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artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria.parasitic protozoan diseases continue to rank among the world's greatest global health problems, which are also common among poor populations. currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. artemisinin (art) and its derivatives are some of the most important classes of antimalarial agents originally derived from artemisia annua l. however, besides the outstanding antimalarial and antischistosomal activities, art and its de ...201727867026
the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) as a potential host for rickettsial pathogens in southern italy.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and rickettsiosis are zoonotic tick-borne diseases of canids caused by the intracellular obligate bacteria ehrlichia canis and rickettsia species respectively. in this study, we investigated using standard and real-time pcr and sequencing, the occurrence and molecular characterization of e. canis and rickettsia species in the eurasian otter (lutra lutra) from the southern italian population. samples were screened by using molecular assays also for neospora caninum, ...201728267780
importance of serological cross-reactivity among toxoplasma gondii, hammondia spp., neospora spp., sarcocystis spp. and besnoitia besnoiti.toxoplasma gondii, neospora spp., sarcocystis spp., hammondia spp. and besnoitia besnoiti are genetically related cyst-forming coccidia. serology is frequently used for the identification of t. gondii, neospora spp. and b. besnoiti-exposed individuals. serologic cross-reactions occur in different tests among animals infected with t. gondii and h. hammondi, as well as among animals infected by t. gondii and n. caninum. infections caused by n. caninum and n. hughesi are almost indistinguishable by ...201728241894
a serosurvey of diseases of free-ranging gray wolves (canis lupus) in minnesota.we tested serum samples from 387 free-ranging wolves ( canis lupus ) from 2007 to 2013 for exposure to eight canid pathogens to establish baseline data on disease prevalence and spatial distribution in minnesota's wolf population. we found high exposure to canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 (88% adults, 45% pups), canine parvovirus (82% adults, 24% pups), and lyme disease (76% adults, 39% pups). sixty-six percent of adults and 36% of pups exhibited exposure to the protozoan parasite neospora caninum . ...201728192048
development of an indirect elisa using different fragments of recombinant ncgra7 for detection of neospora caninum infection in cattle and water buffalo.dense granules are immunodominant proteins for the standardization of immunodiagnostic procedures to detect neosporosis. in the presented study different fragment of a dense-granule protein was evaluated for serodiagnosis of neospora caninum in cattle and water buffalo.201725904948
serological detection of toxoplasma gondii, leishmania infantum and neospora caninum in cats from an area endemic for leishmaniasis in brazil.an investigation was made into the occurrence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, leishmania infantum and neospora caninum in 151 domestic cats, based on the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). serum samples were collected from 151 domestic cats (65 free-roaming and 86 domiciled cats; 55 males and 96 females) in campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil between january and april 2013. igg antibodies to t. gondii, l. infantum and n. caninum were found, respectively, in 49 (32.5%), 34 (22.5% ...201725517522
widespread 5-methylcytosine in the genomes of avian coccidia and other apicomplexan parasites detected by an elisa-based method.to date, little is known about cytosine methylation in the genomic dna of apicomplexan parasites, although it has been confirmed that this important epigenetic modification exists in many lower eukaryotes, plants, and animals. in the present study, elisa-based detection demonstrated that low levels of 5-methylcytosine (5-mc) are present in eimeria spp., toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium spp., and neospora caninum. the proportions of 5-mc in genomic dna were 0.18 ± 0.02% in e tenella sporulated ...201728361273
differential ifn-γ and tnf-α driven cytokine response distinguishes acute infection of a metatherian host with toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum (both apicomplexa) are closely related cyst-forming coccidian parasites that differ significantly in their host range and ability to cause disease. unlike eutherian mammals, australian marsupials (metatherian mammals) have long been thought to be highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis and neosporosis because of their historical isolation from the parasites. in this study, the carnivorous fat-tailed dunnart (sminthopsis crassicaudata) was used as a disease mode ...201728348050
neospora caninum in beef herds in new south wales, australia. 2: analysis of risk factors.to determine the influence of farm-level and animal-level factors on the seroprevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and associations between seropositivity and reproductive outcomes.201728346670
identification and characterization of gra6/gra7 of neospora caninum in mdbk cells.neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite, is recognized as a major bovine abortifacient. dense granule antigens (gras) play important roles in the formation and modification of parasitophorous vacuoles (pvs) in toxoplasma gondii. however, a few studies investigating gras have been reported in n. caninum. the aim of the present study was to characterize the dense gra6/gra7 of n. caninum in pvs using mdbk cells as a host cell model. neospora caninum was inoculated into mdbk cells, and changes we ...201728338718
dectin-1 compromises innate responses and host resistance against neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has drawn increasing interest due to its association with worldwide repetitive bovine abortions, which cause billionaire losses to the meat and dairy industries annually. innate immunity plays an important role in infection control, and n. caninum activates the production of inflammatory mediators through toll-like receptors, nod-like receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. advances in the knowledge of initi ...201728326085
rhoptry protein 5 (rop5) is a key virulence factor in neospora caninum.neospora caninum, of the apicomplexa phylum, is a common cause of abortions in cattle and nervous system dysfunction in dogs. rhoptry proteins of apicomplexa play an important role in virulence. the objectives of this study were to study functions of ncrop5 in n. caninum by deleting the ncrop5 gene from the wild nc-1 strain. we selected ncrop5 in toxodb and successfully constructed an ncrop5 gene-deleted vector, ptcr-ncrop5-cd ko. then we screened the ncrop5 knockout strains (δncrop5) at the gen ...201728326073
toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 8 are upregulated in the placental caruncle and fetal spleen of neospora caninum experimentally infected cattle.innate immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface are key in the pathogenesis of neospora caninum, an obligate parasite that causes abortion in cattle. herein, we determined the gene expression of endosomal toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the placenta and fetuses from both non-infected pregnant heifers and pregnant heifers intravenously challenged with live tachyzoites of n. caninum on day 70 of gestation. on day 104 of pregnancy, mrna expression of tlrs 3 and 8, as well as that of tlrs 7 an ...201728288766
can hierarchical modeling improve our understanding of bovine abortion due to neospora caninum infection?the purpose of this study was to use mixed logistic regression to evaluate the association between neospora caninum serostatus and abortion, accounting for the effects of farms. the main objective was to explore the interpretation of this model and discuss the contribution of this analysis to our understanding of the disease's epidemiology. a mixed-effects logistic model using farms as a random effect and the serostatus for n. caninum, age of cattle and farm location as fixed effects was perform ...201728259557
molecular analyses on neospora caninum-triggered netosis in the caprine system.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite causing serious reproductive disorders in large and small ruminants worldwide. polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) react against multiple invading pathogens through different mechanisms including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets). here, in vitro interactions of caprine pmn and n. caninum tachyzoites were studied. scanning electron microscopic- and immunofluorescence-analyses demonstrated that caprine pmn undergo ...201728254622
controlled release of artemisone for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria.cerebral malaria (cm) is a leading cause of malarial mortality resulting from infection by plasmodium falciparum. treatment commonly involves adjunctive care and injections or transfusion of artemisinins. all artemisinins that are in current use are metabolized to dihydroxyartemisinin (dha), to which there is already some parasite resistance. we used artemisone, a derivative that does not convert to dha, has improved pharmacokinetics and anti-plasmodial activity and is also anti-inflammatory (an ...201728249591
neospora caninum in beef herds in new south wales, australia. 1: seroprevalence study.to determine the seroprevalence of neospora caninum antibodies in beef breeding herds across new south wales (nsw) and to determine if there are any differences associated with geographic location and other herd-level factors.201728239857
uterine serpin (serpina 14) correlates negatively with cytokine production at the foetal-maternal interface but not in the corpus luteum in pregnant dairy heifers experimentally infected with neospora caninum.this study examines gene expression patterns in dairy heifers experimentally infected with n. caninum during on day 110 of pregnancy with live foetuses at euthanasia, 42 days later. the study population was constituted of four non-infected controls and three infected dams. gene expression was determined on gamma interferon (ifnγ), (th1 pro-inflammatory cytokine), interleukin-4 (il4) (th2 pro-gestation cytokine) or interleukin-10 (il10) (t regulatory cytokine) and the serine peptidase inhibitor s ...201728176427
two novel calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitors interfere with vertical transmission in mice infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.we present the effects of two novel bumped kinase inhibitors, bki-1517 and bki-1553, against neospora caninum tachyzoites in vitro and in experimentally infected pregnant mice. these compounds inhibited tachyzoite proliferation of a transgenic beta-galactosidase reporter strain cultured in human foreskin fibroblasts with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) of 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.18 ± 0.03 μm, respectively. as assessed by an alamarblue assay, fibroblast ic50s were above 20 μm; however, morphologi ...201728137808
effects of thai piperaceae plant extracts on neospora caninum infection.neosporosis has a worldwide distribution and causes economic losses in farming, particularly by increasing the risk of abortion in cattle. this study investigated the effects of thai piperaceae (piper betle, p. nigrum, and p. sarmentosum) extracts on neospora caninum infections in vitro and in vivo. in an in vitro parasite growth assay based on the green fluorescent protein (gfp) signal, p. betle was the most effective extract at inhibiting parasite growth in human foreskin fibroblast cells (ic5 ...201728137670
a new microneme protein of neospora caninum, ncmic8 is involved in host cell invasion.microneme proteins play an important role in the invasion process of apicomplexan parasites through adhesion to host cells. we discovered a new n. caninum protein, ncmic8, which is highly identical to tgmic8. the ncmic8 sequence has 2049 bp and no intron in the open reading fragment. it has a molecular weight of 73.8 kda and contains a signal peptide, a transmembrane region, a low complexity region and 10 epidermal growth factor (egf) domains. immuno-fluorescence assay showed that ncmic8 is loca ...201728130119
in contrast to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum tachyzoites did not sustain multiplication in vitro at increased incubation temperatures.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are coccidian parasites that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species. while viable t. gondii has been in vitro isolated in natural infections from wild and domestic birds, attempts to isolate n. caninum from naturally-infected birds were unsuccessful. we speculate that body temperatures of birds, which are usually higher than those of mammals, may impair the multiplication of n. caninum. in contrast to n. caninum, t. gondii can grow in vitro at t ...201728115178
constitutive expression and characterization of a surface srs (ncsrs67) protein of neospora caninum with no orthologue in toxoplasma gondii.neospora caninum is a parasite of the apicomplexa phylum responsible for abortion and losses of fertility in cattle. as part of its intracellular cycle, the first interaction of the parasite with the target cell is performed with the surface proteins known as the srs superfamily (surface antigen glycoprotein - related sequences). sag related or srs proteins have been a target of intense research due to its immunodominant pattern, exhibiting potential as diagnostic and/or vaccine candidates. the ...201728108401
isolation and biological and molecular characterization of neospora caninum (nc-sp1) from a naturally infected adult asymptomatic cattle (bos taurus) in the state of são paulo, brazil.the biological and genetic diversity of neospora caninum is very limited because of availability of only a few viable isolates worldwide. this study describes the isolation and biological and molecular characterization of a new viable isolate of n. caninum (nc-sp1), from a cattle in brazil. approximately 400 g of brain from a naturally infected adult male cattle from an abattoir was fed to a 2-month-old dog. neospora-like oocysts were observed on day 7 post-inoculation (pi) and the duration of o ...201728073388
evaluation of methylene blue, pyrimethamine and its combination on an in vitro neospora caninum model.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite strongly related to reproductive problems in cattle. the neosporosis control is not well established and several fronts are under development, predominantly based on immune protection, immunomodulation and chemotherapy. the use of anti-malarial drugs as therapeutic sources has, in theory, considerable potential for any apicomplexan. drugs such as methylene blue (mb) and pyrimethamine (pyr) represent therapeutic options for malaria; thus, their use for ...201728073383
the p38 mapk inhibitor, sb203580, inhibits cell invasion by neospora caninum.the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan. it can cause severe diseases in a number of animals throughout the world. infection with n. caninum leads to abortions in pregnant animals and neuromuscular disorders of newborns which cause great economic losses to animal husbandry. however, the mechanism of cell invasion by n. caninum is still unclear. this paper aims to investigate the impact of sb203580, a p38 mapk inhibitor, on host cell invasion by ...201728039498
neospora caninum in wild waterfowl: occurrence of parasite dna and low antibody titers.thirty-five adult waterfowl (14 males and 21 females) representing various orders and species were sampled during the hunting season from 2015 to 2016. antibodies to neospora caninum were detected by ifat on blood samples, while heart and brain were subjected to molecular analysis for the detection of neospora caninum dna. twelve birds (34.3%) (6 anas crecca , 3 anas platyrhynchos , 2 anas penelope , 1 anas acuta ) showed antibodies versus n. caninum , while 10 animals out of 35 (4 a. crecca , 2 ...201727805842
assessment of transplacental transmission of neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the agreste region of pernambuco.the transplacental transmission is the primary route of neospora caninum infection in bovine herds around the world. this study aimed to determine the frequency of transplacental transmission of the parasite in dairy cattle of agreste region of pernambuco through serological tests (ifat and elisa). three hundred sixteen serum samples from cows and heifers and their offspring were analyzed. the transplacental transmission rate was 72.22% (13/18) for cows and 69.23% (9/13) for heifers by ifat. eli ...201727737368
toxoplasmatinae parasites in bats from bahia state, brazil.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are widespread cyst-forming coccidian parasites of the subfamily toxoplasmatinae that infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals. whereas t. gondii is a zoonotic disease, n. caninum is restricted to nonhuman animals. some chiropteran species can be infected by t. gondii and present fatal toxoplasmosis. in most cases, t. gondii -infected bats are believed to remain asymptomatic and to act as an infection source to other animals. it is not known whether ...201727705102
neospora caninum in axis deer ( axis axis ) and fallow deer ( dama dama ) in northern mexico.serum samples from 18 axis deer ( axis axis ) and 19 fallow deer ( dama dama ) were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for neospora caninum antibodies. two axis (11%) and two fallow deer (11%) were positive for n. caninum antibodies.201727669010
prevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies in iranian goats.many species of animals play the role of intermediate host for neospora caninum. although the neosporosis has a global distribution, however there is no information on goats' infection in iran. the main goal of present study was to determine the seroprevalence of n. caninum in goats of western iran. a total of 450 sera were taken and analyzed for antibodies to n. caninum using elisa technique. of those, 28 (6.2%) examined goats were found to be seropositive (95%, ci=6.2±2.2%). in which male goat ...201727614475
embryonated pigeon eggs as a model to investigate neospora caninum infection.it has been shown that embryonated chicken eggs can be used as animal models for experimental infections. the aim of the present study was to investigate pigeon embryonated eggs as animal models for experimental neosporosis. an infection with neospora caninum nc1 isolate was conducted in chicken and pigeon embryonated eggs to evaluate ld50. after calculation of ld50, 2ld50 of tachyzoites were injected into the eggs. macroscopic changes of each embryo were observed, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) ...201727236141
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant tgsag2 and ncsag1 to detect toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum-specific antibodies in domestic animals in turkey.considering the scarce information on occurrences of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in domestic animals from turkey, the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of these parasite infections in cattle, horses, sheep, goats and dogs in turkey. the specific antibodies against t. gondii and n. caninum were detected by ielisas based on the recombinant tgsag2 or ncsag1 in a total of 2,039 serum samples from eleven provinces. the seroprevalence of t. gondii infections was 46.3%, ...201727523504
exposure of free-living jaguars to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona in the brazilian pantanal.toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and sarcocystis neurona are related apicomplexan parasites that cause reproductive and neurological disorders in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. in the present study, the immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used to investigate the presence of antibodies against t. gondii, n. caninum and s. neurona in the sera of 11 free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in two protected areas in the pantanal region of mato grosso state, brazil. ten jaguars (90. ...201725517539
frequency of antibodies against sarcocystis neurona and neospora caninum in domestic cats in the state of bahia, brazil.sarcocystis neurona is the major agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. it infects several mammalian species in the americas, where the definitive hosts, marsupials of the genus didelphis (d. virginiana and d. albiventris) are found. domestic cats are one of the confirmed intermediate hosts of the parasite; however, antibodies against s. neurona had never before been demonstrated in brazilian cats. the aim of this study was to determine whether cats in bahia, brazil, are exposed to the par ...201725517534
pathological findings in the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in northern germany.anthropogenic landscape changes contributed to the reduction of availability of habitats to wild animals. hence, the presence of wild terrestrial carnivores in urban and peri-urban sites has increased considerably over the years implying an increased risk of interspecies spillover of infectious diseases and the transmission of zoonoses. the present study provides a detailed characterisation of the health status of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereu ...201728399176
serology and protein electrophoresis for evidence of exposure to 12 mink pathogens in free-ranging american mink (neovison vison) in argentina.basic pathologic characteristics for farmed minks were previously reported worldwide. however, its status in the wild has not been studied in detail.201728635524
survey of neospora caninum in eared doves (zenaida auriculata) in southern brazil.neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite that has worldwide distribution and is responsible for enormous economic losses in cattle. birds are considered a good bioindicator of environmental contamination, since they feed on the ground, being exposed to n. caninum oocysts. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of antibodies against n. caninum and to verify the presence of parasite dna in brain from free-ranging eared doves (zenaida auri ...201728716354
herd-level prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases of dairy cows in great britain.to implement appropriate and effective disease control programs at the national level, up-to-date and unbiased information on disease frequency is needed. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of selected endemic infectious diseases in the population of dairy herds in great britain. bulk milk tank (bmt) samples from 225 randomly selected dairy farms, stratified by region and herd size, were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus type 1 ...201728843682
serological survey of toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and brucellosis among cattle herds in oyo state, south-western nigeria.several zoonotic diseases are known to constitute great impediment to livestock management and production worldwide, especially in developing countries where control measures are largely non-existent. this study sets out to investigate the occurrence of toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and brucellosis among cattle herds in oyo state, southwest nigeria.201728670646
host species heterogeneity in the epidemiology of nesopora caninum.pathogen transmission across species drives disease emergence; however, mechanisms by which multi-host pathogens cross species boundaries are not well identified. this knowledge gap prevents integrated and targeted control in an epidemiologically continuous ecosystem. our goal is to describe the impact of host species heterogeneity on the epidemiology of neospora caninum circulating between livestock and wildlife in southeastern ohio. we collected biological samples from père david's deer (elaph ...201728850580
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique and comparison with quantitative real-time pcr for the rapid visual detection of canine neosporosis.dogs are the definitive hosts of neospora caninum and play an important role in the transmission of the parasite. despite the high sensitivity of existing molecular tools such as quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr), these techniques are not suitable for use in many countries because of equipment costs and difficulties in implementing them for field diagnostics. therefore, we developed a simplified technique, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), for the rapid visual detection of n. caninu ...201728835287
engineering and purification of a thermostable, high-yield, variant of pfcrt, the plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter.historically chloroquine was used to treat the most deadly form of malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium falciparum. the selective pressure of chloroquine therapy led to the rapid emergence of chloroquine resistant parasites. resistance has been attributed to the plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), an integral membrane protein of unknown structure. a pfcrt structure would provide new insights into how the protein confers chloroquine resistance and thereby also ...201728823509
a rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a stray dog due to infection of t. gondii clonal type i: public health concern in urban settings with stray animals?typing of toxoplasma gondii strains is important in epidemiological surveys, to understand the distribution and virulence of different clones of the parasite among human and animal populations. stray dogs can be consider sentinel animals for contaminated environments playing an important but probably under- evaluated role in the epidemiology of t. gondii. we reported a rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a stray dog due to clonal type i infection. the clonal type i, sporadic in europe, is freque ...201728818085
sarcocystis neurona and neospora caninum in brazilian opossums (didelphis spp.): molecular investigation and in vitro isolation of sarcocystis spp.sarcocystis neurona and neospora spp. are protozoan parasites that induce neurological diseases in horses and other animal species. opossums (didelphis albiventris and didelphis virginiana) are definitive hosts of s. neurona, which is the major cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm). neospora caninum causes abortion in cattle and infects a wide range of animal species, while n. hughesi is known to induce neurologic disease in equids. the aims of this study were to investigate s. neuro ...201728807293
neospora caninum rop16 play an important role in the pathogenicity by phosphorylating host cell stat3.neospora caninum is a common cause of abortions in cattle and nervous system dysfunctions in dogs. our analysis shows that ncrop16 and tgrop16 have similar structures and may have similar functions. to our surprise, we found that similar to the t. gondii rh strain, the n. caninum nc-1 strain could phosphorylate stat3(y705), but in contrast to t. gondii, n. caninum nc-1 could not phosphorylate stat6(y641). we constructed a gene-knockout plasmid and screened δncrop16 strains at the gene, protein a ...201728807283
immunization with inactivated antigens of neospora caninum induces toll-like receptors 3, 7, 8 and 9 in maternal-fetal interface of infected pregnant heifers.neospora caninum is an obligate parasite and a major cause of abortion in cattle. pregnancy failures appear to be associated with weak innate defences on the maternal-fetal interface during infection with n. caninum. herein, we studied the gene expression of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in pregnant heifers immunized with different vaccine formulations against n. caninum before mating and then challenged the heifers with live n. caninum on day 70 of gestation. tlr7 and tlr8 expression was upregulat ...201728807280
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum induce different host cell responses at proteome-wide phosphorylation events; a step forward for uncovering the biological differences between these closely related parasites.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites and tissue cyst-forming coccidia of the phylum apicomplexa. there are remarkable similarities between the morphology, genomes and transcriptomes of both parasites. toxoplasma is zoonotic, with a wide host range and is mainly transmitted horizontally between its definitive host, the cat, and its intermediate hosts. neospora causes disease within a narrow host range and with reduced virulence potential to ...201728803361
enrofloxacin and toltrazuril are able to reduce toxoplasma gondii growth in human bewo trophoblastic cells and villous explants from human third trimester pregnancy.classical treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis is based on combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid. due to teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression caused by pyrimethamine, the establishment of new therapeutic strategies is indispensable to minimize the side effects and improve the control of infection. previous studies demonstrated that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril reduced the incidence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infection. the aim of the present ...201728798905
activation of erk signaling via tlr11 induces il-12p40 production in peritoneal macrophages challenged by neospora caninum.neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, can infect a large variety of vertebrate hosts including the most economically important cattle. infection with n. caninum is a main cause of abortion in both dairy and beef cattle, which causes great economic losses worldwide. however, the mechanism of host cell infection by n. caninum has not been fully elucidated, especially in terms of inflammatory responses. in this study, the effect of tlr-erk signaling pathway on the synthesi ...201728798732
association of neospora caninum with reproductive performance in dairy cows: a prospective study from iran.there is no prospective study from iran to estimate the direct risk of neospora caninum for pregnancy loss or reproductive factors. in addition, there is no report in the literature concerning the association of n. caninum with dystocia and sex of calves. therefore, this study was conducted on a group of dairy cows in a large intensive production system during 2011 to 2013 in southern iran to evaluate the impact of neosporosis on reproductive performance. a total of 253 cows which were diagnosed ...201728785385
infection exposure, detection and causes of death in perinatal mortalities in polish dairy herds.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of infections in perinatal mortality (pm) cases from polish dairy farms and the relevance of the presence of infection to the cause of death. this prospective longitudinal study was carried out on 121 pm and 21 control calves with a gestation of ≥260 days. six control calves were euthanized and examined using the same protocol as for pm calves. material was collected over a 20-month period between november 2013 and june 2015. ...201728783589
in vitro screening of the open source pathogen box identifies novel compounds with profound activities against neospora caninum.neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle and represents an important veterinary health problem of great economic significance. the medicines for malaria venture (mmv) pathogen box, an open-source collection of 400 compounds with proven anti-infective properties against a wide range of pathogens, was screened against a n. caninum beta-galactosidase reporter strain grown in human foreskin fibroblasts. a primary screening carried out at 1µm yielded 40 compounds that were effective ag ...201728751177
relationships between certain metabolic diseases and selected serum biochemical parameters in seropositive dairy cows against neospora caninum infection in different stages of lactationneospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle. the general health of affected cows has not been investigated before. therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify possible relationships between certain metabolic diseases and selected serum biochemical parameters in seropositive dairy cows against n. caninum antibodies in different stages of lactation. the study was carried out using 72 n. caninum seropositive cows and 61 seronegative dairy cows (control). serum ...201728741343
the enzymes and electrolytes profiles in sera of iranian stray dogs naturally infected with neospora caninumthe protozoan neospora caninum (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae), respectively infects canids and ruminants as the most definitive and intermediate hosts. a diagnosis of neosporosis is generally made on the basis of clinical signs together with the detection of high levels of antibodies in serum. the present study compares the serum electrolyte profile (ca, k, mg, na, p) and serum enzyme level (alp, ast, cpk) of non-infected dogs with those of stray dogs naturally infected with n. caninum. the indire ...201728741339
transduction of a neospora caninum antigen gene into mammalian cells using a modified bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus for antibody production.autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) can easily enter and transduce foreign genes into mammalian cells, but these functions are difficult for bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (bmnpv). in this study, we investigated the induction of antibody production in mice immunized with an engineered bmnpv. the gp64 of bmnpv (bmgp64) was replaced with the gp64 of acmnpv (acgp64); this construct, designated bmnpvδbgp/acgp64, displays acgp64 on the surface of bmnpv. the neospora caninu ...201728716628
towards a preventive strategy for neosporosis: challenges and future perspectives for vaccine development against infection with neospora caninum.neosporosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite neospora caninum. this major disease-causing pathogen is responsible for inducing abortion in cattle, and these adverse events occur sporadically all over the world, including japan. currently, there are no vaccines on the market against infection with n. caninum. because live and attenuated vaccines against n. caninum have had safety and effectiveness issues, development of a next-generation vaccine is urgently required. to develop a ...201728690279
serological survey of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in cattle (bos indicus) and water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in ten provinces of brazil.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii among 500 cattle (bos indicus) and 500 buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) technique. blood samples from were collected from water buffalo and cattle in 10 municipalities in the northern region of brazil. the frequency of cattle and water buffaloes seropositive for neospora caninum in pará state, brazil, was 55% and 44%, respectively, and ...201728673459
incidence and vertical transmission rate of neospora caninum in sheep.the infection by neospora caninum in sheep can lead to abortion and the birth of weak and debilitated lambs. the aim of this study was to assess the incidence of natural infection by neospora caninum and the vertical transmission rate among sheep. a flock of 50 sheep was monitored for serum antibody titres against n. caninum and seroconversion over a period of six months using an indirect elisa technique. the offspring of the herd was also investigated regarding anti-n. caninum antibodies to det ...201728673457
risk factors for neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and their possible cause-effect relation for disease.neospora caninum causes reproductive problems in cattle such as abortion, premature birth, retention of fetal membranes, and metritis. therefore, this study aimed to verify possible risk factors for n. caninum infection in dairy cattle and their cause-effect relation to neosporosis. serum samples of 1518 dairy cows from the west of santa catarina state, southern brazil were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for n. caninum, where 466 were found to be positives (30.69%-ci95%; 28. ...201728666842
new molecular tools in neospora caninum for studying apicomplexan parasite proteins.the development of molecular genetics has greatly enhanced the study of the biology and pathology associated with parasites of the phylum apicomplexa. we have established a system specifically designed for neospora caninum, and used this system as a heterologous platform for the expression of foreign genes. plasmid constructs containing fluorescent proteins or targeted genes of toxoplasma gondii, driven by n. caninum promoters, have yielded robust expression and correct trafficking of target gen ...201728630403
bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the abortive parasite neospora caninum.neospora caninum represents a relevant apicomplexan parasite causing severe reproductive disorders in cattle worldwide. neutrophil extracellular trap (net) generation was recently described as an efficient defense mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) acting against different parasites. in vitro interactions of bovine pmn with n. caninum were analyzed at different ratios and time spans. extracellular dna staining was used to illustrate the typical molecules of nets [i.e., histones (h3 ...201728611772
peripheral and placental immune responses in goats after primoinfection with neospora caninum at early, mid and late gestation.neospora caninum can cause reproductive failure in goats. however, the pathogenesis of neosporosis in this domestic species remains largely unknown. we recently demonstrated that the outcome of experimental infection by n. caninum in pregnant goats is highly dependent on the time of gestation, during which infection occurs. in the present study, we examined the peripheral and placental immune responses in these groups of goats infected with 10(6) tachyzoites of the nc-spain7 isolate at early (g1 ...201728606322
seroprevalence of and risk factors for neospora caninum infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in china.the aim of the present study was to detect the seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in yaks in gansu province, china. serum samples from 974 white yaks and 610 black yaks were tested by a commercial competitive-inhibition elisa for the detection of specific anti-n. caninum antibodies.; n. caninum antibodies were detected in 10.4% of yaks with higher prevalence in black (11.5% of 610) than white yak (8.6% of 974). age, regions and sampling times were considered as risk factors associated ...201728606319
molecular detection of neospora caninum infection in ovine aborted foetuses in the mashhad area, irann. caninum could cause abortion in small ruminants. the aim of the study was to detect n. caninum infection in ovine aborted foetuses in the mashhad area by pcr examination. during the period 2009 to 2013, 71 ovine aborted foetuses were collected and their brain samples examined by pcr. of the 71 brains of the aborted foetuses, n. caninum dna was detected in seven (9.8%) samples. in conclusion, it seems that n. caninum may act as a causative agent of abortion in sheep in the mashhad area.201728601062
immune response in bovine neosporosis: protection or contribution to the pathogenesis of abortion.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a preference for cattle and dogs as hosts. when n. caninum infection occurs in cattle it induces abortion, bovine neosporosis being a main cause of abortion worldwide. in dairy cattle, the economic burden of neosporosis-associated abortion is so great that it might results in closure of a farm. however, not all infected cows abort and it is not yet understood why this occurs. at present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. this review provides ...201728578088
nlrp3 inflammasome activation in murine macrophages caused by neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an intracellular parasite that causes significant economic losses in cattle industry. understanding the host resistance mechanisms in the innate immune response to neosporosis could facilitate the exploration of approaches for controlling n. caninum infection. the nlr inflammasome is a multiprotein platform in the cell cytoplasm and plays critical roles in the host response against microbes.201728558839
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-mediated polarization of macrophages in neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite closely related toxoplasma gondii, which causes neurological disease and abortion in multiple animal species. macrophage polarization plays an important role in host immune responses to parasites infection, such as toxoplasma gondii, leishmania, trypanosoma cruzi. however, the dynamics of macrophage polarization, as well as the possible mechanism that regulate macrophage polarization, during n. caninum infection remains unclear.201728527905
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the czech republic.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are the protozoan parasites with definitive hosts from order carnivora. due to vertical transmission, both parasites can cause abortions and neonatal mortality that lead to significant productive and economic losses in the domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to describe n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in the group of frequently farmed captive exotic ruminants (n = 184) including bovidae (barbary sheep, bezoar goat, common eland, american b ...201728497227
neospora caninum abortion in a malayan tapir (tapirus indicus).a captive 17-year old female malayan tapir (tapirus indicus) aborted a fetus with a crown rump length of 19cm in early pregnancy. the fetus showed an early state of mummification. histologically, a multifocal mononuclear encephalitis, myocarditis and periportal hepatitis was present indicating a possible protozoal cause of abortion. although immunohistologically, neospora (n.) caninum antigen could not be demonstrated, n. caninum dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in brain, hear ...201728495194
review on the immunological and molecular diagnosis of neosporosis (years 2011-2016).neosporosis, caused by the apicomplexan protozoan neospora caninum, is a disease which affects a wide range of mammalian hosts (mainly cattle and dogs). n. caninum infection is considered the major cause of livestock abortions worldwide, and therefore is responsible for great losses in the industry. because there are no effective treatments or vaccines, diagnosis is essential for pathogen control. studies of n. caninum mechanisms of pathogenesis have led to the identification of new antigens, in ...201728495191
the coccidian parasites toxoplasma and neospora dysregulate mammalian lipid droplet biogenesis.upon infection, the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii co-opts critical functions of its host cell to avoid immune clearance and gain access to nutritional resources. one route by which toxoplasma co-opts its host cell is through hijacking host organelles, many of which have roles in immunomodulation. here we demonstrate that toxoplasma infection results in increased biogenesis of host lipid droplets through rewiring of multiple components of host neutral lipid metabolism. these metabolic ...201728487365
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in the serum of camels (camelus dromedarius) from central punjab, pakistan.infection with the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide. this parasite causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. the current study was designed to assess the prevalence of n. caninum antibodies in the sera of camels (camelus dromedarius) from rakh mahni, bhakkar, pakistan, to better understand the epidemiology of this important cause of bovine abortion in pakistan. eighty-one sera samples collected from apparently healthy ...201728470581
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in feral swine (sus scrofa) in the united states.the protozoon neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. canids (canis familiaris, canis latrans, canis lupus) are definitive hosts whereas many other animal species, including pigs, are intermediate hosts for the parasite. between 2012 and 2014, serum samples from 1059 feral swine (sus scrofa) from 29 states of the usa were tested for n. caninum antibodies, using the n. caninum agglutination test (nat). of these, 159 (15.0%) feral pigs from 21 states tested positive, wit ...201627514880
maternal and foetal cytokine production in dams naturally and experimentally infected with neospora caninum on gestation day 110.in the present study, ifn-γ (th1), il-17a (th17) and il-4 (th2) concentrations in response to concanavalin (cona) and neospora caninum antigen (nc-1) stimulation were determined in cultures of cells from control uninfected (n=4), naturally n. caninum-infected (n=3) and experimentally n. caninum-infected (n=6) pregnant dams and their foetuses. experimental animals were infected at 110days of gestation and euthanized 6weeks post-infection. in culture supernatants from the dams, significantly highe ...201627473975
foetal death in naive heifers inoculated with neospora caninum isolate nc-spain7 at 110 days of pregnancy.neospora caninum infection is a leading cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. the pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis, particularly during the second term of gestation when most abortions occur in naturally infected dams, is poorly understood. in the present study foetal death was observed in 3 of 6 experimentally infected dams at 110 days of gestation after 6 weeks of experimental period. all experimental heifers were febrile between 3 and 5 days post infection (dpi). inoculated dams seroconver ...201627388371
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 prompts potent inflammatory stimuli during neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic losses due to abortions in cattle. innate immune responses are crucial for host resistance against the infection, however the molecules involved in parasite recognition are still poorly understood. nod2 is a cytosolic receptor that recognizes several pathogens and its role during n. caninum infection has not yet been described. in that sense, we evaluated the role of nod2 in host response against this parasite. we found ...201627377650
the tandemly repeated ntpase (ntpdase) from neospora caninum is a canonical dense granule protein whose rna expression, protein secretion and phosphorylation coincides with the tachyzoite egress.ntpases (also ntpdases) are enzymes with apyrase activity. they are widely distributed among eukaryotes, and also among members of the family sarcocystidae. in toxoplasma gondii, the tgntpase accumulates in the dense granules, and has been commonly associated with the strain virulence. in the closely related neospora caninum, the ncntpase lacks nucleoside diphosphate hydrolase activity and appears to be more abundant in virulent isolates, indicating that it may contribute to the pathogenicity of ...201627329357
serological study of neospora caninum infection in dogs in central china.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cattle as well as reproduction problems and neurological disorders in dogs. dogs are important in the epidemiology of n. caninum because they act as definitive hosts, shedding oocysts in the environment. to investigate the seroprevalence of n. caninum infection in dogs in central china, 1176 serum samples were collected from domestic dogs in henan province, central china between march 2015 and february 2016 and tested for igg antib ...201627317461
vaccines for bovine neosporosis: current status and key aspects for development.bovine neosporosis is a worldwide concern due to its global distribution and great economic impact. reproductive failure in cattle due to abortion leads to major economic losses associated with the disease. currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available against abortion or transmission caused by neospora caninum infection in cattle. however, vaccination is considered the best measure of control against bovine neosporosis. several host and parasite factors can influence the dynamics of the ...201627314818
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in free-range chickens in henan province of china.background. chickens serve as an intermediate host for toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum; infection of free-range (fr) chickens with these organisms is a useful indicator of soil and environmental contamination with oocysts. a total of 700 fr chicken serum samples and 300 heart samples were collected from henan province from march to july 2015. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 18.86% (132/700) of the chickens by modified agglutination test (cut-off 1 : 25), while 23.14% (162/700) were ...201627274992
evaluation and comparison of serological methods for the detection of bovine neosporosis in argentina.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes abortion and important economic losses in cattle worldwide. the accurate diagnosis of neosporosis is essential for management and control measures. the aims of this study were: i) to evaluate the performance of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the 38kda native antigen (p38-elisa) to diagnose bovine neosporosis in argentina using a well- characterized local sera panel from experimentally infected and naturally exposed catt ...201626409300
impact of spontaneous neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows.the impact of spontaneous neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows was evaluated. data from 1273 females (878 multiparous and 395 first-calving cows) from six preselected dairy herds were analyzed. cows were classified as seropositive (sp) (prevalence, 24%; range, 11%-33%) or seronegative (sn) by indirect immunofluorescence detection of antibodies against n caninum. seropositive cows (prevalence, 40.0%) presented higher (p < 0.001) inc ...201626542136
characterization of the neospora caninum ncrop40 and ncrop2fam-1 rhoptry proteins during the tachyzoite lytic cycle.virulence factors from the rop2-family have been extensively studied in toxoplasma gondii, but in the closely related neospora caninum only ncrop2fam-1 has been partially characterized to date. ncrop40 is a member of this family and was found to be more abundantly expressed in virulent isolates. both ncrop2fam-1 and ncrop40 were evaluated as vaccine candidates and exerted a synergistic effect in terms of protection against vertical transmission in mouse models, which suggests that they may be re ...201626521890
emergence of cutaneous neosporosis in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy: molecular identification and management.neosporosis is a multisystemic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan neospora caninum. in dogs the disease primarily affects the central nervous system. canine cutaneous neosporosis is a rare condition often associated with old age or concurrent immunosuppressive treatments for different underlying conditions.201626627466
approaches for the vaccination and treatment of neospora caninum infections in mice and ruminant models.neospora caninum is a leading cause of abortion in cattle, and is thus an important veterinary health problem of high economic significance. vaccination has been considered a viable strategy to prevent bovine neosporosis. different approaches have been investigated, and to date the most promising results have been achieved with live-attenuated vaccines. subunit vaccines have also been studied, and most of them represented components that are functionally involved in (i) the physical interaction ...201626626124
seroprevalence and risk factors for neospora caninum in goats in santa catarina state, brazil.neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite neospora caninum. knowledge regarding neosporosis in goats is still quite limited, especially in the state of santa catarina (sc), southern brazil. therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for n. caninum in goats in the western and mountain regions of sc. blood samples were collected from 654 goats in 57 municipalities. the indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against n. canin ...201625271457
occurrence and first multilocus microsatellite genotyping of neospora caninum from naturally infected dogs in dairy farms in henan, central china.neospora caninum is one of the important causes of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. the dog is known as a definitive host of n. caninum and can transmit the parasite to cattle by shedding oocysts. the aim of the present study is to detect the presence of n. caninum in feces of dairy farm dogs and determine the genetic characteristics of n. caninum in central china. a total of 78 fecal samples were collected from dogs in dairy farms from may to november 2014 and examined by microscopy and nest ...201627230015
pathology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings associated with neurological sarcocystosis in cattle.paraffin-embedded blocks of brain of a nine months old bull calf that died of neurological signs in 1982 in germany were restudied. numerous schizonts and merozoites were found associated with extensive but focal necrosis and severe meningoencephalitis. developing stages of schizonts as well as free merozoites were identified. the schizonts were primarily in perivascular areas. ultrastructurally, schizonts were seen both in capillaries and in extravascular space. merozoites were often concentrat ...201627198793
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wild small mammals: seroprevalence, dna detection and genotyping.generally, rodents and other small mammals are considered as one of the sources of toxoplasma gondii or neospora caninum infection for cats and dogs as the definitive hosts of these two parasites, respectively. the aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of these two parasites in wild small mammals from the czech republic and to characterize t. gondii isolates by methods of molecular biology. a total of 621 wild small mammals were caught in the czech republic during years 2002-2014. anti ...201627198782
seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in hunting dogs from campania region, southern italy.hunting dogs have probably a higher level of exposure to neospora caninum dubey, carpenter, speer, topper et uggla, 1988 and toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 than other canine populations for their different lifestyle. the aim of our survey was to determine the seroprevalence of n. caninum and t. gondii in hunting dogs from southern italy and assess risk factors related to these protozoan infections. blood samples were collected from 398 hunting dogs (19 different breeds, aged from 5 ...201627189127
diagnosis and control of bovine neosporosis.neosporosis is one of the most common and widespread causes of bovine abortion. the causative parasite is transmitted in at least two ways, horizontally from canids, and by endogenous transmission within maternal lines of infected cattle. the prevalence of neosporosis is higher in the dairy industry than in the beef industry because of risk factors associated with intensive feeding. there are no vaccines, but logical management options are discussed that can lower the risk of abortion outbreaks ...201627161392
prevalence of antibodies against neospora caninum in père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in beijing, china.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan and causes neuromuscular disorders in canids and abortions in cattle worldwide. we screened sera samples from 49 free-ranging père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in a nature reserve in beijing, china, for antibodies against n. caninum using indirect fluorescence antibody tests and western blot tests. antibodies were found in 27% of the deer. western blot analysis revealed antibody reactivity against immunodominant n. caninum antigens of 16, 25 ...201627124330
estimating neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using bayesian inference.prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. we demonstrate the use of bayesian latent class analysis (lca) in determining the specificity and sensitivit ...201627099713
neonatal neosporosis in a 2-week-old bernese mountain dog infected with multiple neospora caninum strains based on ms10 microsatellite analysis.neonatal neosporosis is a challenging disease to diagnose in neonatal and young puppies because the first signs of this condition may not be strongly suggestive of an infectious aetiology. within two weeks of birth, three of four pups died with a subacute clinical course, some with dyspnea, some with diarrhoea and some with neurologic signs. neosporosis was diagnosed post-mortem, but only after microscopic examination of tissues collected at necropsy. histological findings consisted of (i) necro ...201627084485
crosstalk between uterine serpin (serpina14) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins at the fetal-maternal interface in pregnant dairy heifers experimentally infected with neospora caninum.infection with neospora caninum is the leading cause of abortion in cattle. in cows naturally infected with n caninum, plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pag) 1 and 2 indicate fetal-placental well-being, whereas an excess of progesterone in the second trimester of gestation has been related to high abortion rate. the immunosuppressive action of progesterone on the uterus during gestation has been attributed in part to the uterine serpins (serpina14). this study examines ...201627045629
in vitro and in vivo effects of the phytohormone inhibitor fluridone against neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum causes abortion and stillbirth in cattle. identification of effective drugs against this parasite remains a challenge. previous studies have suggested that disruption of abscisic acid (aba)-mediated signaling in apicomplexan parasites such as toxoplasma gondii offers a new drug target. in this study, the aba inhibitor, fluridone (flu), was evaluated for its action against n. caninum. production of endogenous aba within n. caninum was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromat ...201627021922
molecular differentiation of bovine sarcocysts.cattle are common intermediate hosts of sarcocystis, and the prevalence in adult bovine muscle is close to 100 % in most regions of the world. three sarcocystis spp. are known to infect cattle as intermediate hosts, namely, s. cruzi, s. hirsuta, and s. hominis. the aim of the present study was the molecular identification and differentiation of these three species, neospora caninum and besnoitia by pcr and rflp methods. tissue samples were obtained from diaphragmatic muscle of 101 cattle slaught ...201627021183
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the czech republic.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are worldwide spread parasites, causing serious illnesses in sensitive animals; toxoplasmosis is also important zoonosis. although neosporosis is not considered as a zoonosis, it leads to aborted births in cattle, as well as paresis and paralysis in dogs.201627007522
enrichment of ifn-γ producing cells in different murine adipose tissue depots upon infection with an apicomplexan parasite.here we report that lean mice infected with the intracellular parasite neospora caninum show a fast but sustained increase in the frequency of ifn-γ-producing cells noticeable in distinct adipose tissue depots. moreover, ifn-γ-mediated immune memory could be evoked in vitro in parasite antigen-stimulated adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells collected from mice infected one year before. innate or innate-like cells such as nk, nk t and tcrγδ(+) cells, but also cd4(+) and cd8(+) tcrβ(+) l ...201627001522
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