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selective bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and metabolites in arctic seabirds.chlorinated pesticides and metabolites (cps) were quantified in the seabird species: little auk (alle alle), brünnich's guillemot (uria lomvia), black guillemot (cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla). the purpose was to evaluate avian accumulation of selected cps based on their concentrations and relative patterns, their relation to dietary descriptors (stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen), to enzymes involved in biotransformation, as well as cps' accumulation potentia ...200716890332
bioaccumulation of pcbs in arctic seabirds: influence of dietary exposure and congener biotransformation.four seabird species and their prey (zooplankton or fish) were collected in the barents sea to determine how dietary exposure, cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzyme activities and sex influenced their hepatic pcb concentrations and accumulation patterns. five males and five females from each seabird species (little auk (alle alle), brunnich's guillemot (uria lomvia), black guillemot (cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla)) were analysed. pcb concentrations could not be explained di ...200515620585
organochlorine contaminants in seven species of arctic seabirds from northern baffin bay.organochlorine contaminants (ocs) were determined in liver and fat of seven species of seabirds (alle alle, uria lomvia, cepphus grylle, rissa tridactyla, pagophila eburnea, larus hyperboreus, and fulmaris glacialis) collected in may/june 1998 from the northwater polynya in northern baffin bay. oc concentrations ranged over an order of magnitude between seabird species and oc groups, with pcbs having the highest concentrations followed by ddt, chlordane, hch and clbz. positive relationships betw ...200414720475
an assessment of the toxicological significance of anthropogenic contaminants in canadian arctic wildlife.anthropogenic contaminants have been a concern in the canadian arctic for over 30 years due to relatively high concentrations of bioaccumulating and biomagnifying organochlorine contaminants (ocs) and toxic metals found in some arctic biota and humans. however, few studies have addressed the potential effects of these contaminants in canadian arctic wildlife. prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. the present review summarize ...200516154621
regional and species specific bioaccumulation of major and trace elements in arctic seabirds.twenty-five essential and nonessential elements were analyzed in arctic seabirds to study the influence of phylogeny, tissue, arctic region, and diet on avian element accumulation and to identify co-occurrence among metals. muscle and liver concentrations were positively correlated, generally being higher in liver than in muscle, and generally did not differ by sex. zinc showed the highest absolute concentrations in all samples (mean, 11.2-26.7 microg/g in muscle, depending on species and area), ...200617089716
trace element and metallothionein concentrations in seabirds from the canadian arctic.livers and kidneys were collected for five seabird species from the canadian arctic during the 1983 and 1991 to 1993 breeding seasons. livers were analyzed for cd, hg, pb, and se, and kidneys were analyzed for cd, cu, zn, and metallothionein (mt). concentrations of the essential elements, cu and zn, were in agreement with those previously published in the literature. thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) from ivujivik on the hudson strait/hudson bay coast in northwestern quebec (canada) had the high ...200817944549
examination of the bioaccumulation of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles in an arctic marine food web using stable nitrogen isotope analysis.concentrations of four possibly naturally produced organohalogens--1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4-tribromo-4,5,5'-trichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br3cl3), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br4cl2), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5-pentabromo-5'-chloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br5cl) and 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromo-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br6)--were quantitated and the extent of their magnification through an entire arctic marine food web [measured as integrated trophic magnific ...200211808557
persistent organochlorine levels in six prey species of the gyrfalcon falco rusticolus in iceland.our previous investigations have revealed very high levels of organochlorines (ocs) in the icelandic gyrfalcon falco rusticolus, a resident top predator. we now examine six potential prey species of birds, both resident and migratory, in order to elucidate the most likely route of the ocs to the gyrfalcon. the ptarmigan lagopus mutus, the most important prey of the gyrfalcon, contained very low levels of ocs. bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and ddts in mallards anas platyrhyn ...200111234542
dde feeding and plasma osmoregulation in ducks, guillemots, and puffins.to assess the possibility that organochlorine pesticide disruption of osmoregulation is responsible for recent large kills of young seabirds, we have studied the effects of dde feeding (10-250 ppm) on plasma osmoregulation and nasal gland function in the following species: mallared and white pekin ducks (both anas platyrhynchos), black guillemot (cepphus grylle), and common (fratercula arctica). other investigators have recently reported that dietary dde (10-1,000 ppm) inhibits nasal gland secre ...1976134641
shell thinning and residues of organochlorines and mercury in seabird eggs, eastern canada, 1970-76.organochlorine and mercury concentrations are reported for 252 eggs of leach's storm-petrel (oceanodroma leucorhoa), double-crested cormorant (phalarocorax auritus), common eider (somateria mollissima), common tern (sterna hirundo), razorbill (alca torda), common murre (uria aalge) black guillemot (cepphus grylle), and atlantic puffin (fratercula arctica) from the bay of fundy, the gulf of st. lawrence, and the open atlantic shore of canada during 1970-76. concentrations of all organochlorines e ...1979117427
temporal trends of mercury in eggs of five sympatrically breeding seabird species in the canadian arctic.we compared temporal trends of total mercury (hg) in eggs of five seabird species breeding at prince leopold island in the canadian high arctic. as changes in trophic position over time have the potential to influence contaminant temporal trends, hg concentrations were adjusted for trophic position (measured as δ(15)n). adjusted hg concentrations in eggs of thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) increased from 1975 to the 1990s, followed by a plateauing of le ...201627074200
arctic sea ice a major determinant in mandt's black guillemot movement and distribution during non-breeding season.mandt's black guillemot (cepphus grylle mandtii) is one of the few seabirds associated in all seasons with arctic sea ice, a habitat that is changing rapidly. recent decreases in summer ice have reduced breeding success and colony size of this species in arctic alaska. little is known about the species' movements and distribution during the nine month non-breeding period (september-may), when changes in sea ice extent and composition are also occurring and predicted to continue. to examine bird ...201627601723
levels of ingested debris vary across species in canadian arctic seabirds.plastic debris has become a major pollutant in the world's oceans and is found in many seabird species from low to high latitudes. here we compare levels of plastic ingestion from two surface feeders, northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), and two pursuit diving species, thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and black guillemots (cepphus grylle) in the canadian high arctic. this is the first report quantifying plastic ingestion in kittiwakes in this reg ...201728069276
perfluorinated sulfonate and carboxylate compounds in eggs of seabirds breeding in the canadian arctic: temporal trends (1975-2011) and interspecies comparison.perfluorinated sulfonates (pfsas) and perfluorinated carboxylates (pfcas), as well as selected precursor compounds, were measured in eggs of thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) from prince leopold island in the canadian arctic between 1975 and 2011 as well as in eggs of three additional species (black guillemot cepphus grylle, black-legged kittiwake rissa tridactyla, glaucous gull larus hyperboreus) sampled in 2008. σpfca concentrations increased significa ...201323215357
persistent halogenated compounds in black guillemots (cepphus grylle) from greenland--levels, compound patterns and spatial trends.twenty-seven black guillemot eggs and 39 livers were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), chlorinated pesticides including chlordane-related compounds and toxaphene, and polybrominated diphenylethers (pbdes). the samples were collected at qeqertarsuaq (godhavn, west greenland) and ittoqqortoormiit (scoresbysund, east greenland). the concentrations of halogenated organic compounds in samples from east greenland were somewhat higher than the corresponding concentrations from west greenla ...200414725882
toxaphene in the aquatic environment of greenland.the octa- and nonachlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) chbs 26, 40, 41, 44, 50 and 62 were analysed in arctic char (salvelinus alpinus), shorthorn sculpin (myoxocephalus scorpius), ringed seal (pusa hispida) and black guillemot eggs (cepphus grylle) from greenland. despite their high trophic level, ringed seals had the lowest concentrations of these species, with a σ6toxaphene median concentration of 13-20 ng/g lipid weight (lw), suggesting metabolisation. the congener composition also suggests tran ...201525728301
persistent organic pollutant and mercury concentrations in eggs of ground-nesting marine birds in the canadian high arctic.we collected eggs of eight marine bird species from several colony sites in the canadian high arctic located at approximately 76°n and analyzed them for concentrations of legacy persistent organic pollutants (pops) and mercury. we provide the first report on concentrations of pops in eggs of three arctic species (thayer's gull larus thayeri, sabine's gull xema sabini, ross's gull rhodostethia rosea), and we found significant differences in each of the pop profiles among the five species with suf ...201626971212
effects-based marine ecological risk assessment at a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated site in saglek, labrador, canada.although the presence and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in arctic marine environments has been well documented, the implications for the health of biota are poorly understood. in the present study, multiple lines of evidence, including site-specific effects data, were used to assess pcb-related risks to marine biota at a contaminated military site in saglek bay, labrador, canada, from 1997 to 1999. risks were evaluated for three components of the ecosystem: benthic invertebrat ...201323147987
sex-specific effects of increased incubation demand on innate immunity in black guillemots.life-history theory predicts that there should be negative fitness consequences, in terms of future reproduction and survival, for parents with increased reproductive effort. we examined whether increased incubation demand affected innate immunity and body condition by performing a clutch-size manipulation experiment in black guillemots (cepphus grylle). we found that plasma from males incubating experimentally enlarged clutches exhibited significantly reduced lysis titers compared with plasma f ...201121166545
reduction of pcb contamination in an arctic coastal environment: a first step in assessing ecosystem recovery after the removal of a point source.studies have documented the presence of organic contaminants in arctic marine environments due to local point sources, but little long-term data is known of the recovery process once those contaminants are removed. in this study, natural recovery of a local marine food web from a historic terrestrial source of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) at saglek bay is examined. pcbs were measured in marine sediments, shorthorn sculpin (myoxocephalus scorpius), and black guillemots (cepphus grylle) to ass ...200919921872
using life-histories to predict and interpret variability in yolk hormones.variation in yolk hormones is assumed to provide the plasticity necessary for mothers to individually optimize reproductive decisions via changes in offspring phenotype, the benefit being to maximise fitness. however, rather than routinely expecting adaptive variation within all species, the pattern and magnitude of yolk hormone deposition should theoretically relate to variation in life-histories. here we present data on intra-clutch variation in yolk corticosterone in three species along a dev ...200918952089
bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (pfas) in selected species from the barents sea food web.the present study reports concentrations and biomagnification potential of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (pfas) in species from the barents sea food web. the examined species included sea ice amphipod (gammarus wilkitzkii), polar cod (boreogadus saida), black guillemot (cepphus grylle) and glaucous gull (larus hyperboreus). these were analyzed for pfas, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ddts) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). perfluorooctan ...200717258363
temporal trends of organochlorine contamination in black guillemots in iceland from 1976 to 1996.the levels of several different persistent organochlorines (ocs) in black guillemots cepphus grylle, collected during the summers of 1976-1996 at breioafjörour in w-iceland, were investigated. the levels of about 40 different organochlorines (pcbs, ddts, chlordanes, toxaphenes, hch, hcb) were compared with respect to age, sex, fat content, and year of collection. the levels of pcbs correlated very closely with those of dde, indicating long-range transport as the major source of these contaminant ...200515519726
pcbs in sediments and the coastal food web near a local contaminant source in saglek bay, labrador.polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were measured in marine sediments and the coastal food web in saglek bay, labrador, to investigate the influence of a local pcb source. saglek bay has been the site of a military radar station since the late 1950s and there was pcb-contaminated soil at a beach prior to cleanup in 1997-1999. pcb concentrations in marine sediments during 1997-1999 ranged from 0.24 to 62000 ng/g (dry weight) and decreased exponentially with distance from the contaminated beach. give ...200516085280
migration and opportunistic feeding increase pcb accumulation in arctic seabirds.it is widely accepted that body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (pops) tend to increase with trophic level (tl). yet, little attention has been paid to the causes in the underlying differences in pop body concentrations between species occupying similar tls. in this paper we use two modeling approaches to quantify the importance of migration and opportunistic feeding, relative to that of trophic level, in explaining interspecific differences in polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) body ...201324024972
phylogenetic relationships within the alcidae (charadriiformes: aves) inferred from total molecular evidence.the alcidae is a unique assemblage of northern hemisphere seabirds that forage by "flying" underwater. despite obvious affinities among the species, their evolutionary relationships are unclear. we analyzed nucleotide sequences of 1,045 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and allelic profiles for 37 allozyme loci in all 22 extant species. trees were constructed on independent and combined data sets using maximum parsimony and distance methods that correct for superimposed changes. ...19968587501
chlordane components and metabolites in seven species of arctic seabirds from the northwater polynya: relationships with stable isotopes of nitrogen and enantiomeric fractions of chiral components.the northwater polynya (now) is a large area of year-round open water found in the high arctic between ellesmere island and greenland. now has high biological productivity compared with other arctic marine areas, and supports large populations of several seabird species. seven species of seabirds, dovekie (alle alle, dove), thick-billed murre (uria lomvia, tbmu), black guillemot (cepphus grylle, blgu), black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla, blki), ivory gull (pagophila eburnea, ivgu), glaucou ...200111383340
avian diving, respiratory physiology and the marginal value theorem.behavioural studies of diving birds have reported that the ratio of dive duration to the duration of the subsequent period on the surface displays a characteristic relation to dive duration. for short dives, the dive to surface ratio increases with dive duration, whereafter the relation peaks, and for longer dives decreases with increasing dive duration. such a relationship is not a general prediction of existing marginal value models which have been used to predict optimal diving behaviour. thi ...19989710474
biomagnification of organochlorines along a barents sea food chain.to trace the biomagnification of organochlorines in marine food chains near svalbard, which may lead to the high organochlorine concentrations in top predators from the area, we compared concentrations and patterns of organochlorines in selected taxa. the pelagic crustaceans, calanus spp. (copepods), thysanoessa spp. (euphausiids), parathemisto libellula (amphipod), and the fish species, boreogadus saida (polar cod) and gadus morhua (cod) were selected to represent the lower trophic levels in th ...200111383336
biological effects of marine pcb contamination on black guillemot nestlings at saglek, labrador: liver biomarkers.black guillemots (cepphus grylle) in saglek bay, labrador have elevated polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) concentrations due to marine sediment contamination around a former military site. we measured liver biomarkers and sigmapcb concentrations in 31 nestlings from three pcb-exposure groups: reference group (range: 15-46 ng/g liver, wet wt.), moderately exposed islands group (24-150 ng/g), and highly exposed beach group (170-6200 ng/g). biomarker responses were dose-dependent and in some cases sex ...201512739867
contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the canadian arctic. ii. spatial trends and evidence from stable isotopes for intercolony differences.eggs of glaucous gulls (larus hyperboreus), black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and black guillemots (cepphus grylle) were collected from several sites throughout the canadian arctic. samples were analyzed for organochlorines as well as mercury and selenium. glaucous gulls breeding at sites in the high arctic showed higher levels of organochlorine contamination than those in the western low arctic. this was likely due to dietary differences among colonie ...200211843528
temporal trends of legacy organochlorines in eggs of canadian arctic seabirds monitored over four decades.we compared temporal trends of legacy organochlorine pesticides and pcbs in eggs of five seabird species breeding at prince leopold island in the canadian high arctic. concentrations of most of the major organochlorine groups/compounds have either declined (e.g. σ35pcb, σddt, σcbz, σchl, octachlorostyrene) or shown no consistent directional change (e.g. heptachlor epoxide) since 1975 in eggs of thick-billed murres (uria lomvia), northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwakes ( ...201930059916
plastic ingestion by four seabird species in the canadian arctic: comparisons across species and time.plastic pollution ingestion by seabirds is an increasing environmental problem even in remote areas such as the arctic, yet knowledge on plastic pollution ingestion by several arctic seabirds is limited, making it difficult to assess trends. we examined plastic pollution ingestion by northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis), black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and black guillemots (cepphus grylle) in the canadian arctic to assess species-specific and tempor ...202032568085
polycyclic aromatic compounds (pacs) and trace elements in four marine bird species from northern canada in a region of natural marine oil and gas seeps.there is a growing understanding of how oil pollution can affect aquatic ecosystems, including physical and chemical effects. one of the biggest challenges with detecting the effects of oil-related contaminants on biota from resource development is understanding the background levels and potential effects of the exposure of biota to contaminants from various natural and anthropogenic sources prior to large scale oil and gas operations. seabirds are effective indicators of pollution, and can be u ...202032711326
black guillemot ecology in relation to tidal stream energy generation: an evaluation of current knowledge and information gaps.the black guillemot cepphus grylle has been identified as a species likely to interact with marine renewable energy devices, specifically tidal turbines, with the potential to experience negative impacts. this likelihood is primarily based on the species being a diving seabird, and an inshore, benthic forager often associating with tidal streams. these behavioural properties may bring them into contact with turbine blades, or make them susceptible to alterations to tidal current speed, and/or ch ...201829370936
individual variability in contaminants and physiological status in a resident arctic seabird species.while migratory seabirds dominate ecotoxicological studies within the arctic, there is limited knowledge about exposure and potential effects from circulating legacy and emerging contaminants in species who reside in the high-arctic all year round. here, we focus on the case of the mandt's black guillemot (cepphus grylle mandtii) breeding at kongsfjorden, svalbard (79.00°n, 11.66°e) and investigate exposure to legacy and emerging contaminants in relation to individual physiological status, i.e. ...201930889502
bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organochlorines in a marine food web at a pristine site in iceland.organochlorine (oc) bioaccumulation and biomagnification were studied in a marine food web at a pristine site in iceland. the species studied were the gastropod and grazer chink shell (lacuna vincta), the filter feeding bivalve blue mussel (mytilus edulis), the predators butterfish (pholis gunnellus), and the seabird black guillemot (cepphus grylle), all sampled and analysed in 1996-1997. individual oc levels were generally low in chink shell and blue mussels, somewhat elevated in the fish, and ...201019711125
cytochrome b nucleotide sequence variation among the atlantic alcidae.analysis of cytochrome b nucleotide sequences of the six extant species of atlantic alcids and a gull revealed an excess of adenines and cytosines and a deficit of guanines at silent sites on the coding strand. phylogenetic analyses grouped the sequences of the common (uria aalge) and brünnich's (u. lomvia) guillemots, followed by the razorbill (alca torda) and little auk (alle alle). the black guillemot (cepphus grylle) sequence formed a sister taxon, and the puffin (fratercula arctica) fell ou ...19937916741
marine foraging birds as bioindicators of mercury in the gulf of maine.from existing databases, we compiled and evaluated 604 total mercury (hg) levels in the eggs and blood of 17 species of marine foraging birds from 35 gulf of maine islands to provide baseline data and to determine the best tissue, age class, and species for future biomonitoring. while mean hg levels in most species did not exceed adverse effects thresholds, levels in some individual eggs did; for all species arithmetic mean egg hg levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.62 (microg/g, wet weight). piscivoro ...200819277786
dna damage in arctic seabirds: baseline, sensitivity to a genotoxic stressor, and association with organohalogen contaminants.environmental contaminants are found throughout arctic marine ecosystems, and their presence in seabirds has been associated with toxicological responses. however, there are few studies of genotoxicity in arctic avian wildlife. the purpose of the present study was to quantify deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) damage in lymphocytes of selected seabird species and to examine whether accumulation of organohalogen contaminants (σohcs) affects dna damage. blood was sampled from common eider (somateria moll ...201729120089
fatty acid-based diet estimates suggest ringed seal remain the main prey of southern beaufort sea polar bears despite recent use of onshore food resources.polar bears (ursus maritimus) from the southern beaufort sea (sb) subpopulation have traditionally fed predominantly upon ice-seals; however, as the proportion of the subpopulation using onshore habitat has recently increased, foraging on land-based resources, including remains of subsistence-harvested bowhead whales (balaena mysticetus) and colonial nesting seabirds has been observed. adipose tissue samples were collected from this subpopulation during the springs of 2013-2016 and analyzed for ...202032128141
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