| probing the phagolysosomal environment of human macrophages with a ca2+-responsive operon fusion in yersinia pestis. | several microorganisms, including yersinia sp., salmonella sp., brucella sp., mycobacterium sp. and leishmania sp., have successfully adapted to grow within macrophage phagolysosomes. infections caused by these intracellular pathogens are among the most difficult to treat. as part of an antimicrobial strategy directed at modifying the phagolysosomal environment to the disadvantage of these important pathogens, we are defining the ambient conditions within the organism-containing phagolysosome. t ... | 1986 | 3748170 |
| flagellate infections of brazilian sand flies (diptera: psychodidae): isolation in vitro and biochemical identification of endotrypanum and leishmania. | flagellate infections were found in 1,063 of 18,895 sand flies collected in the states of amazonas, pará, rondonia and acre, brazil. infection rates were 13.4% (species group shannoni); 7.5% (subgenus nyssomyia); 6.7% (subgenus lutzomyia series cruciata); 0.5% (genus psychodopygus) and 3.1% for other sand flies (various subgenera). leishmania braziliensis guyanensis and l. mexicana amazonensis were isolated, respectively, from the known vectors, lutzomyia umbratilis and l. flaviscutellata. singl ... | 1985 | 3938924 |
| natural infections with promastigotes in man-biting species of sand flies in leishmaniasis-endemic areas of ecuador. | in order to determine the vectors of leishmaniasis in ecuador, 1,054 man biting sand flies from the department of cañar were dissected and examined for promastigotes. there were 2 man-biting species, lu. trapidoi and lu. hartmanni in this endemic area of the disease. the infection rates were 7.7% in the former and 3.9% in the latter species, demonstrating the different rates in various localities and altitudes of the study areas. there was an association between infection rates and the time of d ... | 1985 | 4003661 |
| leishmania spp. in iraq. electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns. i. visceral leishmaniasis. | leishmania donovani organisms isolated from 10 children coming from different districts in iraq, were compared between themselves, with leishmania donovani isolated in iran and the sudan, and with a leishmania sp. isolated from the viscera of a rat caught in baghdad. the comparison was made by examination of the electrophoretic mobilities of seven soluble enzymes: malic enzyme e.c.1.1.1.40; glucose phosphate isomerase e.c.5.3.1.9; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase e.c.1.1.1.49; phosphoglucomutas ... | 1980 | 7385296 |
| transient inducible events in different tissues: in situ studies in the context of the development and expression of the immune responses to intracellular pathogens. | intracellular pathogens whether facultative like mycobacterium sp., e.g. bacillus calmette guérin, listeria monocytogenes or strictly intracellular like leishmania sp. initiate either asymptomatic infectious processes or disease depending both on factors of the host (genetic as well as environmental ones) and the infectious/pathogenic agents. in this contribution, we first summarized informations which justify to develop in situ analysis to decipher the sequential events that result in different ... | 1994 | 7713555 |
| mastomys natalensis and tatera gambiana as probable reservoirs of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in nigeria. | leishmania sp. was isolated from the livers and spleens of 4 of 56 mastomys natalensis and one of 21 tatera gambiana in keana district, nigeria; none of the rodents had cutaneous lesions. parasites were not found in 42 rattus rattus. experimentally infected mice developed cutaneous lesions characteristic of l. major infection. the organisms could not be cultivated in vitro. | 1995 | 7747299 |
| cultivation of leishmania sp. in nutrient broth. | bone-marrow aspiration and biopsy material samples obtained from two patients, one diagnosed as visceral and other as cutaneous leishmaniasis, were inoculated in novy, mcneal, nicolle (nnn) medium and nutrient broth (nb), containing fetal calf serum (fcs), penicillin and streptomycine. both media were incubated at 27 degrees c for 10 days and observed daily for l. infantum and l. major promastigotes. promastigotes were observed in nutrient broth after the first day, while in nnn media after the ... | 1995 | 7665939 |
| detection of neospora caninum in tissue sections using a murine monoclonal antibody. | a murine monoclonal antibody (mab 6g7), isotype igg2a, produced against tachyzoites of neospora caninum (isolate nc-1) reacted specifically with tachyzoites of n. caninum in an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. mab 6g7 did not react with tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii, sporozoites of isospora suis, eimeria bovis, or e. tenella, or merozoites of e. bovis in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. mab 6g7 reacted positively with both tachyzoites and bradyzoites of n. caninum in an ... | 1993 | 8286458 |
| lectin binding strain-specific carbohydrates on the cell surfaces of leishmania strains from the old world. | four-day-old promastigote culture forms of l. tropica major from ussr (lv-252, lv-253, lrc l-38) and saudi arabia (kö, ha), l. tropica minor from ussr (lv-239, lrc l-39) leishmania sp. from israel (ro) and saudi arabia (ve-322, schwe, ne), l. donovani from sudan (3s, 1-s, lv-139) and india (lv-125, lrc l-51), l donovani infantum from israel (lv-140), and l. aethiopica from ethiopia (lv-1, lv-16, lv-24, lv-26) were tested using the following lectins: c. ensiformis, r. communis-120, a. polypoides, ... | 1982 | 7080609 |
| ultrastructure of a leishmania sp. isolated from dogs in an endemic focus in oklahoma. | | 1983 | 6631631 |
| micro-counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a rapid screening technique for trypanosomiasis. | a rapid and economical micro-counterimmunoelectrophoresis (mcie) test, for antibody to trypanosome antigens, has been developed which may prove useful in trypanosomiasis surveillance. mcie was more sensitive and more rapid than immunodiffusion (id). serum samples from trypanosome-infected rabbits and cattle (nigerian and gambian), from kuwaiti dogs and camels, from ivory coast sleeping sickness patients, from brazilian patients with chagas's disease, plus mouse-anti-malaria sera have been tested ... | 1983 | 6415874 |
| uptake of promastigotes of a lizard leishmania sp. and leishmania donovani by mouse peritoneal macrophages. | | 1983 | 6134459 |
| leishmania sp. in the blood of a lizard (agama stellio) from lebanon. | | 1973 | 4777411 |
| the water and ionic permeability induced by polyene antibiotics across plasma membrane vesicles from leishmania sp. | an osmotic method has been used to study the effect of the polyene antibiotics amphotericin b, nystatin and candicidin on the water permeability of plasma membranes prepared from leishmania sp. the effect of amphotericin b on the permeability of leishmania membranes to a salt such as potassium nitrate was also investigated. a non-linear and saturable enhancement of water and salt permeability was measured with increasing polyene concentrations, which could be adjusted to hill cooperativity equat ... | 1986 | 3730386 |
| concentration and time dependence of amphotericin b-induced permeability changes across plasma membrane vesicles from leishmania sp. | the main purpose of this paper is to show that the polyene antibiotic amphotericin b may form two types of channels in plasma membrane vesicles from leishmania sp.: ionic and aqueous. the experimental design was to follow the light scattering changes of a suspension of membrane vesicles under an osmotic shock. the results show that a low concentration of amphotericin b(0.2 to 0.8 microm) led to an enhancement of urea and salt permeability without affecting the total osmotic response of leishmani ... | 1987 | 3428134 |
| recovery of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis from inoculated hamsters. | leishmania (viannia) braziliensis has never been isolated from wild animals although it is apparently capable of inducing infections in man, dogs, and donkeys. an analysis of the standard hamster culture system for analyzing infectivity of leishmania sp. was undertaken. results indicate that for l. (v.) braziliensis, routine cultivation of aspirates taken from the inoculation sites of 1-mo-infected hamsters should be undertaken. moreover, in at least 1 of the 3 strains examined, isolation of the ... | 1988 | 3379536 |
| comparison of several lizard leishmania species and strains in terms of kinetoplast minicircle and maxicircle dna sequences, nuclear chromosomes, and membrane lipids. | eight strains of a lizard leishmania species, l. tarentolae, were compared with four other saurian species [l. hoogstrali, l. adleri, l. agamae and leishmania sp. lizs], with l. major from man and with trypanosoma platydactyli, a putative lizard trypanosome, in terms of kinetoplast dna minicircle and maxicircle sequences and in terms of nuclear chromosome patterns on orthogonal gel electrophoresis. the l. tarentolae strains fell into two major groups, one (group a) consisting of the l. tarentola ... | 1988 | 3344003 |
| the differential effect of liposomal amphotericin b on human erythrocytes and promastigotes of leishmania sp. | | 1988 | 3251381 |
| [natural infection of equus caballus by leishmania sp--são paulo, brazil. (brief scientific communication)]. | | 1988 | 3201063 |
| kinetoplast dna minicircles: regions of extensive sequence divergence. | previous work has shown that the kinetoplast minicircle dna of leishmania species exhibits species-specific sequence divergence and this observation has led to the development of a dna probe-based diagnostic test for leishmaniasis. in the work reported here, we demonstrate that the minicircle is composed of three types of dna sequences with differing specificities reflecting different rates of dna sequence change. a library of cloned fragments of kinetoplast dna (kdna) from leishmania mexicana a ... | 1987 | 3025880 |
| diagnostic parasitology. | diagnosis of parasitic infections in small animals is challenging, interesting, and fun, and involves the recognition of parasite stages based on size, morphology, color, and movement. size and morphology are the major diagnostic parameters, and a calibrated microscope is the essential tool in the diagnostic laboratory. the fecal flotation technique is used routinely for the diagnosis of most parasites that reside within the gastrointestinal tract. the specific gravity and type of solution used ... | 1989 | 2678716 |
| increased calcium permeability is not responsible for the rapid lethal effects of amphotericin b on leishmania sp. | the mode of action of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin b (amb), the drug of choice for the treatment of systemic fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis, is still unclear. an increase in intracellular ca2+ concentration [( ca2+]i), toxic in many cases, has been postulated as a possible lethal mechanism for amb. cell permeabilization to ethidium bromide (eb) was used as a criterion of viability. kinetics of the dna-eb fluorescent complex formation was studied in ergosterol-containing leis ... | 1990 | 2294016 |
| ca2+ transport in digitonin-permeabilized trypanosomatids. | the use of digitonin to permeabilize leishmania mexicana mexicana, leishmania agamae, and crithidia fasciculata plasma membranes enabled us to study ca2+ transport in situ. the present results show that the mitochondria of these trypanosomatids are able to build up and retain a membrane potential as indicated by a tetraphenylphosphonium-sensitive electrode. ca2+ uptake caused membrane depolarization compatible with the existence of an electrogenically mediated ca2+ transport mechanism in these m ... | 1990 | 2233896 |
| isolation of leishmania sp. from aqueous humor of a patient with cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis and bilateral iridocyclitis (preliminary report). | the authors report an uncommon case of leishmaniasis with disseminated cutaneous lesions, systemic manifestations and ocular involvement, the latter being characterized by bilateral nongranulomatous iridocyclitis. the severity of the ophthalmologic lesions and its unresponsiveness to therapy (in spite of satisfactory regression of both systemic and cutaneous manifestations) lead to a needle aspiration of the anterior eye chamber content. from this material leishmania sp was isolated. to our know ... | 1990 | 2101524 |
| on phlebotomus perniciosus newstead, 1911 (diptera, phlebotomidae) in the province of almeria in southeastern spain. | several studies of phlebotomine sandflies in the province of almería (southeastern spain) showed phlebotomus perniciosus to be the most abundant and wide-ranging number of the genus phlebotomus. samples collected during an entire year showed a population curve characterized by two peaks. morphological examinations of males revealed marked variability to the peneane valves, and the existence od specimens with intermediate features between p. perniciosus and p. longicuspis. dissections of females ... | 1991 | 1841241 |
| [enzyme activity in leishmania]. | some enzymes produced by the protozoon leishmania can have an important role in the intraphagocytic survival of the parasites. the production of hydrolytic enzymes by promastigotes belonging to two leishmania sp. (major and infantum) and maintained in different experimental conditions was evaluated. the proteolytic activity was moderate, while superior was the production of acid phosphatase in l. infantum. an increase of the trypsin-like activity was observed after incubation of protozoa for 24 ... | 1991 | 1668970 |
| three distinct rnas for the surface protease gp63 are differentially expressed during development of leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes to an infectious form. | leishmania sp. protozoa contain an abundant surface protease (gp63) that is important for the virulence of the parasite. we found that the average amount of gp63 expressed by leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes increases 6-11-fold as they develop from a less infectious form in logarithmic phase to a highly infectious form during stationary phase of cultivation in vitro. the predominant gp63 rna switches from a 2.7 to a 3.0 kilobase (kb) rna during the transition from log to stationary phas ... | 1992 | 1370484 |
| note on the classification of the leishmania sp. responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the east central region of brazil. | the authors studied a species of leishmania which is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mato grosso, brazil. the parasite displays unusual characteristics which do not fit exactly into either the l. mexicana or l. brasiliensis complexes. the buoyant density dna resembles that of the l. mexicana complex but the culture and hamster inoculation results resemble those of the l. brasiliensis complex. further comparative studies are required to elucidate the relationship of the mato gro ... | 1976 | 999353 |
| influence of heat shock, drugs, and radiation on karyotype of leishmania major. | leishmaniasis is one of the important tropical diseases in the world. although it is not prevalent in korea, imported cases have been recorded. the karyotype of leishmania sp. has been observed to be variable by localities or by strains, but the karyotype of a strain is known to be stable. this study was performed to observe if the karyotype of a leishmania sp. would be changed under some stressful conditions. the karyotype, analyzed by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis, was not grossly ... | 1993 | 8241087 |
| a homologous recombination strategy to analyze the vinblastine resistance property of the v-circle in leishmania. | the generation of extrachromosomal dna elements in leishmania sp. can occur naturally or during in vitro selection with drugs. previously, we had established a strong association between v-circle amplification and drug resistance in l. enriettii stepwise selected with increasing concentrations of vinblastine. further, we demonstrated the presence of the lemdr1 gene in the amplified v-circle and subsequent functional analysis by transfection of this gene alone confirmed its role in conferring a d ... | 1994 | 8078525 |
| an rflp map for 2q33-q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial disease families: no evidence for an lsh/ity/bcg gene homologue influencing susceptibility to leprosy. | the mycobacterial diseases leprosy and tuberculosis (tb) and the leishmaniases are characterized by a wide spectrum of disease phenotypes, and by the fact that the majority of individuals exposed to the causative organisms mycobacterium leprae, m. tuberculosis and leishmania sp. become infected but do not present with clinical disease. in order to determine whether a human homologue to the murine macrophage resistance gene lsh/ity/bcg influences susceptibility to human disease, multicase familie ... | 1993 | 7910002 |
| leishmaniasis disseminated by leishmania braziliensis in a mare (equus cabalus) immunotherapy and chemotherapy assays. | cutaneous disseminated lesions caused by leishmania sp. were found in a pregnant mare (equus cabalus) from a rural city in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. before delivering, treatment was undertaken by immunotherapy followed by chemotherapy. histopatology and serology were performed during treatment, as well as the biochemical characterization of the parasite (l. braziliensis) that was isolated from one of the lesions. | 1994 | 7885248 |
| the seroprevalence of ten zoonoses in two villages of crete, greece. | the seroprevalence and incidence of 10 zoonoses due to rickettsia typhi, r. conorii, coxiella burnetii, burcella sp., borrelia sp., toxoplasma sp., leishmania sp., entamoeba histolytica, echinococcus granulosus and fasciola hepatica were studied in an animal husbandry and a farming village in crete, greece. the serum conversion incidence of each infectious agent was determined by testing 2 blood samples, collected in 1985 and in 1987. the surveillance was conducted using detailed transparent map ... | 1995 | 8549708 |
| short report: regulation of inducible heat shock protein 70 genes in leishmania chagasi. | eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells undergo an increase in heat shock proteins, including hsp70, during exposure to environmental stress and during some developmental changes. in trypanosomatid protozoa such as leishmania sp. that cycle between poikilothermic vectors and mammalian hosts, this heat shock response occurs at programmed times in the parasite's life cycle. the increase in heat shock proteins in mammalian cells is initiated by an increased rate of transcription, resulting in greater amou ... | 1996 | 8644900 |
| visceral leishmaniasis emerging as an important opportunistic infection in hiv-infected persons living in areas nonendemic for leishmania donovani. | visceral leishmaniasis is an important infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and living in areas endemic for leishmania sp. leishmaniasis, however, is rarely suspected in patients residing in nonendemic countries. | 1996 | 8712898 |
| hiv--leishmania infantum co-infection: humoral and cellular immune responses to the parasite after chemotherapy. | specific serum antibodies, peripheral blood t-cell subsets, cellular response in vitro to soluble leishmania antigens, phenotype of stimulated cells, and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta 1 were studied in spain in 17 patients co-infected with hiv and leishmania infantum who had been previously treated with pentavalent antimony. both humoral and cellular responses to leishmania sp. appeared diminished, 8 out of 17 patients were positive ... | 2000 | 10975014 |
| hepatic granulomas in murine visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania chagasi | protozoa belonging to the genus leishmania cause the diverse forms of human leishmaniasis, which range from self-healing cutaneous ulcers to widely disseminated or disfiguring disease. human and murine immune responses to species causing cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are considerably different. in murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis the expansion of distinct cd4(+) t-cell subsets is associated with either disease prevention (th1) or disease exacerbation (th2). however, studies of mur ... | 1996 | 8812678 |
| leishmania infection of canine skin fibroblasts in vivo. | in this paper we describe two cases of naturally occurring leishmaniasis in dogs in which leishmania sp. amastigotes are found within the cytoplasm of fibroblasts. the infected cells were identified histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally as fibroblasts. this is the first report of leishmaniasis in any species in which amastigotes were identified in vivo within fibroblasts. | 1996 | 8817855 |
| natural leishmania infection in rock hyrax, procavia capensis (pallas, 1766) order: hyracoidea, trapped in najran, saudi arabia. | cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major (zoonotic, zcl) and l. tropica (anthroponotic, acl) is found in most countries of the eastern mediterranean region. phlebotomus papatasii is the proven vector of l. major and rodents rhombomys opimus, psammomys obesus, meriones spp. and gerbillus spp. serve as animal reservoirs. ph. sergenti is the vector of l. tropica in the majority of endemic foci. on the other hand; in the eastern african highlands (mainly ethiopia and kenya), stable foci of ... | 1997 | 9097529 |
| a two years study on vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis. evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle in the state of campeche, mexico. | vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of campeche were studied in relation to the transmission cycle of leishmania (le.) mexicana. to determine how transmission of leishmaniasis occurs, we collected phlebotomine sand flies for two years. in the first year (october 1990 to november 1991) the collections were made with cdc light traps, shannon traps and direct captures at natural shelters around the village (< 200 m) of la libertad. in the second year (february 1993 to january 1994) the ... | 1996 | 9137741 |
| trypanosoma rangeli: identification and purification of a 48-kda-specific antigen. | trypanosoma rangeli infects humans nonpathologically in some areas of central and south america. due to morphological and antigenic similarities with t. cruzi, the clear identification of this parasite is an important task. here, we describe the identification and purification of a specific 48-kda antigen from t. rangeli. by western blotting analysis, this molecule was not detected in t. cruzi epimastigotes and in leishmania sp. promastigotes. fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstr ... | 1998 | 9488340 |
| leishmania sp.: growth and survival are impaired by ion channel blockers. | in the present work we examined the effect of ion transport blockers on the growth and viability of leishmania sp. and on the infection of macrophages by the parasite. 4-aminopyridine and glibenclamide block voltage-dependent and k+ atp channels, respectively; amiloride is used to detect na+ channels and na+/h+ antiporters; and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid affects chloride channels. the ec50 for promastigote cultures of three strains of the leishmania subgenus, namely, leishmania (leishmania) nr ... | 1998 | 9501844 |
| detection of antibodies against trypanosoma cruzi in donors from a blood bank in cuernavaca, morelos, mexico. | surveys carried out in the mexican state of morelos indicate the presence of chagas' disease. the aim of this work was to perform a pilot study to detect the presence of antibodies against trypanosoma cruzi in donors from the blood bank at the regional hospital of cuernavaca, morelos. | 1998 | 9556926 |
| [growth retardation in children with positive intradermic reaction for leishmaniasis: preliminary results]. | the objective of this study was to compare growth retardation frequency, and 24-h food intake data of children with or without positive montenegro (leishmanin) test, examined in porteirinha town, brazil. daily nutrient intake was determined by 24-h food intake recall and the anthropometric data were compared to the standard values from who. montenegro-positive (n = 9) and montenegro-negative (n = 17) groups showed similar age (5.5 +/- 1.9 vs 6.7 +/- 2.3y), and energy (1,456.8 +/- 314.8 vs 1,316. ... | 2001 | 11340493 |
| a case of visceral leishmaniasis in austria. | we report a patient aged 41 years with fever of unknown origin. notable aspects of his travel history were a trip to the philippines and a sailing trip around sicily. the patient presented with fever up to 40 degrees c since 4 weeks, weakness, headache, hepatosplenomegaly and night sweat. no specific cause could be found. based on clinical findings tuberculosis was suspected and empirical tuberculostatic treatment was started. however, during the following 6 weeks the patient's condition deterio ... | 1998 | 9629627 |
| inhibition of apoptosis by intracellular protozoan parasites. | protozoan parasites which reside inside a host cell avoid direct destruction by the immune system of the host. the infected cell, however, still has the capacity to counteract the invasive pathogen by initiating its own death, a process which is called programmed cell death or apoptosis. apoptotic cells are recognised and phagocytosed by macrophages and the parasite is potentially eliminated together with the infected cell. this potent defence mechanism of the host cell puts strong selective pre ... | 2001 | 11563357 |
| leishmaniasis of glans penis. | leishmaniasis is an important protozoan disease. in the americas it is produced by several species of the genus leishmania, transmitted by sand flies of the genus lutzomyia. disease spectrum ranges from cutaneous ulceration to more serious involvement of oronasal mucosa that may progress to destruction of central structures of the face and to the life-threatening visceral forms. leishmania viannia braziliensis is the most widespread species in brazil and is often associated with mucosal involvem ... | 1998 | 9643325 |
| [visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients]. | most patients who developed visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in our country are ímmunocompromised (ic) host, frequently hiv-infected patients. one objective was to know if there were differences about the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests or prognosis in ic patients who were infected or not with hiv (hiv+ and hiv-, respectively). also we wonder if some features were associated with death during the initial episodes of vl. | 1998 | 9656509 |
| induction of cell-mediated immunity during early stages of infection with intracellular protozoa. | toxoplasma gondii and trypanosoma cruzi are intracellular parasites which, as part of their life cycle, induce a potent cell-mediated immunity (cmi) maintained by th1 lymphocytes and ifn-gamma. in both cases, induction of a strong cmi is thought to protect the host against rapid parasite multiplication and consequent pathology and lethality during the acute phase of infection. however, the parasitic infection is not eliminated by the immune system and the vertebrate host serve as a parasite rese ... | 1998 | 9686184 |
| cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (rattus rattus) as possible reservoirs of leishmania spp. in lara state, venezuela. | a total of 519 wild animals belonging to eleven species were collected during a two year study in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in venezuela (la matica, lara state). the animals were captured in home-made tomahawk-like traps baited with maize, bananas or other available local fruits, and parasites were isolated from 27 specimens. two different species were found naturally infected with flagellates, i.e., cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (rattus rattus). characterization of ... | 2002 | 12016437 |
| some aspects of protozoan infections in immunocompromised patients- a review. | protozoa are among the most important pathogens that can cause infections in immunocompromised hosts. these microorganisms particularly infect individuals with impaired cellular immunity, such as those with hematological neoplasias, renal or heart transplant patients, patients using high doses of corticosteroids, and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the protozoa that most frequently cause disease in immunocompromised patients are toxoplasma gondii, trypanosoma cruzi, different l ... | 2002 | 12118272 |
| fourteen-year seroepidemiological study of zoonoses in a greek village. | a seroepidemiological study carried out in a high-risk village in crete in 1985-1987 and 1998 showed that although the awareness of the people concerning zoonoses had increased during this period, the situation did not improve: there was a significant increase of the spread of seroprevalence in time and space of coxiella burnetii, rickettsia typhi, brucella sp., and entamoeba histolytica. toxoplasma gondii, rickettsia conorii, borrelia burgdorferi, echinococcus granulosus, leishmania sp., and fa ... | 2002 | 12135274 |
| phagocytosis of leishmania mexicana amastigotes by macrophages leads to a sustained suppression of il-12 production. | healing of leishmaniases is dependent on activation of parasitized macrophages (mphi) by ifn-gamma, which is secreted by leishmania-specific th1 cells. il-12 enhances ifn-gamma production by th1 cells and is crucial for cure. the host cells of leishmania sp., mphi, are a main source of il-12 in vivo. we report that infection of quiescent murine mphi with l. mexicana or l. major amastigotes does not induce il-12 production. moreover, infection suppresses il-12 secretion by mphi activated by lps, ... | 1998 | 9710224 |
| leishmania-like protozoan associated with dermatitis in cattle. | a leishmania sp.-like organism was found in the skin of a naturally infected 8-mo-old red dane female calf (bos taurus) from zimbabwe. there were multiple alopecic nodules, particularly on the face and udder. the nodules were up to 5 cm in diameter and larger ones were ulcerated and hemorrhagic. numerous leishmania-like amastigotes were seen in the skin lesions. ultrastructurally, the organisms were oval to elongated (2-2.5 microm long), had a nucleus, a kinetoplast, and a flagellum. to our know ... | 1998 | 9714228 |
| the re-emergence of american visceral leishmaniasis in an old focus in venezuela: present situation of human and canine infections. | the report of a new autochthonous case of human american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) in 1992 in the village of guayabita, aragua state, venezuela (10 degrees 16'n, 67 degrees 28'w; 500 m asl), led us to undertake an epidemiological study in this locality. a demographic survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire in which data was collected regarding sex, age, occupation, length of residence in the area and migratory history. a leishmanin skin test (lst) was applied and samples of veno ... | 1998 | 9879554 |
| epidemiological patterns of canine leishmaniasis [correction of leishmaniosis] in western liguria (italy). | an epidemiological survey was carried out on the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in western liguria (northern italy). blood sera from 21146 dogs collected from 1990 to 1996 were subjected to the indirect immunofluorescence test (ifat). from 1990 to 1994 (16690 dogs), only monthly seroprevalences were calculated (min 14%-max 60.5%). dog sera sampled from october 1994 to may 1996 (4456 dogs) were divided into two subgroups (i: october 1994-may 1995; ii: october 1995-may 1996). seroprevalence ... | 1999 | 9950324 |
| plasmodium falciparum: population genetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and other molecular markers. | abderrazak, s. b., oury, b, lal, a. a., bosseno, m.-f., force-barge, p., dujardin, j.-p., fandeur, t., molez, j.-f., kjellberg, f., ayala, f. j., and tibayrenc, m. 1999. plasmodium falciparum: population genetic analysis by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and other molecular markers. experimental parasitology 92, 232-238. the population structure of plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malignant malaria, is uncertain. we have analyzed multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) polymorphisms at 7- ... | 1999 | 10425151 |
| activation of tgf-beta by leishmania chagasi: importance for parasite survival in macrophages. | tgf-beta is a potent regulatory cytokine that suppresses expression of inducible no synthase and ifn-gamma, and suppresses th1 and th2 cell development. we examined whether functionally active tgf-beta is present in the local environment surrounding the invading protozoan leishmania chagasi. our prior data showed that tgf-beta levels are significantly increased in l. chagasi-infected mice. in the current study, we found tgf-beta was also abundant in bone marrows of humans with acute visceral lei ... | 2003 | 12594289 |
| performance of immunoblotting in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-leishmania sp.-coinfected patients. | this study evaluated the performance of immunoblotting with leishmania infantum soluble antigens for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected and immunocompetent patients and assessed the humoral responses of patients coinfected with hiv and leishmania. in this work, the results of the immunoblot analysis were compared to those of parasitological examination (giemsa-stained smears and/or parasite isolation in novy, nicolle, and macneal medium from bo ... | 2000 | 10618083 |
| the histological spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum mon-1 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) due to leishmania infantum is endemic in southern france and can be considered as an opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). co-infection with leishmania sp. and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is emerging, but pathological findings of leishmaniasis in aids have been poorly documented, and scattered case reports have include morphological descriptions. the clinicopathologic analysis of 16 patients with hiv and vl were eva ... | 2000 | 10665917 |
| targeted integration into a rrna locus results in uniform and high level expression of transgenes in leishmania amastigotes. | this report describes the construction of a dna cassette for integration into a genomic small sub-unit rrna locus of leishmania mexicana by homologous recombination. reporter genes encoding beta-galactosidase or green fluorescent protein and the gene conferring hygromycin resistance were integrated downstream of a rna polymerase i-driven rrna promoter. to ensure high expression of the marker proteins in the intracellular, amastigote stage, transgene coding sequences were followed by the intergen ... | 2000 | 10779601 |
| trypanosoma cruzi ubiquitin as an antigen in the differential diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. | in the present report we describe trypanosoma cruzi ubiquitin as an antigen to be utilized in the differential diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. initially, recombinant t. cruzi ubiquitin was evaluated against a panel of sera by phage dot immunoassay, showing a good performance against chagasic sera. however, the presence of a carboxy-terminal tail region encoding a ribosomal protein homologous to a related protein present in the genome of leishmania sp. gave significant cross-reacti ... | 2003 | 12770756 |
| [serologic survey of dogs in an endemic area of tegumentary leishmaniasis in paraná state, southern brazil] | increased reporting of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of paraná points to the need for information on both this disease's epidemiology and pertinent control measures. a serological survey was thus performed, with indirect immunofluorescence (iif) for canine leishmaniasis in farm operations belonging to the companhia melhoramentos norte do paraná, in jussara and terra boa counties, in northwestern paraná. iif was performed on 132 dogs, of which 24 (18.2%) had significant titers (>/=40). ... | 1996 | 10904311 |
| [epidemiologic aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of the state of paraná, brazil] | an epidemiological investigation of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) was performed in 1992 and 1993 in an endemic area of jussara and terra boa counties, in the northern paraná state. the study covered 684 individuals from a population of approximately 1,400 from six agricultural areas (fazenda palmital, cerâmica andirá, fazenda jussara, fazenda lagoa, destilaria melhoramentos, and fazenda mururê) in northern paraná, brazil. the mean frequency of cl history was 19.9%. the highest frequency was at fa ... | 1996 | 10904316 |
| leishmania sp: comparative study with toxoplasma gondii and trypanosoma cruzi in their ability to initialize il-12 and ifn-gamma synthesis. | we compared in vitro and in vivo induction of il-12 (p40) and ifn-gamma by mouse cells stimulated with toxoplasma gondii, trypanosoma cruzi, and different species of leishmania. spleen cells cultured in vitro with t. cruzi or t. gondii, but not with leishmania, produced il-12 (p40) and ifn-gamma. accordingly, il-12 (p40) was produced by macrophages stimulated in vitro with live t. cruzi or t. gondii or membrane glycoconjugates obtained from trypomastigotes or tachyzoites. no il-12 production was ... | 2000 | 10910710 |
| the relationship between leishmania sp. and their sandfly vectors. | | 1956 | 13494825 |
| inducible resistance to oxidant stress in the protozoan leishmania chagasi. | leishmania sp. protozoa are introduced into a mammalian skin by a sandfly vector, whereupon they encounter increased temperature and toxic oxidants generated during phagocytosis. we studied the effects of 37 degrees c "heat shock" or sublethal menadione, which generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, on leishmania chagasi virulence. both heat and menadione caused parasites to become more resistant to h(2)o(2)-mediated toxicity. peroxide resistance was also induced as promastigotes developed i ... | 2000 | 10931831 |
| bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from guatteria boliviana (annonaceae). | together with known alkaloids, five new bisbenzylisoquinoline derivatives were isolated from the stem bark of guatteria boliviana (annonaceae), puertogalines-a 1 and -b 2, (+)-guatteboline 3, philogaline 4 and (-)-antioquine 5. their structures were elucidated by spectrometric methods and their antiparasitic activity was evaluated in vitro on leishmania sp., trypanosoma cruzi and plasmodium falciparum. their cytotoxic activity was also measured in kb cell line. | 2000 | 10975506 |
| hemophagocytic syndrome: a misleading complication of visceral leishmaniasis in children--a series of 12 cases. | to describe the difficulties in diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis (vl) when revealed by hemophagocytic syndrome (hs) in young children. | 2000 | 11015553 |
| changes in the infectivity, pyruvate kinase activity, acid phosphatase activity and p-glycoprotein expression in glibenclamide-resistant leishmania mexicana. | we previously demonstrated susceptibility of leishmania sp. to glibenclamide, a k+ -atp transport blocker which interacts with members of the superfamily of adenosine 5' triphosphate-binding cassette transporters. in order to characterize the molecular differences between a sensitive leishmania strain, nr(gs), and an experimentally selected glibenclamide-resistant strain, nr(gr), specific biochemical and functional parameters have been evaluated both in the wild type and in the resistant strain. ... | 2000 | 11097297 |
| tuberculosis verrucosa cutis associated with tuberculous lymphadenitis. | a 34-year-old man presented with a large cutaneous lesion on his left thigh that had started as a small papule when he was 13 years of age. the lesion had enlarged slowly over the last 21 years. the patient had received bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccination in childhood. the family history was significant for tuberculosis. clinical examination revealed a large, purplish-red, indurated plaque measuring 30 x 29 cm on the left thigh, extending to the buttock area. the edges of the lesion had a ... | 2000 | 11123450 |
| silent infection of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells by leishmania mexicana amastigotes. | resolution of infection by leishmania sp. is critically dependent on activation of cd4(+) t helper cells. naive cd4(+) t helper cells are primed by dendritic cells which have responded to an activation signal in the periphery. however, the role of leishmania-infected dendritic cells in the activation of an anti-leishmania immune response has not been comprehensively addressed. using the highly controlled model system of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell infection by leishmania mexicana cultured ... | 2001 | 11241293 |
| [validation of dna tools in the identification of leishmania sp. parasites in algeria]. | the present study aimed at homogenizing the use of dna tools for leishmania parasite characterization in two endemic countries, algeria and tunisia. two genomic dna probes, pdk10 and pdk20, previously developped in tunisia, were here applied to a collection of 41 isolates obtained from algerian patients having cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases. these dna tools allowed to discriminate among and to identify causal agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis, l. infantum and l. major. apart from the pdk20- ... | 1998 | 11256308 |
| nuclear dna sequence specific to leishmania (viannia) subgenus: a molecular marker for species identification. | as shown by rflp analysis, there is a high variability in the beta-tubulin gene region of leishmania sp. such variability has been used in the identification of these parasites, establishing differences between subgenera of new world leishmania. we have found a region of 500 bp (beta500) upstream of the coding region of the beta-tubulin gene that is present in all strains tested belonging to the l. (viannia) subgenus. this region apparently is a repetitive sequence and we have shown that it is s ... | 2001 | 11315173 |
| azithromycin in the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis. | this report describes three elderly patients with mucosal form of american tegumentary leishmaniasis associated with chronic cardiopathy. due to the known toxicity of classical drugs with activity against leishmania sp., the patients received three oral courses of azithromycin therapy in single 500 mg daily dose during ten days, every other month. all lesions healed after the third series. one of the patients relapsed and a new series of azithromycin was prescribed. azithromycin may be an altern ... | 2004 | 15286825 |
| a unique surface membrane anchored purine-salvage enzyme is conserved among a group of primitive eukaryotic human pathogens. | previously, we isolated and characterized the gene encoding the 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease (ld3'nt/nu) from the human pathogen, leishmania donovani. this unique cell surface enzyme has been shown to be involved in the salvage of host-derived purines, which are essential for the survival of this important protozoan parasite. in this report, we assessed whether the 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease was conserved amongst other pathogenic leishmania and related trypanosomatid parasites. results of pulsed field ... | 2001 | 11451370 |
| standardization of micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot for detection of trypanosoma cruzi antibodies using extracts from mexican strains as antigens. | this report describes two assays for the detection of anti-trypanosoma cruzi antibodies using mexican strains of the parasite and the concordance with two assays previously evaluated at the instituto nacional de cardiología ignacio chávez in mexico city. | 2001 | 11578752 |
| experimental leishmaniasis: the glibenclamide-triggered decrease in parasite growth correlates with changes in macrophage features. | previous studies from our laboratories revealed the susceptibility of leishmania sp. to glibenclamide (glib), a potassium channel blocker which selectively interacts with adenosine-binding-cassette transporters. in the present work, we analyzed whether the drug sensitivity of intracellular amastigotes correlates with changes in macrophage features that are related to their function as antigen-presenting cells. we provide evidence that in balb/c murine macrophages, glib induced a decrease in the ... | 2001 | 11694036 |
| antiprotozoal activities of colombian plants. | in our search for therapeutical alternatives for antiprotozoal chemotherapy, we collected a selection of 44 plants from western colombia upon ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomic considerations. polar and apolar extracts of these species were examined for antimalarial activity using in vitro tests with two clones of plasmodium falciparum. leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity were determined in vitro using promastigote and amastigote forms of several strains of leishmania sp. and epimastig ... | 2001 | 11694364 |
| immunopathogenesis of infection with the visceralizing leishmania species. | human leishmaniasis is a spectral disease that includes asymptomatic self-resolving infection, localized skin lesions, and progressive visceral leishmaniasis. with some overlap, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are usually caused by different species of leishmania. this review focuses on host responses to infection with the species that cause visceral leishmaniasis, as they contrast with species causing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. data from experimental models document significant dif ... | 2005 | 15797810 |
| first successful in vitro culture of autochthonous leishmania sp. in sri lanka. | since the first autochthonous case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sri lanka was reported in 1992 (1) attempts to culture the causative organisms have been unsuccessful. we report the first successful isolation of the local leishmania sp. by in vitro culture, which would pave the way for species and strain indentification. | 2002 | 12140880 |
| pharmacological inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. | cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) regulate the cell division cycle, apoptosis, transcription and differentiation in addition to functions in the nervous system. deregulation of cdks in various diseases has stimulated an intensive search for selective pharmacological inhibitors of these kinases. more than 50 inhibitors have been identified, among which >20 have been co-crystallized with cdk2. these inhibitors all target the atp-binding pocket of the catalytic site of the kinase. the actual selectiv ... | 2002 | 12237154 |
| identification of non-autonomous non-ltr retrotransposons in the genome of trypanosoma cruzi. | as observed for most eukaryotic cells, trypanosomatids contains non-ltr retrotransposons randomly inserted in the nuclear genome. autonomous retroelements which, code for their own transposition, have been characterized in trypanosoma brucei (ingi) and trypanosoma cruzi (l1tc), whereas non-autonomous retroelements have only been characterized in t. brucei (rime). here, we have characterized in the genome of trypanosoma cruzi four complete copies of a non-autonomous non-ltr retrotransposon, calle ... | 2002 | 12387852 |
| assessment of pcr in the detection of leishmania spp in experimentally infected individual phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). | dna amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied in the investigation of the presence of leishmania (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) parasites in single phlebotomine sandflies. three phlebotomine/parasite pairs were used: lutzomyia longipalpis/leishmania chagasi, lutzomyia migonei/leishmania amazonensis and lutzomyia migonei/leishmania braziliensis, all of them incriminated in the transmission of visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. dna extraction was performed with whole i ... | 2002 | 12436164 |
| canine infection and the possible role of dogs in the transmission of american tegumentary leishmaniosis in salta, argentina. | some leishmania species affect humans in two principal forms: visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis (cl). several studies have identified dogs as the main reservoirs of the visceral leishmaniosis (vl) caused by leishmania infantum. the purpose of this work was to carry out a survey of the canine population associated with human cases of american tegumentary leishmaniosis (atl), in order to establish the clinical, parasitological, serological and immunological characteristics of the canine disease ... | 2002 | 12446084 |
| characterization of leishmania sp. strains isolated from autochthonous cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in santa catarina state, southern brazil. | four leishmania sp. samples were isolated from autochthonous human cases of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in santa catarina state, southern brazil. these strains were characterized using indirect immunofluorescence with a panel of leishmania-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs), and by pcr amplification and hybridization assay of the mini-exon gene with group specific probes. the results obtained with the mabs were in agreement with the genetic marker. two isolates (mhom/br/89/jsc89-h1 ... | 2000 | 10643912 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of naphthofuranquinones and naphthothiophenequinones containing a fused thiazole ring. | the synthesis of tetracyclic quinones 10a,b, 14a,b, 19a,b and 20a,b is described. the preparations involve regioselective diels-alder reactions via trapping the thiazole o-quinodimethane 9 with several benzofuranquinones and benzothiophenequinones. the structure of the regioisomers was assigned through 2d nmr 1h-13c hmbc experiments performed on 10a and 14a. compounds 10a,b, 14a as well as phenol 1 and the starting quinones 2, 5, 7 and 15 are evaluated against leishmania sp., toxoplasma gondii a ... | 2003 | 12713827 |
| clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of cryotherapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in sri lanka. | the first autochthonus case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sri lanka was reported in 1992. several case reports from different parts of the island have been documented. the case incidence has increased in the recent past. | 2003 | 12795012 |
| comparative analysis of the nitric oxide production by leishmania sp. | the present report explores a comparative analysis of nitric oxide (no(*)) production by three different species of leishmania (l. amazonensis, l. braziliensis and l. chagasi). among these species, l. braziliensis produced the highest amount of no(*), measured in the supernatants of promastigotes cultures as nitrite, a stable by-product derived from no(*). we have previously described the expression of a constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cnos) in l. amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastig ... | 2003 | 12827512 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal evaluation of benzothiazolopyrroloquinoxalinones, analogues of kuanoniamine a. | boc-aminoethylindoloquinone 8, a key intermediate for the building of pentacyclic quinoneimines, analogues of kuanoniamine a, was synthesized by alkylation of 4,7-dimethoxyindole 3 with 1,2-dibromoethane followed by transformation into azide, reduction of the latter with trimethylphosphine in the presence of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloximino)-2-phenylacetonitrile and oxydative demethylation of the boc-amine 6 with silver(ii) oxide. quinone 8 was then treated in situ with the thiazole o-quinodimethan ... | 2003 | 12878135 |
| [canine american cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities of northern paraná state, brazil]. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) is an endemic disease in northern paraná state, where it affects humans and dogs. this study aimed to verify the occurrence of the canine disease in acl endemic areas. from september 1999 to july 2002, dogs were investigated in 7 rural areas of 5 municipalities where autochthonous human cases of acl had been reported. parasitological and serological methods were used. fourteen of 67 dogs studied (20.9%) had lesions suggestive of acl, of which 3 (21.4%) were ... | 2006 | 16410884 |
| the use of immunoblot analysis in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of rio de janeiro. | in this article, we describe the findings obtained using immunoblot analysis in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and its correlation with serological titer and clinical status. we found that all animals bearing amastigote forms recognized antigens with 29 and 32 kda and that this pattern can be exploited for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. the recognition of the 29- and 32-kda antigens was verified even in seronegative dogs and preceded seroconversion in periods rangi ... | 2003 | 14533699 |
| the major surface protease (msp or gp63) of leishmania sp. biosynthesis, regulation of expression, and function. | leishmania sp. are digenetic protozoa that cause an estimated 1.5-2 million new cases of leishmaniasis per year worldwide. among the molecular factors that contribute to leishmania sp. virulence and pathogenesis is the major surface protease, alternately called msp, gp63, leishmanolysin, ec3.4.24.36, and psp, which is the most abundant surface protein of leishmania promastigotes. recent studies using gene knockout, antisense rna and overexpression mutants have demonstrated a role for msp in resi ... | 2003 | 14563532 |
| importance of cd8 t cell-mediated immune response during intracellular parasitic infections and its implications for the development of effective vaccines. | obligatory intracellular parasites such as plasmodium sp, trypanosoma cruzi, toxoplasma gondii and leishmania sp are responsible for the infection of hundreds of millions of individuals every year. these parasites can deliver antigens to the host cell cytoplasm that are presented through mhc class i molecules to protective cd8 t cells. the in vivo priming conditions of specific cd8 t cells during natural infection are largely unknown and remain as an area that has been poorly explored. the antip ... | 2003 | 14605680 |
| effect of l-arginine analogs and a calcium chelator on nitric oxide (no) production by leishmania sp. | leishmania amazonensis, l. braziliensis and l. chagasi promastigotes were grown in the presence of l-arginine analogs such as nomega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-name), ng-nitro-l-arginine (l-nna) and d-arginine (an inactive l-arginine isomer), besides an intracellular calcium chelator [ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n',n'-tetra acetic acid; egta] to verify the importance of l-arginine metabolism and the cofactors for these parasites. the parasite's growth curve was followed ... | 2003 | 14692512 |
| mitochondrial proteins and complexes in leishmania and trypanosoma involved in u-insertion/deletion rna editing. | a number of mitochondrial proteins have been identified in leishmania sp. and trypanosoma brucei that may be involved in u-insertion/deletion rna editing. only a few of these have yet been characterized sufficiently to be able to assign functional names for the proteins in both species, and most have been denoted by a variety of species-specific and laboratory-specific operational names, leading to a terminology confusion both within and outside of this field. in this review, we summarize the pr ... | 2004 | 14730014 |
| novel program of macrophage gene expression induced by phagocytosis of leishmania chagasi. | leishmania spp. are protozoans that survive and replicate intracellularly in mammalian macrophages. antileishmanial immunity requires gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-mediated macrophage activation and generation of microbicidal effector molecules. the presence of intracellular leishmania sp. impairs macrophage responses to ifn-gamma, which has led to the description of macrophages as deactivated. it has recently become apparent that in addition to classical activation, macrophages can be activated ... | 2004 | 15039333 |
| [characteristics of the immune response in protozoan infections]. | introduction: when protozoa enter the blood stream or tissues they can often survive and replicate because they adapt to the resisting natural host defenses. the interaction of immune system with infectious organisms is a dynamic interplay of host mechanisms aimed at eliminating infections and microbial strategies designed to permit survival in the face of powerful effector mechanisms. protozoa cause chronic and persistent infections, because natural immunity against them is weak and because pro ... | 2003 | 15080050 |
| trypanosomatid shuttle vectors: new tools for the functional dissection of parasite genomes. | in the past five years, gene-transfer systems have been established for each of the medically important trypanosomatids: leishmania sp, trypanosoma brucei and t. cruzi. transformation can be mediated by integration, which occurs exclusively by homologous recombination, or by episomal shuttle vectors. in this article, john kelly will focus on recent progress in the development and applications of trypanosomatid shuttle vectors, ie. vectors which are maintained extrachromosomally and which are cap ... | 1995 | 15275381 |
| host cell phenotypic variability induced by trypanosomatid-parasite-released immunomodulatory factors: physiopathological implications. | the parasitic protozoa trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania sp release a variety of molecules into their mammalian hosts (esa: excretory-secretory products). the effects of these esa on the host cell function may participate in the establishment of a successful infection, in which the parasite persists for a sufficient period of time to complete its life cycle. a number of regulatory components or processes originating from the parasite that control or regulate the metabolism and the growth of host ... | 2004 | 15292583 |