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foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes detected in tanzania from 2003 to 2010: conjectured status and future prospects.this study was conducted to investigate the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in different geographic locations of tanzania. epithelial tissues and fluids (n = 364) were collected from cattle exhibiting oral and foot vesicular lesions suggestive of fmd and submitted for routine fmd diagnosis. the analysis of these samples collected during the period of 2002 and 2010 was performed by serotype-specific antigen capture elisa to determine the presence of fmdv. the results of this study ...201223327382
new technologies to diagnose and monitor infectious diseases of livestock: challenges for sub-saharan africa.using foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) as an example, this review describes new tools that can be used to detect and characterise livestock diseases. in recent years, molecular tests that can detect and characterise pathogens in a diverse range of sample types have revolutionised laboratory diagnostics. in addition to use in centralised laboratories, there are opportunities to locate diagnostic technologies close to the animals with suspected clinical signs. work in this area has developed simple-to ...201223327376
development of an inactivated 3c(pro)-3abc (mu3abc) elisa to differentiate cattle infected with foot and mouth disease virus from vaccinated cattle.foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is still endemic in asia, africa, and a few countries in south america. subclinical and persistent infections usually occur in vaccinated cattle exposed to fmdv. successful control and eradication measures need a diagnostic assay that can distinguish between immune responses to infection and vaccination. the non-structural 3abc elisa is the most reliable differential diagnostic assay. however, expression of the native ...201323305815
dna prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves.the limited efficacy of dna vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and other natural hosts has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. in this study we tested a dna prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against fmd in bovine calves. we used purified recombinant fmdv specific multi-epitope protein (rmeg990) and an optimized sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine expressing this protein (psincmv-vac-meg990). we demonstrate that vaccination with a low dose ...201223305616
neuroattenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus through picornaviral internal ribosome entry sites.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is potent and a highly promising agent for the treatment of cancer. however, translation of vsv oncolytic virotherapy into the clinic is being hindered by its inherent neurotoxicity. it has been demonstrated that selected picornaviral internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements possess restricted activity in neuronal tissues. we therefore sought to determine whether the picornavirus ires could be engineered into vsv to attenuate its neuropathogenicity. we have u ...201323283963
examination of soluble integrin resistant mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection via recognition of one of at least four cell-surface integrin molecules αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, or αvβ8 by a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located in the g-h loop of vp1. within the animal host, the αvβ6 interaction is believed to be the most relevant. sub-neutralizing levels of soluble secreted αvβ6 (ssαvβ6) was used as a selective pressure during passages in vitro to explore the plasticity of that interaction.201323282061
candidate rna structures for domain 3 of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus internal ribosome entry site.the foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) utilizes non-canonical translation initiation for viral protein synthesis, by forming a specific rna structure called internal ribosome entry site (ires). domain 3 in fmdv ires is phylogenetically conserved and highly structured; it contains four-way junctions where intramolecular rna-rna interactions serve as a scaffold for the rna to fold for efficient ires activity. although the 3d structure of domain 3 is crucial to exploring and deciphering the initia ...201223275533
translation directed by hepatitis a virus ires in the absence of active eif4f complex and eif2.translation directed by several picornavirus ires elements can usually take place after cleavage of eif4g by picornavirus proteases 2a(pro) or l(pro). the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires is thought to be an exception to this rule because it requires intact eif4f complex for translation. in line with previous results we report that poliovirus (pv) 2a(pro) strongly blocks protein synthesis directed by hav ires. however, in contrast to previous findings we now demonstrate that eif4g cleavage by foot-a ...201223272212
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
a proposal for an alternative quality control test procedure for inactivated vaccines against food-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control in brazil includes a strict mandatory vaccination program with vaccines produced in certified laboratories subject to inspection by the brazilian ministry of agriculture, livestock, and food supply (mapa). the fmd vaccine's potency is tested through antibodies titration against structural viral proteins in sera from cattle that have not had any exposure to food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), at 28 days post-vaccination. biological product testing using large ...201223267841
recombinant adenovirus expressing type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins induces protective immunity against homologous virus challenge in mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease worldwide affecting cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the fmdv capsid polyprotein and 3c proteinase are required for capsid precursor processing and assembly. the fmdv capsid protein, which contains the entire repertoire of immunogenic sites, can stimulate both humoral immunity and t-cell-mediated immune responses. in this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus, radv-asi-05, that expres ...201223267820
early adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. this acute disease, caused by the fmd virus (fmdv), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. the role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. here we report the kin ...201323255811
use of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide co-expression system to study intracellular protein trafficking in arabidopsis.a tool for stoichiometric co-expression of effector and target proteins to study intracellular protein trafficking processes has been provided by the so called 2a peptide technology. in this system, the 16-20 amino acid 2a peptide from rna viruses allows synthesis of multiple gene products from single transcripts. however, so far the use of the 2a technology in plant systems has been limited.201223251667
first confirmation of foot and mouth disease virus serotype sat-1 in cattle and small ruminants in ethiopia in 2007/08.the study was conducted in three regional states of ethiopia: amhara, oromia, and the southern nations nationalities and people regional state from august 2007 to april 2008 with the objective of identifying the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes circulating in the region. two serotypes were recorded from epithelial tissue and oesophageal-pharyngeal (op) fluid that were taken from outbreaks in study regions of ethiopia. serotype o fmdv was identified in girar jarso, yabello, and ankes ...201323250672
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. further, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable for dia ...201223244327
development of a liquid-phase blocking elisa based on foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid antigen for seromonitoring vaccinated animals.in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control programme, liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) is widely used to assay vaccine-induced seroconversion. currently, the assay utilizes inactivated fmd virus antigen for the detection of antibodies in serum samples. to develop a non-infectious substitute for the antigen in lpbe, we expressed the structural polypeptide of fmdv (serotype a) using a baculovirus expression system, and show that inclusion of viral 3c with reduced protease activity resulted in a hig ...201323242775
molecular dissection of a viral quasispecies under mutagenic treatment: positive correlation between fitness loss and mutational load.low fidelity replication and the absence of error-repair activities in rna viruses result in complex and adaptable ensembles of related genomes in the viral population, termed quasispecies, with important implications for natural infections. theoretical predictions suggested that elevated replication error rates in rna viruses might be near to a maximum compatible with viral viability. this fact encouraged the use of mutagenic nucleosides as a new antiviral strategy to induce viral extinction th ...201323239576
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a stable flag epitope in the vp1 g-h loop as a new tool for studying fmdv pathogenesis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 g-h loop contains the major antigenic site. by replacing the sequence upstream of the rgd motif with a flag epitope, a marker virus for pathogenesis studies was generated. in cell culture, the recombinant virus containing flag (a24-flag) exhibited similar plaque phenotypes and growth kinetics to parental virus. a24-flag was distinguished, neutralized, and immunoprecipitated by flag anti-sera. a24-flag infected cattle exhibited fmd and an antibody response ...201323228860
reconstruction of the transmission history of rna virus outbreaks using full genome sequences: foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulgaria in 2011.improvements to sequencing protocols and the development of computational phylogenetics have opened up opportunities to study the rapid evolution of rna viruses in real time. in practical terms, these results can be combined with field data in order to reconstruct spatiotemporal scenarios that describe the origin and transmission pathways of viruses during an epidemic. in the case of notifiable diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), these analyses provide important insights into the epi ...201223226216
the analysis of codon bias of foot-and-mouth disease virus and the adaptation of this virus to the hosts.the synonymous codon usage patterns of open reading frame (orf) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the similarity degree of the synonymous codon usage between this virus and the hosts and the genetic diversities of fmdv orfs and the viral functional genes in viral orf have been investigated by some simply statistical analyses. as for the synonymous codon usage of fmdv, some over-represented and under-represented codons have a similar usage in all seven serotypes. 33 out of 59 synonymous cod ...201323220329
poly(i:c) combined with multi-epitope protein vaccine completely protects against virulent foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge in pigs.we designed a series of epitope proteins containing the g-h loops of three topotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o and promiscuous artificial th sites and selected one epitope protein (designated as b4) with optimal immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. three out of five pigs immunized intramuscularly with this b4 were protected against virulent fmdv challenge after a single inoculation, while all pigs co-immunized with b4 and polyinosinic-cytidylic acid [poly(i:c)] conferred ...201323219974
an efficient colorimetric assay for rna synthesis by viral rna-dependent rna polymerases, using thermostable pyrophosphatase.rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is essential for the replication of rna genome-containing positive-strand rna viruses. we developed a simple colorimetric assay to quantify the rna synthesis activity of rdrp by measuring the pyrophosphates released during nascent rna synthesis. rna polymerase reaction was quenched by heating at 70 °c for 5 min, during which thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase converted the accumulated pyrophosphates into inorganic phosphates. subsequently, the amount of in ...201323219564
time-dependent biodistribution and transgene expression of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5-luciferase vector as a surrogate for rad5-fmdv vaccines in cattle.replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 5 (rad5) vectors carrying foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) transgenes elicit a robust immune response to fmdv challenge in cattle; however mechanistic functions of vaccine function are incompletely understood. recent efforts addressing critical interactions of rad5 vectors with components of the bovine immune system have elucidated important aspects of induction of protective immunity against fmdv. in the current study, a rad5-luciferase (rad5-luc) ...201323219159
mapping of antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 and relationships with sites described in other serotypes.knowledge of the antigenic structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has relevance in the development of diagnostic assays, in the evaluation of the antigenic variability and in the selection of appropriate vaccine strains. antigenic sites have been investigated only in fmdvs of serotypes o, a and c, while it would be valuable to extend studies also to other serotypes. this paper reports the identification of antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization in the fmdv serotype asia 1 by ...201323197575
persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus.equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a member of the aphthovirus genus, and has many physical and structural similarities to the prototype aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the pathogenesis of fmdv has been extensively studied, however, the similarities in the pathogenesis of erav and fmdv disease has not been well documented. this study describes and compares the pathogenesis of erav both in the natural host and a small animal model alternative (cba mice). distinct parallels in the ...201323183058
characterization of a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus re-emerging in the year 2011 in free areas of the southern cone of south america and cross-protection studies with the vaccine strain in use in the region.molecular, antigenic and vaccine matching studies, including protective response in vivo, were conducted with a foot-and-mouth disease type o virus isolated during the outbreak in september 2011 in san pedro, paraguay, country internationally recognized as free with vaccination in 1997. the phylogenetic tree derived from complete vp(1) sequences as well as monoclonal antibody profiling indicated that this isolate was related to viruses responsible for previous emergencies in free areas of the so ...201323182909
efficient production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids in insect cells following down regulation of 3c protease activity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a significant economically and distributed globally pathogen of artiodactyla. current vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus particles that require large-scale virus growth in strict bio-containment with the associated risks of accidental release or incomplete inactivation. non-infectious empty capsids are structural mimics of authentic particles with no associated risk and constitute an alternate vaccine candidate. capsids self-assemble from the p ...201323174161
quantitative proteomics by amino acid labeling in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important disease agent that can be difficult to effectively eradicate from herds. because it is an obligate intracellular parasite, the virus has multiple effects on the host cell during infection. here, a high-throughput quantitative proteomic approach was used to develop an unbiased holistic overview of the protein changes in ibrs-2 cells infected with fmdv. stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) combined with lc-ms/ms was pe ...201323170859
protection against west nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type i interferon-inducing rna transcripts.west nile virus (wnv) is a neurovirulent single stranded rna mosquito-borne flavivirus, whose main natural hosts are birds, but it also infects humans and horses. nowadays, no human vaccine is commercially available and clinical treatment is only supportive. recently, it has been shown that rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) induce a potent ifn response and antiviral activity in transfected cultured cells, and ...201223166685
a bayesian inference framework to reconstruct transmission trees using epidemiological and genetic data.the accurate identification of the route of transmission taken by an infectious agent through a host population is critical to understanding its epidemiology and informing measures for its control. however, reconstruction of transmission routes during an epidemic is often an underdetermined problem: data about the location and timings of infections can be incomplete, inaccurate, and compatible with a large number of different transmission scenarios. for fast-evolving pathogens like rna viruses, ...201223166481
outbreaks and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o in the republic of korea, april-june 2010.thirteen outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) were reported in pigs and cattle in korea between 8 april and 4 june 2010. the fmd virus (fmdv) isolates were of serotype o, indicating that they were related to the virus strains of the southeast asia topotype that are circulating in east asian countries. animals carrying the viruses were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) during a 29-day period between 8 april and 6 may, 2010. prior to this outbreak, these f ...201423164336
exploring the dynamics of four rna-dependent rna polymerases by a coarse-grained model.in this article, we present a hybrid enm/martini coarse-grained model and examine the impact of reduced chemical detail on both static and dynamic properties by comparing against explicit atomistic simulations. this methodology complements the advanced molecular characterization and dynamics of proteins for medical and bioengineering applications by developing a fundamental understanding of how the motion and molecular characteristics of proteins, viruses, their precursors, and their interaction ...201223157550
sequential administration of cytokine genes to enhance cellular immune responses and cd4 (+) t memory cells during dna vaccination.antigen specific memory t cells (tm) have shown to be an important factor in protecting hosts against subsequent infection by previously encountered pathogens. during t-cell activation, several cytokines including il-6, il-7 and il-15, play crucial roles in the development of t cells into memory t cells. with the aim of generating specific tm, we examined a strategy of sequential administration of molecular adjuvants. in this strategy a dna vaccine encoding the vp1 capsid protein of foot and mou ...201223151452
characterization of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat2 in egypt.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in egypt affected approximately 40,000 cattle and water buffaloes and killed more than 4,600 animals during february-march 2012. to investigate the etiology of the 2012 outbreak, specimens were collected from six governorates and analyzed using universal primers to amplify the 5' untranslated region (utr) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. only fmdv-sat2 was detected, with an overall detection rate of 80.3 %. complete vp1- and leader-p ...201323132412
foot-and-mouth disease virus strains and examination of exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009.new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. the objectives of the study reported here were: (i) to identify current fmd virus strains circulating in cattle herds and (ii) to identify exposure factors associated with a seropositive diagnosis of fmd in cattle herds. this study provides evidence that fmd virus serotypes o, a and sat-2 were co-circulating in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. cattle herds in a neighborhood affected with ...201323127691
genetic and antigenic characterization of indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o isolates collected during the period 2001 to 2012.the phylogenetic analysis of vp1 sequences of the 39 type o foot and mouth virus (fmdv) isolates collected from different regions of india during the year of 2001-12 revealed that all isolates belonged to the middle east - south asia (me-sa) topotype. based on the amount of divergence among the isolates, the viruses were further classified into three distinct lineages namely ind 2001, panasia and panasia-2 as well as a minor, unnamed group. ind 2001 lineage viruses accounted for most of the curr ...201323123825
preparation of fmd type a87/irn inactivated vaccine by gamma irradiation and the immune response on guinea pig.fmd is one of the most economically damaging diseases that affect livestock animals. in this study fmd virus type a87/irn was multiplied on bhk21 cells. the virus was titrated by tcid50 method, it was 10(7.5)/ml. the fmd virus samples were inactivated by gamma ray from 60co source at -20°c. safety test was done by ibrs2 monolayer cell culture method, also antigenicity of irradiated and un-irradiated virus samples were studied by complement fixation test. the dose/survival curve for irradiated fm ...200823100729
theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the stopgo non-standard translation mechanism.the picornaviruses' genome consists of a positive-sense ssrna. like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. both the [l-1abcd-2a] and the [2bc-3abcd] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. an unusual translational event, known as 'stopgo' or 'stop-carry on', is responsible for the release of the [l-1abcd-2a] polyprotein from the riboso ...201323100365
monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for foot and mouth disease virus type a and type o vp1.the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus composed of single stranded positive sense rna. fmdv has been known to infect cloven-hoofed animals, including pigs, cattle, and sheep. fmdv is rapidly spreading outward to neighboring regions, often leading to a high mortality rate. thus, early diagnosis of fmdv is critical to suppress propagation of fmdv and minimize economic losses. in this study, we report the generation and characterization of polyclonal and six monoclonal antibodies a ...023098303
sequence analysis of capsid coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a vaccine strain during serial passages in bhk-21 adherent and suspension cells.sequence variability within the capsid coding region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus type a vaccine strain during serial in vitro passage was investigated. specifically, two methods of virus propagation were utilized, a monolayer and suspension culture of bhk-21 cells. at three positions (vp2(131) e-k in both monolayer and suspension passages, vp3(85) h-r in late monolayer passages and vp3(139) k-e in only suspension passages), all mapped to surface exposed loops, amino acid substitutions we ...201223084588
spatial trend of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes in cattle and buffaloes, pakistan.the present study describes the frequency of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus serotypes (o, a and asia-1) in major regions (all provinces) of pakistan using indirect sandwich elisa. also, spatial distribution of various fmd serotypes and their comparison is discussed. a total of 590 samples (epithelial tissue) have been analyzed during a period of five years (2005-2009). out of 590 samples, 180 were found positive, giving an overall confirmation of fmdv about 33.2 %. of the prevalent serotypes ...201223055008
generation of monoclonal antibodies against non-structural protein 3ab of foot-and-mouth disease virus.to identify linear epitopes on the non-structural protein 3ab of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), babl/c mice were immunized with the 3ab protein and splenocytes of balb/c mice were fused with myeloma sp2/0 cells. two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies (mabs) cell lines against the 3ab protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were obtained, named c6 and e7 respectively. the microneutralization titer was 1:1024 for mab c6, and 1:512 for e7. both mabs contain kappa light chains, and were of ...201223055007
recombinant protein rvp1 upregulates becn1-independent autophagy, mapk1/3 phosphorylation and mmp9 activity via wipi1/wipi2 to promote macrophage migration.the monocyte/macrophage is critical for regulating immune and antitumor responses. recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus induces apoptosis and inhibits migration/metastasis of cancer cells. here, we explored the effects of rvp1 on macrophages. our results showed that rvp1 increased lc3-related autophagosome formation via wipi1 and wipi2 in a becn1-independent manner. rvp1 treatment increased macrophage migration that was attenuated by knockdown of atg5, atg7, wipi ...201323051912
humanization and characterization of an anti-ricin neutralization monoclonal antibody.ricin is regarded as a high terrorist risk for the public due to its high toxicity and ease of production. currently, there is no therapeutic or vaccine available against ricin. d9, a murine monoclonal antibody developed previously in our laboratory, can strongly neutralize ricin and is therefore a good candidate for humanization. humanization of d9 variable regions was achieved by a complementarity-determining region grafting approach. the humanized d9 (hd9) variable regions were further grafte ...201223049820
development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o virus-like-particles (vlps) vaccine and evaluation of its potency.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically significant viral disease that rampage dairy and other livestock industries in many countries. the disease is being controlled by the use of an inactivated vaccine. however, a recombinant marker vaccine, which avoids the use of live virus, may be an option for the unambiguous differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. a recombinant baculovirus clone containing p1-2a-3c coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) seroty ...201223043941
accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus.analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in the uk in 2001 and 2007. interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly bhk-21-ce ...201323034594
cd4+ t-cell responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle.we have performed a series of studies to investigate the role of cd4(+) t-cells in the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) post-vaccination. virus neutralizing antibody titres (vnt) in cattle vaccinated with killed fmd commercial vaccine were significantly reduced and class switching delayed as a consequence of rigorous in vivo cd4(+) t-cell depletion. further studies were performed to examine whether the magnitude of t-cell proliferative responses correlated with the antibody ...201323034593
plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate is required for internalization of foot-and-mouth disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, pi(4,5)p(2), is a phospholipid which plays important roles in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. to investigate the possible role of this lipid on viral entry, two viruses important for animal health were selected: the enveloped vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) - which uses a well characterized clathrin mediated endocytic route - and two different variants of the non-enveloped foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with distinct receptor specificities. the express ...201223028825
interferon-γ induced by in vitro re-stimulation of cd4+ t-cells correlates with in vivo fmd vaccine induced protection of cattle against disease and persistent infection.the immune defense against fmdv has been correlated to the antibody mediated component. however, there are occasions when some animals with high virus neutralising (vn) antibody are not protected following challenge and some with low neutralising antibody which do not succumb to disease. the importance of cell mediated immunity in clinical protection is less clear and so we investigated the source and production of interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) in re-stimulated whole blood of fmdv immunized cattle an ...201223028529
emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus sat 2 in egypt during 2012.the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in north africa is complicated by the co-circulation of endemic fmd viruses (fmdv), as well as sporadic incursions of exotic viral strains from the middle east and sub-saharan africa. this report describes the molecular characterization of sat 2 fmd viruses that have caused widespread field outbreaks of fmd in egypt during february and march 2012. phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from these outbreaks fell into two distinct lineages within ...201223025522
the comparative utility of oral swabs and probang samples for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle and pigs.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr) assays in oral swab and probang samples collected from cattle and pigs during experimental infections with serotype o fmdv. during acute infection, fmdv rna was measurable in oral swabs as well as in probang samples from both species. fmdv rna could be detected in oral swabs and probang samples from a time point corresponding to the onset of viremia in directly inoculated animals, whereas ...201323022683
global transcriptional analysis of model of persistent fmdv infection reveals critical role of host cells in persistence.with the aid of ammonium chloride, we established a model for persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of bhk-21 cells (huang et al., 2011). distinctive to a previously established model, the persistently infected cell line acquired new features including more rounded morphology, resistance to wild type fmdv infection, consistent replication efficiency in late passages, etc. to elucidate the mechanism of establishment of persistence, we performed systematically microarray analysi ...201323022682
comparison of immune responses against fmd by a dna vaccine encoding the fmdv/o/irn/2007 vp1 gene and the conventional inactivated vaccine in an animal model.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is highly contagious and responsible for huge outbreaks among cloven hoofed animals. the aim of the present study is to evaluate a plasmid dna immunization system that expresses the fmdv/o/irn/2007 vp1 gene and compare it with the conventional inactivated vaccine in an animal model. the vp1 gene was sub-cloned into the unique kpn i and bamh i cloning sites of the pcdna3.1+ and pegfp-n1 vectors to construct the vp(1) gene cassettes. the transfected bhkt7 cells ...201223001482
enhanced inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus by combinations of porcine interferon-α and antiviral agents.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically significant animal disease because of the speed of its transmission. the current fmd vaccine provides no protection until 7days after the vaccination, which reduces its effectiveness in the case of an outbreak. therefore, to find an alternative method of applying antiviral agents for rapid and enhanced inhibition of the fmd virus (fmdv), we compared the antiviral effects of promising antiviral agents and attempted to apply them in combination. firs ...201223000495
avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.serological assessment of the heterologous response among foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains is mainly performed by virus neutralization test (vnt), liquid phase blocking elisa and complement fixation assay. in this study two high-throughput elisa techniques, avidity and igg subtype elisa, were developed and used to further characterize heterologous antibody responses in cattle during vaccination and challenge. both assays were applied to a set of previously characterized sera from anim ...201223000129
foot-and-mouth disease virus induces autophagosomes during cell entry via a class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent pathway.autophagy is an intracellular pathway that can contribute to innate antiviral immunity by delivering viruses to lysosomes for degradation or can be beneficial for viruses by providing specialized membranes for virus replication. here, we show that the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces the formation of autophagosomes. induction was dependent on atg5, involved processing of lc3 to lc3ii, and led to a redistribution of lc3 from the cytosol to punctate vesicles indicative of a ...201222993157
phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in ecuador.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of the most important disease of domestic cattle, foot-and-mouth disease. in ecuador, fmdv is maintained at an endemic state, with sporadic outbreaks. to unravel the tempo and mode of fmdv spread within the country we conducted a bayesian phylogeographic analysis using a continuous time markov chain (ctmc) to model the diffusion of fmdv between ecuadorian provinces. we implement this framework through markov chain monte carlo available i ...201322985683
identification of peptides from foot-and-mouth disease virus structural proteins bound by class i swine leukocyte antigen (sla) alleles, sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401.characterization of the peptide-binding specificity of swine leukocyte antigen (sla) class i and ii molecules is critical to the understanding of adaptive immune responses of swine toward infectious pathogens. here, we describe the complete binding motif of the sla-2*0401 molecule based on a positional scanning combinatorial peptide library approach. by combining this binding motif with data achieved by applying the netmhcpan peptide prediction algorithm to both sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401, we ide ...201322984928
recombinant viral protein vp1 suppresses her-2 expression and migration/metastasis of breast cancer.breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer death. development of new therapeutic agents for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis is therefore an urgent need. we previously demonstrated that recombinant dna-derived viral capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced apoptosis of mcf-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. here, we investigated whether rvp1 exhibits any inhibitory effects on migration/metastasis ...201222983836
adenovirus-vectored type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid proteins as a vehicle to display a conserved, neutralising epitope of type o fmdv.the objective of this study was to explore the immunogenicity of an adenovirus construction expressing a type o foot and mouth disease virus neutralising epitope (8e8) in the context of heterologous capsid proteins. adenoviruses expressing four chimeric type asia1 fmdv capsid proteins were constructed by inserting the type o fmdv 8e8 epitope into the g-h loop from the type asia1 vp1 at amino acid residues 139/140, 150/151, 134/140 or at both 139/140 and 150/151. these recombinant proteins were r ...201322981982
a critical role of n-myc and stat interactor (nmi) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2c-induced apoptosis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2c, is one of the most highly-conserved viral proteins among the serotypes of fmdv. however, its effect on host cells is not very clear. using yeast two-hybrid system and immunoprecipitation approaches, we found that fmdv 2c interacted with the n-myc and stat interactor (nmi) protein. when expressed in cells, fmdv 2c is mainly associated with endoplasmic reticulum in the forms of speckles. in the absence of fmdv 2c, nmi was distributed diffusely in the cytopla ...201222974759
characterization of a full-length infectious cdna clone and a gfp reporter derivative of the oncolytic picornavirus svv-001.seneca valley virus (svv-001) is an oncolytic picornavirus with selective tropism for a subset of human cancers with neuroendocrine differentiation. to characterize further the specificity of svv-001 and its patterns and kinetics of intratumoral spread, bacterial plasmids encoding a cdna clone of the full-length wild-type virus and a derivative virus expressing gfp were generated. the full-length cdna of the svv-001 rna genome was cloned into a bacterial plasmid under the control of the t7 core ...201222971818
effects of amino acid substitutions in the vp2 b-c loop on antigenicity and pathogenicity of serotype asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) exhibits a high degree of antigenic variability. studies of the antigenic diversity and determination of amino acid changes involved in this diversity are important to the design of broadly protective new vaccines. although extensive studies have been carried out to explore the molecular basis of the antigenic variation of serotype o and serotype a fmdv, there are few reports on asia1 serotype fmdv.201222963009
development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus.a one-step, real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (rt-lamp) for rapid detection and serotyping of indian foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is described. the rt-lamp assay was found to be 10(3)-10(5) fold more sensitive in comparison with rt-pcr, with a detection limit ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-5) tcid(50) of virus samples of all three serotypes. the rt-lamp assay and qrt-pcr could detect 100 percent of clinical samples of three serotypes, whereas the rt- ...201322960423
effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination programs for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda, 2001-2010.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in uganda, fmd outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled fmd in uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. the objective of this ...201322956440
development of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a empty capsid subunit vaccine using silkworm (bombyx mori) pupae.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that inflicts severe economic losses in the livestock industry. in 2009, fmdv serotype a caused outbreaks of fmd in cattle in china. although an inactivated virus vaccine has proven effective to control fmd, its use may lead to new disease outbreaks due to a possible incomplete inactivation of the virus during the manufacturing process. here, we expressed the p1-2a and the 3c coding regions of a serotype a fmdv ...201222952788
homology modeling and analysis of structure predictions of the bovine rhinitis b virus rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp).bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) is a picornavirus responsible for mild respiratory infection of cattle. it is probably the least characterized among the aphthoviruses. brbv is the closest relative known to foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a ~43% identical polyprotein sequence and as much as 67% identical sequence for the rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is also known as 3d polymerase (3d(pol)). in the present study we carried out phylogenetic analysis, structure based sequence a ...201222942748
robust expression and secretion of xylanase1 in chlamydomonas reinhardtii by fusion to a selection gene and processing with the fmdv 2a peptide.microalgae have recently received attention as a potential low-cost host for the production of recombinant proteins and novel metabolites. however, a major obstacle to the development of algae as an industrial platform has been the poor expression of heterologous genes from the nuclear genome. here we describe a nuclear expression strategy using the foot-and-mouth-disease-virus 2a self-cleavage peptide to transcriptionally fuse heterologous gene expression to antibiotic resistance in chlamydomon ...201222937037
interplay of foot-and-mouth disease virus, antibodies and plasmacytoid dendritic cells: virus opsonization under non-neutralizing conditions results in enhanced interferon-alpha responses.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly infectious member of the picornaviridae inducing an acute disease of cloven-hoofed species. vaccine-induced immune protection correlates with the presence of high levels of neutralizing antibodies but also opsonising antibodies have been proposed as an important mechanism of the immune response contributing to virus clearance by macrophages and leading to the production of type-i interferon (ifn) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). the present s ...201222934974
foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 2c interacts with beclin1, modulating virus replication.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an apthovirus within the picornaviridae family. replication of the virus occurs in association with replication complexes that are formed by host cell membrane rearrangements. the largest viral protein in the replication complex, 2c, is thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. however, studies examining the function of fmdv 2c have been rather limited. to better understand the role of 2c in the ...201222933281
novel antiviral therapeutics to control foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. vaccines require ∼7 days to induce protection; thus, before this time, vaccinated animals are still susceptible to the disease. our group has previously shown that swine inoculated with 1×10(11) focus forming units (ffu) of a replication-defective human adenovirus containing the gene for porcine interferon alpha (adt-pifn-α) are sterilely protected from fmdv serotypes a24, o1 manisa, or asia 1 when t ...201222924938
[early steps of picornavirus infection].picornaviridae is a large family of viruses that cause a variety of infectious diseases in humans and animals. it includes important viruses such as poliovirus, hepatisis a virus and foot and mouth disease virus. early steps of infection play important roles in determining the host range and the target organs for each virus. here, i review the recent advances in the studies of cellular receptors for picornaviruses, mechanisms of cell entry and viral uncoating.201122916565
a safe foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform with two negative markers for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.vaccination of domestic animals with chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is widely practiced to control fmd. currently, fmd vaccine manufacturing requires the growth of large volumes of virulent fmdv in biocontainment-level facilities. here, two marker fmdv vaccine candidates (a(24)ll3d(yr) and a(24)ll3b(pvkv)3d(yr)) featuring the deletion of the leader coding region (l(pro)) and one of the 3b proteins were constructed and evaluated. these vaccine candidates also contain e ...201222915802
identification of short hairpin rna targeting foot-and-mouth disease virus with transgenic bovine fetal epithelium cells.although it is known that rna interference (rnai) targeting viral genes protects experimental animals, such as mice, from the challenge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), it has not been previously investigated whether shrnas targeting fmdv in transgenic dairy cattle or primary transgenic bovine epithelium cells will confer resistance against fmdv challenge.201222905125
human adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: establishment of a vaccine product profile through in vitro testing.next generation, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) molecular vaccines based on replication deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 viral vectored delivery of fmd capsid genes (adfmd) are being developed by the united states dept. of homeland security and industry partners. the strategic goal of this program is to develop adfmd licensed vaccines for the usa national veterinary stockpile for use, if needed, as emergency response tools during an fmd outbreak. this vaccine platform provides a unique opport ...201222888605
the effect of uniform capture molecule orientation on biosensor sensitivity: dependence on analyte properties.uniform orientation of capture molecules on biosensors has been reported to increase sensitivity. here it is investigated which analyte properties contribute to sensitivity by orientation. orientation of capture molecules on biosensors was investigated using variable domains of llama heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs) as capture molecule, and a surface plasmon resonance (spr) chip as biosensor. two vhhs were tested in this study: one recognizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and another recogni ...201322878083
modulation of foot-and-mouth disease virus ph threshold for uncoating correlates with differential sensitivity to inhibition of cellular rab gtpases and decreases infectivity in vivo.the role of cellular rab gtpases that govern traffic between different endosome populations was analysed on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. changes of viral receptor specificity did not alter rab5 requirement for infection. however, a correlation between uncoating ph and requirement of rab5 for infection was observed. a mutant fmdv with less acidic uncoating ph threshold was less sensitive to inhibition of rab5, whereas another mutant with more acidic requirements was more sensiti ...201222875255
expression and stability of foreign epitopes introduced into 3a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an aphthovirus that belongs to the picornaviridae family and causes one of the most important animal diseases worldwide. the capacity of other picornaviruses to express foreign antigens has been extensively reported, however, little is known about fmdv. to explore the potential of fmdv as a viral vector, an 11-amino-acid (aa) hsv epitope and an 8 aa flag epitope were introduced into the c-terminal different regions of 3a protein of fmdv full-length infectio ...201222848509
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o phylodynamics: genetic variability associated with epidemiological factors in pakistan.one of the most challenging aspects of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control is the high genetic variability of the fmd virus (fmdv). in endemic settings such as the indian subcontinent, this variability has resulted in the emergence of pandemic strains that have spread widely and caused devastating outbreaks in disease-free areas. in countries trying to control and eradicate fmd using vaccination strategies, the constantly evolving and wide diversity of field fmdv strains is an obstacle for iden ...201322846206
genome sequences of sat 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses from egypt and palestinian autonomous territories (gaza strip).two foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome sequences have been determined for isolates collected from recent field outbreaks in north africa (egypt) and the middle east (palestinian autonomous territories). these data represent the first examples of complete genomic sequences for the fmdv sat 2 topotype vii, which is thought to be endemic in countries immediately to the south of the sahara desert. further studies are now urgently required to provide insights into the epidemiological links be ...201222843860
characteristics of serology-based vaccine potency models for foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine potency testing involves hundreds of animals each year. despite considerable efforts during the past decades, a challenge-free alternative vaccine potency test to replace the european protective dose 50% test (pd(50)) has not been implemented yet. the aim of the present study was to further characterize the properties of serological vaccine potency models.201222824343
exploring ires region accessibility by interference of foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity.translation initiation of picornavirus rna is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element located upstream of the initiator codon. rna structure organization as well as rna-protein interaction plays a fundamental role in internal initiation. ires activity has been mainly analyzed in the context of reporter genes, lacking regions of the viral genome potentially affecting translation efficiency. with the aim to understand the vulnerability of the ires and translation start region to s ...201222815996
characterization of epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals with an almost-worldwide distribution. conventional fmd vaccines consisting of chemically inactivated viruses have aided in the eradication of fmd from europe and remain the main tool for control in endemic countries. although significant steps have been made to improve the quality of vaccines, such as improved methods of antigen concentration and purification, manufacturing processe ...201222815275
synergistic effects of 2a-mediated polyproteins on the production of lignocellulose degradation enzymes in tobacco plants.cost-effective bioethanol production requires a supply of various low-cost enzymes that can hydrolyse lignocellulosic materials consisting of multiple polymers. because plant-based enzyme expression systems offer low-cost and large-scale production, this study simultaneously expressed β-glucosidase (bglb), xylanase (xylii), exoglucanase (e3), and endoglucanase (cel5a) in tobacco plants, which were individually fused with chloroplast-targeting transit peptides and linked via the 2a self-cleaving ...201222798663
double candida antarctica lipase b co-display on pichia pastoris cell surface based on a self-processing foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide.to develop a high efficiency candida antarctica lipase b (calb) yeast display system, we linked two calb genes fused with sacchromyces cerevisiae cell wall protein genes, the sed1 and the 3'-terminal half of sag1, separately by a 2a peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in a single open reading frame. the calb copy number of recombinant strain kcse2acsa that harbored the orf was identified, and the quantity of calb displayed on the cell surface and the enzyme activity of the strain were ...201222797600
mutations that hamper dimerization of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a protein are detrimental for infectivity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3a plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. in other picornaviruses, homodimerization of 3a has been shown to be relevant for its biological activity. in this work, fmdv 3a homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. a molecular model of the fmdv 3a protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of the poliovirus 3a protein, predicted a hydrophobic in ...201222787230
acquiring transgenic tobacco plants with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation.the advantages of gene 'stacking' or 'pyramiding' are obvious in genetically modified (gm) crops, and several different multi-transgene-stacking methods are available. using linker peptides for multiple gene transformation is considered to be a good method to meet a variety of needs. in our experiment, the bt cry1ah gene, which encodes the insect-resistance protein, and the mg ( 2 ) -epsps gene, which encodes the glyphosate-tolerance protein, were connected by a 2a or lp4/2a linker. linker 2a is ...201222777591
improved neutralising antibody response against foot-and-mouth-disease virus in mice inoculated with a multi-epitope peptide vaccine using polyinosinic and poly-cytidylic acid as an adjuvant.a peptide-based vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was designed. the peptide immunogen had a g-h loop domain optimised for immunogenicity and broad-spectrum antigenicity to different lineages of serotype-o fmd viruses (fmdvs). polyinosinic and poly-cytidylic acid [poly (i:c)] was used as the adjuvant to overcome the low humoral antibody levels often observed in association with peptide-based vaccines. the multi-epitope peptide alone induced the secretion of a certain level of neutralising ...201222766183
mutagenesis-mediated decrease of pathogenicity as a feature of the mutant spectrum of a viral population.rna virus populations are heterogeneous ensembles of closely related genomes termed quasispecies. this highly complex distribution of variants confers important properties to rna viruses and influences their pathogenic behavior. it has been hypothesized that increased mutagenesis of viral populations, by treatment with mutagenic agents, can induce alterations in the pathogenic potential of a virus population. in this work we investigate whether mutagenized foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) pop ...201222761933
connecting network properties of rapidly disseminating epizoonotics.to effectively control the geographical dissemination of infectious diseases, their properties need to be determined. to test that rapid microbial dispersal requires not only susceptible hosts but also a pre-existing, connecting network, we explored constructs meant to reveal the network properties associated with disease spread, which included the road structure.201222761900
the integration of molecular tools into veterinary and spatial epidemiology.at the interface of molecular biology and epidemiology, the emerging discipline of molecular epidemiology offers unique opportunities to advance the study of diseases through the investigation of infectious agents at the molecular level. molecular tools can increase our understanding of the factors that shape the spatial and temporal distribution of pathogens and disease. both spatial and molecular aspects have always been important to the field of infectious disease epidemiology, but recently n ...201122748175
increased plasma cardiac troponin i concentration in lambs with myocarditis.cardiac troponin i (ctni) is a blood biomarker of myocardial injury. a human ctni assay may be useful for measuring ctni concentrations in lambs with naturally occurring myocarditis.201222747688
bola-drb3 gene polymorphism and fmd resistance or susceptibility in wanbei cattle.for the further characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-induced foot-and-mouth disease, we investigated the association between polymorphism of bola-drb3 gene and fmd resistance/susceptibility of wanbei cattle challenged with fmdv. one hundred cattle were challenged with fmdv and exon 2 of bola-drb3 genes was amplified by hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction from asymptomatic animals and from animals with fmd. pcr products were characterized by the rflp technique using restricti ...201222744423
ns2b/3 proteolysis at the c-prm junction of the tick-borne encephalitis virus polyprotein is highly membrane dependent.the replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), like that of all flaviviruses, is absolutely dependent on proteolytic processing. production of the mature proteins c and prm from their common precursor requires the activity of the viral ns2b/3 protease (ns2b/3(pro)) at the c-terminus of protein c and the host signal peptidase i (spasei) at the n-terminus of protein prm. recently, we have shown in cell culture that the cleavage of protein c and the subsequent production of tbev particles ...201222727684
gegenees: fragmented alignment of multiple genomes for determining phylogenomic distances and genetic signatures unique for specified target groups.the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies leads to the accumulation of huge amounts of sequencing data. the scientific community faces an enormous challenge in how to deal with this explosion. here we present a software tool, 'gegenees', that uses a fragmented alignment approach to facilitate the comparative analysis of hundreds of microbial genomes. the genomes are fragmented and compared, all against all, by a multithreaded blast control engine. ready-made alignments can ...201222723939
a dna vaccine encoding the fmdv capsid precursor polypeptide p1 and the enhancing effect of bovine herpesvirus 1 vp22 protein as molecular adjuvant.dna vaccines containing the capsid precursor polypeptide p1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) alone or combined with the vp22 gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bvp22) as molecular adjuvant were constructed and used for immunization of balb/c mice. the latter were challenged with fmdv and their humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses and virus clearance capacity were assayed. both dna vaccines elicited specific immune responses, however, the dna vaccine with the bvp22 adjuvant sho ...201222720700
expression of vp1 protein of serotype a and o of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs.recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). they exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. fmdv vp1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen. here we report the development of a bivalent vaccine with tandem-linked vp1 proteins of two serotypes, a and o, present in transge ...201222720698
foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease cleaves nemo to impair innate immune signaling.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral illness of wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals. the causative agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), replicates rapidly, efficiently disseminating within the infected host and being passed on to susceptible animals via direct contact or the aerosol route. to survive in the host, fmdv has evolved to block the host interferon (ifn) response. previously, we and others demonstrated that the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of fmdv is an ifn anta ...201222718831
field outbreak strains of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus from india with a deletion in the immunodominant βg-βh loop of the vp1 protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o accounts for around 80 % of the outbreaks in india. although indian serotype o isolates belongs to the me-sa topotype, circulation of different lineages has been noted. after its emergence in the year 2001, the 'ind2001' lineage outcompeted the panasia lineage in causing serotype o outbreaks in the year 2009. three isolates had an amino acid deletion at position 139 in the vp1 coding region and grouped with the 'ind2001' lineage. the currently used indian ...201222707045
sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine construct encoding fmdv-specific multivalent epitope gene: studies on its immune responses in guinea pigs.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is still a perennial global menace affecting livestock health and production. it is imperative to figure out new ways to curb this disease. in this study, a sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine, psincmv-vac-meg990, encoding a multivalent epitope gene (representing tandemly linked vp1 c-terminal halves of three foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes) was constructed. in vitro transfection studies in bhk-21 cells revealed that the construct was able to expr ...201222702835
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