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recombinant human adenovirus-5 expressing capsid proteins of indian vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus elicits effective antibody response in cattle.recombinant adenovirus-5 vectored foot-and-mouth disease constructs (ad5- fmd) were made for three indian vaccine virus serotypes o, a and asia 1. constructs co-expressing foot-and- mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid and viral 3c protease sequences, were evaluated for their ability to induce a neutralizing antibody response in indigenous cattle (bos indicus). purified ad5-fmd viruses were inoculated in cattle as monovalent (5×10(9) pfu/animal) or trivalent (5×10(9) pfu/animal per serotype) vaccin ...201728619144
foot-and-mouth disease virus induces lysosomal degradation of host protein kinase pkr by 3c proteinase to facilitate virus replication.the interferon-induced double-strand rna activated protein kinase (pkr) plays important roles in host defense against viral infection. here we demonstrate the significant antiviral role of pkr against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and report that fmdv infection inhibits pkr expression and activation in porcine kidney (pk-15) cells. the viral nonstructural protein 3c proteinase (3c(pro)) is identified to be responsible for this inhibition. however, it is independent of the well-known protei ...201728662438
uncleaved 2a-peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus can display foreign epitope-tag at the virion surface.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid precursor protein p1-2a is cleaved by viral-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) to generate vp0, vp3, vp1 and 2a proteins. it was reported earlier that substitution of a single amino acid residue within the 2a peptide sequence (l2p) blocked the 3c(pro) mediated vp1/2a cleavage and produced 'self-tagged' fmdv particles containing uncleaved 2a-peptide. to determine whether the uncleaved 2a-peptide can function as a target structure to harbour and display exogen ...201728734763
molecular mechanisms of foot-and-mouth disease virus targeting the host antiviral response.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of an acute vesicular disease affecting pigs, cattle and other domestic, and wild animals worldwide. the aim of the host interferon (ifn) response is to limit viral replication and spread. detection of the viral genome and products by specialized cellular sensors initiates a signaling cascade that leads to a rapid antiviral response involving the secretion of type i- and type iii-ifns and other antiviral cytokines with antiproliferative ...201728660175
differential replication of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in mice determine lethality.adult c57bl/6j mice have been used to study foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) biology. in this work, two variants of an fmdv a/arg/01 strain exhibiting differential pathogenicity in adult mice were identified and characterized: a non-lethal virus (a01nl) caused mild signs of disease, whereas a lethal virus (a01l) caused death within 24-48h independently of the dose used. both viruses caused a systemic infection with pathological changes in the exocrine pancreas. virus a01l reached higher viral ...201728647507
adjuvantation of inactivated foot and mouth disease virus vaccine with il-15 expressing plasmid improves the immune response in guinea pigs.foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven footed animals. vaccination using inactivated virus is followed to control the disease. as the immune response conferred by the inactivated vaccine is short lived, there is a need for an alternate vaccine with increased duration of immunity. inclusion of adjuvant which enhances b and t cell responses is one of the strategies to increase the duration of immune responses of the vaccine. interleukin 15 is one such a cytokine whi ...201728734743
antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o during serial cytolytic passage.the emergence and disappearance of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) during a field outbreak occurs periodically due to the volatile nature of its genome. in the present analysis, change in antigenic behavior of serotype o fmdv during the serial cytolytic passage in the absence of immune pressure was observed. initially, the isolate showed a poor antigenic match (relationship value <0.3) with the serotype o vaccine strain and upon serial passage increase in relationship v ...201728718047
synonymous codon usage analysis of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses: a comparative study on coxsackievirus a6, a10, a16, and enterovirus 71 from 2008 to 2015.enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) have been considered major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) throughout the world for decades. in recent years, coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) and coxsackievirus a10 (cva10) have raised attention as two other serious pathogens of hfmd. the present study focused on the synonymous codon usage of four viruses isolated from 2008 to 2015, with particular attention on p1 (encoding capsid proteins) and p2-p3 regions (both encoding non-struct ...201728602802
development of real-time and lateral flow dipstick recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of goatpox virus and sheeppox virus.goatpox virus (gtpv) and sheeppox virus (sppv), which belong to the capripoxvirus (capv), are economically important pathogens of small ruminants. therefore, a sensitive, specific and rapid diagnostic assay for detection of gtpv and sppv is necessary to accurately and promptly control these diseases.201728716095
emergence and whole-genome sequence of senecavirus a in colombia.in 2015 and 2016, senecavirus a (sva) emerged as an infectious disease in brazil, china and the united states (us). in a colombian commercial swine farm, vesicles on the snout and coronary bands were reported and tested negative for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), but positive for sva. the whole-genome phylogenetic analysis indicates the colombian strain clusters with the strains from the united states, not with the recent sva strains from brazil.201728714178
identification of a conformational neutralizing epitope on the vp1 protein of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), is a highly contagious infectious disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. in recent years, outbreaks of serotype a fmd have occurred in many countries. high-affinity neutralizing antibodies against a conserved epitope could provide protective immunity against diverse subtypes of fmdv serotype a and protect against future pandemics. in this study, we generated a serotype a fmdv-specific pot ...201728711695
isolation, identification and retrospective study of foot-and-mouth disease virus from affected mithun (bos frontalis) in north-eastern india.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that causes substantial and perpetual economic loss. apart from the contagious nature of the disease, the fmd virus can establish in a "carrier state" among all cloven-hoofed animals. the mithun (bos frontalis), popularly called the "cattle of mountain," is found in the geographically isolated, hilly region of north-east india: arunachal pradesh, nagaland, manipur and mizoram. despite the geographical inaccessibility, ...201728707820
chemiluminescence immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against the 2c and 3abc nonstructural proteins induced by infecting pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus.the potential diagnostic value of chemiluminescence immunoassays (clias) has been accepted in recent years, although their use for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) diagnostics has not been reported. full-length 3abc and 2c proteins were expressed in bacteria and purified by affinity chromatography to develop a rapid and accurate approach to distinguish pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from vaccinated pigs. the recombinant proteins were then used as antigens to develop two clias ...201728592628
first detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/ind-2001d in vietnam.in recent years, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, topotype middle east-south asia (me-sa), lineage ind-2001d has spread from the indian subcontinent to the middle east, north africa, and southeast asia. in the current report, we describe the first detection of this lineage in vietnam in may, 2015 in đắk nông province. three subsequent outbreaks caused by genetically related viruses occurred between may-october, 2015 after which the virus was not detected in clinical outbreaks for ...201728599321
efficacy of a high potency o1 manisa monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus of o/sea/mya-98 lineage in sheep.potency tests for commercial oil-adjuvanted foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines are usually carried out in cattle, using a full dose (2 ml) of vaccine and homologous virus challenge. however, in sheep the recommended vaccine dose is half of the cattle dose (1 ml) and most vaccines have not been potency tested for this species, especially with heterologous viruses. to determine the efficacy of a high potency (>6pd50) fmd virus (fmdv) o1manisa vaccine in sheep, we carried out a study using a het ...201728780422
comparison of different inactivation methods on the stability of indian vaccine strains of foot and mouth disease virus.in this study, the efficiency of binary ethyleneimine (bei) in combination with formaldehyde (fa) and glutaraldehyde (gta) in inactivating the indian fmdv vaccine strains is compared. the acceptable safety of virus inactivation was faster and the inactivation rates were increased many-folds with combination of inactivants than bei alone. fmdv a was inactivated rapidly than the other two serotypes with bei + fa combination. inactivation plots were linear for all the serotypes irrespective of inac ...201728645721
t135i substitution in the nonstructural protein 2c enhances foot-and-mouth disease virus replication.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3a plays an important role in viral replication, virulence, and host range. it has been shown that deletions of 10 or 19-20 amino acids in the c-terminal half of 3a attenuate serotype o and c fmdvs, which replicate poorly in bovine cells but normally in porcine-derived cells, and the c-terminal half of 3a is not essential for serotype asia1 fmdv replication in bhk-21 cells. in this study, we constructed a 3a deletion fmdv mutant based ...201728634750
development of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus virus type ii (pcv2) is the etiology of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome (pdns), and necrotizing pneumonia. rapid diagnosis tool for detection of pcv2 plays an important role in the disease control and eradication program. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) assays using a real-time fluorescent detection (pcv2 real-time rpa assay) and rpa combined with lateral flow dipstick (pcv2 rpa lfd assay) were developed ta ...201728424790
development and utilization of vhh antibodies derived from camelus dromedarius against foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wildlife species. for effective implementation of fmd control program, there is an imperative need for developing a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostics which help in the identification of serotypes involved in the outbreaks. the humoral immune response of the camelidae is unique since in these animals 75% of circulating antibodies are constituted by heavy-chain antibodie ...201829527970
foot-and-mouth disease virus o/me-sa/ind 2001 lineage outbreak in vaccinated holstein friesian cattle in saudi arabia in 2016.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious viral infection of large ruminants. despite the massive application of vaccines against fmdv, several outbreaks are still being reported in africa and asia.201830706772
prevalence of foot and mouth disease virus in apparently healthy buffaloes brought to islamabad slaughterhouse in pakistan.this study was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) slaughtered at islamabad slaughterhouse, pakistan. sera and oro-pharyngeal (op) fluid were collected from 630 healthy buffaloes. these animals originated from various livestock markets from 14 districts of punjab. the age of animals ranged from 1 to 15 years. sera were analyzed using fmd virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins (nsp) and indirect elisa. the sero-prevalence of fmd w ...201833601788
in this issue - september 2018: identification of commercial piggeries using aerial photographs and image analysis • destruction of foot-and-mouth disease virus in carcases in the field • size of the australian goat industry • p4 and fertility after ai in extensively managed bos indicus cattle • antimuellerian hormone levels not recommended in young bitches • a sarcoma on an echidna beak. 201830152066
characterization of naturally occurring, new and persistent subclinical foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated asian buffalo in islamabad capital territory, pakistan.the convalescent subclinical carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection has been thoroughly investigated; contrastingly, the subclinical form of new infections of vaccinated and naïve hosts is recognized, but poorly understood. to investigate the natural dynamics of subclinical fmdv infections, a prospective, 12-month, longitudinal study was conducted in vaccinated asian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) under natural conditions in pakistan, where fmdv is hyperendemic. oropharyngeal ...201830035376
virus-like particles of recombinant pcv2b carrying fmdv-vp1 epitopes induce both anti-pcv and anti-fmdv antibody responses.mixed infection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is devastating to swine populations. to develop an effective vaccine that can protect the pigs from the infection of pcv2 and fmdv, we used the neutralizing b cell epitope region (aa 135-160) of fmdv to replace the regions aa 123-151 and aa 169-194 of the pcv2b cap protein to generate a recombinant protein designated as capfb. the capfb protein was expressed in escherichia coli system and the purified cap ...201830338355
mutation in the vp2 gene of p1-2a capsid protein increases the thermostability of virus-like particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important, global disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the conventional vaccine could bring down the incidence of disease in many parts of the world but has many limitations and in india, the disease is enzootic. more promisingly, the alternate vaccine candidates, virus-like particles (vlps) are as immunogenic as a native virus but are more labile to heat than the live virus capsids. to produce stable vlps, a single amino acid residue was mutated at 9 ...201830136205
phylogeographical and cross-species transmission dynamics of sat1 and sat2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in eastern africa.understanding the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), an endemic and economically constraining disease, is critical in designing control programmes in africa. this study investigates the evolutionary epidemiology of sat1 and sat2 fmdv in eastern africa, as well as between cattle and wild african buffalo. bayesian phylodynamic models were used to analyse sat1 and sat2 vp1 gene segments collected between 1975 and 2016, focusing on the sat1 and sat2 viruses currently circulating in eas ...201931074125
serological and phylogenetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses from uganda during cross-sectional surveillance study in cattle between 2014 and 2017.here, we report the results of a cross-sectional study designed to monitor the circulation and genetic diversity of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) in uganda between 2014 and 2017. in this study, 13,614 sera and 2,068 oral-pharyngeal fluid samples were collected from cattle and analysed to determine fmdv seroprevalence, circulating serotypes and their phylogenetic relationships. circulation of fmdv was evidenced by the detection of antibodies against non-structural proteins of fmdv or viral ...201931127983
hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery vehicle of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles induce persistent immune responses in guinea pigs.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute and febrile infectious disease, which can cause great economic losses. virus-like particles (vlps) as an advantageous antigen can induce significant specific immune response. to improve immunity of vlps, especially, make it induce persistent immune response, the hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (hmsns) as a potential nano-adjuvant were synthesized and loaded the fmd virus (fmdv) vlps. they were injected into guinea pigs and the specific immune respo ...201930701562
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus empty-capsid-like particle with improved acid stability.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animal species. the fmdv capsid is highly acid labile and viral particles lose their immunogenicity when they disassemble at mildly acidic phs. the viral capsid of fmdv serotype o is more sensitive than those of other serotypes, making it more difficult to acquire enough empty-capsid-like particles in the acidic insect cell environment for research. in this study, novel fmdv mut ...201930808570
rapidly assessing the risks of infectious diseases to wildlife species.predicting the likelihood of rare events is increasingly demanded by risk managers. a key challenge is dealing with different types of uncertainty, including epistemic uncertainties (lack of knowledge), stochasticity (inherent randomness) and natural variation. one potentially catastrophic event which is impacted by high levels of all three of these uncertainty types is the transmission of livestock pathogens to wildlife, particularly for endangered species. there is often a lack of basic inform ...201930800356
persistent infection of african buffalo (syncerus caffer) with foot-and-mouth disease virus: limited viral evolution and no evidence of antibody neutralization escape.african buffaloes (syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centers of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for fmdv persistence. we carried out studies in fmdv sat1 persistently infected buffaloes to characterize the diversity of viruses in oropharyngeal epithelia, germinal centers, probang samples (oropharyngeal scrapings), and tonsil swabs to determine if sufficient virus variation is gene ...201931092573
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant proteins consisting of multiple epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with flagellin.many recent studies have shown that flagellin fused to heterologous antigens can induce significantly enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses through its adjuvant activity. therefore, in this study, two key b cell epitopes and a truncated vp1 (δvp1) protein from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed as flagellin fusion proteins in different patterns. specifically, δvp1 and two duplicates of two key b cell epitopes (2×b1b2) were fused separately to the c-terminus of flagellin ...201930888465
genetic determinants of virulence between two foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates which caused outbreaks of differing severity.individual foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains reveal different degrees of infectivity and pathogenicity in host animals. the differences in severity among outbreaks might be ascribable to these differences in infectivity among fmdv strains. to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we estimated the infectivity of o/jpn/2000 and o/jpn/2010, which caused outbreaks of markedly different scales, in cell lines, holstein cattle, and suckling mice. viral growth of t ...201931413173
common vole (microtus arvalis) and bank vole (myodes glareolus) derived permanent cell lines differ in their susceptibility and replication kinetics of animal and zoonotic viruses.pathogenesis and reservoir host adaptation of animal and zoonotic viruses are poorly understood due to missing adequate cell culture and animal models. the bank vole (myodes glareolus) and common vole (microtus arvalis) serve as hosts for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. for a better understanding of virus association to a putative animal host, we generated two novel cell lines from bank voles of different evolutionary lineages and two common vole cell lines and assayed their susceptibility, rep ...201931513859
construction, expression and evaluation of recombinant vp2 protein for serotype-independent detection of fmdv seropositive animals in egypt.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of cloven-hoofed animals. the detection of antibodies (ab) against fmdv structural proteins (sp) using virus neutralization test (vnt) and liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) is the standard procedure in use for monitoring seroconversion in animals post vaccination, the prevalence of infection-surveillance, proving clinical cases and seronegative status of fmdv-free/naïve-animals prior transportation. however, due ...201931300744
foot and mouth disease virus serological study of dromedary camels in oman.the potential role of camels in the epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in oman was investigated. sera from local dromedaries (n = 151) that graze with animals (cattle and small ruminants) positive for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural protein antibody (nsp-ab) were tested for the detection of fmdv nsp-ab. the samples were tested using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) , a rapid immunochromatographic assay and a solid-phase celisa for the det ...201932286571
seroprevalence and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in chad.this study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in domestic ruminants and at characterizing the virus strains circulating in four areas of chad (east batha, west batha, wadi fira and west ennedi). the study was carried out between october and november 2016. a total of 1,520 sera samples (928 cattle, 216 goats, 254 sheep and 122 dromedaries) were collected randomly for fmd serological analyses. nine epithelial tissue samples were also collected from cattle showi ...202031845545
seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in some wildlife and cattle in bauchi state, nigeria.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an important transboundary viral disease of both domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals characterized by high morbidity with devastating consequence on the livestock worldwide. despite the endemic nature of fmd in nigeria, little is known about the epidemiology of the disease at the wildlife-livestock interface level. to address this gap, blood samples were collected between 2013 and 2015 from some wildlife and cattle, respectively, within and around the yankari ...202032257095
adenovirus-vectored capsid proteins of the serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus protect guinea pigs against challenge.type a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been detected on china's pig farms since 2015, and all suspected samples have been strain a/gdmm/cha/2013. to overcome the shortcomings of inactive fmdv vaccines, we expressed the capsid protein precursor p1-2a and mutated viral 3c protease of fmdv strain a/gdmm/cha/2013 in a replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 vector in this study. a significant humoral immune response, t-cell-mediated antiviral response, and mucosa-mediated antiviral res ...202032733405
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of 3a truncated negative marker foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious, economically significant disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by fmd virus (fmdv) of the picornaviridae family. vaccination of susceptible animals with inactivated virus vaccine is the standard practice for disease control. the prophylactic use of the inactivated vaccines has reduced the disease burden in many countries endemic to fmd. in the process of implementation of the mass vaccination program and disease eradication, it is essential ...202032002597
nlrp3 inflammasome activation by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection mainly induced by viral rna and non-structural protein 2b.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a positive-strand rna virus of the family picornaviridae. early studies show that some viruses of picornaviridae, such as emcv and ev71, induce nlrp3 inflammasome activation. our current study demonstrates that fmdv induces the secretion of caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (il-1β), as well as activates the nlrp3 inflammasome in a dose- and time-dependent manner. meanwhile, nlrp3 inflammasome can suppress fmdv replication during virus infection. both fmdv rn ...202031840571
clinical validation of two recombinase-based isothermal amplification assays (rpa/raa) for the rapid detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars, and has tremendous negative socioeconomic impact on the swine industry and food security worldwide. it is characterized as a notifiable disease by world organisation for animal health (oie). no effective vaccine or treatment against asf has so far been available. early detection and rapid diagnosis are of potential significance to control the spread of asf. ...202032793160
a wide-ranging antiviral response in wild boar cells is triggered by non-coding synthetic rnas from the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple cloven-hooved hosts including important livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep and goats) as well as several wild animal species. crossover of fmdv between domestic and wildlife populations may prolong virus circulation during outbreaks. the wild boar (sus scrofa) is considered a reservoir of various pathogens that can infect other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. as wild boar and ...202032851049
soluble fmdv vp1 proteins fused with calreticulin expressed in escherichia coli under the assist of trigger factor16 (tf16) formed into high immunogenic polymers.foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious pathogen propagating among cloven-hoofed animals. as a major immunogenic protein, vp1 plays a pivotal role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies, which therefore is an ideal target for developing subunit vaccines. in current study, four prokaryotic expression clones (rv4c, rc4v, rv5f and rf5v) were constructed by fusing truncated calreticulin (crt) (120-250 aa or 120-308 aa) at the n/c terminal of vp1 gene, and co-expressed with ch ...202031739054
production of foot-and-mouth disease virus sat2 vp1 protein.the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) differ on the surface exposed regions on the vp1, 2 and 3 proteins. amongst the three, the vp1 protein has been produced the most for use in serotyping assays for some of the euro-asian serotypes. in this study the vp1 protein of the fmdv sat2/zim/7/83 was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 cells in luria broth and enpresso® b media in shake flasks. production was further developed and the vp1 protein was produced at 2.15 g l-1 in fed-ba ...202031912326
first isolation of foot and mouth disease virus from wild boars in the middle east.domestic pigs are susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and suffer from severe clinical disease. our knowledge on the clinical manifestations of fmd in and its transmission by wild boars (sus scrofa) is very limited. during an fmd outbreak in the golan heights in 2018, wild boars grazing in close proximity to cattle were observed showing lameness. infectious fmdv was isolated from throat and heart tissues of two young wild boars with fmd clinical signs. this is the first r ...202032034998
the role of african buffalo in the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in sympatric cattle and buffalo populations in kenya.quantitative knowledge on the contribution of african buffalo to the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in east africa is lacking, and this information is essential for the design of control programs in the region. the objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of fmdv in buffalo, including the role of buffalo in the circulation of fmdv in livestock populations. we collected blood and oropharyngeal fluids from 92 wild buffalo and 98 sympatric cattle in central k ...202032303117
application of median lethal concentration (lc50) of pathogenic microorganisms and their antigens in vaccine development.lack of ideal mathematical models to qualify and quantify both pathogenicity, and virulence is a dreadful setback in development of new antimicrobials and vaccines against resistance pathogenic microorganisms. hence, the modified arithmetical formula of reed and muench has been integrated with other formulas and used to determine bacterial colony forming unit/viral concentration, virulence and immunogenicity.202032539814
diagnostic and epitope mapping potential of single-chain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a, sat1, and sat3.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals and an outbreak can cause severe losses in milk production, reduction in meat production and death amongst young animals. several parts of asia, most of africa, and the middle east remain endemic, thus emphasis on improved fmd vaccines, diagnostic assays, and control measures are key research areas. fmd virus (fmdv) populations are quasispecies, which pose serious implications in vaccine design and efficacy where an ...202032851044
enhanced protective immune response of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine through dna-loaded virus-like particles.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. virus-like particles (vlps) can induce a robust immune response and deliver dna and small molecules. in this study, a vlp-harboring pcdna3.1/p12a3c plasmid was generated, and the protective immune response was characterized. guinea pigs were injected with vlps, naked dna vaccine, dna-loaded vlps, or phosphate-buffered saline twice subcutaneously at four-week intervals. ...202032165331
characterization of sat2 foot-and-mouth disease 2013/2014 outbreak viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface in south africa.the southern african territories (sat)-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) are endemic to the greater kruger national park (knp) area in south africa, where they are maintained through persistent infections in african buffalo. the occurrence of fmdv within the greater knp area constitutes a continual threat to the livestock industry. to expand on knowledge of fmdv diversity, the genetic and antigenic relatedness of sat2-type viruses isolated from cattle during a fmd outbreak in mpumalanga ...202031984622
adjuvant effect of saponin in an oil-based monovalent (serotype o) foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine on the antibody response in guinea pigs and cattle.to enhance the potency of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, saponin was included in the vaccine formula. in this study, the combined effect of montanide isa 50 and saponin was evaluated. two experiments were performed in guinea pigs and one in cattle to determine the optimal antigen and saponin doses. only serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (o/panasia-2 of me-sa topotype) was employed in preparation of the monovalent vaccine. all animals were immunized twice with a four-week interv ...202133871696
bi-functional gold nanocages enhance specific immunological responses of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine as a carrier and adjuvant.virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines have become one of the dominant vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). to further enhance the immunogenicity of vlp vaccines, gold nanocages (auncs) were selected as an adjuvant for the vaccine. our experiments demonstrated that auncs had little biotoxicity in vivo and in vitro and improved the uptake of vlp in bhk-21 and raw264.7 cell lines. the vlp-auncs activated dcs mainly through toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and promoted the secretion of il-6, ...202133484882
short communication: preliminary observations on the serum levels of hsp70 and its correlation with serum cortisol, thyroid hormones, and acute-phase protein concentration in cattle naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.the study aimed to explore the serum levels of hsp70 and identify its possible association with serum cortisol, thyroid hormones, and acute-phase protein concentrations in cattle naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. after the fmd outbreak in an organized dairy cattle farm in india, blood samples were obtained from clinically infected (n = 40) and apparently healthy (n = 30) animals. samples were processed and tested by an in-house diva assay for confirmation of fmd infecti ...202134292411
seroprevalence and molecular detection of foot and mouth disease virus in dairy cattle around addis ababa, central ethiopia.foot and mouth disease is a debilitating and highly contagious transboundary disease of cattle that can cause a huge economical loss globally. it is a notifiable disease in ethiopia, and it is thought to be causing a decrease in cattle productivity and production.202134285888
eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in france.eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in france foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild artiodactyls (mainly cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, camelids and deer). before the 1980s, europe, and in particular france, regularly experienced fmd epizootics with a very high number of outbreaks. a compulsory vaccination policy has been implemented at european level. thus, every year, the french population of domestic cattle (about 20 million animals) w ...202134160957
after nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a rna is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious aphthoviral infection of cloven-hoofed animals, inducing vesiculopustular stomatitis, pododermatitis, and thelitis. vesicular fluid represents a major pathway of virus excretion, but bovine milk is another important source of virus shedding. we describe here the time course of fmd virus (fmdv) excretion in the milk and characterize associated lesions in the mammary gland. three dairy cows were infected by nasopharyngeal instillation of fmdv and ...202134137327
effect of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination on acute phase immune response and anovulation in hanwoo (bos taurus coreanae).vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is the most common method for preventing the spread of the disease; the negative effects include miscarriage, early embryo death, lower milk production, and decreased growth of fattening cattle. therefore, in this study, we analyze the side effects of vaccination by determining the acute immune response and ovulation rate after vaccinating cows for foot-and-mouth disease. the test axis was synchronized with ovulation using 100 hanwoo (bos taurus coreana ...202133922252
antibody prevalence to african swine fever virus, mycobacterium bovis, foot-and-mouth disease virus, rift valley fever virus, influenza a virus, and brucella and leptospira spp. in free-ranging warthog (phacochoerus africanus) populations in south africa.the warthog (phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. an omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. a retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from may 1999 to august 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogen ...202133635986
comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in european farmed pigs.in europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. the need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (sla) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. in this study, we characterised the sla class i ...202134028065
characterization of foot and mouth disease virus serotype sat-2 in swamp water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) under the egyptian smallholder production system.spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of fmdv, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. the objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize fmdv isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffe ...202134200281
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris), iran.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious viral disease, recognised to affect animals in the order artiodactyla. the disease is rarely fatal in adult animals, however high mortality is associated with neonatal and juvenile infection.202133526020
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