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a comparison of lysis centrifugation, pour plate, and conventional blood culture methods in the diagnosis of septicaemic melioidosis.to determine whether quantitative blood culture methods could improve the diagnosis of septicaemic melioidosis.199910645233
current studies on the pathogenesis of melioidosis.burkholderia pseudomallei is a major cause of bacterial septicemias in many parts of the world, particularly thailand; the known geographic range of the organism appears to be enlarging as awareness of the organism and the disease it causes--melioidosis--increases. b. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics, and our knowledge of b. pseudomallei pathogenesis is lacking. thus, the long-term objective of our research is to define at a molecular level the pathogenesis by combinin ...199910594980
burkholderia pseudomallei infections. 200010619778
[septicemic melioidosis in southern taiwan: a case report].the patient was a 56 year-old man, a resident of hen-tsueng township in ping-tung county. he worked as a ranger at ken-ting farm in southern taiwan, and had been to thailand for sight-seeing 5 years ago. he came to our outpatient department about one month prior to hospitalization for intermittent fever of one week duration. at that time, complete blood count was within normal limits and a chest roentgenogram was unremarkable. he was given erythromycin without showing any clinical improvement. t ...199810627169
prognostic value of cytokine concentrations (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10) and clinical parameters in severe melioidosis.raised serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, interleukin (il)-1beta, il-6, or il-10 are associated with mortality in patients with sepsis, but it is not known whether elevated cytokine levels are independently predictive of mortality. cytokine assays (tnf-alpha, il-6, and il-10) were performed on admission plasma samples from 172 adult thai patients with severe melioidosis. mortality was 31.4%. apache ii score; septicemia; plasma lactate; tnf-alpha, il-6, and il-10 concentra ...200010669346
melioidosis as an emerging global problem.there is remarkably little known about the incidence of melioidosis outside a few countries (thailand, australia, singapore and malaysia). presumably it is widespread in tropical south east asia. elsewhere there are tantalising glimpses of the tip of what may be a large iceberg. since a specific diagnosis of melioidosis requires awareness on the part of clinicians, and the existence of a laboratory capable of isolating and identifying burkholderia pseudomallei, a luxury not available in most rur ...200010674638
the epidemiology of melioidosis in australia and papua new guinea.melioidosis was first described in australia in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 in north queensland (22 degrees s). human melioidosis was first described from townsville (19 degrees s) in 1950. melioidosis is hyperendemic in the top end of the northern territory (nt) and as in parts of northeastern thailand it is the commonest cause of fatal community-acquired septicemic pneumonia. in the 9 years since 1989 the prospective nt melioidosis study at royal darwin hospital (12 degrees s) has documented ...200010674639
recent advances in the treatment of severe melioidosis.for the last decade, high-dose intravenous ceftazidime has been the drug of choice for the treatment of severe melioidosis, after ceftazidime was shown to be superior to the 'conventional' four-drug regimen (chloramphenicol, doxycycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) in a randomised trial. combination ceftazidime-trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was compared with the conventional regimen in a separate trial with similar results, but we still do not know whether such combination therapy is nee ...200010674641
antimicrobial resistance in burkholderia pseudomallei.four strains of burkholderia pseudomallei were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) and time-kill curves with 13 single antimicrobial agents: ceftazidime, piperacillin, imipenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole, kanamycin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and meropenem. the time-kill studies were also performed with 33 pairs of combinations of the above antimicrobial ag ...200010674642
neurological melioidosis.neurological abnormalities have long been recognised in animals with melioidosis, including laboratory rodents and sheep in the first australian outbreak in 1949. autopsies in animals have shown microabscesses and lymphocytic infiltration to be present on occasion in the same animal, but burkholderia pseudomallei is usually able to be grown from central nervous system (cns) tissue. in humans cns melioidosis is unusual, but both macroscopic brain abscesses and encephalitis occur. there has been a ...200010674643
animal melioidosis in australia.melioidosis was first diagnosed in australia in sheep in 1949. while it has been considered endemic in tropical australia, there have been animal outbreaks in southwest western australia and southern queensland. infection occurs in many species, with both latency and a wide range of clinical manifestations. some species may develop melioidosis only if immunocompromised. sheep and goats are particularly susceptible, resulting in the requirement for pasteurisation of tropical commercial goat's mil ...200010674644
ecology of burkholderia pseudomallei and the interactions between environmental burkholderia spp. and human-animal hosts.early workers thought that melioidosis was a zoonosis with a reservoir in rodents, but we now know that burkholderia pseudomallei is a widely distributed environmental saprophyte. in northeast thailand, two thirds of paddy fields yield the organism, and 80% of children have antibodies by the time they are 4 years old. however, interpretation of these results has been complicated by the recent recognition of avirulent, antigenically cross-reacting environmental organisms for which the name b. tha ...200010674645
multiple replicons constitute the 6.5-megabase genome of burkholderia pseudomallei.burkholderia pseudomallei is a causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal tropical infectious disease endemic in southeast asia and northern australia. in order to determine the size and characteristics of the bacterial genome, the b. pseudomallei genome and genes were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis of the undigested, intact megabase dna, and by computational analysis of nucleotide sequences of b. pseudomallei genes which have been sequenced by several investigators and already deposi ...200010674646
molecular phylogeny of burkholderia pseudomallei.in terms of population structure, the species burkholderia pseudomallei contains both clonal and non-clonal elements. by indexing variation in rrna loci using the restriction endonuclease bamhi, we found that two ribotypes (types 1 and 3) are predominant in nature. ribotype 3 is prevalent in asian countries while ribotype 1 is more widespread. some disease association was suggested for 4 ribotypes and strains of ribotype 4 were markedly associated with a fatal outcome. dna macrorestriction (xbai ...200010674647
genome fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei from patients with melioidosis in thailand.a total of 95 isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei from 53 sporadic cases in thailand were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. digestion of genomic dna of all isolates by ncoi generated a macrorestriction pattern similar to that of b. pseudomallei which cannot assimilate l-arabinose. analysis using restriction enzymes spei and avrii demonstrated greater sensitivity than ncoi digestion in the differentiation of b. pseudomallei and could be used for epidemiological groupings. four clust ...200010674648
use of multiplex pcr patterns as genetic markers for burkholderia pseudomallei.a simple pcr-based typing method was developed to differentiate between strains of burkholderia pseudomallei. two pairs of primers, based on sequences from two specific dna probes, were used to amplify the bacterial dna by multiplex pcr. we evaluated the pcr method for epidemiological typing of b. pseudomallei and compared this with restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) methods. in rflp, the dna of b. pseudomallei was digested with hindiii an ...200010674649
pathogenesis of and immunity to melioidosis.while burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in regions to which it is endemic, no licensed vaccine preparation currently exists for immunization against the disease. therefore, one of the primary goals of our research has been to identify and characterize antigens expressed by b. pseudomallei isolates for the intended purpose of developing a vaccine construct that can be used to activel ...200010674650
exopolysaccharides of burkholderia pseudomallei. 200010674651
protease production by burkholderia pseudomallei and virulence in mice.the aim of this study was to assess protease production and virulence of various burkholderia pseudomallei strains. protease activity was evaluated in filtrates from cultures grown for 50 h in tsb dialysate by azocasein hydrolysis, and expressed as absorbancy at 405 nm. virulence was assessed in 8 weeks old swiss mice, by intraperitoneal injection of 6-6 x 10(5) cfu, and the ld50 was calculated after 30 days by the method of reed and muench. the lethal activity was studied for five strains of b. ...200010674652
shedding of lipopolysaccharide and 200-kda surface antigen during the in vitro growth of virulent ara- and avirulent ara+ burkholderia pseudomallei.non-virulent ara+ b. pseudomallei environmental isolates differ from virulent ara- clinical isolates by their ability to assimilate l-arabinose and the absence of a 200 kda antigen on their surface. the latter, present only on the ara- isolates from either clinical or environmental origin, was recently demonstrated by its immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibody (mab) 5f8. we recently demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (lps) from both biotypes were indistinguishable from one another with rega ...200010674653
proinflammatory cytokine mrna responses in experimental burkholderia pseudomallei infection in mice.melioidosis is a potentially fatal disease of both human and animals caused by the bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei. disease is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of southeast asia and northern australia. the pathogenesis of melioidosis is poorly understood. in particular, the host responses that occur following infection, and the specific host-pathogen interactions that result in the development of either acute or chronic infection are unclear. using an established murine model, we ...200010674654
recent developments in laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis. 200010674655
comparison of three pcr primer sets for diagnosis of septicemic melioidosis.several sets of pcr primers have recently been developed for detection of burkholderia pseudomallei. in this report, the performance of 16s rrna gene primers (16s), rrna spacer gene primers (spacer), and 'lps' primers (lps) were compared. all primer sets were tested by pcr amplification of the same dna samples extracted from blood specimens of 46 patients from northeastern thailand, of which 29 had melioidosis based on blood culture as a gold standard. the sensitivities were 41, 35.7, and 31% wh ...200010674656
interaction between burkholderia pseudomallei and acanthamoeba species results in coiling phagocytosis, endamebic bacterial survival, and escape.burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease whose clinical outcomes include rapid-onset septicemia and relapsing and delayed-onset infections. like other facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens, b. pseudomallei is capable of survival in human phagocytic cells, but unlike mycobacteria, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella serovar typhimurium, the species has not been reported to survive as an endosymbiont in free-living amebae. we investigated the consequence ...200010678988
acute melioidosis outbreak in western australia.a cluster of acute melioidosis cases occurred in a remote, coastal community in tropical western australia. molecular typing of burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from culture-confirmed cases and suspected environmental sources by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of xbai chromosomal dna digests showed that a single pfge type was responsible for five cases of acute infection in a community of around 300 during a 5 week period. this temporal and geographical clustering of acute melioidosis ...199910694154
[various genetic and molecular and biologic aspects of the melioidosis causative organism]. 200010702990
melioidosis presenting as urinary tract infection in a previously healthy tourist.melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, which is common in southeast asia and australia, but which is rarely diagnosed in scandinavia. an increasing number of cases are being reported among tourists to infected areas. we report the first finnish case of melioidosis, which presented as urinary tract infection in a previously healthy male tourist.200010716086
differential antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in severe melioidosis.severe melioidosis is a life-threatening, systemic bacterial infection caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. a prospective, randomized treatment trial was conducted in northeast thailand to compare ceftazidime (a penicillin-binding protein [pbp]-3-specific agent that causes release of large amounts of endotoxin in vitro) and imipenem (a pbp-2-specific agent that kills b. pseudomallei more rapidly but releases low amounts of endotoxin) in severe melioidosis over a 6-h time course after the first d ...200010720525
cytokine gene expression in innately susceptible balb/c mice and relatively resistant c57bl/6 mice during infection with virulent burkholderia pseudomallei.production of cytokines including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) is an important early-stage host response following infection with intracellular pathogens. development of immunity to these pathogens is determined to a large extent by the timing and relative level of expression of the cytokines. numerous studies have shown that early cytokine responses involving interleukin-12 (il-12) and ifn-gamma are important for resistance to intracellular pathogens, ...200010722599
neck lumps: expect the unexpected. 200010744094
characterization of three capsular polysacharides produced by burkholderia pseudomallei.three kinds of capsular polysaccharide (cp) were found to be produced by burkholderia pseudomallei. when the bacterium was grown with the medium without glycerol, cp-1a and cp-1b were produced. cp-1a was mainly 1.4-linked glucan and cp-1b was identified as a polymer composed of galactose and 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid, whose chemical structure was recently reported by other laboratories. when the bacterium was grown with the medium containing 5" glycerol. cp-2 was synthesized. cp-2 contain ...199810744478
evaluation of a new commercially available immunoglobulin m and immunoglobulin g immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of melioidosis infection.an immunochromatographic test for the rapid determination of immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei was evaluated by using sera from bacteriologically confirmed melioidosis patients and high-risk and clinically suspected patients, along with disease control groups. the sensitivities were 100 and 93% for the igg and igm tests, respectively, while the specificity was 95% for both assays. the test was rapid and simple to perform, with results obtained in 10 min.200010747166
identification of new transposable genetic elements in burkholderia pseudomallei using subtractive hybridisation.a subtraction library of burkholderia pseudomallei was constructed by subtractive hybridisation of b. pseudomallei genomic dna with burkholderia thailandensis genomic dna. two clones were found to have significant sequence similarity to insertion sequences which have previously not been found in b. pseudomallei (designated isa and isb); and two clones showed sequence similarity to different regions of burkholderia cepacia is407 that has recently been detected in b. pseudomallei. the former, thou ...200010650205
burkholderia pseudomallei traced to water treatment plant in australia.burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated from environmental specimens 1 year after an outbreak of acute melioidosis in a remote coastal community in northwestern australia. b. pseudomallei was isolated from a water storage tank and from spray formed in a ph-raising aerator unit. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed the aerator and storage tank isolates were identical to the outbreak strain, wko97.200010653571
interaction of insulin with burkholderia pseudomallei may be caused by a preservative.to re-examine the previously reported in vitro interaction of insulin with burkholderia pseudomallei, in the light of a suggestion that the interaction may have resulted from the presence of the preservative m-cresol in commercial preparations.200010767836
histopathologic features of burkholderia cepacia pneumonia in patients without cystic fibrosis.we present the histopathologic features of fatal burkholderia cepacia pneumonia in three adults (one man [age 44 years] and two women [aged 40 and 43 years]). in all patients, the pulmonary infiltrates initially were localized (right middle lobe, left upper lobe, and right middle lobe) but rapidly progressed. two open-lung biopsies and one pneumonectomy specimen showed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation merging with areas of more conventional necrotizing bronchopneumonia in one patient, a me ...200010786801
a review on melioidosis with special respect on molecular and immunological diagnostic techniques.melioidosis is an 'emerging' tropical disease which causes diagnostic problems in endemic and especially in nonendemic areas e.g. germany when imported. in the last decade, many efforts have been made to develop new molecular and immunological techniques for diagnostic use. however, an actual comprehensive review does not exist. apart from classical microbiological procedures (microscopy, culture and biochemical identification) efforts have been made to identify burkholderia pseudomallei using s ...200010791119
presence of type iii secretion genes in burkholderia pseudomallei correlates with ara(-) phenotypes.dot blot hybridization and pcr amplification of 14 ara(+) and 8 ara(-) burkholderia pseudomallei strains showed that type iii secretion (tts) genes were present in all the ara(-) strains but absent from all but one of the ara(+) strains. the link between tts genes and an ara(-) phenotype suggests a role for tts in virulence.200010655407
pseudomonas (burkholderia) pseudomallei in thailand, 1964-1967: geographic distribution of the organism, attempts to identify cases of active infection, and presence of antibody in representative sera.the purpose of this study, initiated in 1964 and concluded in 1967, was to define the distribution of pseudomonas (now burkholderia) pseudomallei in thailand, to evaluate its importance as an etiologic agent, and to survey the presence of antibody in people that might indicate prior infection and/or contact with the microorganism.200010813478
diagnostic and prognostic value of an immunofluorescent assay for melioidosis.melioidosis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic in southeast asia. the clinical manifestations range from wound infections to acute septicemia. in some cases, recurrence can also occur following complete recovery. case fatality rates are high and a major factor is the delay in the culture and identification of the bacterium. an immunofluorescent assay (ifat) using whole-cell antigen for the detection of total antibodies to b. pseudomallei was tested with 650 sera. using a cut-off valu ...200010813488
melioidosis brain and lung abscess after travel to sri lanka. 199910825069
arabinose-positive burkholderia pseudomallei infection in humans: case report. 199910825075
comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental melioidosis and glanders.melioidosis and glanders are caused by the closely related species burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei, respectively. whereas melioidosis is a significant cause of morbidity in south-east asia, glanders is extremely rare. the efficacies of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline were assessed against a strain of b. pseudomallei and a strain of b. mallei which were susceptible to both antimicrobials in vitro. porton outbred mice and syrian hamsters were given 40 mg/kg of either doxycycline or ...200010837435
highly resistant burkholderia pseudomallei small colony variants isolated in vitro and in experimental melioidosis.burkhloderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease in which treatment failures and relapses are common. this study reports on slow growing b. pseudomallei 'small colony variants' (scvs), isolated either in vitro after exposure to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin or gentamicin or from the spleen and liver in a mouse model of melioidosis after treatment with ceftazidime. interestingly, scvs isolated by either method or antimicrobial agent showed a significant increase in the mini ...199910753061
the cxc chemokines gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-inducible protein 10 and monokine induced by ifn-gamma are released during severe melioidosis.gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (ip-10) and monokine induced by ifn-gamma (mig) are related cxc chemokines which bind to the cxcr3 receptor and specifically target activated t lymphocytes and natural killer (nk) cells. the production of ip-10 and mig by various cell types in vitro is strongly dependent on ifn-gamma. to determine whether ip-10 and mig are released during bacterial infection in humans, we measured plasma levels of ip-10 and mig in patients with melioidosis, a sev ...200010858199
pathology of melioidosis in captive marine mammals. 200010860161
pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of ceftazidime continuous infusion vs intermittent bolus injection in septicaemic melioidosis.experimental studies have suggested that constant intravenous infusion would be preferable to conventional intermittent bolus administration of beta-lactam antibiotics for serious gram-negative infections. severe melioidosis (burkholderia pseudomallei infection) carries a mortality of 40% despite treatment with high dose ceftazidime. the aim of this study was to measure the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of continuous infusion of ceftazidime vs intermittent bolus dosing in septicaem ...200010792202
endobronchial mass in a patient with burkholderia pseudomallei infection.burkholderia pseudomallei infection, the great mimicker of infectious diseases, has protean clinical manifestations.200010748977
[the outlook for the development of live vaccines for the prevention of melioidosis].the effectiveness of immunization with burkholderia pseudomallei attenuated strains (pur and ts), heterologous vaccines and the recombinant culture of francisella tularensis rm2 carrying a plasmid with fragments of b. pseudomallei chromosome was studied in four species of experimental animals, essentially differing in their sensitivity to melioidosis. the most immunogenic b. pseudomallei mutants, introduced subcutaneously, created a statistically significant level of protection in animals, moder ...199910851991
an unusual cause of pneumonia. 200010863811
soluble granzymes are released during human endotoxemia and in patients with severe infection due to gram-negative bacteria.extracellular release of granzymes is considered to reflect the involvement of cytotoxic t lymphocytes and nk cells in various disease states. to obtain insight into granzyme release during bacterial infection, granzyme levels were measured during experimental human endotoxemia and in patients with melioidosis, a severe infection due to gram-negative bacteria. plasma concentrations of granzyme a (gra) and grb increased transiently after endotoxin administration, peaking after 2-6 h. in patients ...200010882599
diabetic ketoacidosis and melioidosis in a child.a case of 5 year old diabetic girl with melioidosis was reported. she presented with the symptoms and signs of intraabdominal infection, septicemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. abdominal ultrasonography showed multiple splenic and liver abscesses, melioidosis was suspected. hemoculture and pus culture yielded burkholderia pseudomallei which was susceptible to ceftazidime and cotrimoxazole. correction of fluid and electrolyte combined with insulin therapy and proper antibiotics resulted in a good o ...199710904572
isolations of enteric pathogens from synanthropic flies trapped in downtown kuala lumpur.four species of synanthropic flies were trapped in downtown kuala lumpur: chrysomya megacephala, chrysomya rufifacies, musca domestica, and musca sorbens. burkholderia pseudomallei, the organism causing melioidosis, was the dominant bacteria isolated from chrysomya megacephala. klebsiella oxytoca, commonly associated with nosocomial infections, was commonly isolated from chrysomya megacephala, musca domestica, and musca sorbens. aeromonas hydrophila, the bacteria causing gastroenteritis, was pre ...200010925800
[mobilization of a cryptic plasmid from the melioidosis pathogen in heterologous species of microorganisms].cryptic plasmids with different molecular weights have been detected in b. pseudomallei strains. mobilization of b. pseudomallei plasmid dna in heterologous b. mallei species was performed by the conjugate plasmid rp1::tn10. possibility of detecting phenotypical characteristics of plasmids and behavior of b. pseudomallei non-chromosomal replicons in b. mallei have been determined.200010876767
[the characteristics of the enzyme systems in the causative agent of melioidosis]. 199910876871
pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of ceftazidime continuous infusion vs intermittent bolus injection in septicaemic melioidosis.experimental studies have suggested that constant intravenous infusion would be preferable to conventional intermittent bolus administration of beta-lactam antibiotics for serious gram-negative infections. severe melioidosis (burkholderia pseudomallei infection) carries a mortality over 40% despite treatment with high dose ceftazidime. the aim of this study was to measure the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of continuous infusion of ceftazidime vs intermittent bolus dosing in septica ...200010930972
recovery of burkholderia pseudomallei and b. cepacia from drinking water.samples of drinking water were examined in order to evaluate the occurrence of two gram-negative bacteria: burkholderia pseudomallei and b. cepacia. a total of 85 samples were collected from public and private buildings in the province of bologna (italy). other bacteriological indicators (heterotrophic plate count at 22 and 36 degrees c) were also examined, together with physical and chemical parameters (temperature, ph, residual chlorine, total hardness and chemical oxygen demand (cod)). high l ...200010946840
burkholderia pseudomallei induces cell fusion and actin-associated membrane protrusion: a possible mechanism for cell-to-cell spreading.burkholderia pseudomallei, a facultative intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of a broad spectrum of diseases collectively known as melioidosis. its ability to survive inside phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and to induce multinucleated giant cell (mngc) formation has been demonstrated. this study was designed to assess a possible mechanism(s) leading to this cellular change, using virulent and nonvirulent strains of b. pseudomallei to infect both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell l ...200010948167
[the enzyme-antienzyme interactions of a number of burkholderia pseudomallei hydrolases with monoclonal immunoglobulins].phosphatase, phospholipase c and a proteolytic complex, including casein- and hemoglobin-hydrolases, have been isolated from cell-free extracts of b. pseudomallei cultivation medium. a set of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) to the antigenic complexes of this infective agent has been obtained. conditions for the study of the interaction of the enzymes and mcab have been worked out, and most of the 14 immunoglobulins under study have been shown to neutralize 2-3 hydrolases each. three types of mcab, ...199910876843
epidemiology of arabinose assimilation in burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from patients and soil in thailand.burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental saprophyte that has been isolated widely from soil in southeast asia and the relationship between environmental contamination and clinical melioidosis has been established. it has been shown that the arabinose assimilation property of b. pseudonrallei is probably one of the determinants indicating virulence of this organism. therefore, the distribution of arabinose assimilation biotypes of b. pseudomallei collected from four geographic regions of tha ...199910928371
genotypic and phenotypic relationship in burkholderia pseudomallei indicates colonization with closely related isolates.seven isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei from cases of melioidosis in human (2 isolates) and animal (2 isolates), cat (one isolate) and from soil samples (2 isolates) were examined for in vitro sensitivity to 14 antimicrobial agents and for presence of plasmid dna. randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis was used to type the isolates, using two arbitrary primers. all isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, carbenicillin, rifampicin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline and sul ...199910928372
melioidosis: acute and chronic disease, relapse and re-activation.in melioidosis-endemic regions the importance of re-activation of burkholderia pseudomallei from latent foci remains unclear. this topic was assessed in a 10-year prospective study (1989-99) of melioidosis in the tropical north of the northern territory of australia, together with other aspects of the nature of melioidosis. incubation period from defined inoculating events was previously ascertained as 1-21 (mean 9) days. of 252 total cases 244 (97%) were considered to be from recent acquisition ...200010975006
in-vitro susceptibility of burkholderia pseudomallei to cefoperazone-sulbactam combination.melioidosis is endemic in malaysia. emerging resistance with new and current antimicrobial agents has underscored the need to look further for new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of melioidosis. hence, we evaluated the in-vitro susceptibility of fifty locally isolated strains of burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis to cefoperazone-sulbactam combination using the method of nccls. all the fifty strains tested were susceptible in-vitro to cefoperazone-sulbactam. the ...199710968074
brain abscess as the presenting feature of melioidosis.central nervous system involvement in melioidosis is rare and there are only a few reports of the causative organism, burkholderia pseudomallei, causing a brain abscess. we report a patient who presented to us with a brain abscess due to this organism and emphasize the need for a high degree of suspicion for this disease in tropical countries and treatment with the appropriate antibiotics, as the mortality associated with this disease is very high.199811013674
sequencing and characterization of a novel serine metalloprotease from burkholderia pseudomallei.burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacterium is found in the soil and water, mainly in southeast asia and northern australia. it is responsible for melioidosis in human and animals. the bacteria produce several potential virulent factors such as extracellular protease, hemolysin, lipase and lecithinase. the isolation of virulence genes and the study of their functions will contribute to our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. previous studies have implicated protease as a contributi ...200011040430
cloning and analysis of genomic differences unique to burkholderia pseudomallei by comparison with b. thailandensis.melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. genomic subtractive hybridisation was performed with the closely related avirulent species b. thailandensis to identify virulence genes of b. pseudomallei. the subtractive hybridisation products were highly specific for b. pseudomallei. sequence analysis revealed a number of putative virulence factors, as well as apparently novel sequences of unknown function. the subtracted library contained dna regions of relatively low ...200011073153
melioidosis research in china.research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in china for more than two decades. it has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in hainan, guangdong and guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei. the cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the hainan and zhanjiang peninsula. investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susce ...200011080506
genotype analysis of burkholderia pseudomallei using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd): indicative of genetic differences amongst environmental and clinical isolates.burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease common in the tropics. melioidosis is most prevalent in the northeastern part of thailand. the diseases has diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild localized to fatal septicemic forms. the bacterial genetic factors contributing to the severity of melioidosis have not been completely identified. we have developed a genotyping method based upon randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. eighte ...200011080514
characterization of burkholderia pseudomallei isolated in thailand and malaysia.a total of 35 burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from thailand (16 clinical and eight soil isolates) and malaysia (seven animal, two isolate each from clinical and soil) were investigated by their antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and were typed by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis. all isolates were found to be resistant to six or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents tested. only two small plasmids of 1.8 and 2.4 megadalton were detected in two clinical isolates from thailand. ...200011109011
characterization and mutagenesis of fur gene from burkholderia pseudomallei.a homolog of the ferric uptake regulator gene (fur) was isolated from burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) by a reverse genetic technique. sequencing of a 2.2kb dna fragment revealed an open reading frame with extensive homology to bacterial fur proteins. the cloned gene encodes a 16kda protein that cross-reacts with a polyclonal anti-escherichia coli fur serum. the transcription start site was determined by the primer extension technique. expression analysis of fur showed no increased fur mrna levels ...200010974543
detection of bacterial virulence genes by subtractive hybridization: identification of capsular polysaccharide of burkholderia pseudomallei as a major virulence determinant.burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is responsible for a broad spectrum of illnesses in humans and animals particularly in southeast asia and northern australia, where it is endemic. burkholderia thailandensis is a nonpathogenic environmental organism closely related to b. pseudomallei. subtractive hybridization was carried out between these two species to identify genes encoding virulence determinants in b. pseudomallei. screening of the subtraction library revealed a ...200111119486
kinetic studies of the production of nitric oxide (no) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) in macrophages stimulated with burkholderia pseudomallei endotoxin.the mechanism by which burkholderia pseudomallei survives in macrophages is not clearly understood. in this study, we demonstrated that the mouse macrophage cell line (raw 264.7) treated with lipopolysaccharide (lps) from b. pseudomallei (bp-lps) produced significantly less no and tnf-alpha compared with those stimulated with the lps from escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. the time required for the bp-lps to trigger substantial no and tnf-alpha release was at least 30 min, compared with < 5 ...200011122236
comparison between the antimicrobial susceptibility of burkholderia pseudomallei to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by standard disk diffusion method and by minimal inhibitory concentration determination.melioidosis, an infection caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, usually occurs in immunocompromised patients and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. previously, oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tm/sm), an inexpensive and effective drug has been used as a maintenance therapy. the susceptibility of b. pseudomallei to tm/sm by the standard disk diffusion method is very low. however, some patients who were treated with tm/sm as a maintenance therapy despite the in vitro resistance showed good c ...200010998837
group b streptococcal meningitis in adults: recent increase in southeast asia.meningitis caused by streptococcus agalactiae (group b streptococcus) is rare in adults and usually affects patients with predisposing conditions.200010985511
travel-associated burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis) in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report.in september 1997, a 25-year-old italian woman with cystic fibrosis (cf) spent 3 weeks in thailand. in august 1998, her pulmonary function rapidly declined, with productive cough and intermittent fever. chest x-ray films revealed diffuse, small, patchy opacities in the upper lobes. burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) was isolated from specimens of the patient's sputum and was identified by means of 16s rdna sequencing. the diagnosis of melioidosis was serologically confirmed. continuous therapy with ...200111112669
infections in e-beta thalassemia.infection is a major complication and the leading cause of death in thalassemia, especially e-beta thalassemia. the spectrum of infections in e-beta thalassemia include mild and severe infections, therapy-related infections such as yersinia enterocolitica infection associated with desferrioxamine (dfo) therapy, and transfusion-transmitted disease, as well as unique infections such as with pythiosis. prospective studies in thailand indicate that patients with e-beta thalassemia had more frequent ...200011132234
burkholderia pseudomallei--abscess in an unusual site.meloidosis in a unusual site has been reported in a child. complete identification of the organism has been presented.199911127385
identification of the acid phosphatase (acpa) gene homologues in pathogenic and non-pathogenic burkholderia spp. facilitates tnphoa mutagenesis.burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei are pathogens responsible for disease in both humans and animals. burkholderia thailandensis, while phylogenetically similar, is considered avirulent in comparison. these three species exhibit phosphatase activity when grown on media containing chromogenic substrates such as 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (xp). tn5-ot182 mutagenesis has been utilized to isolate mutants of b. pseudomallei and b. thailandensis unable to hydrolyse xp. sequence ...200111160805
antibiotic susceptibility of burkholderia pseudomallei from tropical northern australia and implications for therapy of melioidosis.from a prospective melioidosis study commencing in 1989 at royal darwin hospital, 170 initial isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei were available for susceptibility testing. of these 163 (96%) were susceptible to meropenem/imipenem, ceftazidime, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (smx/tmp) and doxycycline. seven (4%) showed primary resistance; three had low-level resistance to smx/tmp, one to ceftriaxone and amoxycillin/clavulanate (amox/ca) and three to doxycycline. of 167 patients who survived th ...200111165114
study on the pathophysiology of experimental burkholderia pseudomallei infection in mice.burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease occurring in man and animals. the aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological course of experimental melioidosis, and to identify the target organs, in an animal model. for this purpose swiss mice were infected intraperitoneally with the virulent strain b. pseudomallei 6068. the bacterial load of various organs was quantified daily by bacteriological analysis and by an enzyme-linked imm ...200111172992
detection of immunoglobulins m and g using culture filtrate antigen of burkholderia pseudomallei.igm and igg based elisa systems were developed using the culture filtrate antigen (cfa) of burkholderia pseudomallei. the assays were evaluated using 95 sera from 66 septicemic cases and 47 sera from 20 cases with localized melioidosis. in addition 65 sera from culture negative cases that were also serologically negative for other endemic infections clinically suspected of melioidosis were included. these were compared with sera from 260 non-melioidosis cases, 169 sera from individuals with high ...200111173184
melioidosis and pandora's box in the lao people's democratic republic.melioidosis has not been recognized previously in laos, but within months of starting a prospective study of community acquired septicemia in vientiane, 2 patients with melioidosis were identified. one was a previously healthy, 44-year-old female rice farmer who presented with supraclavicular lymphadenitis and the other was a 74-year-old man with diabetes and renal calculi who was receiving corticosteroids and had septicemia and septic arthritis.200111181133
distribution of immunoglobulin classes and igg subclasses against a culture filtrate antigen of burkholderia pseudomallei in melioidosis patients.the class and subclass distribution of antibody response to the culture filtrate antigen (cfa) of burkholderia pseudomallei was examined in the sera of 45 septicaemic and 17 localised melioidosis cases and 40 cases clinically suspected of melioidosis and the results were compared with those from high-risk and healthy control groups. the geometric mean titre index (gmti) values for all classes and subclasses of immunoglobulins examined were higher for sera from the proven and clinically suspected ...200111192506
[pathogenicity of burkholderia pseudomallei: extracellular and surface antigen functions].the data of literature and the results of investigations carried out by the authors on the analysis of b. pseudomallei pathogenicity factors. they include mucoid, endotoxin, lecithinase, proteases, hemolysins, etc. in addition to fimbriae and pili, the adhesive properties of b. pseudomallei are supposed to be associated with surface capsule-like structures whose composition includes ag8. the characterization of exoproteases, hemolysins and lethal toxins is given. the virulence and immunogenicity ...200011210655
ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase in some bacteria, after treatment with lubrol w1.the localization of succinate dehydrogenase in some gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas pseudomallei, pseudomonas aeruginosa and listeria monocytogenes) treated with the surface membrane active agent, lubrol w1, was studied by a cytochemical method combined with electron microscopy.200111229657
monoclonal antibody-based rapid identification of burkholderia pseudomallei in blood culture fluid from patients with community-acquired septicaemia.a monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination (mab-la) test was employed for the rapid identification of burkholderia pseudomallei in blood culture fluid from patients with community-acquired septicaemia. these patients were admitted to 12 hospitals in the northeastern part of thailand which is a region known to be endemic for melioidosis. blood samples were collected and immediately added to the blood culture bottles which were incubated in either automated (five hospitals) or manual (seven h ...200011129718
isolation of bacteria from toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium minutum and their effects on algae toxicity.attempts were made to isolate the bacteria from toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium minutum t1 and to study the effect of these bacteria on the growth and toxicity of a. minutum t1. it was found that intracellular bacterial species including pasteurella haemolytica, pseudomonas vesicularis, and sphingomonas sp., and extracellular bacterial species including pasteurolla pneumotropica, morganella wisconsensis, flavobacterium oryzihabitans, pseudomonas pseudomallei, and sphingomonas sp. all of them we ...200011126517
fulminant septic melioidosis after a vacation in thailand.severe infection with burkholderia pseudomallei (formerly pseudomonas pseudomallei), the bacterium causing melioidosis, is a common cause of acquired septicaemia in south-east asia and northern australia. a few cases of infected travellers returning to european countries have been reported. melioidosis is a tropical disease, the clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic infection to fulminant sepsis. predisposing conditions such as impaired cellular immunity, preexisting renal failure or d ...200011244616
chronic melioidosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis.burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia, where it can be found in soil and surface water. we report a case of chronic pulmonary melioidosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis who had traveled to an area where b. pseudomallei is endemic.200111283117
[immunotropic and immunogenic properties of burkholderia pseudomallei surface and membrane antigens].the immunotropic and immunogenic properties of some chromatographic fractions of b. pseudomallei surface antigenic complex, as well as the preparations of b. pseudomallei outer and cytoplasmic membranes, were studied. the difference between the biopolymers under study in cytotoxicity, humoral and cell-mediated immunity characteristics, phagocytic activity were established. some antigenic fractions (b, c, c1, h) showed perceptible protective activity (25-60%) in experiments on mice infected with ...200111236497
melioidosis splenic abscess--an unusual presentation as osteomyelitis of rib.we report an unusual case of splenic melioidosis abscess presenting as osteomyelitis.200111242625
mother-to-child transmission of burkholderia pseudomallei. 200111302149
the burkholderia cepacia fur gene: co-localization with omla and absence of regulation by iron.the ferric uptake regulator (fur) functions as a transcription repressor of many genes in bacteria in response to iron, but the presence of a functional equivalent of this protein has not been demonstrated in burkholderia cepacia. a segment of the burkholderia pseudomallei fur gene was amplified using degenerate primers and used to identify chromosomal restriction fragments containing the entire fur genes of b. cepacia and b. pseudomallei. these fragments were cloned and sequenced, revealing the ...200111320133
bystander activation of cd8+ t cells contributes to the rapid production of ifn-gamma in response to bacterial pathogens.the bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei causes a life-threatening disease called melioidosis. in vivo experiments in mice have identified that a rapid ifn-gamma response is essential for host survival. to identify the cellular sources of ifn-gamma, spleen cells from uninfected mice were stimulated with b. pseudomallei in vitro and assayed by elisa and flow cytometry. costaining for intracellular ifn-gamma vs cell surface markers demonstrated that nk cells and, more surprisingly, cd8(+) t cells w ...200111145690
cloning and characterisation of male in burkholderia pseudomallei.no recombinant protein is available for serodiagnosis or skin test in the diagnosis of melioidosis. this report describes the cloning of the male gene, which encodes an immunogenic protein of burkholderia pseudomallei. bi-directional dna sequencing of male revealed that the gene contained a single open reading frame encoding 416 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 44.4 kda. blast analysis showed that the putative protein encoded by male is homologous to the maltose-binding pro ...200111289518
clinics in diagnostic imaging (57). melioidotic prostatic abscess.a 46-year-old previously healthy man presented with urosepsis and lower urinary tract obstruction. both urine and blood cultures grew burkholderia pseudomallei. intravenous ceftazidime failed to control the infection. prostatic abscess formation was first detected by transrectal ultrasonography, and the extent was subsequently delineated by computed tomography. the abscess was drained by transurethral resection, which served to eradicate a possible persistent focus of infection. the diagnosis an ...200111361238
identification of a burkholderia mallei polysaccharide gene cluster by subtractive hybridization and demonstration that the encoded capsule is an essential virulence determinant.little is known about the virulence factors of burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders. we employed subtractive hybridization to identify genetic determinants present in b. mallei but not in burkholderia thailandensis, a non-pathogenic soil microbe. three subtractive hybridization products were mapped to a genetic locus encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis, export and translocation of a capsular polysaccharide. we identified an insertion sequence (is 407 a) at one end of t ...200111373120
melioidosis: an emerging infection in taiwan?from january 1982 to may 2000, 17 infections caused by burkholderia pseudomallei were diagnosed in 15 patients in taiwan; almost all the infections were diagnosed from 1994 to may 2000. of the 15 patients, 9 (60%) had underlying diseases, and 10 (67%) had bacteremic pneumonia. thirteen (76%) episodes of infection were considered indigenous. four patients died of melioidosis. seventeen b. pseudomallei isolates, recovered from eight patients from november 1996 to may 2000, were analyzed to determi ...200111384520
burkholderia pseudomallei interferes with inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) production: a possible mechanism of evading macrophage killing.burkholderia pseudomallei is a causative agent of melioidosis, a life threatening disease which affects humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas. this bacterium is known to survive and multiply inside cells such as macrophages. the mechanism of host defense against this bacterium is still unknown. in this study, we demonstrated that b. pseudomallei exhibited unique macrophage activation activity compared with escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. the mouse macrophage cell line (raw ...200111386421
comparison of the polymerase chain reaction and serologic tests for diagnosis of septicemic melioidosis.for diagnosis of melioidosis, we compared polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based dna detection and three serologic methods with the culture method currently used as gold standard. the diagnostic values of the serologic methods were evaluated in 130 patients. all these patients resided in an endemic area. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) gave slightly higher specificity (86.2%) than a dot immunoassay (dot) (85.3%), but was superior to an indirect hemagglutination assay (iha) (79.8%). t ...200011388506
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