| viral infections of little blue penguins (eudyptula minor) along the southern coast of australia. | serum antibodies to strains of avian paramyxovirus and flavivirus were detected in little blue penguins sampled at port campbell and phillip island, victoria, australia. no antibody to newcastle disease virus (ndv) was detected in 267 sera collected, although one penguin captured for experimental studies had a hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer of 2(4) to this virus. experimental studies showed that the avian paramyxovirus designated apmv-im and strain v4 of ndv were non-pathogenic for p ... | 1985 | 2993680 |
| purification and serology of an apple mosaic virus. | | 1967 | 4960335 |
| inactivation of tulare apple mosaic virus by o-quinones. | | 1965 | 5833320 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus rna-3. | the complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic ilarvirus (apmv) rna-3 has been determined from cloned viral cdnas. the 5' terminus of rna-3 was determined by direct rna sequencing, while the 3' end was determined by polyadenylation of genomic rna and sub-cloning using oligo dt. apmv rna-3 is 2056 bases in length and encodes at least two open reading frames. it is similar in size and genome organization to the rna-3 of other members of the bromoviridae, which includes ilarviruses. the cp gene i ... | 1995 | 7646355 |
| the nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus coat protein gene has no similarity with other bromoviridae coat protein genes. | a double-stranded cdna was synthesized from in vitro polyadenylated apple mosaic virus (apmv) rna 3 using oligo(dt) and sequence-specific primers, and was cloned into plasmid vectors. a set of overlapping cdna clones was used to determine the nucleotide sequence of rna 4. apmv rna 4 was found to contain an open reading frame (orf) of 666 nucleotides, which was flanked by 5' and 3' non-translated sequences of 55 and 264 nucleotides, respectively. the orf encoding the coat protein was identified b ... | 1994 | 7931177 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a segment from andean potato mottle virus b rna encoding the putative rna polymerase. | andean potato mottle virus (apmv), an endemic south american comovirus, has a bipartite genome consisting of two plus-strand rna molecules (m and b rna). we have cloned the 3' half of the b rna and identified the complete sequence of the putative apmv rna polymerase. the rna polymerase gene is part of a large polyprotein-encoding open reading frame. the putative, mature rna polymerase, as deduced by comparison with the related cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), type member of the comovirus group, is 70 ... | 1993 | 8429307 |
| screening of apple mosaic virus in hop cultivars in the czech republic by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | thirteen cultivars of hop (humulus lupulus l.) were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the presence of apple mosaic virus (apmv). the virus was detected in various amounts in all tested cultivars. control hop clones derived from tissue cultures, treated by thermotherapy and maintained in greenhouse were virus-free. the procedure for sample preparation and rt-pcr of apmv is described in detail. | 1997 | 9219641 |
| acute pancreatitis in chickens due to non-virulent newcastle disease virus. | a non-virulent newcastle disease virus (strain apmv-1 96/89 vb) was isolated from a broiler chicken from a backyard flock. using monoclonal antibodies, the virus was shown to be different from the vaccinal virus strains hitchner, la sota and ulster. the virus was shown to replicate in the pancreas of one-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens infected orally, and the histological lesions observed in the pancreas of chickens inoculated with the fourth chicken passage of the virus five to nine da ... | 1998 | 9789346 |
| similarity of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 isolates of low virulence for chickens obtained from contaminated poultry vaccines and from poultry flocks. | at present denmark has the status of a 'non-vaccinating' country for newcastle disease and its poultry population should therefore be free of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1). three live avian vaccines against infectious bronchitis, avian encephalomyelitis, and chick anaemia which had been found to be contaminated with apmv-1 viruses of low virulence for chickens were examined. the vaccines were produced by the same company and the affected batches had been used in denmark in 1996/97 ... | 2000 | 10883855 |
| newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses. | newcastle disease (nd), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) viruses, is included in list a of the office international des epizooties. historically, nd has been a devastating disease of poultry, and in many countries the disease remains one of the major problems affecting existing or developing poultry industries. even in countries where nd may be considered to be controlled, an economic burden is still associated with vaccination and/or maintaining strict biosecurity measures. the ... | 2000 | 10935273 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of rna 3 of a peach isolate of prunus necrotic ringspot virus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of rna 3 of the pe-5 peach isolate of prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (pnrsv) was obtained from cloned cdna. the rna sequence is 1941 nucleotides and contains two open reading frames (orfs). orf 1 consisted of 284 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 31,729 da and orf 2 contained 224 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 25,018 da. orf 2 corresponds to the coat protein gene. expression of orf 2 engineered into a ptrchis vector in esche ... | 1995 | 11831718 |
| avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses isolated from mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in new zealand. | a comprehensive study using virological and serological approaches was carried out to determine the status of live healthy mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in new zealand for infections with avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) and influenza viruses (aiv). thirty-three viruses isolated from 321 tracheal and cloacal swabs were characterized as: 6 aiv (two h5n2 and four h4n6), 10 apmv-1 and 17 apmv-4. of 335 sera samples tested for aiv antibodies, 109 (32.5%) sera were positive by nucleoprotein-blocking ... | 2002 | 12111409 |
| the molecular variability analysis of the rna 3 of fifteen isolates of prunus necrotic ringspot virus sheds light on the minimal requirements for the synthesis of its subgenomic rna. | the nucleotide sequences of the rna 3 of fifteen isolates of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (pnrsv) varying in the symptomatology they cause in six different prunus spp. were determined. analysis of the molecular variability has allowed, in addition to study the phylogenetic relationships among them, to evaluate the minimal requirements for the synthesis of the subgenomic rna in ilarvirus genus and their comparison to other members of the bromoviridae family. computer assisted comparisons led re ... | 2002 | 12206311 |
| multiplex rt-pcr-elisa compared with bioassay for the detection of four apple viruses. | a sensitive and reliable multiplex rt-pcr-elisa technique for the detection of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, apple stem pitting virus, apple mosaic virus and apple stem grooving virus was developed. this technique is compared with the method used commonly for indexing by woody indicators, which is time consuming and expensive. for the rt-pcr-elisa technique, the amplified products were labeled with digoxigenin during the rt-pcr by incorporation of a digoxigenin labeled primer. after hybridiza ... | 2003 | 12798242 |
| purification and serology of tulare apple mosaic virus. | | 1962 | 14474328 |
| detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in victoria. | to isolate and characterise avian paramyxoviruses and other haemagglutinating viruses amongst victorian wild bird populations. | 2004 | 15088965 |
| simultaneous detection of six stone fruit viruses by non-isotopic molecular hybridization using a unique riboprobe or 'polyprobe'. | a new strategy for the simultaneous detection of plant viruses by molecular hybridization has been developed. two, four or six viral sequences were fused in tandem and transcribed to render unique riboprobes and designated as 'polyprobes'. the 'polyprobe four' (poly 4) covered the four ilarviruses affecting stone fruit trees including apple mosaic virus (apmv), prunus necrotic ringspot virus (pnrsv), prune dwarf virus (pdv), and american plum line pattern virus (aplpv) whereas the 'polyprobe two ... | 2004 | 15664050 |
| a survey for paramyxoviruses in caged birds, wild birds, and poultry in new zealand. | to determine the presence of avian paramyxovirus (apmv) types 1, 2, and 3 in caged and wild birds, and apmv-2 and -3 in poultry in new zealand. | 2001 | 16032157 |
| characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 strains isolated in germany during 1992 to 1996. | in germany all avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) isolated in regional laboratories are collected and characterized by the national reference laboratory. from 1992 until 1996, 635 apmv-1 virus isolates were submitted from almost all regions. of these viruses, 371 were isolated from chickens, 39 from other poultry, 171 from pigeons and 54 from exotic birds. all isolates were examined for virulence in intracerebral pathogenicity index (icpi) tests, for their ability to react with a panel of monoclonal a ... | 1999 | 16147552 |
| structure and function study of paramyxovirus fusion protein heptad repeat peptides. | paramyxovirus might adopt a molecular mechanism of membrane fusion similar to that of other class i viruses in which the heptad repeat (hr) regions of fusion protein (f) hr1 and hr2 form a six-helix bundle structure inducing membrane fusion. in this study, we examined the structure and function of hr1 and hr2 from the avian paramyxovirus-2 (apmv-2) f protein. the study showed that apmv-2 hr1 and hr2 formed a stable six-helix bundle. only a soluble apmv-2 hr2 peptide showed potent and specific vi ... | 2005 | 15797244 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of newcastle disease virus isolates from healthy wild birds. | wild waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir of potentially infectious agents and a source of pathogenic viruses like avian paramyxoviruses type 1 (apmv 1). in 1997, commercial poultry in argentina had reached the status of being free from virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) infections. vaccination and biosecurity measures are actively performed to maintain this preferential sanitary condition. however, the risk of reintroduction of pathogenic viruses is always present. in this context, w ... | 2005 | 16404997 |
| complete genome sequence and biological characterizations of a novel goose paramyxovirus-sf02 isolated in china. | a paramyxovirus designated as apmv-1 (ndv) isolate sf02 (abbre. as sf02) was recently isolated from goose in china. sf02 was identified as a member of newcastle disease virus (ndv) genotype vii. ndv strains are generally pathogenic only for fowls, including chicken and pigeon, and not for waterfowls such as goose and duck, whereas sf02 is highly pathogenic for both fowls and waterfowls. in the present study the complete genome consisting of 15, 192 nucleotides of sf02 was sequenced. genomes of s ... | 2005 | 15744558 |
| genomic sequences of low-virulence avian paramyxovirus-1 (newcastle disease virus) isolates obtained from live-bird markets in north america not related to commonly utilized commercial vaccine strains. | avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1), also referred to as newcastle disease virus (ndv), variants of low virulence were isolated from chickens, ducks and other unidentified species found in live-bird markets of the northeastern united states. these isolates were characterized as apmv-1 by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assay utilizing ndv-specific polyclonal antisera. however, the isolates failed to react with a monoclonal antibody that has specificity for a wide variety of apmv-1 isolates. alth ... | 2005 | 15737469 |
| nucleotide sequence of the matrix protein gene of avian paramyxovirus, serotype 3b: evidence on another member of the suggested new genus of the subfamily paramyxovirinae. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the matrix protein (m) of the avian paramyxovirus, serotype 3b (apmv-3b), has been determined by means of the direct sequencing of viral rna using reverse transcriptase reaction. the adjacent portions of the neighboring phosphoprotein (p) and fusion (f) protein genes were also sequenced that permitted to determine the consensus sequence of the viral genome, the poly(a) tract, downstream and upstream non-coding portions of the p and f genes, r ... | 2005 | 15563952 |
| detection and differentiation of pathogenicity of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) from field cases using one-step real-time rt-pcr. | a real-time fluorescent rt-pcr assay was developed to amplify avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1)-specific nucleic acid fragments from field samples. subsequent restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) using bgli was carried out to type strains according to their virulence. primer sequences were used to amplify a 202 base-pair fragment, encompassing the fusion protein cleavage site, in a one-step rt-pcr test for detection of a range of field cases and reference strains of apmv-1. subsequent r ... | 2006 | 17058490 |
| development of a real-time reverse-transcription pcr for detection of newcastle disease virus rna in clinical samples. | a real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) was developed to detect avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1) rna, also referred to as newcastle disease virus (ndv), in clinical samples from birds. the assay uses a single-tube protocol with fluorogenic hydrolysis probes. oligonucleotide primers and probes were designed to detect sequences from a conserved region of the matrix protein (m) gene that recognized a diverse set (n = 44) of apmv-1 isolates. a second primer-probe set was targeted to sequences ... | 2004 | 14715773 |
| [complex environmental and virological monitoring in the primorye territory in 2003-2006]. | the paper presents the results of monitoring of viruses of western nile (wn), japanese encephalitis (je), tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), geta, influenza a, as well as avian paramicroviruses type i (virus of newcastle disease (nd)) and type 6 (apmv-6) in the primorye territory in 2003-2006. totally throughout the period, specific antibodies to the viruses were detected by neutralization test in wild birds (7.3%, wn; 8.0%, geta; 0.7% batai; 2.8%, alpine hare (lepus timidus); by hemagglutination-in ... | 2007 | 18041224 |
| orthomyxo-, paramyxo- and flavivirus infections in wild waterfowl in finland. | screening wild birds for viral pathogens has become increasingly important. we tested a screening approach based on blood and cloacal and tracheal swabs collected by hunters to study the prevalence of influenza a, paramyxo-, flavi-, and alphaviruses in finnish wild waterfowl, which has been previously unknown. we studied 310 blood samples and 115 mixed tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from hunted waterfowl in 2006. samples were screened by rt-pcr and serologically by hemagglutination inhibit ... | 2008 | 18307758 |
| antigenic diversity and similarities detected in avian paramyxovirus type 1 (newcastle disease virus) isolates using monoclonal antibodies. | newcastle disease (nd) virus (apmv-1) isolates submitted to the international reference laboratory for nd were characterised antigenically by their ability to cause binding of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to cell cultures infected with the isolate. since the availability of the mabs 1526 viruses have been examined using a panel of nine mabs and 818 with an extended panel of 26 mabs. using the nine mab panel a total of 14 different patterns was seen and viruses grouped by the same pattern s ... | 1997 | 18483916 |
| human health implications of avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses. | among avian influenza viruses and avian paramyxoviruses are the aetiological agents of two of the most devastating diseases of the animal kingdom: (i). the highly pathogenic form of avian influenza, caused by some viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes, and (ii). newcastle disease, caused by virulent strains of apmv type 1. mortality rates due to these agents can exceed 50% in naïve bird populations, and, for some strains of ai, nearly 100%. these viruses may also be responsible for clinical conditio ... | 2004 | 14663646 |
| matrix protein gene sequence analysis of avian paramyxovirus 1 isolates obtained from pigeons. | the matrix protein gene was cloned and sequenced for several recent isolates of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (apmv-1). specifically, isolates from pigeons and doves, members of the columbidae family were examined. apmv-1 is the causative agent of newcastle disease and the virus is associated with disease among a diverse number of avian species. newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolates from pigeons have also been classified as pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (ppmv-1). matrix protein gene sequences for pp ... | 2003 | 12803472 |
| evaluation of newcastle disease virus immunoassays for waterfowl using a monoclonal antibody specific for the duck immunoglobulin light chain. | in the present study a monoclonal antibody (mab 14a3) was tested for its reactivity against serum immunoglobulin y (igy) of several waterfowl species, and subsequently for its applicability as anti-species antibody in common immunoassays. western blot analyses demonstrated its broad cross-reactivity with the serum igy light chain of different duck species: muscovy duck (cairina moschata), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), white-winged wood duck (asarcornis scutulatus), common pintail (dafila acuta). ... | 2008 | 18568660 |
| avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 isolates from the spinal cord of parrots display a very low virulence. | the spinal cord of 32 psittacines suffering from proventricular dilatation disease (pdd) was investigated. in six cases, a virus was isolated which upon electron microscopic examination revealed morphological details typical of members of the paramyxoviridae. all isolates were subsequently characterized as avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) by type-specific polyclonal antisera. according to their reactivity with apmv-1 specific monoclonal antibodies, the six isolates shared epitopes within ... | 2002 | 12489713 |
| virus-infections of wild hops in hamburg. | more than 200 samples from wild hops were collected in the city of hamburg and tested for the presence of pnrv/apmv, armv, hlv and hmv. all viruses were detected, but in case of the ilarviruses (apmv/pnrv) no reaction was found in das-elisa using apmv antiserum, indicating, that, different to earlier results mainly from wild hops of southern areas of germany, neither a nor i-types were present, but only c-type corresponding to the cherry strains of pnrv. compared to results from escaped and cult ... | 2001 | 12425028 |
| remarkable variability of apple mosaic virus capsid protein gene after nucleotide position 141. | eight new sequences of european isolates from almond, apple, hop, prune and pear of the apple mosaic ilarvirus (apmv) capsid protein gene are presented. a consensus sequence was established as having 654 nucleotides (nt) and two american and two european isolates were identified to have insertions 6 to 15 nucleotides after nt position 141. the insertion resulted in the american isolate a inframeshift repaired with two point insertions 17 and 68 nt downstream. the rna around the insertion point c ... | 2002 | 12111408 |
| pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens. | the pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of newcastle disease virus (ndv) was investigated in chickens. four isolates were previously defined as the variant pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (ppmv-1), and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1). birds inoculated with ppmv-1 isolates were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (dpi). birds inoculated with apmv-1 isolates died or were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at ... | 2002 | 12014499 |
| the virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus. | viruses are obligate parasites of eukarya, archaea and bacteria. acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (apmv) is the largest known virus; it grows only in amoeba and is visible under the optical microscope. mimivirus possesses a 1,185-kilobase double-stranded linear chromosome whose coding capacity is greater than that of numerous bacteria and archaea1, 2, 3. here we describe an icosahedral small virus, sputnik, 50 nm in size, found associated with a new strain of apmv. sputnik cannot multiply in aca ... | 2008 | 18690211 |
| virulence of pigeon-origin newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens. | the virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates of newcastle disease virus (ndv) was evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. four isolates were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (ppmv-1) and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus-1 (apmv-1) with ndv monoclonal antibodies. the four ppmv-1 isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the apmv-1 isolates were passaged only once. infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized. tissues were collected fo ... | 2001 | 11785895 |
| simultaneous detection of the three ilarviruses affecting stone fruit trees by nonisotopic molecular hybridization and multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. | abstract the three most economically damaging ilarviruses affecting stone fruit trees on a worldwide scale are the related prunus necrotic ringspot virus (pnrsv), prune dwarf virus (pdv), and apple mosaic virus (apmv). nonisotopic molecular hybridization and multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) methodologies were developed that could detect all these viruses simultaneously. the latter technique was advantageous because it was discriminatory. for rt-pcr, a degenerate ... | 2000 | 18943373 |
| detection of four apple viruses by multiplex rt-pcr assays with coamplification of plant mrna as internal control. | two multiplex rt-pcr assays with specific coamplification of plant mrna as an internal control from total nucleic acids are described for the parallel detection of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, apple stem pitting virus, apple mosaic virus and apple stem grooving virus. all are important economically and common pathogens in commercial apple and pear cultivars, except for apple mosaic virus. four virus specific primer pairs and one primer pair which allows the specific amplification of mrna of ... | 2002 | 11684306 |
| prevalence of antibodies to different avian paramyxoviruses in commercial poultry in the united states. | avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) other than newcastle disease virus have been isolated from feral avian species and have the potential to cause clinical disease. the objective of this study was to investigate the apmv antibody prevalence in commercial poultry settings. sera from 100 commercial, layer-type and broiler-type (broiler-breeder and broiler) chicken flocks were analyzed on a random basis. pooled serum samples from each flock were tested for the presence of antibodies to apmv-1, -2, -3, -4 ... | 2008 | 19166066 |
| a nomenclature for avian coronavirus isolates and the question of species status. | currently, there is no agreed naming system for isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), whose host is the domestic fowl (gallus gallus domesticus). a uniform, informative system for naming ibv isolates would be very helpful. furthermore, the desirability of a single naming system has become more important with the recent discoveries that coronaviruses with genome organizations and gene sequences very similar to those of ibv have been isolated from turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and pheasan ... | 2001 | 19184884 |
| complete sequence of the genome of avian paramyxovirus type 9 and comparison with other paramyxoviruses. | the complete genome consensus sequence was determined for avian paramyxovirus (apmv) serotype 9 prototype strain pmv-9/domestic duck/new york/22/78. the genome is 15,438 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes six non-overlapping genes in the order of 3'-n-p/v/w-m-f-hn-l-5' with intergenic regions of 0-30 nt. the genome length follows the "rule of six" and contains a 55-nt leader sequence at the 3' end and a 47-nt trailer sequence at the 5' end. the cleavage site of the f protein is i-r-e-g-r-i downwa ... | 2009 | 19185593 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 6 isolated from ducks. | there are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus (apmv). only the genome of apmv type 1 (apmv-1), also called newcastle disease virus (ndv), has been completely sequenced. in this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of an apmv-6 serotype isolated from ducks is reported. the 16236 nt genome encodes eight proteins, nucleocapsid protein (np), phosphoprotein (p), v protein, matrix protein (m), fusion protein (f), small hydrophobic (sh) protein, haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein and large ... | 2001 | 11514725 |
| the rna 5 of prunus necrotic ringspot virus is a biologically inactive copy of the 3'-utr of the genomic rna 3. | in addition to the four rnas known to be encapsidated by prunus necrotic ringspot virus (pnrsv) and apple mosaic virus (apmv), an additional small rna (rna 5) was present in purified preparations of several isolates of both viruses. rna 5 was always produced following infection of a susceptible host by an artificial mixture of rnas 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicating that it was a product of viral replication. rna 5 does not activate the infectivity of mixtures that contain the three genomic rnas (rna 1 + ... | 2001 | 11402868 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus (apmv) rna 1 and rna 2: apmv is more closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus than to other ilarviruses. | the complete nucleotide sequences of apple mosaic virus rna 1 and 2 have been characterized. apple mosaic virus rna 1 is 3476 nucleotides in length and encodes a single large open reading frame (orf), whereas apple mosaic virus rna 2 is 2979 nucleotides in length and also encodes a single orf. the amino acid sequences encoded by rna 1 and 2 show similarity to all of the other ilarviruses for which sequence data are available, but both are more closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) than t ... | 2000 | 10640567 |
| an outbreak of newcastle disease in free-living pheasants (phasianus colchicus). | the epidemiology of an outbreak of newcastle disease in a population of approximately 12,000 free-living pheasants (phasianus colchicus) on the island of faenø in denmark in 1996 is described. the mortality during the epizootic was 56%. the spread of the disease between 7 groups of pheasants could be demonstrated over an observation period of 3 weeks. a total of 70 avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) isolates was made from the flock. the intra cerebral pathogenicity indices of the 4 isolates ... | 1999 | 10481621 |
| the sequence of rna 1 and rna 2 of tobacco streak virus: additional evidence for the inclusion of alfalfa mosaic virus in the genus ilarvirus. | here we describe the complete sequence of rna 1 and 2 of the wc isolate of tobacco streak virus (tsv). these two sequences complete the information on the genome of tsv, the type member of the genus ilarvirus, and are the first sequences described for the rna 1 and rna 2 of a member of subgroup 1 of this genus. the sequences have a similar organization to those reported for the corresponding rnas of other ilarviruses. however, the putative translation products of these two molecules differ suffi ... | 1998 | 9687875 |
| mixed paramyxovirus infection of wild and domestic birds in israel. | five cases of dual isolations of different serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) from domestic and wild birds are described: one case of mixed infection by apmv-1 and apmv-4 and four cases of infection by apmv-1 and apmv-2 serotypes. the double infection was proven by consecutive isolations of two viruses from allantoic fluid samples derived from single swabs after their respective treatment by antisera against each suspected virus. the finding of double apmv infection in poultry farms appea ... | 1997 | 9451463 |
| evolutionary relationships in the ilarviruses: nucleotide sequence of prunus necrotic ringspot virus rna 3. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an isolate of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (pnrsv) rna 3 has been determined. elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by the two large open reading frames (orfs) allowed us to carry out comparative and phylogenetic studies on the movement (mp) and coat (cp) proteins in the ilarvirus group. amino acid sequence comparison of the mp revealed a highly conserved basic sequence motif with an amphipathic alpha-helical structure preceding the ... | 1997 | 9170502 |
| a diagnostic method based on mgb probes for rapid detection and simultaneous differentiation between virulent and vaccine strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1. | newcastle disease virus (ndv), also designated avian paramyxovirus type 1 (apmv-1), is a serious pathogen of poultry, causing highly contagious newcastle disease (nd), with high morbidity or mortality, depending on the strain. accordingly, rapid and reliable detection of apmv-1 and differentiation between vaccine and virulent strains is of crucial importance for nd diagnosis and plays an important role in effective control of the disease. in this study, two real-time reverse transcription polyme ... | 2010 | 20170680 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of an andean potato mottle virus middle component rna cdna clone: comparisons of the encoded proteins with those of other comoviruses. | andean potato mottle virus (apmv) is a comovirus whose genomic structure consists of two plus-strand rna molecules (m- and b-rna). here we report the nucleotide sequence analysis of an apmv m-rna cdna clone with 3,669 nucleotide (nt) residues, exclusive of the polyadenylate at the 3' end, covering approximately 99% of the apmv m-rna. the first initiation codon in register translates from nt 194 to 3185 a polyprotein of 997 amino acid (aa) residues. a second initiation codon in register, beginnin ... | 1993 | 8150598 |
| prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus: nucleotide sequence of rna3 and the relationship to other ilarviruses based on coat protein comparison. | the rna3 of prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (pnrsv) has been cloned and its entire sequence determined. the rna3 consists of 1943 nucleotides (nt) and possesses two large open reading frames (orfs) separated by an intergenic region of 74 nt. the 5' proximal orf is 855 nt in length and codes for a protein of molecular mass 31.4 kda which has homologies with the putative movement protein of other members of the bromoviridae. the 3' proximal orf of 675 nt is the cistron for the coat protein (cp) ... | 1995 | 7730792 |
| isolation and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 3b from farmed namibian ostriches (struthio camelus f. dom.). | meat and skin from farmed ostriches are valuable products for european consumers. the eu regulations require that ostrich products deamed for export need to come from ostriches that are free of antibodies against newcastle disease virus (avian paramxovirus type 1, apmv-1). after the detection of antibodies against apmv-1 in one of five ostrich farms in namibia, attempts were made to isolate the causative virus. no apmv-1 but an avian paramyxovirus type 3 (apmv-3) was isolated from five pharyngea ... | 2010 | 20329642 |
| oxidative inactivation of tulare apple mosaic virus. | | 1966 | 5961576 |
| simultaneous detection and identification of four pome fruit viruses by one-tube pentaplex rt-pcr. | a pentaplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (pentaplex rt-pcr) in a single tube was developed for the simultaneous detection of the pome fruit viruses: apple stem pitting virus (aspv), apple stem grooving virus (asgv), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv) and apple mosaic virus (apmv). this is the first report of the simultaneous detection of all four viruses and host mrna as an internal specific control. pentaplex rt-pcr was applied successfully throughout the year, using dif ... | 2006 | 16337013 |
| development of an l gene real-time reverse-transcription pcr assay for the detection of avian paramyxovirus type 1 rna in clinical samples. | a real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) that targets a region of the polymerase (l) gene was developed to detect all known lineages of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (apmv-1), also known as newcastle disease virus (ndv). a panel of 23 viruses representing the current known phylogenetic diversity of the apmv-1 population with a bias towards the more recent european strains, which had been grown in embryonated fowls' eggs, were tested. a range of positive and negative clinical samples (n = 350 ... | 2010 | 20428904 |
| sequence analysis of rna 2 and rna 3 of lilac leaf chlorosis virus: a putative new member of the genus ilarvirus. | rna 2 and rna 3 of lilac leaf chlorosis virus (llcv) were sequenced and shown to be 2,762 nucleotides (nt) and 2,117 nts in length, respectively. rna 2 encodes a putative 807-amino-acid (aa) rna-dependent rna polymerase associated protein with an estimated m (r) of 92.75 kda. rna 3 is bicistronic, with orf1 encoding a putative movement protein (277 aa, m (r) 31.45 kda) and orf2 encoding the putative coat protein (221 aa, m (r) 24.37 kda). the genome organization is similar to that typical for me ... | 2010 | 20432048 |
| avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in wintering and resident ducks in texas. | cloacal swabs were collected from teal (anas crecca, anas cyanoptera, anas discors), mottled duck (anas fulvigula) and northern pintail (anas acuta) in brazoria county, texas, usa, during february 2001, mottled ducks during august 2001, and blue-winged teal (a. discors) during february 2002. prevalence of avian influenza virus (aiv) infections during each sampling period were 11, 0, and 15%, respectively. the hemagglutinin (h) subtypes h2 and h7 were detected in both years, while the h8 subtype ... | 2005 | 16244076 |
| complete genome analysis of an avian paramyxovirus type 1 strain isolated in 1994 from an asymptomatic black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in southern sweden. | the complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) isolated from a black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in sweden was determined and compared with other apmv-1 sequences. sequence analyses showed that this isolate consists of six genes in the order 3'-np-p-m-f-hn-l-5', is 15,186 nucleotides long, and contains a typical, avirulent fusion protein cleavage site. it was also shown to have a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein with a length of 585 amino acids (aa) instead of t ... | 2010 | 20608541 |
| no detection of avian influenza a viruses of the subtypes h5 and h7 and isolation of lentogenic avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 in passerine birds during stopover in the year 2001 on the island helgoland (north sea). | a total of 543 migrating passerines were captured during their stopover on the island of helgoland (north sea) in spring and autumn 2001. they were sampled for the detection of avian influenza a viruses (aiv) subtypes h5 and h7, and for avian paramyxoviruses serotype 1 (apmv-1). the goal of the study was to examine the role of migrating birds as potential vectors for these zoonotic viral diseases. for virus detection samples were taken from a) short-distance migrants such as chaffinches (fringil ... | 2005 | 16425631 |
| serological survey of racing pigeons for selected pathogens in taiwan. | to investigate the pathogens that racing pigeons in taiwan are exposed to, a total of 3764 pigeons from 90 lofts were analysed by collection of blood samples in the period between october 2000 and september 2001. the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test was performed to detect antibodies against newcastle disease virus (ndv), type 2 avian paramyxovirus (apmv-2), and egg drop syndrome '76 virus (eds-76v). the agar-gel precipitin (agp) test was used to detect antibodies against fowl adenovirus ( ... | 2006 | 16841756 |
| avian paramyxoviruses in shorebirds and gulls. | there are nine serotypes of avian paramyxovirus (apmv), including apmv-1, or newcastle disease virus. although free-flying ducks and geese have been extensively monitored for apmv, limited information is available for species in the order charadriiformes. from 2000 to 2005 we tested cloacal swabs from 9,128 shorebirds and gulls (33 species, five families) captured in 10 states within the usa and in three countries in the caribbean and south america. avian paramyxoviruses were isolated from 60 (0 ... | 2010 | 20688640 |
| isolation, identification, and comparison of four isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 in china. | four yucaipa-like viruses of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (apmv-2) were isolated in china from the imported gouldian finch (chloebia gouldiae) and broilers in 1998-2002, and were named f4, f6, f8, and nk, respectively. examined under electron microscope, the isolates were found to be round in shape and varying in size. the results of the hemagglutination inhibition test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (using monoclonal antibodies) showed some differences between the isolates and ... | 2006 | 17039838 |
| isolation of avian paramyxovirus 1 from a patient with a lethal case of pneumonia. | an unknown virus was isolated from a lung biopsy sample and multiple other samples from a patient who developed a lethal case of pneumonia following a peripheral blood stem cell transplant. a random pcr-based molecular screening method was used to identify the infectious agent as avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1; a group encompassing newcastle disease virus), which is a highly contagious poultry pathogen that has only rarely been found in human infections. immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the ... | 2007 | 17855523 |
| genomic analysis of newcastle disease virus strain na-1 isolated from geese in china. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been thought to infect only domestic avian species, with waterfowl such as geese either not being infected, even by virulent strains, or developing only in apparent infection. in 1997, a new infectious disease producing high morbidity and mortality among geese broke out in many provinces of china, which was caused by a serotype i avian paramyxovirus (apmv-1)--ndv. to investigate how ndv spreads between chickens and geese, the complete genome of one ndv strain is ... | 2008 | 18521536 |
| ameobal pathogen mimivirus infects macrophages through phagocytosis. | mimivirus, or acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (apmv), a giant double-stranded dna virus that grows in amoeba, was identified for the first time in 2003. entry by phagocytosis within amoeba has been suggested but not demonstrated. we demonstrate here that apmv was internalized by macrophages but not by non-phagocytic cells, leading to productive apmv replication. clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis pathways, as well as degradative endosome-mediated endocytosis, were not used by apmv to i ... | 2008 | 18551172 |
| thermal inactivation of avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses in chicken meat. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) and newcastle disease viruses (ndv) of high pathogenicity cause severe systemic disease with high mortality in chickens and can be isolated from the meat of infected chickens. although aiv and ndv strains of low pathogenicity are typically not present in chicken meat, virus particles in respiratory secretions or feces are possible sources of carcass contamination. because spread of aiv and ndv is associated with movement of infected birds or their products, the pres ... | 2008 | 18592748 |
| complete sequence of the genome of avian paramyxovirus type 2 (strain yucaipa) and comparison with other paramyxoviruses. | the complete rna genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus (apmv) serotype 2, strain yucaipa isolated from chicken has been determined. with genome size of 14,904 nucleotides (nt), strain yucaipa is consistent with the "rule of six" and is the smallest virus reported to date among the members of subfamily paramyxovirinae. the genome contains six non-overlapping genes in the order 3'-n-p/v-m-f-hn-l-5'. the genes are flanked on either side by highly conserved transcription start and stop signals and ... | 2008 | 18603323 |
| kinetics of quinone inactivation of tulare apple mosaic virus. | a direct assay technique was used to measure the kinetics of o-quinone inactivation of tulare apple mosaic virus (tamv). inactivation occurred at rates measurable in seconds, minutes, or hours depending upon the particular quinone tested and the ratio of benzoquinone equivalents per milligram of virus used. the inactivation rate appeared independent of the absolute virus concentration. inactivation rates were not linear at any quinone concentration measurable. however, inactivation data plotted ... | 1967 | 18614081 |
| comparative study on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of wild bird isolates of avian paramyxovirus 2, 4, and 6 in chickens. | based on the haemagglutination inhibition assay, nine antigenically distinct serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) are described. isolates from apmv 2, 3, 6 and 7 can cause respiratory symptoms and/or problems of the reproductive tract that may produce complications if secondary infections occur, while isolates from apmv 4, 5, 8 and 9 rarely produce clinical signs in species from which they are isolated. isolates belonging to the apmv 1 subtype induce a wide range of disease symptoms varying ... | 2008 | 18622861 |
| molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 4 prototype strain duck/hong kong/d3/75. | avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world. all apmvs, except avian metapneumovirus, are classified in the genus avulavirus of the family paramyxoviridae. at present, the apmvs of genus avulavirus are divided into nine serological types (apmv 1-9). newcastle disease virus represents apmv-1 and is the most characterized among all apmv types. very little is known about the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of apmv 2-9. | 2008 | 18937854 |
| short hairpin rna targeting np mrna inhibiting newcastle disease virus production and other viral structural mrna transcription. | newcastle disease virus (ndv), formally recognized as avian paramyxovirus 1 (apmv-1), is the etiological agent of newcastle disease (nd), an affliction which can cause severe losses in the poultry industry. better understanding of the molecular basis of viral structural genes involved with production should contribute significantly toward the development of improved prophylactic and therapeutic reagents to control the infection. here we show that a short hairpin rna (shrna) eukaryotic expression ... | 2009 | 19082701 |
| Influenza A virus monitoring in urban and free-ranging pigeon populations in Germany, 2006-2008. | Tracheal and cloacal swabs as well as blood samples from 408 feral urban (Columba livia forma domestica) and 170 free-ranging wood pigeons (Columba palumbus) in Germany were tested for infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Neither influenza A virus was isolated in the swab samples nor influenza A virus RNA detected using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-qPCR). In three urban feral pigeons, avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotype 1 was isolated. Two of 123 serum samples from hunted fr ... | 2011 | 22017045 |
| detection and characterization of avian influenza and other avian paramyxoviruses from wild waterfowl in parts of the southeastern united states. | cloacal swabs were taken from migratory hunter-killed, nonmigratory, nesting waterfowl and migratory shorebirds from wildlife refuges in alabama, georgia, and florida during 2006 to 2008. samples were processed in embryonated eggs followed by hemagglutination (ha), directigen, and real-time reverse transcription-pcr tests. sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (h) gene of the h10n7 alabama isolate revealed that it was closely related (98%) to recent isolates from delaware and canada, but only 9 ... | 2009 | 19276434 |
| development of a real-time reverse-transcription pcr for the detection and simultaneous pathotyping of newcastle disease virus isolates using a novel probe. | a real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) was developed to detect and pathotype avian paramyxovirus type 1 (apmv-1), also known as newcastle disease virus (ndv), which had been grown in embryonated fowls' eggs. two pairs of probes, vrp1 with arp1 and vrp2 with arp2, each with either the 'universal base' 2' deoxyinosine incorporated or both inosines and locked nucleic acids (lnas) incorporated, were designed to detect, respectively, a diverse range of virulent and avirulent viral templates ... | 2009 | 19444547 |
| avian influenza and newcastle disease viruses from northern pintail in japan: isolation, characterization and inter-annual comparisons during 2006-2008. | since wild ducks constitute a vital element in the epizootiology of avian influenza viruses (aivs) as well as avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) and play a key role in the ecology and inter-species transmission of these viruses, it is crucial to elucidate the diversity and prevalence of these viruses within these bird populations. this report shows the presence, antigenic diversity, and inter-annual prevalence variations of aivs in apparently healthy northern pintail (anas acta) wintering in japan. w ... | 2009 | 19463720 |
| complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 7 (strain tennessee) and comparison with other paramyxoviruses. | the complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus serotype 7 (apmv-7) prototype strain dove/tennessee/4/75 was determined. the genome size is 15,480 nucleotides (nt) long and follows the "rule of six". the genome contains six non-overlapping genes in the order of 3'-n-p/v/w-m-f-hn-l-5'. the 3'-leader and 5'-trailer sequences of the genome are 55 and 127nt long, respectively. the first 12nt of the leader and trailer sequences are complementary to each other. the viral genes are flanked by highl ... | 2009 | 19540277 |
| newcastle disease: evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges. | since the discovery of newcastle disease virus (ndv) in 1926, nine genotypes of class i viruses and ten of class ii have been identified, representing a diverse and continually evolving group of viruses. the emergence of new virulent genotypes from global epizootics and the year-to-year changes observed in the genomic sequence of ndv of low and high virulence implies that distinct genotypes of ndv are simultaneously evolving at different geographic locations across the globe. this vast genomic d ... | 2010 | 19800028 |
| emergence of a new genetic lineage of newcastle disease virus in west and central africa--implications for diagnosis and control. | newcastle disease (nd) is an oie listed disease caused by virulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (apmv-1) strains, which affect many species of birds and may cause severe economic losses in the poultry sector. the disease has been officially and unofficially reported in many african countries and still remains the main poultry disease in commercial and rural chickens of africa. unfortunately, virological and epidemiological information concerning nd strains circulating in the western and central re ... | 2010 | 19939590 |
| complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus-3 strain wisconsin: evidence for the existence of subgroups within the serotype. | the complete consensus genome sequence was determined for avian paramyxovirus (apmv) serotype 3 strain wisconsin. the genome is 16,182 nucleotides (nt) in length, consisting of six non-overlapping genes in the order of 3'-n-p/v/w-m-f-hn-l-5', with a 55-nt leader at its 3' end and a 681-nt trailer at its 5' end. comparison of the apmv-3 strain wisconsin nt and the aggregate predicted amino acid (aa) sequences with those of apmv-3 strain netherlands revealed 67% and 78%, identity, respectively. th ... | 2010 | 20079781 |
| diversity of apple mosaic virus isolates in india based on coat protein and movement protein genes. | apple mosaic virus (apmv), an ilarvirus is one of the most common pathogens of apple worldwide. during field surveys in commercial plantations of himachal pradesh and jammu & kashmir, observations of bright chlorotic mosaic like symptoms on apple trees indicated probable infection by the virus, which was later detected by double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa). an incidence of 24 and 28% (based on elisa) was obtained as 6/25 and 15/53 samples from hp and j&k were ... | 2011 | 23637501 |
| complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus (apmv) serotype 5 completes the analysis of nine apmv serotypes and reveals the longest apmv genome. | avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) consist of nine known serotypes. the genomes of representatives of all apmv serotypes except apmv type 5 have recently been fully sequenced. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the apmv-5 prototype strain budgerigar/kunitachi/74. | 2010 | 20174645 |
| antigenic variation between newcastle disease viruses of goose and chicken origin. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) is believed to infect only domestic avian species, with waterfowl such as geese either not being infected, even by virulent strains, or developing only inapparent infection. since the late 1990s, a new infectious disease producing high morbidity and mortality among geese broke out in many provinces of china. this disease was caused by a serotype i avian paramyxovirus known as (apmv-1)-ndv. to investigate how ndv spreads between chickens and geese, the serological si ... | 2010 | 20204429 |
| ilarviruses of prunus spp.: a continued concern for fruit trees. | prunus spp. are affected by a large number of viruses, causing significant economic losses through either direct or indirect damage, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. among these viruses, members of the genus ilarvirus (isometric labile ringspot viruses) occupy a significant position due to their distribution worldwide. although symptoms caused by these types of viruses were reported early in the last century, their molecular characterization was not achieved until the 1990s, muc ... | 2012 | 23148725 |
| genetic variation of italian avian paramyxoviruses serotype 9. | the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion protein (f) gene of four avian paramyoviruses serotype 9 (apmv9) recently isolated from wild birds in italy have been sequenced. a comparison between the sequences of these four isolates and the prototype virus pmv-9/domestic duck/new york/22/78 revealed significant sequence variation that suggests that different lineages exist among apmv-9 viruses similar to that seen for apmv-1 (newcastle disease). | 2010 | 20386976 |
| status of wild birds in bulgarian zoos with regard to orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus type 1 infections. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) are pathogens of major economic and social importance, and the diseases they cause are often devastating, particularly in domestic poultry. both viruses are naturally found in a wide variety of wild birds, particularly aquatic species, where asymptomatic infection typically occurs. wild birds are therefore considered to be a natural reservoir for both viruses. wild birds kept in captivity are in an environment that promotes transmissi ... | 2010 | 20521660 |
| multiplex rt-pcr detection and distribution of four apple viruses in china. | apple trees are natural hosts of four economically important virus species in china. we used a simple, sensitive multiplex rt-pcr protocol with an internal control to simultaneously detect and differentiate four apple viruses: apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv), apple mosaic virus (apmv), apple stem pitting virus (aspv), and apple stem grooving virus (asgv). this multiplex rt-pcr could be used as an alternative to other routinely used detection methods. we used this protocol to evaluate the ... | 2013 | 24294957 |
| experimental avian paramyxovirus serotype-3 infection in chickens and turkeys. | avian paramyxoviruses (apmv) are divided into nine serotypes. newcastle disease virus (apmv-1) is the most extensively characterized, while relatively little information is available for the other apmv serotypes. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of two divergent strains of apmv-3, netherlands and wisconsin, in (i) 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, (ii) 1-day-old specific pathogen free (spf) chicks and turkeys, and (iii) 2-week-old spf chickens and turkeys. the mean death tim ... | 2010 | 20663473 |
| clinicopathological characterization in poultry of three strains of newcastle disease virus isolated from recent outbreaks. | newcastle disease is a severe threat to the poultry industry and is caused by newcastle disease virus, a member of the genus avulavirus, family paramyxoviridae. the virus is rapidly evolving, and several new genotypes have been discovered in the past few years. characterization of these strains is important to evaluate field changes, anticipate new outbreaks, and develop adequate control measures. three newcastle disease isolates (apmv-1/duck/vietnam, long bien/78/2002, apmv-1/chicken/australia/ ... | 2011 | 20685918 |
| evidence for a new avian paramyxovirus serotype 10 detected in rockhopper penguins from the falkland islands. | the biological, serological, and genomic characterization of a paramyxovirus recently isolated from rockhopper penguins (eudyptes chrysocome) suggested that this virus represented a new avian paramyxovirus (apmv) group, apmv10. this penguin virus resembled other apmvs by electron microscopy; however, its viral hemagglutination (ha) activity was not inhibited by antisera against any of the nine defined apmv serotypes. in addition, antiserum generated against this penguin virus did not inhibit the ... | 2010 | 20702635 |
| pathogenesis of two strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2, yucaipa and bangor, in chickens and turkeys. | nine serologic types of avian paramyxovirus (apmv) have been recognized. newcastle disease virus (apmv-1) is the most extensively characterized virus, while relatively little information is available for the other apmv serotypes. in the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of two strains of apmv-2, yucaipa and bangor, in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks, and 4-wk-old spf chickens and turkeys. the mean death time in 9-day-old embryonated ch ... | 2010 | 20945787 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences for the hn gene of 22 avian paramyxovirus type 2 viruses reveals marked heterogeneity. | the nucleotide sequence of the hn gene was determined for 21 isolates of avian paramyxovirus type 2 virus and compared with the published hn gene of apmv-2/chicken/california/yucaipa/56. the hn gene of the 22 viruses had five different lengths in the range of 1737 to 1755 nucleotides coding for 579 to 585 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis of a corresponding 1734-nucleotide sequence from the hn gene of each virus established five genetic groups (i to v), two of which (ii and iv) could be divided ... | 2010 | 21154054 |
| experimental infection of hamsters with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9. | abstract: avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world and are separated into nine serotypes (apmv-1 to -9). only in the case of apmv-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. the apmvs presently are being considered as human vaccine vectors. in this study, we evaluated the replication and pathogenicity of all nine apmv serotypes in hamsters. the hamsters were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for c ... | 2011 | 21345199 |
| experimental infection of mice with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9. | the nine serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds worldwide. apmv-1, also called newcastle disease virus, was shown to be attenuated in non-avian species and is being developed as a potential vector for human vaccines. in the present study, we extended this evaluation to the other eight serotypes by evaluating infection in balb/c mice. mice were inoculated intranasally with a prototype strain of each of the nine serotypes and monitored for c ... | 2011 | 21347313 |
| mutations in the fusion protein cleavage site of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 increase cleavability and syncytium formation but do not increase viral virulence in chickens. | avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (apmv-2) is one of the nine serotypes of apmv, which infect a wide variety of avian species around the world. in this study, we constructed a reverse genetics system for recovery of infectious recombinant apmv-2 strain yucaipa (apmv-2/yuc) from cloned cdna. the rescued recombinant virus (rapmv-2) resembled the biological virus in growth properties in vitro and in pathogenicity in vivo. the reverse genetics system was used to analyze the role of the cleavage site of ... | 2011 | 21450835 |
| in vivo transcriptional cytokine responses and association with clinical and pathological outcomes in chickens infected with different newcastle disease virus isolates using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. | little is known about the host response of chickens infected with newcastle disease virus (ndv) and the relationship between the innate immune response and the severity of clinical disease. measurement of cytokine responses during infection in vivo can help to elucidate the mechanisms of virus pathogenesis. the transcriptional response of several cytokines from paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed spleen of chicken naturally infected by ndv velogenic viscerotropic viruses was compared to the respon ... | 2011 | 21458080 |
| evaluation of the newcastle disease virus f and hn proteins in protective immunity using a recombinant avian paramyxovirus type-3 vector in chickens. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) belongs to serotype 1 of the avian paramyxoviruses (apmv-1) and causes severe disease in chickens. current live attenuated ndv vaccines are not fully satisfactory. an alternative is to use a viral vector vaccine that infects chicken but does not cause disease. apmv serotype 3 infects a wide variety of avian species but does not cause any apparent disease in chickens. in this study, we constructed a reverse genetics system for recovery of infectious apmv-3 strain net ... | 2011 | 21525340 |
| sequence analysis of fusion protein gene of newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in egypt during 2006. | abstract: background: newcastle disease virus represents apmv-1 and is the most characterized among all apmv types. the f protein cleavage site sequence is a well-characterized determinant of ndv pathogenicity in chickens. in this study, the sequences of fusion protein (f) gene of three newcastle disease virus (ndv) strains isolated from outbreak in chickens in the al-sharkia province of egypt in 2006 were determined. findings: the viral genomic rnas were extracted from the infective allantoic f ... | 2011 | 21592379 |
| roles of the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins in replication, tropism, and pathogenicity of avian paramyxoviruses. | virulent and moderately virulent strains of newcastle disease virus (ndv), representing avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1), cause respiratory and neurological disease in chickens and other species of birds. in contrast, apmv-2 is avirulent in chickens. we investigated the role of the fusion (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) envelope glycoproteins in these contrasting phenotypes by designing chimeric viruses in which the f and hn glycoproteins or their ectodomains were exchanged indiv ... | 2011 | 21680512 |