Publications

recombination and oligonucleotide analysis of guanidine-resistant foot-and-mouth disease virus mutants.	guanidine resistance (gr) mutations of foot-and-mouth disease virus were mapped by recombining pairs of temperature-sensitive mutants belonging to different subtypes. in each cross, one parent possessed a gr mutation. recombinants were isolated by selection at the nonpermissive temperature and assayed for the ability to grow in the presence of guanidine. from the progeny of three crosses, four different types of recombinant were distinguished on the basis of protein composition and rna fingerpri ...	1985	2999445
two initiation sites for foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein in vivo.	typically, the translation of eukaryotic mrnas into protein is initiated at a single site. however, we have recently shown that not one but two primary products, p20a and p16, are translated from the 5' end of the coding region of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this paper we show by partial protease digestion of these proteins that they differ only at their n termini, thus confirming the presence of two initiation sites for translation of fmdv rna. sequence analysis of two ...	1985	2999308
biochemical characterization of an aphthovirus type 0(1) strain campos attenuated for cattle by serial passages in chicken embryos.	the biochemical properties of a virulent and an attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type 0(1) campos (0(1)c) were compared in order to establish differences that could account for their altered biological functions. the avirulent strain (0(1)c-o/e) was derived from the virulent strain 0(1)c by serial passages in chicken embryos. analysis of the rnase t1-generated oligonucleotides of the viral rna through one- and two-dimensional (2d) gel electrophoresis (fingerprints) reveal ...	1985	2998071
early steps in fmdv replication: further analysis on the effects of chloroquine.	we have previously demonstrated that chloroquine and nh4cl, two well-known lysosomotropic drugs inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication. this fact points to the relevance of an acidic environment during fmdv penetration. in the present report, we show that chloroquine prevents the cell-mediated disruption of 140 s virions into 12 s particles. this dissociation, which resembles that caused by low ph in vitro, might be an initial uncoating step. furthermore, we demonstrated that a ...	1985	2998059
foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced rna polymerase is associated with golgi apparatus.	electrophoretic analysis of the golgi apparatus isolated by differential centrifugation from radiolabeled cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus showed about 10 protein bands. the virus-induced rna polymerase was identified by immunoprecipitation and electron microscope staining procedures. pulse-chase experiments indicated that the polymerase passed through the golgi apparatus in less than 1 h.	1985	2997481
immunological priming with synthetic peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a sub-immunizing dose of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the amino acids 141 to 160 region of protein vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), serotype o1, coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (141-160klh) has been shown to prime the immune system of guinea-pigs for an fmdv serotype-specific neutralizing antibody response to a second sub-immunizing dose of the same peptide. optimal priming required an interval of 42 days between the priming dose and the booster dose. no priming was ob ...	1985	2997370
an international collaborative study on foot and mouth disease virus assay methods. 2. quantification of 146s particles.	workers in 11 laboratories in europe and one in north america participated in a collaborative study to assess the variability of a sucrose gradient procedure used for the quantification of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). to this end, a range of standards was distributed from one of the participating laboratories. a series of adenine preparations were used to assess the various spectrophotometers/uv monitors and it showed most to be accurate and linear in their responses. the fmdv and ms2 ri ...	1985	2997228
buffalo in the northern natal game parks show no serological evidence of infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a total of 594 sera collected from buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the hluhluwe/umfolozi game reserve complex, ndumu game reserve and the eastern shores of lake st lucia were examined for antibody to sat 1, 2 and 3 types of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in neutralization tests. no neutralization of sat 2 or 3 viruses was exhibited by any of the sera tested at final dilutions greater than 10. a small proportion (2,9%) of sera neutralized sat 1 virus at dilutions up to 10, but these were conside ...	1985	2995896
conditions for proper formaldehyde inactivation of foot and mouse disease alhydrogel vaccines.	the inactivation of fmdv by formaldehyde (fa) was studied under different conditions, both as free virus and (as in routine vaccine production) after adsorption of the virus to aluminium hydroxide gel (alhydrogel). in the latter case infectivity was monitored after elution of the virus from the gel by isopycnic ultracentrifugation of the virus-alhydrogel mixture in cscl. by this method good virus recoveries were obtained. adsorption of the virus to alhydrogel (without formaldehyde) did not reduc ...	1985	2995172
structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses.	we report the first atomic resolution structure of an animal virus, human rhinovirus 14. it is strikingly similar to known icosahedral plant rna viruses. four neutralizing immunogenic regions have been identified. these, and corresponding antigenic sequences of polio and foot-and-mouth disease viruses, reside on external protrusions. a large cleft on each icosahedral face is probably the host cell receptor binding site.	1985	2993920
analysis of the secondary structure of the poly(c) tract in foot-and-mouth disease virus rnas.	sodium bisulphite modification of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna in solution indicates that the majority of the poly(c) tract in the rna is single-stranded in concordance with previous results with encephalomyocarditis virus rna. the reaction kinetics are biphasic; 60% of the cytidylic acid in the poly(c) tract reacts like synthetic poly(c), and the remainder with the kinetics of the cytidylic acid in the rest of the rna. the reactivity of the poly(c) tract with poly(i) indicates that i ...	1985	2993483
alteration in antibody reactivity with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 146s antigen before and after binding to a solid phase or complexing with specific antibody.	this paper describes the reactions of a number of monoclonal antibodies produced against purified whole virions of foot-and-mouth disease virus in 3 different enzyme immunoassay systems. the first system used whole virus bound non-covalently to microplates; the second used whole virus trapped by a polyclonal antibody which was bound to microplates; and the third allowed the monoclonal antibodies to react with the whole virions in suspension (liquid phase) before trapping by the solid-phase-bound ...	1985	2993421
sequence of the viral replicase gene from foot-and-mouth disease virus c1-santa pau (c-s8).	the nucleotide sequence of the region including the viral replicase gene, the carboxy terminus of protein p18, and the 3'-extracistronic region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type c1-santa pau (c-s8) has been determined from previously cloned cdna fragments [villanueva et al., gene 23 (1983) 185-194]. the comparison with the corresponding gene segments of fmdv of serotypes a or o shows base substitutions in 7.2-8.6% of residues in the replicase gene with no insertions or deletions. this ...	1985	2993105
isolation and biochemical characterization of intertypic recombinants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	recombinants were isolated between two european serotypes (o and a) and between two of the most distantly related serotypes (o from europe and sat2 from africa) using appropriate ts mutants in an infectious centre assay. the recombinants were characterised by electrofocusing of their induced proteins and by rnase-t1 fingerprinting of their rna. the approximate location of the cross-over event in each recombinant was determined by sequencing the unique distinguishable o or a oligonucleotides and ...	1985	2992184
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antibody using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and serum neutralisation tests.	a comparative investigation was made on the applicability, sensitivity and specificity of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) for the rapid detection of antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle sera using as reference a standard serum neutralisation test. the ciep test was sensitive and exhibited a reasonable specificity.	1985	2992139
evaluation of methods for chemically coupling foot-and-mouth disease virus to sheep red blood cells for immunological assays.	six methods of chemically coupling proteins to red blood cells were evaluated for their effectiveness in coupling foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to sheep red blood cells. the coupling agents tested were potassium periodate, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (ecdi), chromium chloride, glutaraldehyde, bis-diazotized benzidine (bdb) and n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (spdp). of these, only the coupling methods using bdb and spdp resulted in virus-red c ...	1985	2991312
establishment of cell lines persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	cell lines persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been established by growth of bhk-21 (c-13) or ibrs-2 (c-26) that survived standard cytolytic infections with fmdv. they maintain cytoplasmic fmdv rna sequences, as shown by dot blot hybridization tests, using cloned fmdv cdna as probes. cell line c1-bhk-rc1 was derived by infection of cloned bhk-21 c1 cells and plaque-purified fmdv c-s8 c1. indirect immunofluorescence assays indicated the presence of fmdv antigens. i ...	1985	2990100
nucleotide and amino acid sequence coding for polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a12.	the coding region for the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of the type a12 foot-and-mouth disease virus genome has been identified by nucleotide sequencing of cloned dna derived from the viral rna. in addition, 704 nucleotides in the 5' untranslated region between the polycytidylic acid tract and the probable initiation codon of the first translated gene, p16-l, have been sequenced. this region has several potential initiation codons, one of which appears to be a low-frequency alternate ...	1985	2987518
effect of salts and other agents on foot-and-mouth disease virus poly (u) polymerase activity.	the activity of the purified poly(u) polymerase replication complex of foot-and-mouth disease virus was optimized when 100 mm nh4+ and either 0.75 mm al3+ or 1.0 mm fe3+ was added to the standard assay reaction mixture. zn2+ at concentrations of 10(-5) mm to 5 mm inhibited enzyme activity although all polymerases examined to date have contained zinc. mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol inhibited polymerase activity despite the presence of cysteine residues in the viral induced polypeptide of the ...	1985	2986581
dose-response evaluation of a genetically engineered foot-and-mouth disease virus polypeptide immunogen in cattle.	four groups of 9 cattle each were vaccinated with 10, 50, 250, or 1,250 micrograms of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus a12 vp1 fusion protein that was produced in escherichia coli and emulsified in an oil adjuvant. the groups given the 10 and 50 micrograms of antigen were revaccinated at 15 weeks and were challenge exposed at 30 weeks; 5 of 9 and 7 of 9 cattle, respectively, were protected from fmd virus infection. the remaining 2 groups, vaccinated with 250 or 1,250 micrograms of antigen, wer ...	1985	2986495
[binary ethyleneimine as an inactivator of the foot-and-mouth disease virus].	experiments were carried out to inactivate f.m.d. viruses with the use of binary ethylene-imine. it was found that inactivation was optimal when the agent was used at the rate of 0.003 m for 18 hours at 26 degrees c. its neutralization in the virus suspension was carried out with 3 mm sodium thiosulfate. the inactivated f.m.d. viruses retained their complement-fixing and immunogenic properties. discussed are the advantages of using binary ethyleneimine as an inactivating agent as against other a ...	1985	2986348
sequence variation in the gene for the immunogenic capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a.	the nucleotide sequences have been determined and compared from cloned cdna genes coding for the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) immunogenic capsid protein, vp1, from eight different a subtypes: a5 westerwald/58, a12 119ab (large plaque variant), a22 550 ussr/65, a24 cruzeiro brazil/55, a27 cundinamarca colombia/76, a32 venezuela/70, a venceslau brazil/76, and a argentina/79. we have also found sequence variations among different cdna clones of the a5 and a24 subtypes. there are regions of n ...	1985	2986125
foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype a22 epizootic in assam.		1985	2984834
sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus cdna coding for capsid proteins and rna polymerase.	we report here the nucleotide sequence corresponding to two large regions of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome. these comprise a sequence of 3274 bases corresponding to the 5' end of the genome, which includes the putative capsid protein region of this picornavirus, and 1590 bases corresponding to the 3' end of the genome, terminating in a 15-base poly(a) tract. these sequences revealed that hav had the characteristic genomic organization of picornaviruses: an open reading frame beginning appro ...	1985	2984684
indirect immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion tests in the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the antibody response detected by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) as well as that directed against 140 s and virus infection associated antigen (via), as detected by agar immunodiffusion, was studied in three mammal species susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus, after challenge with living virus, immunization and hyperimmunization with inactivated virus, and immunization followed by challenge. by spot indirect immunofluorescence, antibodies were detected only in animals undergoing an act ...	1985	2983488
radioimmunoassay for detection of vp1 specific neutralizing antibodies of foot and mouth disease virus.	a solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed for the detection of antibodies against a specific region of the vp1 protein of the a24 and 01 serotypes of foot and mouth disease virus. the antibody titers from the radioimmunoassay showed a positive correlation with neutralizing antibody titers determined by a mouse protection assay. the specificity of the assay resides in the peptide used as antigen. the assay is rapid, reproducible and does not require the use of whole virions.	1985	2982892
role of langerhans cells in the infection of the guinea-pig epidermis with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in guinea-pig infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), langerhans cells in the foot pads increase in number and show viral antigens 24 hours post-inoculation, preceding appearance of virus in epithelial cells and vesiculation. this observation suggests that langerhans cells may be engaged in virus transport from the blood to the non vascularized epidermis.	1985	2982360
genetic manipulation of major p-fimbrial subunits and consequences for formation of fimbriae.	the influence of genetic manipulation of the structural genes coding for major p-fimbrial subunits on the formation of fimbriae in escherichia coli was studied. deletion of two regions that code for hypervariable parts of the p fimbrillin resulted in strong reduction or total absence of fimbria production. replacement of deleted amino acids by other amino acid residues restored the formation of fimbriae. the hypervariable regions may be important for biogenesis of fimbriae by imposing correct sp ...	1988	2903858
liposome encapsulated subunit (vp1) and virion vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease.	subunit vaccine prepared from vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) types 0 and asia 1 protected guinea pigs against fmd and also induced high levels of antibody. liposomes have been used as a safe and potent immunological adjuvant for fmd vaccines. vaccines prepared from inactivated virus types 0 and asia 1 encapsulated in liposomes protected guinea pigs against challenge with homologous virus and showed good antibody response in pigs on a small scale field trial.	1987	2886019
comparative studies on growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus types 0 and asia 1 in bhk-21 razi cells.	growth pattern of foot-and-mouth disease virus types 0 and asia 1 in bhk-21 razi cells was compared; while type 0 virus grew in high titre, asia 1 virus was produced in low titre. inhibition of host protein synthesis in type 0 virus-infected cells was more pronounced than in asia 1 virus-infected cells. foot-and-mouth disease virus type 0 infected cells showed higher lactic dehydrogenase activity when compared to asia 1 virus. a significant decrease in virus yield was observed when actinomycin d ...	1986	2878583
foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins vp0, vp1 and vp3 synthesized by "in vitro" translation are the major components of 14s particles.	translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in extracts of rabbit reticulocytes resulted in the synthesis and assembly of viral capsid protein into immature virion intermediate structures. the particles, which sedimented in the 14s zone of the sucrose gradient and contained only viral proteins vp0, vp1 and vp3 are believed to be pentameric associations of viral protomers.	1985	2869654
minimum number of cells required for reconstitution of a foot-and-mouth disease virus-carrier cell culture.	a serial cell plating experiment has been designed to determine the minimum number of cells, isolated from a culture persistently infected with a virus, required to reconstruct the carrier state. for cell line c1-bhk-rc1, consisting of bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus type c (isolate c-s8c1), more than 10(3) cells derived from one monolayer were needed to reinitiate a stable, fmdv-producing carrier culture. thus, the fmdv-bhk-21 cell system cannot be explained ...	1988	2855980
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. ii. synthesis of protective peptides from the major immunogenic region of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a22].	earlier we found that the immune response and antiviral protection from fmdv can be achieved by immunization with uncoupled fmdv peptides. in a search of approaches to animal protection from fmdv a22 strain we prepared a series of peptides corresponding to the putative antigenic determinants. synthetic 131-149 and 140-149 sequences afforded 50 to 80% protection, both in the free state and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. we believe that the 140-149 segment is so far the smallest peptid ...	1988	2852938
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus. i. synthesis of protective peptides from the major immunogenic region of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth virus type o1k].	a series of overlapping peptides with the sequence of the immunodominant region of vp1 protein of fmdv strain o1k have been synthesized by the classical solution method. peptides were purified by standard methods and used for immunization of guinea pigs. it is shown that the 136-152 and 136-148 segments provide antiviral protection in guinea pigs, both in the free state and conjugated with an immunogenic carrier. results with uncoupled peptides indicated that these segments may form not only b-, ...	1988	2852937
single dilution elisa for detection of serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.	a single dilution blocking elisa was developed and evaluated for measuring serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). basic parameters of the assay were established and a positive-negative threshold determined from testing 176 specific antibody negative sera from australian cattle. sera collected from immunised animals in thailand were tested by elisa and virus-neutralisation (vn) tests and the results compared. a positive correlation between elisa and vn titres was recorded for each ...	1988	2852874
serological and biochemical analysis of some recent type a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from the middle east.	in 1986 and 1987 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a was isolated from outbreaks of disease in saudi arabia and iran. selected virus isolates were antigenically distinct from the prototype a22 virus strain (a22/iraq/64), but were serologically related to each other. however, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that whilst the respective saudi arabian structural polypeptides were homogeneous, those from an iran isolate were distinct. direct sequencing of part of the p-1d (vp1) ge ...	1988	2850938
crossover regions in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) recombinants correspond to regions of high local secondary structure.	the rna genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was analysed for the degree of inverted complementarity and thus potential secondary structure using the procedure of pustell and kafatos [nucleic acids res (1982) 10: 4765-4782]. regions of crossover in 42 fmdv recombinants [king et al. (1985) virus res 3: 373-384; saunders et al. (1985) j virol 56: 921-929] and regions lacking crossovers were assigned an average secondary structure score against which the number of observed recombinants was ...	1988	2848475
further characterization of an rna defective mutant of the foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this paper a further characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) temperature-sensitive mutant, ts 6, is described. this mutant presents a defective rna synthesis at non-permissive temperature (npt) by comparison to the wt capacity. however, a low level of viral rna synthesis (below 10%) was sufficient to achieve an almost normal protein synthesis including a normal pattern of protein cleavage. in addition, morphogenetic precursor particles, 14s and 75s, are formed, indicating th ...	1988	2848384
rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	antigenic relationships between field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus and available vaccine strains can be rapidly determined by elisa. the most suitable vaccine strain to control an outbreak caused by the field isolate can then be quickly identified. the classical method of subtyping strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus should be replaced with a nomenclature which describes the relationship between a strain and the most antigenically closely related vaccine strain.	1988	2848376
opsonization-enhanced phagocytosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	using isolated peritoneal adherent cells, in which monocytes and macrophages dominate, the uptake and destruction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was enhanced by the opsonization with mab of particular epitope specificity. this was seen under conditions in which virus infectivity was not neutralized, as determined by in vitro assay. activation of macrophages in vivo further enhanced the uptake of opsonized virus, presumably by increasing the percentage of phagocytosing cells. the enhanced ...	1988	2847979
[is the arg-gly-asp sequence the site for foot-and-mouth disease virus binding with cell receptor?].	the arg-gly-asp sequence is being found in an increasing wide range of proteins with "adhesive" function. studying a series of synthetic peptide fragments of vp1 protein of fmdv, we showed that peptides containing the arg-gly-asp sequence, but not control peptides, inhibited fmdv binding to pig kidney cells in vitro, thus indicating participation of that sequence in fmdv binding to host cells.	1988	2847760
a continuous bovine kidney cell line for routine assays of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a continuous bovine kidney cell line, lf-bk, arose from primary bovine calf kidney cells that survived infection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus. no virus was recovered after the first passage. cells of passage 48 were inoculated into two steers which remained healthy and did not develop neutralizing antibodies to the virus. the karyotype of cells of the 53rd and 87th passages was similar and revealed that the cells were markedly transformed. the modal number ...	1988	2847400
coupling of foot-and-mouth disease virus to sheep red blood cells using tannic acid for immunological assays.	a technique for coupling foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to tanned sheep red blood cells (srbc) is reported. different parameters influencing the procedure were studied. subtypes c2, c3, o1 and a24 were used as antigens, and guinea pig hyperimmune sera obtained were tested for specific antibody in passive hemagglutination (ph), passive hemagglutination inhibition (phi) and passive immune hemolysis (pil) assays. fresh and srbc stored in alsever's solution showed similar behavior when used as ...	1988	2846600
prediction of three-dimensional models for foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis a virus.	atomic models of foot-and-mouth disease virus and hepatitis a virus have been predicted using amino acid sequence alignments with the known structures of mengo virus and human rhinovirus 14. the structural models are consistent with results of biochemical and immunological studies. the two viruses appear to have surface features exceedingly different than those of other picornaviruses. they also have large hydrophobic cavities within vp1 suggesting that it may be possible to inhibit their infect ...	1988	2845659
a comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and virus isolation for foot and mouth disease diagnosis.	a total of 205 epithelial tissue samples were examined for the presence of foot and mouth disease virus by either the complement-fixation (cf) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and/or by virus isolation in bovine thyroid or kidney cell cultures. the virus was isolated from 134 of the 201 (67%) specimens. samples, from which virus was isolated, were termed virus-positive samples. the cf test detected viral antigen in 30 (24%) of 123 virus-positive samples, whereas the elisa detected ...	1988	2845633
[neutralization of foot-and-mouth disease virus o1 campos by antibodies induced by a synthetic peptide].	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), contains a positive single-stranded rna enclosed in a protein capsid. previous studies have shown that a synthetic peptide located at the carboxyterminal end of vp1 of fmdv strain o1 kaufbeuren (o1k) at the amino acid positions 144-159, and coupled to klh was able to elicit high titers of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and protected them against challenge with the homologous virus (8, 15). fmdv strain o1 campos (o1 ca) has a similar amino acid sequenc ...	1988	2845477
leader protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus is required for cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex.	suppression of host protein synthesis in cells infected by poliovirus and certain other picornaviruses involves inactivation of the cap-binding protein complex. inactivation of this complex has been correlated with the proteolytic cleavage of p220, a component of the cap-binding protein complex. since picornaviral rna is not capped, it continues to be translated as the cap-binding protein complex is inactivated. the cleavage of p220 can be induced to occur in vitro, catalyzed by extracts from in ...	1988	2845152
relationship of p220 cleavage during picornavirus infection to 2a proteinase sequencing.	infection of hela cells by poliovirus results in an abrupt inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. it is thought that the mechanism of this inhibition involves proteolytic cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex, thereby causing functional inactivation of the cap-binding protein complex and preventing capped (cellular) mrnas from binding ribosomes. current data suggest that the viral proteinase 2a indirectly induces p220 cleavage via alteration or activation of a sec ...	1988	2845133
qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens and synthetic peptides.	in cross-immunization studies using foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens and a synthetic peptide, from a region within virus coat protein vp1, it has been shown that intact virus will prime the immune system for intact virus, virus subunits and synthetic peptide but not for disrupted virus. in contrast, peptide will prime for a response to peptide and virus subunits but not to intact virus or disrupted virus. furthermore, studies on antibody populations in anti-virus and anti-peptide ant ...	1988	2844964
a high proportion of anti-peptide antibodies recognize foot-and-mouth disease virus particles.	synthetic peptides representing the amino acid sequence 141-160 of the structural protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) elicit virus-neutralizing antibody. absorption of anti-peptide sera with purified virus particles removed all detectable virus-binding and neutralizing activity, and reduced the elisa titres against the homologous peptide by 31-41%. the proportion of anti-peptide antibodies that also recognized virus was unaffected by whether the peptide had been inoculated free, c ...	1988	2844657
serological and biochemical analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c3) isolated in argentina between 1981 and 1986.	the evolution in the field is described for foot-and-mouth disease viruses belonging to serotype c3 in argentina between 1981 and 1986. during 1981 and 1982 only three isolations of this serotype took place, which showed minor serological and biochemical variations from the prototype strain c3 resende-brasil/55. at the beginning of 1983 an outbreak was detected in a restricted geographical region caused by strains which had important serological and biochemical differences from the prototype str ...	1988	2844033
gene encoding capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a quasispecies model of molecular evolution.	a phylogenetic tree relating the vp1 gene of 15 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotypes a, c, and o has been constructed. the most parsimonious tree shows that fmdv subtypes and isolates within subtypes constitute sets of related, nonidentical genomes, in agreement with a quasispecies mode of evolution of this virus. the average number of nucleotide replacements per site for all possible pairs of vp1 coding segments is higher among representatives of serotype a than serotype ...	1988	2842792
modification of the leader protein (lb) of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna for extended periods in rabbit reticulocyte lysates results in the appearance of a previously undescribed protein. a protein with similar properties can also be detected in bhk cells at late times after virus infection. specific immunoprecipitation has shown that this protein (lb') is closely related to the smaller of the two leader proteins, lb, although it migrates with an apparently higher mr in sds-polyacrylamide gels. the conversion of lb to l ...	1988	2842439
processing and assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins using subgenomic rna.	recombinant dna clones were constructed in order to study the mechanisms of proteolytic processing and assembly in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). rna transcripts from these clones were synthesized using sp6 polymerase and translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. efficient translation occurred in the absence of all 5' untranslated sequences and processing of the structural proteins occurred in the presence of functional 3c protease which can function in trans. the specificity of 3c protea ...	1988	2842438
[the foot-and-mouth disease virus in ultrathin sections].		1988	2840049
[the differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains of type o by serologic and biophysicochemical methods].		1988	2840043
[possibilities of biophysicochemical antigen control in vaccine production using foot-and-mouth disease virus as an example (review)].		1988	2840042
the suitability of a rolled bhk21 monolayer system for the production of vaccines against the sat types of foot-and-mouth disease virus. i. adaptation of virus isolates to the system, immunogen yields achieved and assessment of subtype cross reactivity.	in an examination of 34 southern african sat-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses, all but 1 attained satisfactory levels of infectivity within 6 passages in rolled bhk21 monolayer cell cultures. however, there were marked differences between adapted viruses with respect to the mass of immunogen (146s material) produced. several isolates which consistently produced levels greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml were identified. in cross neutralization tests using post-vaccinal sera, sat-1 and sa ...	1988	2839810
failure of haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus mechanically between viraemic and susceptible cattle.	in 2 separate experiments the blood-feeding fly haematobia thirouxi potans (bezzi) failed to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus when transferred from viraemic (log 2,6-log 4,3 mld50 or tcid50/ml) to susceptible cattle. each experiment involved 2 susceptible and 2 viraemic animals housed in separate stables and 2,000-4,000 flies of which most had fed on viraemic hosts 120 min prior to transfer. furthermore, only minimal quantities of virus were isolated from free-living flies captured on exper ...	1988	2839809
use of peptides for immunization against foot-and-mouth disease.	a peptide corresponding to the major immunogenic site of the protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) will elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response in guinea-pigs, cattle and pigs. the response is much greater when the peptide is presented as a linear dimer or tetramer and pigs receiving as little as 40 micrograms peptide have been protected against challenge infection. an even greater response is obtained when the peptide is presented as part of the core protein of hepatitis ...	1988	2838987
new approaches to animal vaccines utilizing genetic engineering.	control of infectious diseases in livestock is an important determinant in the success of a nation's effort to efficiently meet its need for animal products. genetic engineering offers many new options in the design of animal vaccines. monoclonal antibodies, dna cloning, recombination, and transfection are examples of techniques that facilitate innovative strategies in antigen identification, production, and delivery. this article reviews the use of genetic engineering in the production of vacci ...	1988	2837363
use of pre-coated immunoplates and freeze-dried reagents for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa).	an indirect sandwich elisa is used by the world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus and swine vesicular disease virus. the potential for supplying elisa 'kits' for diagnosis to other laboratories has been assessed by evaluating the reactivity of (a) immunoplates pre-coated with rabbit antisera to fmdv and svdv and (b) freeze-dried diluted reference antisera. immunoplates pre-coated using a sodium carbonate/hydrogen carbonate buffer re ...	1988	2836457
comparative quantification of foot-and-mouth disease virus (146 s antigen) by sucrose and potassium-bromide density gradient centrifugation.		1988	2835937
coevolution of cells and viruses in a persistent infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture.	virus and cells evolve during serial passage of cloned bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). these carrier cells, termed c1-bhk-rc1 (j.c. de la torre, m. dávila, f. sobrino, j. ortín, and e. domingo, virology 145:24-35, 1985), become constitutively resistant to the parental fmdv c-s8c1. curing of late-passage c1-bhk-rc1 cells of fmdv by ribavirin treatment (j.c. de la torre, b. alarcón, e. martínez-salas, l. carrasco, and e. domingo, j. virol. 61:233-235, 1 ...	1988	2835509
rapid selection of genetic and antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistence in cattle.	rapid evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is documented during persistent infections of cattle. the carrier state was established experimentally with plaque-purified fmdv of serotype c3. virus was recovered from the esophageal pharyngeal area of the animals up to 539 days postinfection. analysis of capsid proteins by electrofocusing and by electrophoretic mobility of the genomic poly(c)-rich tract suggested heterogeneity in several isolates and sequential dominance of viral subpopul ...	1988	2835508
analysis of neutralizing epitopes on foot-and-mouth disease virus.	for the investigation of the antigenic determinant structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against complete virus were characterized by western blot (immunoblot), enzyme immunoassay, and competition experiments with a synthetic peptide, isolated coat protein vp1, and viral particles as antigens. two of the four mabs reacted with each of these antigens, while the other two mabs recognized only complete viral particles and reacted only very poorl ...	1988	2835507
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus with dna probes in bovine esophageal-pharyngeal fluids.	infectivity and dot-blot hybridization techniques were compared for the detection of fmdv in esophageal-pharyngeal fluids from experimentally infected cows. the probe used includes the viral polymerase sequence which allows the detection of the three types of virus (a, o, and c) with equivalent sensitivity. virus was detected by dot-blot hybridization as well as by infectivity, according to sample analysis of esophageal-pharyngeal fluids extracted seven days post-infection. it was not possible t ...	1988	2833204
infection of cattle by airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus: minimal doses with o1 and sat 2 strains.	equipment has been constructed and methods developed for exposing individual cattle to two strains of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in aerosols to determine the minimal infective dose by the respiratory route. the aerosols used were produced either artificially by a spinning-top aerosol generator, in which case they were of homogeneous small particle size (less than 3 micron in diameter) or else they were derived naturally from infected pigs, in which case the particles were heterogeneous i ...	1987	2832913
[quantitative studies of ammonium sulfate precipitation of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2831829
[foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cloned bhk-21 cell cultures with reduced serum requirements].		1987	2831826
[diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease and strain identification of the foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2831824
vp1 of serotype c foot-and-mouth disease viruses: long-term conservation of sequences.	the nucleotide sequences of the vp1-coding regions of several isolates of serotype c3 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were determined. the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of serotype c1 fmdv. the results provide evidence for two different lineages of fmdv c3 and document the potential for both long-term conservation and rapid evolution of fmdv.	1988	2831408
cell mediated immunity to foot and mouth disease virus vaccine in buffaloes.		1987	2831140
[differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses by counterimmunoelectrophoresis].	studied were the opportunities for employing the method of counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie) to differentiate f. m. d. viruses of different origin, comparing the results obtained with those reached through the immunodiffusion test (idt). it was found that cie could be used successfully for the serotyping of f. m. d. viruses, the method being as precise as idt, however, the results are recorded at the 90th minute, while idt requires at least 24 hours to read the results.	1987	2830709
[in vitro translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus ribonucleic acid].		1987	2829771
[preparation of the 35s ribonucleic acid of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2829770
[cdna cloning of foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1987	2829769
response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in newborn calves. influence of age, colostral antibodies and adjuvants.	oil-emulsified (oe) and aqueous (aq) vaccines were prepared with the same batch of inactivated a24 8345 foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). calves born to vaccinated dams did not respond to the aq vaccine 30 or 90 days post partum. when the oe vaccine was used on a similar group of calves, no responses were elicited up to 21 days post partum. however, calves 30 or more days old responded like adult cattle to the oe vaccine. when the oe vaccine was used in colostral antibody-free calves 3-30 day ...	1988	2828089
immunoglobulin profiles in nasal and buccal secretions from normal crossbred calves after vaccination with inactivated virus and/or experimental exposure to foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia i.		1987	2827446
neutralization sites of type o1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by monoclonal antibodies and neutralization-escape virus variants.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived from mice infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus type o1 brugge (fmdv 01b) or immunized with inactivated virions (140 s) or viral subunits (12 s). a total of 19 neutralizing mabs were characterized of which 17 recognized conformationally determined epitopes and two recognized amino acid sequences on isolated vp1. neutralizing mabs were used to select antigenic variants of fmdv o1b. based on cross-neutralization and binding assays with mabs the varian ...	1988	2827379
detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a sensitive, rapid and reliable technique for primary diagnosis.	a highly sensitive indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suitable for adoption as the routine diagnostic and typing test for foot-and-mouth disease virus of all seven serotypes is described. the assay uses rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against inactivated 146s virus antigens. strong homotypic and minimal heterotypic reactions with both whole virion 146s and derived virion subunit 12s antigens achieved a detection sensitivity approximately 125 times that of the complement fi ...	1987	2825310
[assays of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of crude and semipurified extracts of green leaves of melia azedarach l].	crude extracts from fresh green leaves of melia azedarach l contain an antiviral factor (fav) able to inhibit the replication of several animal viruses, e.g. polio, vsv, hsv, fmdv, sindbis, junín, pichinde and tacaribe in vero or bhk-21 cells. crude preparations were subjected to different steps of purification like chromatography on sephadex g-100 and deae-sephadex. the antiviral activity of g-100 and deae fractions was fully conserved, whereas contaminating proteins were lost. two types of cyt ...	1985	2825236
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus has been crystallized with the objectives of (1) determining the composition and conformation of the major immunogenic site(s) and (2) comparing its structure with those of the related polio, rhino and mengo viruses, representing the other three genera of the picornaviruses. most of the work has been done with virus strain o1bfs 1860, which crystallized as small rhombic dodecahedra of maximum dimension 0.3 mm. virus recovered from crystals was infectious, and was ind ...	1987	2824786
safety and efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines containing endonuclease-inactivated virions.	inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by means of virion-associated endonuclease was found to be suited to the production of safe and potent vaccines, which proved to be equal or better than those containing formaldehyde or ethyleneimine in guinea-pig potency tests. first order inactivation kinetics were regularly shown, with half life values which varied according to the different temperatures used. inactivation brought about extensive degradation of fmdv rna, while it did not adv ...	1987	2823495
potential secondary and tertiary structure in the genomic rna of foot and mouth disease virus.	the nucleotide sequence of the 5' untranslated region of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), serotype a10 has been determined. this completes the first total genomic sequence for any one serotype of fmdv. analysis of the sequence to the 3' side of the poly (c) tract reveals the presence of a 24 nucleotide repeated motif which has homologies with a sequence located upstream of the transcriptional initiation site from several mammalian fibrinogen genes. the function of this element in fmdv is unc ...	1987	2821491
[immunologic relations between the foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates a5 westerwald 1951 and a5 bernbeuren 1984].		1987	2820373
generation of a sheep x mouse heterohybridoma cell line (1c6.3a6t.1d7) and evaluation of its use in the production of ovine monoclonal antibodies.	a stable aminopterin-sensitive sheep x mouse heterohybridoma cell line (1c6.3a6t.1d7) for use in the generation of sheep monoclonal antibodies is described. the line was first constructed by fusing the mouse myeloma line, nso, to normal sheep lymphocytes obtained from the efferent lymphatic vessel of a cannulated popliteal lymph node. the line was rendered sensitive to aminopterin through a combination of irradiation and treatment with the anti-metabolite drug 6-thioguanine. characterisation of ...	1989	2760466
translational fusions with fragments of the trpe gene improve the expression of a poorly expressed heterologous gene in escherichia coli.	a series of plasmids expressing fusions between the trpe gene product, anthranilate synthase component i and the major immunogen (vp1) of foot and mouth disease virus were constructed such that increasing amounts of the 3' end of trpe were deleted. deletions removing up to 70% of trpe had little effect on the quantity of fusion protein expressed, while the number of molecules appeared to increase. larger deletions led to a steady decrease in both the quantity of fusion protein produced and in th ...	1989	2674321
experimental infection of eland (taurotrages oryx), sable antelope (ozanna grandicomis) and buffalo (syncerus caffer) with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the course of experimental infection of a type sat 1 fmdv strain was studied in buffalo, sable antelope and eland following tongue inoculation and contact and has been compared with that in cattle. all species became infected, although disease was less severe in the game animals and larger amounts of virus were required to infect game animals than cattle. neutralizing antibody titres were high and were maintained for an extended period in buffalo, sable antelope and eland. the carrier state was ...	1989	2584449
small peptides induce antibodies with a sequence and structural requirement for binding antigen comparable to antibodies raised against the native protein.	antisera were raised against the chemically synthesized peptide corresponding to each epitope of three foot-and-mouth disease virus strains. peptide synthesis was further used to determine which amino acid residues in each epitope are important for the specificity of antisera raised against the whole virus. the specificity of the antibody paratope for its epitope was shown to depend on structure as well as sequence. anti-virus sera demonstrated a greater specificity for the homologous peptide th ...	1985	2578661
type 1 fimbriae of escherichia coli as carriers of heterologous antigenic sequences.	a strategy has been designed for the construction of recombinant bacterial strains which eventually may become useful as live vaccines and which may also be relevant for the preparation of conventional vaccines. the approach used is the fusion of small antigenic peptide sequences into specific segments of a protein whose location on the bacterial surface ensures that the recombinant organism is able to present the inserted antigen to the host (animal or human) infected by the bacterium. the chos ...	1989	2576014
hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia-1.	various immunizing regimens, cell culture requirements and cell fusion conditions were examined for efficient production of hybridomas secreting anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antibodies. a highly sensitive streptavidin-biotin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used for screening of hybridomas for specific antibody production as well as for determining the serotype specificity of the antibodies. six hybridoma cell lines generating antibodies to fmdv type asia-1 (vaccin ...	1989	2569807
fimbriae of bacteroides nodosus: protein engineering of the structural subunit for the production of an exogenous peptide.	the pattern of sequence variation between bacteroides nodosus fimbrial subunits of different serotypes suggests a degree of flexibility, which might be exploited for protein engineering approaches for the expression of other peptides. we have tested this using the well-characterized peptide epitope from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), residues 144-159: lrgdlqvlaqkvartl (strain 01-bfs). using bacterial codon usage, several oligonucleotides were designed for the substitution of this se ...	1989	2564674
use of in situ hybridization for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture.	biotinylated complementary dna (cdna) and rna probes were prepared from a specific and highly conserved section of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome coding for the rna-dependent rna polymerase. hybridization was conducted on fmdv-infected, bovine enterovirus (bev)-infected, and noninfected swine kidney cell cultures. the detection system utilized the enzyme system streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase, the substrate phosphate, and the chromogen nitroblue tetrazolium. intense cytoplasmic ...	1989	2562224
[immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: effect of vaccination].	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most feared animal virus and vaccination still has to be used in many countries. in previous reports, using a murine model, we studied the cellular basis of immune responses against fmdv and were able to show that they are atypical. in cattle, although complete protection may be attained after only one dose of killed virus vaccine, very little is known about protection against fmdv, except for antibody responses, but practically nothing concernin ...	1989	2562135
the isoelectrofocusing technique in comparison of some sudanese type sat-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses.	isoelectric focusing technique (ieft) was employed to compare type sat-1 fmd virus from sudan. results of the ieft tests were compared with available previous serological and epidemiological data on the viruses used. possible potential uses of the test, in parallel with previously available serological and epidemiological data, are discussed.	1989	2562038
survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sausage meat products (italian salami).	determination of the survival of foot- and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in fresh meat from experimentally infected swine and in several types of sausage meat (italian salami) produced according to the technology widely applied by the principal italian producers has been carried out. the purpose of the experiment was to assess if typical italian salami can be considered safe with regard to the spread of fmd through international trade. the results obtained showed: (a) high titers of fmdv were detec ...	1989	2561953
[primary structure of the gene for vp1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus of asia 1 serotype].	the nucleotide sequence of the cdna for the viral rna region coding for the main antigenic protein of the epidemic stomatitis virus of asia 1 serotype has been identified. the amino acid sequences in the regions of vp1 protein antigenic determinants of the serotype asia 1 virus and other serotypes viruses have been compared.	1989	2561378
[antigenic structure of the foot-and-mouth virus. v. protection of naturally susceptible animals from foot-and-mouth disease using a synthetic peptide].	we have synthesized the peptide representing 135-159 vp1 sequence of a22 strain of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the synthetic peptide induced 100% protection of guinea pigs against the disease. two-fold immunization of cuttle with the peptide and single immunization of sheep induced full protection of the animals against a22 strain of fmdv.	1989	2561049
antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype c during propagation in the field is mainly restricted to only one structural protein (vp1).	the primary structure of vp3, vp2 and vp4 capsid protein genes has been determined for six epizootiologically-related foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates of serotype c1, two of which presented immunogenic differences as determined by a cross-protection assay. the results obtained have been compared with those previously reported for the corresponding vp1 genes martinez et al. (1988) gene 62, 75-84. high rates of fixation of mutations have been estimated for the four capsid protein genes ...	1989	2560293