properties are arranged together in domains across primary visual cortex (v1). an orderly pattern of domains has been described for preferences to ocular dominance, orientation, and spatial frequency. temporal frequency preference, another important attribute of the visual scene, also might be expected to map into different domains. using optical imaging and a variety of quantitative methods, we examined how temporal frequency selecti ... | 2008 | 18056699 |
| photic entrainment and masking of prosimian circadian rhythms (otolemur garnettii, primates). | besides rods the retina of the nocturnal greater bushbaby, genus otolemur, also contains small cones which, however, do not allow color vision. in order to find out whether these cones might be involved in circadian photoreception in the garnet's galago otolemur garnettii we determined the threshold for photic entrainment. activity recordings revealed a short circadian period of 22.6+/-0.7 h subjected to pronounced long-lasting aftereffects. the animals had a relatively high threshold for photic ... | 2006 | 16624344 |
| topographic patterns of v2 cortical connections in a prosimian primate (galago garnetti). | topographic patterns of cortical connections of the second visual area (v2) were examined in a lorisiform prosimian primate (galago garnetti). up to five different tracers were injected into dorsal and ventral v2. tracers included wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (wga-hrp) and up to four fluorochromes. tracer injections consistently labeled neurons and terminals in primary visual cortex (v1), v2, the middle temporal area (mt), and the dorsolateral visual area (dl). labe ... | 2001 | 11169997 |
| cortisol response to relocation stress in garnett's bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | relocation of research animals, either within a facility or from one facility to another, is assumed to be stressful. development of appropriate research methodologies may be facilitated by understanding the extent and duration of the physiological response to relocation stress and whether the stress can be buffered by environmental or social factors, such as the presence of a cagemate. to characterize the response to relocation stress in garnett's bushbaby, we assessed cortisol concentrations i ... | 2005 | 15934719 |
| infant response to mother call patterns in otolemur garnettii. | garnett's greater bushbaby infants vocalize in apparent response to their mother's contact calls. however, it remains unclear whether specific vocal or behavioral patterns by a mother elicit this vocal response. we video-recorded the behaviors and vocalizations of 4 individual mother-infant groups (mother with twins), analyzed vocalizations via spectrography and documented behaviors of mothers and infants. initial analyses of all groups revealed that short growls and short growl bouts (or chains ... | 2006 | 14605475 |
| muscles of facial expression in otolemur, with a comparison to lemuroidea. | gross and histologic aspects of facial expression muscles are presented here for otolemur spp. (suborder prosimii, family lorisidae) and are compared with those of lemuroids. muscles of facial expression are involved in social signaling among primates, and are a primary means by which close-proximity nonverbal communication is achieved. these muscles have been well described in catarrhines and many of the lemuroids; however, their arrangement is not well known in the lorisids. in the present stu ... | 2003 | 12923893 |
| lateralized reaching as dynamical symmetry breaking in the bushbaby (otolemur garnettii): preliminary evidence. | eight bushbabies were subjected to an extensive series of hand preference trials in which they were required to reach for a raisin from a rotating platform approaching from the right- or left-hand side of their visual field. three principal types of behavior were observed. several individuals known to be stable in hand preference continued to show a strong preference for a single hand. another group, including some previously categorized as stable, exhibited "ambidextrous" cross-body reaching be ... | 2006 | 12030456 |
| interaction between lateralized systems: exploring the complexity of laterality. | to assess the extent of interaction between lateral biases in response systems at different levels of the neuraxis and detect the possible presence of different patterns of interaction related to population subgroups, we investigated laterality in hand reaching, whole-body turning and eye use in 20 bushbabies (otolemur garnettii). two subgroups were clearly identified: the stable group was composed of subjects, mainly females, that were consistent in hand preference and had correlation of hand/e ... | 2006 | 10857667 |
| scent-marking and cortisol response in the small-eared bushbaby (otolemur garnettii). | among prosimians, some types of scent-marking may serve as displacement activities that reduce physiological arousal in stressful situations. type and frequency of scent-marking was measured for 22 male small-eared or garnett's bushbabies (otolemur garnettii) exposed to a novel open field environment, with and without novel objects. rates of foot rubbing, chest rubbing, urine washing, flank rubbing, and ano-genital marking were measured. foot and chest rubbing constituted 92.5% of responses. typ ... | 1999 | 10386916 |
| visual field representation in striate and prestriate cortices of a prosimian primate (galago garnetti). | microelectrode mapping techniques were used to study the visuotopic organization of the first and second visual areas (v1 and v2, respectively) in anesthetized galago garnetti, alorisiform prosimian primate. 1) v1 occupies approximately 200 mm2 of cortex, and is pear shaped, rather than elliptical as in simian primates. neurons in v1 form a continuous (1st-order) representation of the visual field, with the vertical meridian forming most of its perimeter. the representation of the horizontal mer ... | 1997 | 9212268 |
| origins and functions of laterality: interactions of motoric systems. | to evaluate lateral motoric bias in response systems at different levels of the neuraxis and assess the extent of interaction between these levels in the small-eared bushbaby (otolemur garnettii), 27 animals were tested for lateral bias in hand use and whole-body turn bias in two postural conditions. subjects retrieved mealworms quadrupedally by reaching downwards into glass jars and bipedally by reaching upwards to baited straws. eye bias was assessed separately. behaviours were scored from vid ... | 1997 | 15513069 |
| light microscopic evidence of serotoninergic projections to olivocochlear neurons in the bush baby (otolemur garnettii). | double-label techniques were used to concomitantly label olivocochlear neurons and serotoninergic fibers in the bush baby (otolemur garnettii) brainstem. light-microscopic examination (using a 100 x plan apochromatic oil-immersion objective) of the sections revealed that serotonin-positive varicosities (presumptive terminal endings) contacted somata and dendrites of neurons belonging to both the lateral and medial olivocochlear neurons near the superior olivary nuclei. these results provide dire ... | 1995 | 8556342 |
| periodicity of calling by the greater bushbaby (galago garnettii) on pemba island, zanzibar. | | 1995 | 8707229 |
| an analysis of birth sex ratio bias in captive prosimian species. | the extent to which sex ratio bias is a common reproductive characteristic of prosimians has not been well established. the present study analyzed reproduction in 13 breeding groups of captive prosimians for evidence of birth sex ratio bias. a substantial male bias was demonstrated in nongregarious, but not gregarious, breeding groups. analyses of birth sex ratios of individual mothers suggested that the observed bias did not result from the tendency of a few mothers to overproduce males, but ra ... | 1996 | 31918482 |
| a comparison of the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of 3 different sedation protocols in otolemur garnettii. | the northern greater galago (otolemur garnettii) is a prosimian primate most commonly used to study the evolutionary development of vision and somatosensation. this study aimed to investigate the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of 3 sedation protocols commonly used in other primate species: 1) alfaxalone (alf; 8 mg/kg im) 2) ketamine alone (ket; 20 mg/kg im) and 3) ketamine + dexmedetomidine (ket+dex; 4 mg/kg + 25 μg/kg im) with reversal (atipamezole; 250 μg/kg im). a total of 34 animals we ... | 2020 | 32693866 |
| vocal repertoire and intraspecific variation within two loud calls of the small-eared greater galago (otolemur garnettii) in tanzania and kenya. | vocal repertoires and call structure can provide insights into the behaviour and evolution of species, as well as aid in taxonomic classification. nocturnal primates have large vocal repertoires. this suggests that acoustic communication plays an important role in their life histories. little is known about the behavioural context or the intraspecific variation of their vocalisations. we used autonomous recording units and manual recorders to investigate the vocal behaviour and structure of loud ... | 2019 | 31416067 |
| distribution of erythrocytic allozymes in two sibling species of greater galago [galago crassicaudatus e. geoffroy 1812 and g. garnettii (ogilby 1838)]. | this study investigated the use of erythrocyte enzymes as indicators of the presence or absence of gene flow between the sibling species g. crassicaudatus and g. garnettii. fifty-five animals deriving from 14 different source populations were included in the analyses. in addition to hemoglobin, eight enzyme systems were examined: acid phosphatase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase ii, esterase d, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, peptidase a, and peptidase b ... | 1988 | 31973445 |
| isolation of females prior to parturition reduces neonatal mortality in galago. | eighteen years of birth records for three species of galago at the duke university primate center were examined to determine the effects of isolation of pregnant females on neonatal mortality rates. isolation significantly decreased neonatal mortality rates in all three species over neonatal mortality rates in infants born to unisolated females. the frequency of cannibalism of infants did not differ between isolated and unisolated females. secondary sex ratio differed significantly from 1:1 for ... | 1986 | 31979479 |
| l-tryptophan and correlates of self-injurious behavior in small-eared bushbabies (otolemur garnettii). | self-injurious behavior (sib) among captive primates is a recurring problem for those who manage such facilities. its prevalence highlights the need for research evaluating the effectiveness of potential treatment approaches. in the present study, 4 wk of dietary supplementation with l-tryptophan (100 mg daily) was evaluated for the treatment of self-inflicted wounds in 22 small-eared bushbabies, a prosimian primate, with a history of sib. the treatment significantly reduced stereotypy and was a ... | 2009 | 19383216 |
| efficacy of auditory enrichment in a prosimian primate (otolemur garnettii). | research suggests that auditory environmental enrichment might reduce abnormal behavior in certain primate species. the authors evaluated the behavioral effects of exposure to music in a prosimian primate (garnett's bushbaby; otolemur garnettii). they exposed bushbabies to a mozart concerto for 15 min per day for 20 d (5 h exposure total), video-recorded them and subsequently analyzed the frequency of subjects' grooming and stereotypic behaviors. the authors compared the data with baseline behav ... | 2009 | 19308062 |
| corpus callosum connections of subdivisions of motor and premotor cortex, and frontal eye field in a prosimian primate, otolemur garnetti. | the callosal connections of motor and premotor fields in the frontal cortex of galagos were examined by placing multiple tracers into the primary motor area (m1), dorsal premotor area (pmd), ventral premotor area (pmv), supplementary motor area (sma), and frontal eye field (fef) following intracortical microstimulation. retrogradely labeled neurons in the opposite hemisphere were plotted and superimposed onto brain sections stained with myelin and cytochrome oxidase for architectonic analysis. t ... | 2008 | 18383053 |
| evolution of acidic mammalian chitinase genes (chia) is related to body mass and insectivory in primates. | insects are an important food resource for many primates, but the chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods have long been considered to be indigestible by the digestive enzymes of most mammals. however, recently mice and insectivorous bats were found to produce the enzyme acidic mammalian chitinase (amcase) to digest insect exoskeletons. here, we report on the gene chia and its paralogs, which encode amcase, in a comparative sample of nonhuman primates. our results show that early primates likely ha ... | 2017 | 29216399 |
| the postnatal development of mt, v1, lgn, pulvinar and sc in prosimian galagos (otolemur garnettii). | considerable evidence supports the premise that the visual system of primates develops hierarchically, with primary visual cortex developing structurally and functionally first, thereby influencing the subsequent development of higher cortical areas. an apparent exception is the higher order middle temporal visual area (mt), which appears to be histologically distinct near the time of birth in marmosets. here we used a number of histological and immunohistological markers to evaluate the maturat ... | 2020 | 32067231 |
| social organization of galagos in kenyan coastal forests: ii. galago garnettii. | the social organization of galago garnettii was studied for the first time and the study included data from two different sites in the coastal forests of kenya. a combination of mark-recapture and radio-tracking techniques was used to investigate patterns of inter- and intrasexual home range overlap. patterns of range use were established by radio tracking focal individuals. adult females of different ages shared highly overlapping ranges, while like-aged females showed little range overlap. fem ... | 1986 | 31979472 |
| reproductive patterns in galagos (galago zanzibaricus and galago garnettii) in relation to climatic variability. | the reproductive patterns (birth seasonality, litter size, litters per year) of two sympatric species of galago (galago zanzibaricus and g. garnettii) were studied in a coastal forest in kenya for a two-year period. trap-retrap and radio tracking methods were employed. g. zanzibaricus has one infant twice per year; g. garnettii has one infant once per year. both species are seasonal breeders. these east african galagos are intermediate in reproductive patterns when compared with galagos from sou ... | 1983 | 31986864 |