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effect of the in vivo priming regimen for peripheral blood stem cells (pbsc) mobilization on in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors by il-2 activation of pbsc in a murine model.priming of patients with different pbsc mobilizing regimens leads to an increase by several fold in circulating hematopoietic progenitors in peripheral blood. however, the effect of these mobilizing regimens on lymphoid cells contained within the harvested pbsc population is not well understood. we have studied the effect of cy and/or g-csf +/- il-2 containing regimens on lymphoid cells, and their capacity to give rise to cytotoxic effectors on subsequent in vitro il-2 activation in a murine mod ...19979028557
[infectious diseases and medical institutions in the late chosen dynasty].the first korean record on the smallpox can be found in the hyangyak-kukupbang compiled during the period of late koryo dynasty. the record told on the cause, symptom, preventive and curative method of the disease but it did not touch upon its infectivity. jeong yak-yong and lee jong-in of late 18th and early 19th centuries recognized first that the disease is infectious and it can be prevented by the vaccination method. but the vaccination against smallpox had not been carried out in public unt ...199511618954
[clinical and endocrine effects of laparoscopic ovarian surgery in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome].is minimal invasive ovarian surgery an alternative infertility treatment for patients with polycystic ovary (pco) syndrome?19958672905
[perception of odor quality by free image-association test].a method was devised for evaluating odor quality. subjects were requested to freely describe the images elicited by smelling odors. this test was named the "free image-association test (fit)". the test was applied for 20 flavors of various foods, five odors from the standards of t&t olfactometer (japanese standard olfactory test), butter of yak milk, and incense from lamaism temples. the words for expressing imagery were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. seven clusters o ...19921301463
[the beginning of western medical education].our country had quite an advanced system of medical education during the era of the koryo kingdom, and during the choson dynasty, the kyong guk dae jon, in which a systematized medical education was clearly described, was compiled in the era of king sejong. however, the educational system was not for western medicine. western medicine was first introduced to our country in the 9th year of king injo (1631) when chong du won, yi yong jun, etc. returned from yon gyong (beiuin) with chik bang oe gi. ...199211618532
[perioperative hemodynamic evaluation following mitral valve replacement with a yak pericardial xenograft]. 19883391606
[characteristics of the g-loads in sports stunt flying].thirty well-qualified flying sportsmen, aged 22-42, who performer 210 aerobatic flights onboard a sporting airplane yak-50, were examined, using an automatic monitoring system. the flyers were exposed to +9 gz and -6 gz as a maximum the duration of which was 10 s and 5 s, respectively. the onset rate varied from 0.5 to 2.5 g/s (with the mean rate 1 g/s), reaching 4.2 g/s as a maximum. on the average, the training flight lasts 25 min, 45-50% of which the pilot experiences acceleration of various ...20064087854
[capillarization of the myocardium of the yak].organometric and histometric characteristics of various parts of the heart have been performed in the yak, a permanent inhabitant at altitudes of 3,000-5,000 m above the sea level. forty hearts of mature animals have been studied. morphometric investigations of capillaries in the muscle fibers have been carried out in the atrial walls, in the right and left auriculae. in the ventricles and in the papillary muscles. the data are presented for each cardiac part: they describe diameters, density an ...19854051768
the effect of "non-tai-yak" (stemona curtisii) on the action potential of isolated frog sciatic nerve. a preliminary report. 19854009088
complete amino acid sequences of i alpha & ii alpha chains of yak hemoglobin. 19827184861
airborne lead and other elements derived from local fires in the himalayas.the combustion of wood and yak dung for heating and cooking in a populated nepal himalayan valley contributes significantly to the ambient airborne concentrations of lead, copper, aluminum, magnesium, and elemental and organic carbon. a comparison of the concentrations of these elements in fresh snow with corresponding values in air suggests that the pollution aerosol is confined to the valley, with pristine air aloft.198117812260
[effect of vibration and noise on the work capacity indices of the crews of the mi-4 helicopters].the study of certain parameters of performance of crewmembers of mi-4 helicopters revealed their significant changes after a working day. the percentage of errors in the reproduction of a preassigned muscular tension increased, the percentage of precise reactions to the moving object decreased, the critical frequency of light flickering decreased, the number of contacts during static tremometry increased. in the control group consisting of crewmembers of the aircraft yak-40 these parameters vari ...2006692071
hematologic observations on the yak.the uak has two hemoglobins sharing a common globin chain. hb slow appears unique to the yak among the ruminants studied. it is not known if hb slow is important in high altitude adaptation, but physilogic rather than hematolgoic adjustments may be more important agter acute blood loss, as 2,3-dpg remains nit and no disproportionate hemolgoin production occurs.19751129290
idiograms of yak (bos grunniens), cattle (bos taurus) and their hybrid. 196922896062
han yak, the practice of ancient medicine in korea. 195913812655
[arthritis deformans in poephagus grunniens l]. 201013073261
duplication of the mitral valve and a rare apical interventricular soramen in the heart of a yak calf. 194818869268
molecular epidemiological survey and genetic characterization of anaplasma species in mongolian livestock.anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens that cause great economic loss to the animal industry. few studies on anaplasma infections in mongolian livestock have been conducted. this study examined the prevalence of anaplasma marginale, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and anaplasma bovis by polymerase chain reaction assay in 928 blood samples collected from native cattle and dairy cattle (bos taurus), yaks (bos grunniens), sheep (ovis aries), and goats (capra a ...201728678004
molecular investigation of piroplasma infection in white yaks (bos grunniens) in gansu province, china.piroplasmosis, including theileriosis and babesiosis, is a tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease responsible for huge economic losses to livestock industry. in china, the biology of piroplasms infective to cattle was well understood on the basis of pathogen isolations and molecular epidemiological surveys in the past few decades. but very limited information about the infection status of piroplasms in white yak (bos grunniens), a semi-wild and endemic breed, has been recorded, so far. a total of 350 ...201728427963
whole-genome sequence of chlamydia abortus strain gn6 isolated from aborted yak fetus.the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium chlamydia abortus is one of the causative agents of abortion and fetal loss in sheep, goats, and cattle in many countries. it also affects the reproductivity of yaks (bos grunniens). this study reports the whole-genome sequence of chlamydia abortus strain gn6, which was isolated from aborted yak fetus in qinghai-tibetan plateau, china.201728860251
epidemiological investigation and risk factors of echinococcus granulosus in yaks (bos grunniens), tibetan pigs and tibetans on qinghai tibetan plateau.echinococcus granulosus (e. granulosus) is a diverse zoonotic parasite and causes cystic echinococcosis (ce) disease in humans and livestock. however, scare information is available about the epidemic situation of e. granulosus infection in yaks, tibetan pigs and native tibetans on the qinghai tibetan plateau. therefore, a study was carried out to find prevalence and risk factors of e. granulosus in yaks, tibetan pigs and tibetans. serum samples from yaks (1371), tibetan pigs (454) and tibetans ...201728624512
detection of enterocytozoon bieneusi in white yaks in gansu province, china.enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common zoonotic pathogen of microsporidiosis, has been found in various animals and humans, but no information is available concerning the prevalence and genotypes of e. bieneusi in white yaks (bos grunniens). in the present study, 353 faecal samples from white yaks in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county, gansu province, northwestern china, were collected and examined by pcr amplification of the internal transcribed spacer gene to estimate e. bieneusi prevalence a ...201728676859
seroprevalence of and risk factors for neospora caninum infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in china.the aim of the present study was to detect the seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in yaks in gansu province, china. serum samples from 974 white yaks and 610 black yaks were tested by a commercial competitive-inhibition elisa for the detection of specific anti-n. caninum antibodies.; n. caninum antibodies were detected in 10.4% of yaks with higher prevalence in black (11.5% of 610) than white yak (8.6% of 974). age, regions and sampling times were considered as risk factors associated ...201728606319
enterococcus wangshanyuanii sp. nov., isolated from faeces of yaks (bos grunniens).the taxonomic position of four phenotypically closely related strains isolated from faecal samples of yaks (bos grunniens) collected from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china, was determined by a polyphasic approach. the strains were non-spore-forming, non-motile gram-stain-positive, ovoid cocci, occurring predominantly in pairs and short chains or in irregular clusters. the 16s rrna gene of strain mn05t was related phylogenetically to those of enterococcushaemoperoxidus, enterococcusrotai, entero ...201729072561
detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species.general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ...201728920785
highly conserved keratin-associated protein 7-1 gene in yak, taurine and zebu cattle.keratin-associated proteins (krtaps) play a critical role in cross-linking the keratin intermediate filaments to build a hair shaft. the genetic polymorphisms of the bovine krtap7-1 gene were investigated for the first time in this study. the complete coding sequence of the krtap7-1 gene in 108 domestic yak, taurine and zebu cattle from china and indonesia were successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction and then directly sequenced. only two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (one nonsyn ...201729256856
comparison of nitrogen utilization and urea kinetics between yaks (bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (bos taurus).under traditional management on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, yaks () graze only on natural pasture without supplements and are forced to cope with sparse forage of low n content, especially in winter. in contrast, indigenous tibetan yellow cattle () require supplements during the cold season. we hypothesized that, in response to harsh conditions, yaks cope with low n intakes better than cattle. to test this hypothesis, a study of whole-body n retention and urea kinetics was conducted in 2 concur ...201729108052
transcriptome profile and unique genetic evolution of positively selected genes in yak lungs.the yak (bos grunniens), which is a unique bovine breed that is distributed mainly in the qinghai-tibetan plateau, is considered a good model for studying plateau adaptability in mammals. the lungs are important functional organs that enable animals to adapt to their external environment. however, the genetic mechanism underlying the adaptability of yak lungs to harsh plateau environments remains unknown. to explore the unique evolutionary process and genetic mechanism of yak adaptation to plate ...201729285685
mitochondrial haplotypes influence metabolic traits across bovine inter- and intra-species cybrids.in bovine species, mitochondrial dna polymorphisms and their correlation to productive or reproductive performances have been widely reported across breeds and individuals. however, experimental evidence of this correlation has never been provided. in order to identify differences among bovine mtdna haplotypes, transmitochondrial cybrids were generated, with the nucleus from mac-t cell line, derived from a holstein dairy cow (bos taurus) and mitochondria from either primary cell line derived fro ...201728646188
characteristics of yak platelet derived growth factors-alpha gene and expression in brain tissues.platelet derived growth factors (pdgfs) are key components of autocrine and paracrine signaling, both of which play important roles in mammalian developmental processes. pdgf expression levels also relate to oxygen levels. the characteristics of yak pdgfs, which are indigenous to hypoxic environments, have not been clearly described until the current study.201728553854
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and integron gene cassettes in escherichia coli isolated from yaks (poephagus grunniens) in aba tibetan autonomous prefecture, china.escherichia coli (e. coli) is one of the most relevant opportunistic pathogenic bacteria as it may cause severe morbidity and mortality in yaks (poephagus grunniens). in recent years, several kinds of antibiotics have been widely used in tibetan areas to treat the bacterial diseases, resulting in serious repercussions on the bacterial antibiotic resistance in yaks. this investigation was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and integron gene cassettes in e.  ...201728888884
microrna-200a regulates adipocyte differentiation in the domestic yak bos grunniens.the domestic yak (bos grunniens) is a culturally important animal that lives at high altitude and is farmed by tibetan herders for its meat, milk, and other animal by-products. within the animal, adipose tissue is an important store and source of energy and is used to maintain adequate body temperature during the extended cold seasons. exploring the biomolecular role of micrornas (mirnas) in the regulation of growth, development, and metabolism of yak adipocytes may provide valuable insights int ...201829374521
genetic diversity, molecular phylogeny and selection evidence of jinchuan yak revealed by whole-genome resequencing.jinchuan yak, a newly discovered yak breed, not only possesses a large proportion of multi-ribs but also exhibits many good characteristics, such as high meat production, milk yield and reproductive performance. however, information about their overall genetic structure, relationship with yaks in other areas, and possible origins and evolutionary processes is limited. in this study, 7,693,689 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified by resequencing the genome of jinchuan yak. ...201829339406
effects of zinc supplementation during in vitro maturation on meiotic maturation of oocytes and developmental capacity in yak.zinc (zn) is an essential trace element that is required during mammalian developmental processes. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zn supplementation during in vitro maturation (ivm) on the developmental capacity of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes. cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation, intracellular glutathione (gsh), reactive oxygen species (ros) levels, superoxide dismutase (sod) activity, subsequent embryonic development, and the expression of zn transporters (znts) ...201729247445
age-related changes in the morphology and the distribution of iga and igg in the palatine tonsils of yaks (bos grunniens).this study aimed to describe the age-related morphological changes and the distribution of iga and igg antibody-secreting cells (ascs) in yaks. the palatine tonsils of twenty clinically healthy yaks, viz. newborn juvenile, adult and aged, were studied using histology, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the results showed that the palatine tonsils found in two tonsillar sinus were elongated kidney-shaped structures. some external crypts and internal crypts were p ...201729239471
molecular epidemiology and characterization of bovine leukemia virus in domestic yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibet plateau, china.bovine leukemia virus (blv) is a member of the genus deltaretrovirus of the family retroviridae and cause a chronic lymphosarcoma, which is extensive in cattle. in yaks (bos grunniens), the distribution, strains and genetic characteristics of blv have rarely been studied. the aim of our study was to investigate blv infections in domestic yaks and determine the genetic variability of blv circulating in a region of the qinghai tibet plateau, china. blood samples were collected from 798 yaks, which ...201729224130
selenium supplementation during in vitro maturation enhances meiosis and developmental capacity of yak oocytes.the objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of selenium (se) supplementation during in vitro maturation (ivm) on the developmental capacity of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes. nuclear maturation, dna integrity, glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity, subsequent embryonic development, and gene expression after in vitro fertilization (ivf) were evaluated. the se concentrations in yak plasma and follicular fluid were 0.142 and 0.069 μg/ml, respectively. the dna damage in cumul ...201829034614
assessing transhumance corridors on high mountain environments by least cost path analysis: the case of yak herds in gilgit-baltistan, pakistan.mountain environments in the world host highly specialized flora and fauna which are vulnerable because of land use and climate change. transhumance and other land use traditional practices are present in most of the mountains of the world, and management tools able to cope with new socioeconomic settings and environmental changes are urgently needed. during past centuries, yak (bos grunniens) herding in northern pakistan involved the migration of herds to high mountain international rangelands, ...201728884253
bcl-2/bax protein and mrna expression in yak (bos grunniens) placentomes.placental function is complex and influenced by various factors; furthermore, it depends on a delicate balance between cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. bcl-2 and bax proteins are key apoptosis regulators and are considered to play an important role in the maintenance of both dynamic balance and integrity of many tissues. changes in bcl-2 and bax expressions have been described during different developmental stages in normal human placentas. studies furthermore indicated ...201728806624
multiplex assay for identifying animal species found in the tibetan area using the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.southwestern china has an area with unique natural conditions located in alpine regions at altitudes from 2000 to 5000 m; this area is referred to as the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp). unique animals, such as yaks (bos grunniens), are found extensively on the plateau of southwestern china due to its unique environment. in recent years, the prevalence of fake meat products such as fake jerky has increased in this area. this research was conducted as an attempt to develop a reliable multiplex poly ...201828799826
cloning of hsp90, expression and localization of hsp70/90 in different tissues including lactating/non-lactating yak (bos grunniens) breast tissue.the aim of this study is to investigate the expression and localization of hsp70/90 in different tissues and explore the regulation effects of hsp70/90 at lactation period of female yaks. hsp90 mrna was cloned from the heart samples of female yaks, quantitative real-time (qrt-pcr), western blotting (wb), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to analyze the expressions of hsp70/90 mrna and protein in different tissues. sequence analysis showed that hsp90 is a conserved ...201728715410
seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in domestic yaks (bos grunniens) in tibet, china.a cross-sectional study was conducted in three counties (damxung, maizhokunggar and yadong) in tibet in april and may 2015. a total of 1,523 yaks owned by 181 herders were randomly selected and blood sampled. sera were tested using the rose bengal test (rbt) and a competitive immune-enzymatic assay (c-elisa) and the test results interpreted in parallel. the individual yak prevalence was 2.8% (95% ci 2.0-3.7) with a herd prevalence of 18.2% (95% ci 12.9-24.6). at the individual level, two predict ...201728624927
insulin-like growth factor i enhances the developmental competence of yak embryos by modulating aquaporin 3.the objective of our present study was to determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) on the development of yak (bos grunniens) embryos after cumulus-oocyte complex (coc) vitrification and warming followed by in vitro fertilization (ivf). in experiment 1, the yak cocs underwent vitrification and then ivf. embryos were incubated in synthetic oviductal fluid (sof) supplemented with four concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml) of igf-i, while the yak cocs without vitrification o ...201728512855
the histological characteristics, age-related thickness change of skin, and expression of the hsps in the skin during hair cycle in yak (bos grunniens).this experiment was conducted to study the histological characteristics, age-related thickness changes, and expression of hsps in the skin of yak.201728463974
multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species.in this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. we compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. we measured mrna expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (tlr2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plas ...201931774834
human spotted fever group rickettsia infecting yaks (bos grunniens) in the qinghai-tibetan plateau area.the qinghai-tibetan plateau area (qtpa) is a plateau with the highest average altitude, located in northwestern china. there is a risk for interspecies disease transmission, such as spotted fever rickettsioses. however, information on the molecular characteristics of the spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia spp. in the area is limited. this study performed screenings, and detected the dna of human pathogen, sfg rickettsia spp., with 11.3% (25/222) infection rates in yaks (bosgrunniens). blastn a ...202032231020
a unified str profiling system across multiple species with whole genome sequencing data.short tandem repeats (strs) serve as genetic markers in forensic scenes due to their high polymorphism in eukaryotic genomes. a variety of strs profiling systems have been developed for species including human, dog, cat, cattle, etc. maintaining these systems simultaneously can be costly. these mammals share many high similar regions along their genomes. with the availability of the massive amount of the whole genomics data of these species, it is possible to develop a unified str profiling syst ...201931861983
cloning and expression analysis of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene in the reproductive axis of female yaks (bos grunniens).follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) plays a central role in promoting follicle maturation through the follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)-mediated camp pathway in animals. the objectives of the present study were to clone the fshr gene of yaks (bos grunniens) and compare differences in fshr mrna expression in the reproductive axis between yaks and cattle. hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, oviduct, ovary, and uterus tissue samples were collected from adult female yaks (n = 5) and cattle ( ...202031479928
prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in yaks (bos grunniens) in naqu, china.the intestinal protozoan specie, cryptosporidium causes serious diarrheal syndrome in humans and animals worldwide. however, limited knowledge is known about the infection caused by this specie in yaks in naqu. about 950 serum and 150 fecal samples were collected and assayed by using commercial elisa kits and npcr detection methods to find the prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in yaks. results found that 103 out of 950 (10.8%) serums were uncovered against c. parv ...202032272216
coenurosis of yak, bos grunniens, caused by taenia multiceps: a case report with molecular identification in qinghai tibetan plateau area, china.coenurosis is an important zoonotic helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm taenia multiceps. this parasite typically infects the brain of the intermediate hosts, including sheep, goat, cattle and even humans. we report a case of t. multiceps infection in a yak confirmed by clinical symptoms, morphological characteristics, and molecular and phylogenetic analyses. the coenurus was thin-walled, whitish, and spherical in shape with a diameter of 10 cm. the parasite species was ...201931533410
genome-wide analysis reveals changes in polled yak long non-coding rnas in skeletal muscle development.long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) have been extensively studied in recent years. numerous lncrnas have been identified in mice, rats, and humans, some of which play important roles in muscle formation and development. however, little is known about lncrna regulators that affect muscle development in yak (bos grunniens). lncrna expression during skeletal muscle development in yak was analyzed by rna sequencing at three development stages: 3 years (group a), 6 months (group m), and 90-day-old fetuses ...202032351548
ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm in a domestic yak.a 19.5-y-old, male domestic yak ( bos grunniens) with a history of sudden unexpected death was submitted for autopsy. the yak had hemoabdomen, and a large blood clot was attached to the liver and forestomachs. the hepatic artery had a saccular aneurysm with a 1-cm tear. the arterial wall at the site of the rupture was thin, and the luminal surface was roughened with yellow streaks. the arterial wall adjacent to the rupture was thickened, white, firm, and less elastic than normal arterial walls. ...201930387706
prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis in 1-2-month-old highland yaks in qinghai province, china.cryptosporidium and giardia are ubiquitous parasites that infect humans and animals. few reports are available on the prevalence of these two protozoan parasites in yaks (bos grunniens). in this study, 344 faecal samples were collected from yaks with diarrhoea in the chenduo and nangqian counties of qinghai province, china. cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis were detected by light and immunofluorescence microscopy and nested pcr (npcr). fifteen samples were positive (4.5%) by kinyoun st ...201829680940
continuous chromosome-scale haplotypes assembled from a single interspecies f1 hybrid of yak and cattle.the development of trio binning as an approach for assembling diploid genomes has enabled the creation of fully haplotype-resolved reference genomes. unlike other methods of assembly for diploid genomes, this approach is enhanced, rather than hindered, by the heterozygosity of the individual sequenced. to maximize heterozygosity and simultaneously assemble reference genomes for 2 species, we applied trio binning to an interspecies f1 hybrid of yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus), 2 speci ...202032242610
characteristics and functions of the rumen microbial community of cattle-yak at different ages.a cattle-yak, which is a hybrid between a yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus), is an important livestock animal, but basic questions regarding its physiology and environmental adaptation remain unanswered. to address this issue, the present study examined the species composition and functional characteristics of rumen microorganisms in the cattle-yak of different ages (2 and 3 years old) by metagenomic analysis. we found that rumen microbial community composition was similar at the two a ...202032190661
identification and verification of differentially expressed genes in yak mammary tissue during the lactation cycle.yaks (bos grunniens) live primarily in the qinghai-tibetan plateau (altitude: 2000-5000 m). their milk presents unusual characteristics, containing large amounts of solids including fat and protein, and it is, therefore, important to understand the genetic makeup of the yak. to identify potentially critical genes playing a role in yak mammary tissue from colostrum to mature milk phase of lactogenesis, the early lactation (colostrum) stage (els; day 1 after parturition) and mature lactation (milk ...202032188518
evolutionary adaptation of aquaporin-4 in yak (bos grunniens) brain to high-altitude hypoxia of qinghai-tibetan plateau.background: in high-altitude animals, brain cell resilience against hypoxia stress is one critical evolutionary step that has promoted individual survival and species adaptation to the environment. aquaporin-4 (aqp4) is implicated in a number of physiopathological processes, particularly in the development of brain edema, and other functions such as the regulation of extracellular space volume, potassium buffering, waste clearance, and calcium signaling. still, the role of aqp4 in the adaptation ...202032155353
promoter hypermethylation of piwi/pirna pathway genes associated with diminished pachytene pirna production in bovine hybrid male sterility.hybrid male sterility (hms) is a postzygotic reproductive isolation mechanism that enforces speciation. a bovine example of hms is the yattle (also called dzo), an interspecies hybrid of taurine cattle (bos taurus) and yak (bos grunniens). the molecular mechanisms underlying hms of yattle are not well understood. epigenetic modifications of dna methylation and p-element induced wimpy testis (piwi)-interacting rna (pirnas) are important regulators in spermatogenesis. in this study, we investigate ...202032141383
toxocara vitulorum infection in a yak (bos mutus grunniens) calf from tyrol (austria).the domestic yak bos mutus grunniens is an important livestock animal in parts of asia, especially of the himalayan region, where people rely on it for meat, wool, milk and labour. in its countries of origin, the yak is commonly infected with the ascarid toxocara vitulorum. this parasite mainly infects cattle (bos taurus) and domestic buffalo (bubalus bubalus) and is most commonly found in sub-tropical regions, but has been occasionally reported in more temperate climates, including several cent ...202032057397
detection and integrated analysis of lncrna and mrna relevant to plateau adaptation of yak.known as the 'ship of the plateau', through thousands of years evolution and cruelty environments selection containing low oxygen and strong ultraviolet radiation, yaks have adapted plateau environments and supplied important goods and materials for the people in the qinghai-tibet plateau. this study aimed to identify differentially expressed (de) genes and novel long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) of yaks for the plateau adaptation and their underlying co-expression and regulatory network. we carrie ...202032633845
molecular characterization of tick-borne bacteria and protozoans in yaks (bos grunniens), tibetan sheep (ovis aries) and bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in the qinghai-tibetan plateau area, china.due to the specific plateau climate, a variety of unique animals live in the qinghai-tibetan plateau area (qtpa) including yaks (bos grunniens), tibetan sheep (ovis aries) and bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus). however, information on tick-borne diseases (tbds) in the qtpa and on the molecular characteristics of tick-borne pathogens (tbps) in the area is limited. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate anaplasma spp., babesia spp., theileria spp., borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato a ...202032723655
mc1r and kit haplotypes associate with pigmentation phenotypes of north american yak (bos grunniens).small numbers of domestic yak (bos grunniens) were imported to north america in the late 19th century indirectly from the qinghai-tibetan plateau. coat color of yak is of interest for fiber production, aesthetics, and as a potential indicator of recent hybridization with cattle. north american yak are classified into 3 major coat color patterns depending upon the presence and extent of white markings. they are further classified by nose pigmentation (black or gray). the aim of this study was to ...202031714577
the expression of histone methyltransferases and distribution of selected histone methylations in testes of yak and cattle-yak hybrid.interspecies hybridization exists widely in nature and plays an important role in animal evolution and adaptation. it is commonly recognized that male offspring of interspecies hybrid are often sterile, which presents a crucial way of reproductive isolation. currently, the mechanisms underlying interspecies hybrid male sterility are not well understood. cattle-yak, progeny of yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus) cross, is a unique animal model for investigating hybrid male sterility. beca ...202031972460
comparative rna-seq analysis of differentially expressed genes in the epididymides of yak and cattleyak.cattleyak are the fl hybrids between (♀) yak (bos grunniens) and (♂) cattle (bos taurus). cattleyak exhibit higher capability in adaptability to a harsh environment and display much higher performances in production than the yak and cattle. the cattleyak, however, are females fertile but males sterile. all previous studies greatly focused on testes tissues to study the mechanism of male infer-tility in cattleyak. however, so far, no transcriptomic study has been conducted on the epididymides of ...201932030088
haematobia irritans parasitism of f1 yak × beef cattle (bos grunniens × bos taurus) hybrids.the horn fly haematobia irritans (diptera: muscidae) is a blood obligate ectoparasite of bovids that causes annual losses to the u.s. beef cattle industry of over us$1.75 billion. climate warming, the anthropogenic dispersion of bovids and the cross-breeding of beef cattle with other bovid species may facilitate novel horn fly-host interactions. in particular, hybridizing yaks [bos grunniens (artiodactyla: bovidae)] with beef cows (bos taurus) for heterosis and carcass improvements may increase ...201931106462
rumen parameters of yaks (bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (bos taurus) grazing on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.yaks and indigenous qaidam cattle and cattle-yak crosses (c × y) graze on the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. we hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the qtp better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. we also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in wi ...201930985029
skeletal muscle proteome analysis provides insights on high altitude adaptation of yaks.the differences in proteome profile of longissimus thoracis (lt) muscles of yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus) were investigated employing isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) approach to identify differentially expressed proteins and to understand the cellular level adaptations of yaks to high altitudes. fifty-two proteins were differentially expressed in the two species, among which 20 were up-regulated and 32 were down-regulated in yaks. gene ontology (go) an ...201930982215
comparison of y-chromosome-linked tspy, tspy2, and pramey genes in taurus cattle, yaks, and interspecific hybrid bulls.domestic yaks (bos grunniens) and domestic taurus cattle (bos taurus) are closely related. an interesting phenomenon in interspecific crossings is male sterility in the f1 hybrid (yattle) and f2 backcross, with no late meiotic cells or spermatids in the seminiferous tubules. the mammalian y chromosome is crucial for spermatogenesis and male fertility. this study investigated the copy number variations and mrna of y-transitional region genes tspy2 (testis specific protein, y-linked 2 and testis-s ...201931103297
comparison of mrna expression from y-chromosome x-degenerate region genes in taurine cattle, yaks and interspecific hybrid bulls.the yattle (dzo) is an interspecific hybrid of the taurine cattle (bos taurus) and the domestic yak (bos grunniens). f1 hybrid yattle bulls are sterile due to spermatogenic arrest and have misregulation of spermatogenesis genes in the testes. however, the expression pattern of y chromosome-linked genes in cattle, yaks and yattle testes is still unknown. in this study, we analyzed the mrna expression pattern of 10 genes known to be present as single copies in the x-degenerate region of the bovine ...201931475374
comparing the microbial community in four stomach of dairy cattle, yellow cattle and three yak herds in qinghai-tibetan plateau.yak (bos grunniens) is an unique ruminant species in the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp). the ruminant gastrointestinal tract (git) microbiota is not only associated with the nutrients metabolism, but also contributes to the host's local adaptation. examining the microbiota between cattle and yak in different geography could improve our understanding about the role of microbiota in metabolism and adaptation. to this end, we compared the microbiota in rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of dairy ...201931354656
growth performance and meat quality evaluations in three-way cross cattle developed for the tibetan plateau and their molecular understanding by integrative omics analysis.despite of favorable characteristics of high protein, low fat, and free-pollution, yak meat has intrinsically poor performance in tenderness and color, which is ever challenging yak sector. to this end, a three-way cross system was first developed for high quality beef of the tibetan plateau using angus cattle ( bos taurus) as terminal sire to mate with 1/2 yak (f1) generated from♂qaidam cattle ( bos taurus) × ♀yak ( bos grunniens). the withers height, chest girth, and body weight of 1/4 yak (f2 ...201930596412
comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial dna diversity in chinese cattle.complete mitochondrial dna d-loop sequences of 1105 individuals were used to assess the diversity of maternal lineages of cattle populations in china. in total, 250 taurine and 88 zebu haplotypes were identified. five main haplogroups-t1a, t2, t3, t4 and t5-were identified in bos taurus, whereas bos indicus harbored two haplogroups-i1 and i2. our results suggest that the distribution of t1a in asia was concentrated mainly in the northeast region (northeast china, korea and japan); haplogroups t2 ...201930421479
isolation and characterization of spermatogenic cells from cattle, yak and cattleyak.cattleyak forms the first generation in the cross-breeding of cattle (bos taurus) and yak (bos grunniens), the purpose of which is to increase the yak's performance in meat and milk production. the female cattleyak is fertile while the male remains sterile due to spermatogenic arrest. the spermatogenic cells (including spermatogonia and spermatocytes) of cattle, yak and cattleyak have not been successfully isolated so far. in this work, spermatogenic cells were isolated from these bovid species ...201829685708
the composition of fungal communities in the rumen of gayals (bos frontalis), yaks (bos grunniens), and yunnan and tibetan yellow cattle (bos taurs).the rumen is a microbial-rich ecosystem in which rumen fungi play an important role in the feed digestion of ruminants. the composition of rumen fungi in free-range ruminants such as gayals, yaks, tibetan yellow cattle, and the domesticated yunnan yellow cattle was investigated by sequencing an internal transcribed spacer region 1 (its1) using illumina miseq. a total of 285 092 optimized sequences and 904 operational taxonomic units (otus) were obtained from the four cattle breeds. the rumen fun ...201931880894
aspiration pneumonia in two tibetan yak bulls ( bos grunniens) as a complication of ketamine-xylazine-butorphanol anesthesia for recumbent castration.among members of the genus bos, aspiration pneumonia has been described in domestic cattle ( bos taurus and bos indicus). in these species, aspiration pneumonia is most commonly a sequelae to oral administration of fluids or medications, as well as aspiration during procedures under anesthesia. management of aspiration pneumonia secondary to complications from anesthesia for short duration surgical procedures is minimally reported in the tibetan yak ( bos grunniens). although regurgitation under ...201829517446
whole-genome resequencing provides insights into the evolution and divergence of the native domestic yaks of the qinghai-tibet plateau.on the qinghai-tibet plateau, known as the roof ridge of the world, the yak is a precious cattle species that has been indispensable to the human beings living in this high-altitude area. however, the origin of domestication, dispersal route, and the divergence of domestic yaks from different areas are poorly understood.202033109104
methylome and transcriptome profiles in three yak tissues revealed that dna methylation and the transcription factor zgpat co-regulate milk production.domestic yaks play an indispensable role in sustaining the livelihood of tibetans and other ethnic groups on the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp), by providing milk and meat. they have evolved numerous physiological adaptations to high-altitude environment, including strong blood oxygen transportation capabilities and high metabolism. the roles of dna methylation and gene expression in milk production and high-altitudes adaptation need further exploration.202033081725
exploration of the effects of altitude change on bacteria and fungi in the rumen of yak (bos grunniens).the yak (bos grunniens) is a ruminant animal with strong regional adaptability. however, little is known about the adaptation of the rumen microbial community of yaks at different altitudes and the adaptation mechanism of the host and intestinal microorganisms to the habitat. we investigated the adaptability of the rumen microorganisms of yaks at high and low altitudes. we also compared and analyzed the abundance and diversity of core microorganisms and those that varied between different animal ...202033070234
isolation and characterization of a new fusaricidin-type antibiotic produced by paenibacillus bovis sp. nov bd3526.paenibacillus bovis sp. nov bd3526, isolated from raw yak (bos grunniens) milk, was able to produce antibacterial substances against micrococcus luteus. the antibacterial substances produced by the strain bd3526 in 3% (w/v) wheat bran broth under aerobic conditions were precipitated from the cultivated broth with ammonium sulfate at 60% saturation. two antibacterial compounds were obtained by sephadex lh-20 chromatography and semi-preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography ...202033044619
comparing the gastrointestinal barrier function between growth-retarded and normal yaks on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.yak (bos grunniens) is an ancient bovine species on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. due to extremely harsh condition in the plateau, the growth retardation of yaks commonly exist, which can reduce the incomes of herdsman. the gastrointestinal barrier function plays a vital role in the absorption of nutrients and healthy growth. functional deficiencies of the gastrointestinal barrier may be one of the contributors for yaks with growth retardation.202032953274
estrogen improves the development of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes by targeting cumulus expansion and levels of oocyte-secreted factors during in vitro maturation.the estrogen-signalling pathway is critical for normal follicular development; however, little is known about its importance during in vitro maturation (ivm) in large animals, particularly yaks (bos grunniens). through the present study, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying estrogen involvement in cumulus expansion and the subsequent development of cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs). cocs were cultured in the maturation medium supplemented with different concentrations (10-6-10-3 mm) of ...202032941516
effect of concentrate supplementation on the expression profile of mirna in the ovaries of yak during non-breeding season.yak (bos grunniens) is an important and remarkable livestock species that survives in the challenging environment of the qinghai-tibetan plateau. however, its growth rate is slower and reproductive potential is generally lower than cattle. meanwhile, it has been reported that enhanced nutrition improves the reproductive efficiency of animals. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concentrate supplementation on the mirna expression profile in the ovaries of yak during the non ...202032933085
dietary energy levels affect rumen bacterial populations that influence the intramuscular fat fatty acids of fattening yaks (bos grunniens).the yak rumen microflora has more efficient fiber-degrading and energy-harvesting abilities than that of low-altitude cattle; however, few studies have investigated the effects of dietary energy levels on the rumen bacterial populations and the relationship between rumen bacteria and the intramuscular fatty acid profile of fattening yaks. in this study, thirty yaks were randomly assigned to three groups. each group received one of the three isonitrogenous diets with low (3.72 mj/kg), medium (4.5 ...202032842565
population genome of the newly discovered jinchuan yak to understand its adaptive evolution in extreme environments and generation mechanism of the multirib trait.the adaptation and diversity of animals to the extreme environments of the qinghai-tibet plateau (qtp) are typical materials to study adaptive evolution. the recently discovered jinchuan yak population has many individuals with multiple ribs. however, little is known about this yak's origin, evolution, and the genetic mechanisms that formed its unique multirib trait. here, we report a valuable population genome resource of the jinchuan yak by resequencing the whole genome of 150 individuals. pop ...202032822522
shrub coverage alters the rumen bacterial community of yaks (bos grunniens) grazing in alpine meadows.proliferation of shrubs at the expense of native forage in pastures has been associated with large changes in dry-matter intake and dietary components for grazing ruminants. these changes can also affect the animals' physiology and metabolism. however, little information is available concerning the effect of pastoral-shrub grazing on the rumen bacterial community. to explore rumen bacteria composition in grazing yaks and the response of rumen bacteria to increasing shrub coverage in alpine meado ...202032803183
a chromosome-scale reference genome and genome-wide genetic variations elucidate adaptation in yak.yak is an important livestock animal for the people indigenous to the harsh, oxygen-limited qinghai-tibetan plateau and hindu-kush ranges of the himalayas. the yak genome was sequenced in 2012 but its assembly was fragmented because of the inherent limitations of the illumina sequencing technology used to analyze it. an accurate and complete reference genome is essential for the study of genetic variations in this species. long-read sequences are more complete than their short-read counterparts ...202032745324
the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in primary reproductive organs of the female yak (bos grunniens) at different reproductive stages.the yak (bos grunniens) is the most important livestock animal in high-altitude regions owing to its prominent adaptability to cold conditions, nutritional deficiencies and hypoxia. the reproductive organs exhibit different histological appearances and physiological processes at different reproductive stages. hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (hif-1α) is the regulatory subunit of hif-1 that crucially regulates the response to hypoxia in mammalian organisms. the goal of our study was to investigat ...202032706432
effects of dietary energy levels on rumen fermentation, microbial diversity, and feed efficiency of yaks (bos grunniens).the microbial community of the yak (bos grunniens) rumen plays an important role in surviving the harsh tibetan environment where seasonal dynamic changes in pasture cause nutrient supply imbalances, resulting in weight loss in yaks during the cold season. a better understanding of rumen microbiota under different feeding regimes is critical for exploiting the microbiota to enhance feed efficiency and growth performance. this study explored the impact of different dietary energy levels on feed e ...202032670204
detection of theileria spp. in ticks, sheep keds (melophagus ovinus), and livestock in the eastern tibetan plateau, china.theileria species, with a broad geographic distribution, infect a wide range of both domestic and wild animals and are transmitted by ixodid ticks. currently, there is no comprehensive report regarding the distribution of theileria spp. in the eastern tibetan plateau, especially in ganze tibetan autonomous prefecture (153,700 km2) and ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture (84,242 km2) of sichuan province, china. in this study, we collected blood samples from yaks (n = 144) (bos grunniens ...202032556503
genome-wide selective sweep analysis of the high-altitude adaptability of yaks by using the copy number variant.the domestic yak (bos grunniens) from the qinghai-tibet plateau is an important animal model in high-altitude adaptation studies. here, we performed the genome-wide selective sweep analysis to identify the candidate copy number variation (cnv) for the high-altitude adaptation of yaks. a total of 531 autosomal cnvs were determined from 29 yak genome-wide resequencing data (15 high- and 14 low-altitude distributions) by using a cnv caller with a cnv identification interval > 5 kb, cnv silhouette s ...202032432020
expression characteristics of immune factors in secondary lymphoid organs of newborn, juvenile and adult yaks (bos grunniens).little is known about lymphoid organ development in yaks. in this study, we characterize and evaluate the main markers of t cell, b cell, plasma cell and antigen-presenting cell in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and hemal node in newborn, juvenile and adult yaks by immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. the structures of all organs were not fully developed in newborn. the cd3+ cells were mainly located in the paracortex area of the mesent ...202032424508
complete genome sequence and antimicrobial activity of bacillus velezensis jt3-1, a microbial germicide isolated from yak feces.bacillus velezensis jt3-1 was isolated from feces of the domestic yak (bos grunniens) in gansu province of china. aim to know whether b. velezensis jt3-1 has the potency to be developed as a probiotic bacterium, works on the complete genome sequence, antimicrobial activity, growth performance in calves, and treatment effect on calf diarrhea of b. velezensis jt3-1 were carried out. the results showed that the complete genome of b. velezensis jt3-1 contains one gapless circular chromosome which is ...202032399381
the whole-transcriptome landscape of muscle and adipose tissues reveals the cerna regulation network related to intramuscular fat deposition in yak.the intramuscular fat (imf) content in meat products, which is positively correlated with meat quality, is an important trait considered by consumers. the regulation of imf deposition is species specific. however, the imf-deposition-related mrna and non-coding rna and their regulatory network in yak (bos grunniens) remain unknown. high-throughput sequencing technology provides a powerful approach for analyzing the association between transcriptome-related differences and specific traits in anima ...202032381004
an untargeted metabolomics investigation of jiulong yak (bos grunniens) meat by 1h-nmr.yak represents the main meat source for tibetan people. this work aimed to investigate the metabolome of raw meat from jiulong yaks, focusing on specimens farmed and harvested locally through traditional procedures. untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1h-nmr) was selected as the analytical platform. samples from longissimus thoracis, trapezius, triceps brachii and biceps femoris muscles, with different prevalences of red and white fibers, were selected. among the fifty-three meta ...202032290528
circrna expression profile during yak adipocyte differentiation and screen potential circrnas for adipocyte differentiation.the yak (bos grunniens) is subjected to nutritional deficiency during the whole winter grazing season; deciphering the adipose metabolism and energy homeostasis under cold and nutrients stress conditions could be a novel way to understand the specific mechanism of energy metabolism. circular rnas (circrnas) have elucidated that they play a key role in many biological events, but the regulatory function of adipose development remains mostly unknown. therefore, the expression pattern of circrnas w ...202032290214
insight into unique somitogenesis of yak (bos grunniens) with one additional thoracic vertebra.the yak is a species of livestock which is crucial for local communities of the qinghai-tibet plateau and adjacent regions and naturally owns one more thoracic vertebra than cattle. recently, a sub-population of yak termed as the jinchuan yak has been identified with over half its members own a thoracolumbar vertebral formula of t15l5 instead of the natural t14l5 arrangement. the novel t15l5 positioning is a preferred genetic trait leading to enhanced meat and milk production. selective breeding ...202032131721
a global analysis of y-str inra189 polymorphism in chinese domestic yak breeds/populations.the objective of this study was to probe into the polymorphism of y-str inra189 and identify the geographical distribution pattern of its alleles in the chinese domestic yak gene pool. we examined the variation at inra189 locus in 682 male yaks representing 15 breeds/populations in china. the results showed that six alleles, including five reported previously (149, 155, 157, 159, and 161 bp) and a new one identified in this study (139 bp), were detected at inra189 locus based on genotyping analy ...202032121109
the sequence and de novo assembly of the wild yak genome.vulnerable populations of wild yak (bos mutus), the wild ancestral species of domestic yak, survive in extremely cold, harsh and oxygen-poor regions of the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qtp) and adjacent high-altitude regions. in this study, we sequenced and assembled its genome de novo. in total, six different insert-size libraries were sequenced, and 662 gb of clean data were generated. the assembled wild yak genome is 2.83 gb in length, with an n50 contig size of 63.2 kb and a scaffold size of 16. ...202032094352
the expression of erk1/2 in female yak (bos grunniens) reproductive organs.the main reproductive organs undergo different histological appearances and physiological processes under different reproductive statuses. the variation of these organs depends on a delicate regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (erk1/2) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) super family. they have important roles in regulating various biological processes of different cells, tissues, and organ types. acti ...202032093255
transcriptome analysis revealed key signaling networks regulating ovarian activities in the domestic yak.domestic yaks are the most important livestock species on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. adult female yaks normally breed in warm season and enter anestrous in cold season. currently, how the ovarian activity is regulated at the molecular level remains to be determined. this study was conducted to investigate follicular development and gene expression patterns of yak ovarian tissues in the warm and cold seasons. dynamics of follicular development was evaluated based on histological analyses and gl ...202032092605
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