Publications

polysaccharides in pollen. ii. the xylogalacturonan from mountain pine (pinus mugo turra) pollen.		1965	14320663
maxillary mycangium in the mountain pine beetle.	a mycangium containing blue-stain fungi and yeasts is located in the cardo of the maxilla of the mountain pine bettle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopk. symbiosis between one or more of the microorganisms and the insect is indicated.	1970	17759499
fire, fungi, and beetle influences on a lodgepole pine ecosystem of south-central oregon.	interactions between fire, fungi, bark beetles and lodgepole pines growing on the pumice plateau of central oregon are described. mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks occur mainly in forests that are 80-150 years old with a mean diameter of about 25 cm and weakened by a fungus, phaeolus schweinitzii. the outbreak subsides after most of the large diameter trees are killed. the dead trees fuel subsequent fires which return nutrients to the soil, and a new age class begins. the ...	1980	28309679
investigation of pinus mugo essential oil oxygenated fraction by combined use of gas chromatography and dry column chromatography.	the oxygenated compounds of pinus mugo turra essential oil were investigated by a combination of gc and dry column chromatography (dcc) coordinated by gc data processing. the collected data resulted in a bar graph ("normalized" gas chromatogram) giving the rrt's and relative amounts of 68 components; 38 of them were identified by ms and ir. the described procedure may be used for essential oil analysis in general.	1981	17402006
pheromone production by axenically reareddendroctonus ponderosae andips paraconfusus (coleoptera: scolytidae).	mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, and california five-spined ips,ips paraconfusus lanier, were reared axenically from surface-sterilized eggs on aseptic pine phloem. after 24 hr in host logs, axenip femaled. ponderosae and malei. paraconfusus produced the aggregation pheromones,trans-verbenol (d. ponderosae), and ipsenol and ipsdienol (i. paraconfusus). emergent, axenically reared maled. ponderosae contained normal amounts of the pheromoneexo-brevicomin. axenic femaled. pond ...	1984	24318497
electroantennogram responses by mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, exposed to selected semiochemicals.	electroantennograms (eags) were obtained ford. ponderosae to the bark beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol,exo-brevicomin,endo-brevicomin, frontalin, verbenone; to the kairomones, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, δ-3-carene, limonene, myrcene; to a blend (1∶1∶1) oftrans-verbenol,exo-brevicomin, and myrcene; and to diacetone-alcohol. male and female responses, in general, did not differ significantly over the whole eag dose-response curves but differed at a few concentrations on many of the ...	1986	24305837
sex-specific production of ipsdienol and myrcenol bydendroctonus ponderosae (coleoptera: scolytidae) exposed to myrcene vapors.	male mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, produced ipsdienol [97.0% ± 0.3s-(+)] and myrcenol (90.3% ± 4.0e) when exposed to myrcene vapors. females which were exposed to myrcene vapors did not produce any ipsdienol, but did produce low levels of myrcenol (98.0% ± 0.7e). neither sex produced detectable levels of ipsdienol or myrcenol when fed for 24 hr on lodgepole pine,pinus contorta var.latifolia engelmann. the sex-specific conversion of myrcene to ipsdienol and myrcenol sugge ...	1986	24305835
monoterpene metabolism in female mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, attacking ponderosa pine.	abdominal volatiles of female mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, fed in ponderosa pine,pinus ponderosa dougl. ex laws, and in lodgepole pine,p. contorta var.latifolia engelmann, were analyzed by gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and were found to comprise host oleoresin components and beetle-produced alliylic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones derived from host monoterpenes. neitherexo- andendo-brevicomin nor frontalin were detected. three meta ...	1987	24302246
response of mountain pine beetle,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, and pine engraver,ips pint (say), to ipsdienol in southwestern british columbia.	in bioassays conducted with walking beetles in the laboratory (s)-(+)-, (r)-(-)-, and (±)-ipsdienol were attractive alone, but reduced the attraction of both sexes of the mountain pine beetle,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, to extracts of female frass. field trapping studies indicated that attraction ofd. ponderosae to a stimulus composed of myrcene +trans-verbenol +exo-brevicomin was significantly reduced with the addition of (±)- and sometimes (s)-(±)-ipsdienol. thus, (s)-(+)-ipsdienol produc ...	1988	24277010
partial inhibition of pheromone production indendroctonus ponderosae (coleoptera: scolytidae) by polysubstrate monooxygenase inhibitors.	female and male mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, were treated topically with piperonyl butoxide or sesame oil, both of which are known to inhibit poly substrate monooxygenase activity. beetles then exposed to vapors of the host monoterpenes α-pinene and myrcene were found to contain reduced levels of the pheromonestrans-verbenol and ipsdienol, as well as a buildup of monoterpene precursors. polysubstrate monooxygenase enzymes appear to be at least partially responsible for ...	1988	24275999
electroantennograms by mountain pine beetles,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, exposed to selected chiral semiochemicals.	electroantennograms (eags) were recorded fromd. ponderosae to the enantiomers of the terpenoid bark-beetle pheromonestrans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, verbenone, and the bicyclic ketals frontalin,exo-brevicomin, andendo-brevicomin. male and female responses to enantiomers of the terpenoids differed significantly only at the two highest concentrations. no sex differences were seen in response to the bicyclic ketals. significantly different responses to the enantiomers of all the chemicals, except fron ...	1989	24272298
isolation of functional rna from plant tissues rich in phenolic compounds.	a method for the isolation of rna from different tissues of trees (seedlings, saplings, and adult trees) is described. using this procedure it is possible to remove large amounts of disturbing polyphenolic compounds from nucleic acids. the method involves an acetone treatment of the freeze-dried and powdered plant material, the use of high salt concentrations in the extraction buffer and an aqueous two-phase system. these steps were combined with the conventional phenol/chloroform extraction and ...	1991	1719845
characterization of glutathione s-transferase from dwarf pine needles (pinus mugo turra).	glutathione s-transferase activity conjugating xenobiotics with glutathione (gsh) was found in extracts from needles of dwarf pine (pinus mugo turra). in vivo incubation of needle segments with the herbicide fluorodifen at 25 degrees c resulted in conversion of the xenobiotic to water-soluble products at initial rates of 0.7 nmol h(-1) g(fw) (-1). at 15 degrees c, the initial rate of product formation was decreased to 0.1 nmol h(-1) g(fw) (-1). in vitro conjugation studies with chloro-2,4-dinitr ...	1992	14969958
(e)- and (z)-6-nonen-2-one: biosynthetic precursors ofendo- andexo-brevicomin in two bark beetles (coleoptera: scolytidae).	the ability of (e)- and (z)-6-nonen-2-one to serve as precursors of the common scolytid pheromonesendo- andexo-brevicomin was examined in vivo. when mountain pine beetles (mpb),dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, or western balsam bark beetles (wbbb),dryocoetes confusus swaine, were exposed to [6,7-d2](e)-6-nonen-2-one, theendo-brevicomin produced was enriched with two deuterium atoms per molecule (as determined by gc-ms), indicating that (e)-6-nonen-2-one served as a precursor of this pheromone. s ...	1992	24254214
the response of mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) to lodgepole pine trees baited with verbenone and exo-brevicomin.	exo-brevicomin, a multifunctional pheromone of the mountain pine beetle,dendroctonus ponderosae, was tested at release rates of 0.5 and 2.5 mg/day alone and in combination with the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone against unbaited controls. significantly more lodgepole pinepinus contorta var.latifolia trees were attacked, and at higher densities, with both release rates ofexo-brevicomin than with all other treatments. verbenone significantly reduced the response of mountain pine beetles toexo ...	1992	24253864
photoisomerization of antiaggregation pheromone verbenone: biological and practical implications with respect to the mountain pine beetle,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: scolytidae).	release of the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, at 3.8 mg/ day from a concentrated source within a multiple-funnel trap completely inhibited response by the mountain pine beetle (mpb),dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, to attractive semiochemical lures. when aerial applications were simulated and verbenone was released at the same rate from beads lying in a 2×2-m area on the forest floor 15-35 cm below a trap, the response of the mpb was inhibited by only 50%. this reduced inhibition may be e ...	1993	24249238
light-independent and light-dependent protochlorophyllide-reducing activities and two distinct nadph-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase polypeptides in mountain pine (pinus mugo).	lower plants and gymnosperms synthesize chlorophyll and develop photosynthetically competent chloroplasts even when grown in the dark. in cell-free extracts of pine (pinus mugo, turra, ssp. mugo) seedlings, light-independent and light-dependent protochlorophyllide-reducing activities are present. two distinct nadph-protochlorophyllide-oxidoreductase (por) polypeptides can be detected immunologically with an antiserum raised against the por of barley. the subcellular localization and amounts of t ...	1993	7763825
transformation of presumptive precursors to frontalin and exo-brevicomin by bark beetles and west indian sugarcane weevil (coleoptera).	(z)-6-nonen-2-one (1) has recently been shown to be the biosynthetic precursor for the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin (2) in mountain pine beetle (mpb) males, dendroctonus ponderosae (hopkins). we tested the hypotheses that (1) 6-methyl-6-hepten-2-one (3) is the biosynthetic precursor for the aggregation pheromone frontalin (4) in the spruce beetle (sb), dendroctonus rufipennis (kirby), and (2) that frontalin and exo-brevicomin are produced from 3 and 1, respectively, only by beetles that ...	1996	8733625
green leaf volatiles as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle,dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: scolytidae).	we tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles act as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle (mpb),dendroctonus ponderosac hopkins. in coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (gc-ead) analysis mpb antennae responded to 30 ng doses of all six-carbon green leaf alcohols tested [1-hexanol, (e)-2-hexen-1-ol, (z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (e)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (z)-3-hexen-1-ol], but not to the aldehydes, hexanal or (e)-2-hexenal, or to alcohol or aldehyde homologues with more or fewe ...	1996	24227113
identification and synthesis of new bicyclic acetals from the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (col.: scol.).	head-space volatiles obtained from male mountain pine beetles, dendroctonus ponderosae, were analyzed by coupled gc-ms and chiral gas chromatography. 5-ethyl-7-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (6) was found as a new naturally occurring isomer of brevicomin (1). in addition, several stereoisomers of 7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-ol (11) and 1-(5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl)ethanol (12) could be identified. relative and absolute configurations of the compounds were de ...	1996	8733614
on the specific pattern of long chain polyprenols in green needles of pinus mugo turra.	in green needles of pinus mugo the most abundant polyprenols occur as a mixture of prenologues in which the dominant alcohol is built of 16 isoprene units. the characteristic spectrum of polyprenols (prenol-15, -16 and -17) was the same irrespective of the location of plant and of distinct morphological differences observed in the various selected forms of this species. the constant pattern of the polyprenols spectrum was preserved throughout the 2-year life span of needles, although the level o ...	1997	9584863
model analysis of spatial patterns in mountain pine beetle outbreaks.	the mountain pine beetle [mpb, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: scolytidae)] is an aggressive bark beetle, one that typically needs to kill host trees in order to successfully reproduce. this ecological adaptation has resulted in an organism that is both economically important and ecologically significant. even though significant resources have been expended on mpb research, and a great deal of knowledge exists regarding individual aspects of mpb ecology, some of the most basic quest ...	1998	9682026
phytoparasitic nematodes of pinus mugo turra in the highlands of the ukrainian carpatihans.		1999	16889001
seedling insensitivity to ozone for three conifer species native to great smoky mountains national park.	field symptoms typical of ozone injury have been observed on several conifer species in great smoky mountains national park, and tropospheric ozone levels in the park can be high, suggesting that ozone may be causing growth impairment of these plants. the objective of this research was to test the ozone sensitivity of selected conifer species under controlled exposure conditions. seedlings of three species of conifers, table mountain pine (pinus pungens), virginia pine (pinus virginiana), and ea ...	2000	15092944
[genetic diversity of isoenzymes in mountain pine (pinus mugo turra) in natural populations in the ukrainian carpathian mountains].	electrophoretic spectra of got, gdh, dia, mdh, sod, fdh, adh, acp, idh enzymes in the megagametophytes of seeds of 69 mountain pine (pinus mugo turra) trees from natural populations of the ukrainian carpathian mountains have been described. 19 loci products had efficient electrophoretic separation. the analysis of alleles segregation of the heterozygous trees on the whole confirms monogenic inheritance of the discovered variants.	2000	11213632
seasonal temperature alone can synchronize life cycles.	in this paper we discuss the effects of yearly temperature variation on the development and seasonal occurrence of poikiliothermic organisms with multiple life stages. the study of voltinism in the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins), an important forest insect living in extreme temperature environments and exhibiting no diapause, provides a motivational example. using a minimal model for the rates of aging it is shown that seasonal temperature variation and minimal stage-spec ...	2000	11016093
genetic composition and diploid hybrid speciation of a high mountain pine, pinus densata, native to the tibetan plateau.	pinus densata has been suggested to have originated from hybridization events involving p. tabulaeformis and p. yunnanensis. in this study, allozyme differentiation at 12 loci was studied in 14 populations of p. tabulaeformis, p. densata, and p. yunnanensis from china. the observed genetic composition of p. densata supported the hybrid hypothesis and showed varying degrees of contribution from p. yunnanensis and p. tabulaeformis among its populations. these data, together with previous chloropla ...	2001	11560909
inheritance and subcellular localization of triose-phosphate isomerase in dwarf mountain pine (pinus mugo).	several trees with expected heterozygous phenotype for triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) were discovered in a population of dwarf mountain pine (pinus mugo turra) from southern poland. as the inheritance of this enzyme in pines has not been reported, segregation of allelic variants was tested in eight trees with putative heterozygous phenotypes for two loci, tpia and tpib: linkage between these and some other isozyme loci were studied and evidence for linkage has been found between tpia and pgda ...	2001	11447244
a 400-year tree-ring chronology from the tropical treeline of north america.	high-elevation sites in the tropics may be particularly sensitive to rapid climate change. by sampling treeline populations, i have developed the first extensive (> 300 years) tree-ring chronology in tropical north america. the site is nevado de colima, at the western end of the mexican neovolcanic belt, and the species studied is mexican mountain pine (pinus hartwegii). despite past logging in the area, 300 to 500-year old pines were found at 3600-3700 m elevation, about 300 m below the present ...	2001	11436664
[genetic variation and differentiation of peat-bog and dry-meadow populations of the dwarf mountain pine pinus mugo turra in the highlands of the ukrainian carpathians].	based on electrophoretic analysis of 21 isozyme loci controlling 10 enzyme systems, the intra- and inter-population variation was studied in two peat-bog and three dry-meadow populations of the dwarf mountain pine pinus mugo turra from the highlands of the ukrainian carpathians. in the studied samples (a total of 164 trees), on average 62% of the studied genes were polymorphic; the mean heterozygosity was 21.3%. the dry-meadow populations differed from the peat-bog populations by allele and geno ...	2002	12391884
an analytical protocol for the determination of total mercury concentrations in solid peat samples.	traditional peat sample preparation methods such as drying at high temperatures and milling may be unsuitable for hg concentration determination in peats due to the possible presence of volatile hg species, which could be lost during drying. here, the effects of sample preparation and natural variation on measured hg concentrations are investigated. slight increases in mercury concentrations were observed in samples dried at room temperature and at 30 degrees c (6.7 and 2.48 ng kg(-1) h(-1), res ...	2002	12108441
antioxidative properties of the essential oil from pinus mugo.	the essential oil from pinus mugo (pmeo) was tested on its antioxidative capacity. for this purpose, several biochemical test systems were chosen (e.g., the fenton system, the xanthine oxidase assay, or the copper-induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (ldl)). the results show that there is moderate or weak antioxidative activity when tested in aqueous environments, like in the fenton system, xanthine oxidase induced superoxide radical formation, or in the hocl driven fragmentation of 1-am ...	2003	14664510
photosynthetic functions of cembran pines and dwarf pines during winter at timberline as regulated by different temperatures, snowcover and light.	trees at timberline in the high alps are exposed to a variety of climatic conditions. most climatic stresses occur during winter and spring, when frost, occasionally low snow cover, and high irradiation interact. in this study, we follow reactions of photosynthesis from high winter to spring in two dominating tree species of the alpine timberline, which may indicate the status of stress response to a changing environment. the results indicate a level of physiological stability in trees, which ar ...	2003	12685031
comparison of three models predicting developmental milestones given environmental and individual variation.	in all organisms, phenotypic variability is an evolutionary stipulation. because the development of poikilothermic organisms depends directly on the temperature of their habitat, environmental variability is also an integral factor in models of their phenology. in this paper we present two existing phenology models, the distributed delay model and the sharpe and demichele model, and develop an alternate approach, called the extended von foerster model, based on the age-structured mckendrick-von ...	2004	15522356
insect seasonality: circle map analysis of temperature-driven life cycles.	maintaining an adaptive seasonality, with life cycle events occurring at appropriate times of year and in synchrony with cohorts and ephemeral resources, is a basic ecological requisite for many cold-blooded organisms. there are many mechanisms for synchronizing developmental milestones, such as egg laying (oviposition), egg hatching, cocoon opening, and the emergence of adults. these are often irreversible, specific to particular life stages, and include diapause, an altered physiological state ...	2005	15808334
the monoterpene terpinolene from the oil of pinus mugo l. in concert with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene effectively prevents oxidation of ldl.	antioxidants from several nutrients, e.g. vitamin e, beta-carotene, or flavonoids, inhibit the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins. this protective effect could possibly retard atherogenesis and in consequence avoid coronary heart diseases. some studies have shown a positive effect of those antioxidants on cardiovascular disease. another class of naturally occurring antioxidants are terpenoids, which are found in essential oils. the essential oil of pinus mugo and the contained mo ...	2005	16008117
susceptibility to low-temperature photoinhibition in three conifers differing in successional status.	susceptibility to photoinhibition of the evergreen conifers abies alba mill., picea abies (l.) karst. and pinus mugo turra was investigated in an unheated greenhouse during winter and spring 2003. photosynthetic performance of the seedlings was assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyses of chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations in needles. during winter months, maximum quantum yield of psii photochemistry (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, fv/fm) was significantly grea ...	2005	15996958
a test of high-dose verbenone for stand-level protection of lodgepole and whitebark pine from mountain pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) attacks.	the efficacy of verbenone as a stand-level protectant against mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, attacks was tested in lodgepole and whitebark pine stands at five geographically separated sites, including three consecutive years at one site. forty and 20 high-dose pouches, with a verbenone emission rate up to 50 mg/d per pouch, were spaced in a grid pattern throughout 0.40-ha plots, replicated up to six times at each site. although the verbenone treatment did not prevent beet ...	2005	16334331
leptographium longiclavatum sp. nov., a new species associated with the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae.	the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae, and its fungal associates are devastating the lodgepole pine forests in british columbia, canada. during our fungal survey, an unknown leptographium species has been consistently isolated from both d. ponderosae and infested lodgepole pine (pinus contorta var. latifolia). this leptographium species has similar morphology with the leptographium anamorph of ophiostoma clavigerum whose association with the d. ponderosae is well known. however, thor ...	2005	16279410
cu/zn superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in pinus mugo needles growing at elevated stands in the mountains, and their photochemical efficiency of psii.	pinus mugo needles were sampled at different altitudes (1420, 1590 and 1920 m a.s.l.) to analyse levels of oxidative stress and changes in maximum photochemical efficiency of psii. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that almost all superoxide dismutase activity represented cu/zn superoxide dismutase, and only 4-6% represents mn superoxide dismutase. in extracts from plants sampled at 1590 and 1920 m a.s.l., lower activity of cu/zn superoxide dismutase was found. comparing these data ...	2005	16146315
polychlorinated biphenyls in mountain pine (pinus uncinata) needles from central pyrenean high mountains (catalonia, spain).	the polychlorobiphenyl (pcb) composition of pine needles of pinus uncinata from the pyrenean high mountains has been investigated. samples from four altitudes (1750, 1950, 2150, and 2250 m above sea level) were collected in march 2002 and june 2002 in a central area near lake redon. the observed concentrations were similar to those found in pine trees from rural areas in europe. a correlation between log-transformed pcb concentrations and reciprocal of absolute average air temperature was observ ...	2006	16051360
frost drought in conifers at the alpine timberline: xylem dysfunction and adaptations.	drought stress can cause xylem embolism in trees when the water potential (psi) in the xylem falls below specific vulnerability thresholds. at the alpine timberline, frost drought is known to cause excessive winter embolism unless xylem vulnerability or transpiration is sufficiently reduced to avoid critical psi. we compared annual courses of psi and embolism in picea abies, pinus cembra, pinus mugo, larix decidua, and juniperus communis growing at the timberline vs. low altitude. in addition, v ...	2006	17249241
effectiveness of bifenthrin (onyx) and carbaryl (sevin sl) for protecting individual, high-value conifers from bark beetle attack (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) in the western united states.	high-value trees, such as those located in residential, recreational, or administrative sites, are particularly susceptible to bark beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) attack as a result of increased amounts of stress associated with drought, soil compaction, mechanical injury, or vandalism. tree losses in these unique environments generally have a substantial impact. the value of these individual trees, cost of removal, and loss of esthetics may justify protection until the main thru ...	2006	17066800
[fire and pinus mugo turra communities in the western alps (susa valley, italy) during the lateglacial-holocene transition: an evidence of refugia area].	in western italian alps, small distinct populations of pinus mugo turra raise some questions concerning its ecological status and dynamics in the occidental alps. this note present new palaeobotanical data based on cone imprints of pinus mugo, identified in travertine systems located in the val di susa and dated back to the late dryas (11506+/-66 bp) and the early holocene (10145+/-225 et 9475+/-670 bp). heliophilous species and charcoal fragments were also identified, testifying to the oldness ...	2006	16797455
genetic population structure of three armillaria species at the landscape scale: a case study from swiss pinus mugo forests.	armillaria species are plant pathogens that cause armillaria root rot and are known to cause mortality of mountain pines (pinus mugo) in the swiss national park in the central alps. the identity of isolates and the spatially explicit population structure of the armillaria species were investigated in a 3.3km(2) study area in the swiss national park. in total, 242 armillaria isolates, 205 from wood samples and 37 from epiphytic rhizomorphs, were collected. species were identified using haploid-di ...	2006	16616839
growth responses to climate in a multi-species tree-ring network in the western carpathian tatra mountains, poland and slovakia.	we analyzed growth responses to climate of 24 tree-ring width and four maximum latewood density chronologies from the greater tatra region in poland and slovakia. this network comprises 1183 ring-width and 153 density measurement series from four conifer species (picea abies (l.) karst., larix decidua mill., abies alba (l.) karst., and pinus mugo (l.)) between 800 and 1550 m a.s.l. individual spline detrending was used to retain annual to multi-decadal scale climate information in the data. twen ...	2007	17267360
influences of secondary disturbances on lodgepole pine stand development in rocky mountain national park.	although high-severity fire is the primary type of disturbance shaping the structure of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) stands in the southern rocky mountains, many post-fire stands are also affected by blowdown, low-severity surface fires, and/or outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (mpb; dendroctonus ponderosae). the ecological effects of these secondary disturbances are poorly understood but are potentially important in the context of managing for ecological restoration and fire hazard mitigatio ...	2007	17913129
[soil microarthropods and macrofauna in monsoon tropical forests of cat tien and bi dup-nui ba national parks, southern vietnam].	the abundance, biomass, vertical distribution, and taxonomic composition of soil invertebrates (springtails, macrofauna, and termites) were studied in forest formations differing in edaphic and climatic conditions: lowland forests dominated by lagerstroeomia spp. or dipterocarpus spp. in the cat tien national park and in a mountain pine (pinus kesiya) forest on the da lat plateau, southern vietnam. in the lowland forests, springtails had a relatively low density (10000-12000 ind./m2), but their ...	2007	18038627
dietary benefits of fungal associates to an eruptive herbivore: potential implications of multiple associates on host population dynamics.	we used the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) and its two fungal associates, grosmannia clavigera and ophiostoma montium, to study potential nutritional benefits of fungi to bark beetles. we tested for potential effects of feeding on phloem colonized by fungi on beetle performance in field and laboratory studies. the fungi increased nitrogen levels in the phloem of attacked trees by 40%, indicating that it may be an important source of dietary nitrogen for mountain pine beet ...	2007	18284766
generation and annotation of lodgepole pine and oleoresin-induced expressed sequences from the blue-stain fungus ophiostoma clavigerum, a mountain pine beetle-associated pathogen.	ophiostoma clavigerum is a destructive pathogen of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) forests in western north america. it is therefore a relevant system for a genomics analysis of fungi vectored by bark beetles. to begin characterizing molecular interactions between the pathogen and its conifer host, we created an expressed sequence tag (est) collection for o. clavigerum. lodgepole pine sawdust and oleoresin media were selected to stimulate gene expression that would be specific to this host inter ...	2007	17328114
acid-catalyzed steam pretreatment of lodgepole pine and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol.	utilization of ethanol produced from biomass has the potential to offset the use of gasoline and reduce co(2) emissions. this could reduce the effects of global warming, one of which is the current outbreak of epidemic proportions of the mountain pine beetle (mpb) in british columbia (bc), canada. the result of this is increasing volumes of dead lodgepole pine with increasingly limited commercial uses. bioconversion of lodgepole pine to ethanol using so(2)-catalyzed steam explosion was investiga ...	2007	17385749
genetic diversity and the presence of two distinct groups in ophiostoma clavigerum associated with dendroctonus ponderosae in british columbia and the northern rocky mountains.	abstract the sapstaining fungal pathogen ophiostoma clavigerum is associated with the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae), which is currently the most destructive forest pest in north america. the genetic diversity of o. clavigerum populations collected from five sites in canada and two sites in the united states was estimated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis. genomic dna from 170 o. clavigerum isolates was digested with ecori and psti and amplified with six ...	2007	18944182
modeling cold tolerance in the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae.	cold-induced mortality is a key factor driving mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae, population dynamics. in this species, the supercooling point (scp) is representative of mortality induced by acute cold exposure. mountain pine beetle scp and associated cold-induced mortality fluctuate throughout a generation, with the highest scps prior to and following winter. using observed scps of field-collected d. ponderosae larvae throughout the developmental season and associated phloem tempera ...	2007	17412358
landscape-scale genetic variation in a forest outbreak species, the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae).	the mountain pine beetle dendroctonus ponderosae is a native species currently experiencing large-scale outbreaks in western north american pine forests. we sought to describe the pattern of genetic variation across the range of this species, to determine whether there were detectable genetic differences between d. ponderosae occupying different host trees in common localities, and to determine whether there was molecular evidence for a past demographic expansion. using a combination of amplifie ...	2007	17257113
perceptions of ecological risk associated with mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) infestations in banff and kootenay national parks of canada.	western canada is experiencing an unprecedented outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (mpb). the mpb has the potential to impact some of canada's national parks by affecting park ecosystems and the visitor experience. controls have been initiated in some parks to lessen the impacts and to prevent the beetle from spreading beyond park boundaries. we examine the perception of ecological risk associated with mpb in two of canada's national parks, the factors affecting perceptions of risk, and the in ...	2008	18304117
tissue uptake, mortality, and sublethal effects of monomethylarsonic acid (mma(v)) in nestling zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata).	monosodium methanearsonate (msma), an arsenic-based pesticide, has been used since the mid 1980s in attempts to suppress mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks in british columbia, canada. it was previously shown that cavity nesting forest birds forage and breed in msma-treated pine stands. the present study was designed to investigate the effects of ecologically relevant oral exposure to msma, including tissue distribution, growth parameters, and general health, including surv ...	2008	18246494
dose-dependent uptake, elimination, and toxicity of monosodium methanearsonate in adult zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata).	monosodium methanearsonate (msma), an arsenic-based pesticide, has been used for the past 10 years in attempts to suppress mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks in british columbia, canada. previous studies have shown that cavity nesting forest birds such as woodpeckers forage and breed in msma treated pine stands. here we examined the effects of msma in the laboratory using the zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata), with the objective to examine tissue distribution and sublethal ...	2008	17988177
synergistic blends of monoterpenes for aggregation pheromones of the mountain pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae).	the superiority of the host monoterpene myrcene as a synergist for trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin, aggregation pheromone components of the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: curculionidae), suggests that the ancestral host of the mountain pine beetle is a pine rich in myrcene. a field trapping experiment in british columbia testing reconstituted bole oleoresin of whitebark pine, pinus albicaulis engelmann, composed of mainly myrcene (20.7%), terpinolene (6.8%), ...	2008	18767736
mountain pine beetle attack associated with low levels of 4-allylanisole in ponderosa pine.	mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) is the most important insect pest in southern rocky mountain ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa) forests. tree mortality is hastened by the various fungal pathogens that are symbiotic with the beetles. the phenylpropanoid 4-allylanisole is an antifungal and semiochemical for some pine beetle species. we analyzed 4-allylanisole and monoterpene profiles in the xylem oleoresin from a total of 107 trees at six sites from two chemotypes of ponderosa pine fo ...	2008	18801251
in vitro interactions between yeasts and bacteria and the fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae).	multi-trophic interactions between prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, and ecologically intertwined metazoans are presumably common in nature, yet rarely described. the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae, is associated with two filamentous fungi, grosmannia clavigera and ophiostoma montium. other microbes, including yeasts and bacteria, are also present in the phloem, but it is not known whether they interact with the symbiotic fungi or the host beetle. to test whether such interacti ...	2008	18322728
pesticide treatments affect mountain pine beetle abundance and woodpecker foraging behavior.	in british columbia, canada, management efforts used to control mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) outbreaks have included treatment of infested trees with an organic arsenic pesticide, monosodium methanearsonate (msma). cumulative pesticide applications over a large geographic area have generated concerns about arsenic loading in the environment and potential toxicity to nontarget wildlife. we investigated woodpecker foraging patterns in infested stands with and without msma ...	2008	18372564
the bioconversion of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine to fuel ethanol using the organosolv process.	lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) killed by mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) (blp) was compared with healthy lodgepole pine (hlp) for bioconversion to ethanol and high-value co-products. the blp and hlp chips were pretreated using an ethanol organosolv process at a variety of severities. it was shown that the blp was easier to pretreat and delignify than were the hlp chips. the resulting pretreated blp substrate had a lower residual lignin, lower degree of polymerization of cellulose ...	2008	18421796
mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change.	the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins, coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae) is a native insect of the pine forests of western north america, and its populations periodically erupt into large-scale outbreaks. during outbreaks, the resulting widespread tree mortality reduces forest carbon uptake and increases future emissions from the decay of killed trees. the impacts of insects on forest carbon dynamics, however, are generally ignored in large-scale modelling analyses. the ...	2008	18432244
spray deposition from ground-based applications of carbaryl to protect individual trees from bark beetle attack.	bark beetles (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae) are recognized as the most important tree mortality agent in western coniferous forests. a common method of protecting trees from bark beetle attack is to saturate the tree bole with carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) using a hydraulic sprayer. in this study, we evaluate the amount of carbaryl drift (ground deposition) occurring at four distances from the tree bole (7.6, 15.2, 22.9, and 38.1 m) during conventional spray applications for pro ...	2008	18453436
forest health conditions in north america.	some of the greatest forest health impacts in north america are caused by invasive forest insects and pathogens (e.g., emerald ash borer and sudden oak death in the us), by severe outbreaks of native pests (e.g., mountain pine beetle in canada), and fires exacerbated by changing climate. ozone and n and s pollutants continue to impact the health of forests in several regions of north america. long-term monitoring of forest health indicators has facilitated the assessment of forest health and sus ...	2008	18479794
competition and coexistence in a multi-partner mutualism: interactions between two fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle in beetle-attacked trees.	despite overlap in niches, two fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae), grosmannia clavigera and ophiostoma montium, appear to coexist with one another and their bark beetle host in the phloem of trees. we sampled the percent of phloem colonized by fungi four times over 1 year to investigate the nature of the interaction between these two fungi and to determine how changing conditions in the tree (e.g., moisture) affect the interaction. both fungi colonized phloem ...	2009	18545867
effects of water potential and solute on the growth and interactions of two fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle.	we investigated the effect of water potential (wp) on the growth of, and interaction between, two ophiostomatoid fungi, grosmannia clavigera and ophiostoma montium, associated with the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae). the wp of malt extract agar was amended by adding potassium chloride (kcl) or sucrose. growth of both fungi decreased with wp on kcl-amended media. growth of g. clavigera also decreased with wp on sucrose-amended media, although growth was stimulated on these media c ...	2009	18640273
first in line or first in time? effects of settlement order and arrival date on reproduction in a group-living beetle dendroctonus ponderosae.	1. in group-living organisms, individuals that initiate aggregations, termed pioneers, may suffer higher mortality costs than individuals that join established aggregations. here we examine the hypothesis that aggregation initiators achieve higher reproductive success in the early phases of colonization, potentially through lower competition and increased access to the resource (finder's advantage), and that this benefit is sufficient to outweigh the costs of pioneering. 2. we also examine the r ...	2009	19292705
isolation and characterization of 16 microsatellite loci in the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae).	we isolated 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) and developed conditions for amplifying these markers in four multiplex reactions. three to 14 alleles were detected per locus across two sampled populations. observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.902 and from 0.100 to 0.830, respectively. three loci deviated from hardy-weinberg equilibrium in one sampled population. one of these loci may be sex linked. these marke ...	2009	21564842
characterization of microsatellite loci in the fungus, grosmannia clavigera, a pine pathogen associated with the mountain pine beetle.	the largest forest pest epidemic in canadian history caused by the mountain pine beetle (mpb) and its fungal associates has killed over 15 million hectares of forest. sixty simple sequence repeat regions were identified from grosmannia clavigera, an mpb associated fungus. eight loci genotyped in 53 isolates from two populations in british columbia, canada revealed three to 10 alleles per locus and gene diversities of 0 to 0.79. all but two of these loci showed length polymorphism in leptographiu ...	2009	21564944
a new, isolated and endangered relict population of dwarf pine (pinus mugo turra) in the northwestern alps.	dwarf pines were discovered in 2004 during a paleoecological survey in the mont cenis massif (savoy, france). these dwarf pines are the sole natural and spontaneous population in the nw french alps of pinus mugo turra, ssp. mughus (scop.) o. schwarz. the population, fragile in light of the individual numbers, is currently isolated, but likely results from populations that would have covered larger areas during the lateglacial or the early-holocene, from the sw alps (france) toward the mont cenis ...	2009	19393977
cryptic speciation and community structure of herpotrichia juniperi, the causal agent of brown felt blight of conifers.	conifer twigs showing brown felt blight were collected along 100-m long transects at the timberline in the swiss alps and single-hyphal-tip cultures were prepared. forty-seven of the sequenced 48 strains were herpotrichia juniperi based on sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacers (its). a non-sporulating strain was tentatively identified as another, undescribed herpotrichia species. herpotrichia coulteri was not isolated. most strains were from juniperus communis var. saxatilis, ...	2009	19450682
different patterns of genetic structure of relict and isolated populations of endangered peat-bog pine (pinus uliginosa neumann).	recent changes in environmental conditions in populations of peat-bog pine (pinus uliginosa neumann) caused rapid decline or even extinction of the species in several stands in central europe. conservation strategies for p. uliginosa require information about the evolutionary history and genetic structure of its populations. using isozymes we assessed the genetic structure of p. uliginosa from four isolated stands in poland and compared the results to genetic structures of other closely related ...	2009	19875883
efficacy of verbenone for protecting ponderosa pine stands from western pine beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) attack in california.	the western pine beetle, dendroctonus brevicomis leconte (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, pinus ponderosa dougl. ex laws., mortality in much of western north america. currently, techniques for managing d. brevicomis infestations are limited. verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-3-en-2-one) is an antiaggregation pheromone of several dendroctonus spp., including d. brevicomis, and it has been registered as a biopesticide for control of mountain ...	2009	19886449
determination of the compositional change (1999-2006) in the pine forests of british columbia due to mountain pine beetle infestation.	the current mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) outbreak in british columbia and alberta is the largest recorded forest pest infestation in canadian history. we integrate a spatial hierarchy of mountain pine beetle and forest health monitoring data, collected between 1999 and 2006, with provincial forest inventory data, and generate three information products representing 2006 forest conditions in british columbia: cumulative percentage of pine infested by mountain pine beetle ...	2009	19020984
functional genomics of mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) midguts and fat bodies.	the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) is a significant coniferous forest pest in western north america. it relies on aggregation pheromones to colonize hosts. its three major pheromone components, trans-verbenol, exo-brevicomin, and frontalin, are thought to arise via different metabolic pathways, but the enzymes involved have not been identified or characterized. we produced ests from male and female midguts and associated fat bodies and used custom oligonucleotide microarrays to s ...	2010	20353591
modeling the effects of developmental variation on insect phenology.	phenology, the timing of developmental events such as oviposition or pupation, is highly dependent on temperature; since insects are ectotherms, the time it takes them to complete a life stage (development time) depends on the temperatures they experience. this dependence varies within and between populations due to variation among individuals that is fixed within a life stage (giving rise to what we call persistent variation) and variation from random effects within a life stage (giving rise to ...	2010	20108124
multilocus species identification and fungal dna barcoding: insights from blue stain fungal symbionts of the mountain pine beetle.	there is strong community-wide interest in applying molecular techniques to fungal species delimitation and identification, but selection of a standardized region or regions of the genome has not been finalized. a single marker, the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer region, has frequently been suggested as the standard for fungi. we used a group of closely related blue stain fungi associated with the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) to examine the success of such si ...	2010	21565104
agrobacterium-meditated gene disruption using split-marker in grosmannia clavigera, a mountain pine beetle associated pathogen.	grosmannia clavigera is a fungal pathogen associated with the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) which is devastating large areas of western canada's conifer forests. this fungus also produces a dark melanin pigment that discolors pine sapwood. we have generated the draft genome of g. clavigera. however, functional characterization of genes identified in the genome sequence requires an efficient gene disruption method. in this work, we report a gene replacement strategy for g. clavig ...	2010	20229292
habitat area and structure affect the impact of seed predators and the potential for coevolutionary arms races.	both habitat patch size and structure affect the abundance and occurrence of species and thereby can affect the ecology and evolution of species interactions. here we contrast the level of seed predation and selection exerted by common crossbills (loxia curvirostra complex) and red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the extensive mountain pine (pinus uncinata) forests in the pyrenees with their level of seed predation in two small, isolated forests. crossbills consumed 5.1 times more seeds in the p ...	2010	20426338
seeing the forest through the trees: differential dispersal of hylobius warreni within modified forest habitats.	hylobius warreni wood, also known as the warren root collar weevil, is a flightless insect that feeds on conifers throughout the boreal forests of canada. mature trees typically can withstand feeding, but larval feeding around the root collar may cause mortality to young trees. recently, a large outbreak of mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins) has killed a high proportion of mature lodgepole pine (pinus contorta douglas variety latifolia) across british columbia, canada. this r ...	2010	20550804
whitebark pine vulnerability to climate-driven mountain pine beetle disturbance in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.	widespread outbreaks of mountain pine beetles (mpb) are occurring throughout the range of this native insect. episodic outbreaks are a common occurrence in the beetles' primary host, lodgepole pine. current outbreaks, however, are occurring in habitats where outbreaks either did not previously occur or were limited in scale. herein, we address widespread, ongoing outbreaks in high-elevation, whitebark pine forests of the greater yellowstone ecosystem, where, due to an inhospitable climate, past ...	2010	20597278
rapid identification and detection of pine pathogenic fungi associated with mountain pine beetles by padlock probes.	fifteen million hectares of pine forests in western canada have been attacked by the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae; mpb), leading to devastating economic losses. grosmannia clavigera and leptographium longiclavatum, are two fungi intimately associated with the beetles, and are crucial components of the epidemic. to detect and discriminate these two closely related pathogens, we utilized a method based on ligase-mediated nucleotide discrimination with padlock probe technology, and ...	2010	20650291
ultrasonic emissions from conifer xylem exposed to repeated freezing.	ultrasonic emission measurements enable the analysis of xylem cavitation induced by drought and freeze-thaw events. several studies have indicated that ultrasonic acoustic emissions (uae) in conifers occur upon freezing and not upon thawing, although classical theory has postulated gas bubble formation during freezing and cavitation during thawing. we analyzed the pattern and quality of freeze-thaw-induced uae in seven conifers (abies alba, larix decidua, juniperus communis, picea abies, pinus c ...	2010	19692146
the effect of varying organosolv pretreatment chemicals on the physicochemical properties and cellulolytic hydrolysis of mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine.	mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) chips were pretreated using the organosolv process, and their ease of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was assessed. the effect of varying pretreatment chemicals and solvents on the substrate's physicochemical characteristics was also investigated. the chemicals employed were mgcl2, h2so4, so2, and naoh, and the solvents were ethanol and butanol. it was apparent that the different pretreatments resulted in variations in both the chemical ...	2010	19820908
nitrogen concentration in mountain pine beetle larvae reflects nitrogen status of the tree host and two fungal associates.	individual lodgepole pines (pinus contorta) were fertilized with urea at nitrogen (n) inputs equivalent to 0, 315, or 630 kg/ha. four months after application of the fertilizer, inner bark tissue n concentrations were significantly higher in the trees that had received the low dose (315 kg/ha) fertilization treatment than in the control trees; trees that had received the high-dose treatment (630 kg/ha) were intermediate and not significantly different from either of the other treatments. there w ...	2010	20550794
rhizosphere dynamics during phytoremediation of olive mill wastewater.	the potential of phytoremediation as a treatment option for olive mill wastewater (omw) was tested on five perennial tree species. cupressus sempervirens and quercus ilex proved tolerant to six-month omw treatment followed by six-month water irrigation, whereas salix sp. and laurus nobilis and, later, pinus mugo suffered from phytotoxic effects. test plants were compared to controls after treatment and irrigation, by monitoring biochemical and microbiological variations in the rhizosphere soil. ...	2010	21256739
lodgepole pine: the first evidence of seed-based somatic embryogenesis and the expression of embryogenesis marker genes in shoot bud cultures of adult trees.	of the various alternatives for cloning elite conifers, somatic embryogenesis (se) appears to be the best option. in recent years, significant areas of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) forest have been devastated by the mountain pine beetle (mpb) in western canada. in an attempt to establish an se propagation system for mpb-resistant lodgepole pine, several families displaying varying levels of resistance were selected for experimentation involving shoot bud and immature seed explants. in bud cul ...	2010	20935320
ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on seedlings and conspecific trees of pinus mugo grown on the coastal dunes of the curonian spit in lithuania.	ectomycorrhizal (ecm) communities of mature trees and regenerating seedlings of a non-native tree species pinus mugo grown in a harsh environment of the coastal region of the curonian spit national park in lithuania were assessed. we established three study sites (s1, s2, and s3) that were separated from each other by 15 km. the ecm species richness was rather low in particular for mature, 100-year-old trees: 12 ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified by molecular analysis from 11 distinguished mor ...	2010	20938693
target-specific pcr primers can detect and differentiate ophiostomatoid fungi from microbial communities associated with the mountain pine beetle dendroctonus ponderosae.	the aim of this study was to develop dna probes that could identify the major fungal species associated with mountain pine beetles (mpb). the beetles are closely associated with fungal species that include ophiostomatoid fungi that can be difficult to differentiate morphologically. the most frequently isolated associates are the pine pathogens grosmannia clavigera and leptographium longiclavatum, the less pathogenic ophiostoma montium, and an undescribed ceratocystiopsis species (cop. sp.). beca ...	2010	20943192
capturing community context of human response to forest disturbance by insects: a multi-method assessment.	the socioeconomic and environmental features of local places (community context) influence the relationship between humans and their physical environment. in times of environmental disturbance, this community context is expected to influence human perceptual and behavioral responses. residents from nine colorado communities experiencing a large outbreak of mountain pine beetles (dendroctonus ponderosae) were surveyed in 2007. multiple analytic methods including ordinary least squares regression ...	2010	22207775
Effect of water stress and fungal inoculation on monoterpene emission from an historical and a new pine host of the mountain pine beetle.	The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae, MPB) has killed millions of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees in Western Canada, and recent range expansion has resulted in attack of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in Alberta. Establishment of MPB in the Boreal forest will require use of jack pine under a suite of environmental conditions different from those it typically encounters in its native range. Lodgepole and jack pine seedlings were grown under controlled environment conditions and su ...	2011	21874397
Effects of long-term fertilization of forest soils on potential nitrification and on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers.	Forest fertilization in British Columbia is increasing, to alleviate timber shortfalls resulting from the mountain pine beetle epidemic. However, fertilization effects on soil microbial communities, and consequently ecosystem processes, are poorly understood. Fertilization has contrasting effects on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA) in grassland and agricultural ecosystems, but there are no studies on AOB and AOA in forests. We assessed the effect of periodic (6-yearly applica ...	2011	22066501
comparing the impacts of mitigation and non-mitigation on mountain pine beetle populations.	mountain pine beetles, dendroctonus ponderosae (hopkins) attack and can ultimately kill individuals and groups of pine trees, specifically lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl. ex. loud var. latifolia engl.). in british columbia, beetle attack has increased from 164 000 ha in 1999 to over 13 million ha in 2008. mitigation efforts can play a key role in addressing the impact beetle infestations can have on the forested landscape. in this research, the impact of mitigation on a mountain pine beetl ...	2011	20855146
diversity and decay ability of basidiomycetes isolated from lodgepole pines killed by the mountain pine beetle.	when lodgepole pines (pinus contorta douglas ex louden var. latifolia engelm. ex s. watson) that are killed by the mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) and its fungal associates are not harvested, fungal decay can affect wood and fibre properties. ophiostomatoids stain sapwood but do not affect the structural properties of wood. in contrast, white or brown decay basidiomycetes degrade wood. we isolated both staining and decay fungi from 300 lodgepole pine trees killed by mountain pine ...	2011	21217795
genome and transcriptome analyses of the mountain pine beetle-fungal symbiont grosmannia clavigera, a lodgepole pine pathogen.	in western north america, the current outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (mpb) and its microbial associates has destroyed wide areas of lodgepole pine forest, including more than 16 million hectares in british columbia. grosmannia clavigera (gc), a critical component of the outbreak, is a symbiont of the mpb and a pathogen of pine trees. to better understand the interactions between gc, mpb, and lodgepole pine hosts, we sequenced the ~30-mb gc genome and assembled it into 18 supercontigs. we p ...	2011	21262841
speciation history of three closely related pines pinus mugo (t.), p. uliginosa (n.) and p. sylvestris (l.).	nucleotide polymorphisms at genomic regions including 17 nuclear loci, two chloroplast and one mitochondrial dna fragments were used to study the speciation history of three pine species: dwarf mountain pine (pinus mugo), peat-bog pine (p. uliginosa) and scots pine (p. sylvestris). we set out to investigate three specific speciation scenarios: (i) p. uliginosa is a homoploid hybrid between the other two, (ii) the species have evolved without gene flow after divergence and (iii) there has been su ...	2011	21375633
laboratory assays of select candidate insecticides for control of dendroctonus ponderosae.	the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae), is the most destructive bark beetle in western north america. dendroctonus ponderosae can be prevented from successfully colonizing and killing individual trees by ground-based sprays of insecticides applied directly to the tree bole. however, the future availability of several active ingredients, including carbaryl which is most commonly used in the western united states, is uncertain. two novel i ...	2011	21472972
seed release in serotinous lodgepole pine forests after mountain pine beetle outbreak.	there are concerns that large-scale stand mortality due to mountain pine beetle (mpb) could greatly reduce natural regeneration of serotinous rocky mountain (rm) lodgepole pine (pinus contorta var. latifolia) because the closed cones are held in place without the fire cue for cone opening. we selected 20 stands (five stands each of live [control], 3 years since mpb [3-yr-mpb], 6 years since mpb [6-yr-mpb], and 9 years since mpb [9-yr-mpb] mortality) in north central british columbia, canada. the ...	2011	21516894
the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem in conifer needles (picea abies and pinus mugo).	main resistances of the plant water transport system are situated in leaves. in contrast to angiosperm leaves, knowledge of conifer needle hydraulics and of the partitioning of resistances within needles is poor. a new technique was developed which enabled flow-meter measurements through needles embedded in paraffin and thus quantification of the specific hydraulic conductivity (k(s)) of the needle xylem. in picea abies, xylem k(s) of needle and axes as well as in needles of different age were c ...	2011	21593348