Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
heterologous expression of fmdv immunodominant epitopes and hsp70 in p. pastoris and the subsequent immune response in mice.mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein70 (hsp70) is a major antigen with both chaperone and cytokine functions. it has been used as an adjuvant to induce or potentiate humoral and cellular immunity, both in the form of a mixture with peptide antigens, and as a fusion protein. we have evaluated the effects of hsp70 on foot and mouth virus (fmdv) subunit vaccines. fmdv vp1, and a synthetic multi-epitope fmdv (eg), and vp1-hsp70 and eg-hsp70 fusion proteins were all heterologously expressed ...200717548173
alpha interferon is a powerful adjuvant for a recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, and an effective stimulus of in vivo immune response.the adjuvant effect of porcine interferon-alpha (poifn-alpha) was examined in swine vaccinated with a recombinant fmd protein vaccine named igg-fmdv, which contains the swine igg single heavy chain constant region and an immunogenic peptide of serotype o fmdv. the poifn-alpha gene was cloned into pcdna3 vector and the recombinant plasmid was incorporated into cationic liposomes by a dehydration and rehydration procedure to use as an adjuvant, injected together with low-dose igg-fmdv. this proced ...200717555848
comparisons of the complete genomes of two chinese isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease type asia 1 virus.china reported the first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype asia 1 in chinese hong kong in march, 2005. subsequently, this type of the virus was reported from mainland of china in april 2005. up to september of 2006, it was detected in more than 15 areas of china. in this paper, the complete genomes of two chinese isolates, asia 1/hnk/cha/05 and asia 1/js/cha/05, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were sequenced and compared with some chinese sequences and reference sequences ...200717557134
analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication using strand-specific quantitative rt-pcr.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a positive-sense, single stranded rna virus and its replication involves the synthesis of a negative strand intermediate. in the present study, a strand-specific quantitative rt-pcr assay was developed for analysis of fmdv replication. strand-specific detection of viral positive and negative strand rna was achieved using a high reverse transcription (rt) temperature (62 degrees c) and a tagged rt primer. in both the positive and negative strand assays, the ...200717561277
the early protective thymus-independent antibody response to foot-and-mouth disease virus is mediated by splenic cd9+ b lymphocytes.infection of mice with cytopathic foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces a rapid and specific thymus-independent (ti) neutralizing antibody response that promptly clears the virus. herein, it is shown that fmdv-infected dendritic cells (dcs) directly stimulate splenic innate-like cd9(+) b lymphocytes to rapidly (3 days) produce neutralizing anti-fmdv immunoglobulin m antibodies without t-lymphocyte collaboration. in contrast, neither follicular (cd9(-)) b lymphocytes from the spleen nor b l ...200717567692
[secreted expression of nonstructural protein gene 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sf9 cells and activity analysis].entire 3abc sequence of fmdv containing a 6 x his tag coding sequence at the n-terminal was obtained through pcr amplification using a pair of specific primers, subcloned into shuttle plasmid of pmelbac-b with a melittin secretion signal sequence and finally constructed recombinant plasmid of pmel-3abc. after co-transfected the recombinant plasmid and linearized bac-n-blue dna into sf9 insect cell under intermediary agent of the cellfectin, the result showed that we have already acquired recombi ...200717578009
thermal inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk using high-temperature, short-time pasteurization.previous studies of laboratory simulation of high temperature, short time pasteurization (htst) to eliminate foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in milk have shown that the virus is not completely inactivated at the legal pasteurization minimum (71.7 degrees c/15 s) but is inactivated in a flow apparatus at 148 degrees c with holding times of 2 to 3 s. it was the intent of this study to determine whether htst pasteurization conducted in a continuous-flow pasteurizer that simulates commercial ope ...200717582103
differential factor requirement to assemble translation initiation complexes at the alternative start codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna contains two in-frame aug codons separated by 84 nt that direct translation initiation of the viral polyprotein. the mechanism of initiation at the ires-proximal aug codon (aug1) has been previously analyzed, whereas no data on factor requirements for aug2 have been reported. here, using the method of 48s translation initiation complex reconstitution, we show that eif1 is indispensable in forming the 48s initiation complex at aug2. in contrast, it redu ...200717592045
development and validation of a 3abc indirect elisa for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected from vaccinated animals.non-structural protein (nsp) 3abc antibody is considered to be the most reliable indicator of present or past infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vaccinated animals. an indirect elisa was established, using purified his-tagged 3abc fusion protein as antigen, for detection of the antibody response to fmdv nsp 3abc in different animal species. the method was validated by simultaneous detection of the early antibody responses to nsp and structural protein (sp) in fmdv asia 1 infec ...200717601688
bacterial magnetic particles (bmps)-pei as a novel and efficient non-viral gene delivery system.non-viral methods of gene delivery, especially using polyethylenimine (pei), have been widely used in gene therapy or dna vaccination. however, the pei system has its own drawbacks, which limits its applications.200717605136
immunogenicity of plasmids encoding p12a and 3c of fmdv and swine il-18.in this paper, two recombinant plasmids (pvir-p12ail18-3c and pvir-p12a-3c) containing foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid polypeptide, 3c coding regions of o/ny00 and using/or not swine il18 as a genetic adjuvant were constructed, and evaluated for their ability to induce humoral and cellular responses in mice and swine. in addition, the ability to protect swine against homologous virus challenge was examined. mice and swine were given booster vaccination twice and once, respectively, an ...200717606304
complete nucleotide sequence of a chinese serotype asia1 vaccine strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the full-length nucleotide sequence of the chinese vaccine strain asia1/ynbs/58 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was determined. the results showed that the complete genome of ynbs/58 is 8,164 nucleotides (nt) in length including a 1,061-nt 5' untranslated region (utr), a 6,990-nt open reading frame (orf), and a 113-nt 3' utr. genome sequences of asia1/ynbs/58 and other known fmdv strains were compared. the homology analysis indicated that non-structural proteins are more conserved than st ...200717619135
a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing capsid proteins precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of porcine parvovirus: a trivalent vaccine candidate.pseudorabies (pr), foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), and porcine parvovirus disease are three important infectious diseases in swine worldwide. the gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv) has been used as a live-viral vector to develop multivalent genetic engineering vaccine. in this study, a recombinant prv, which could co-express protein precursor p1-2a of fmdv and vp2 protein of ppv, was constructed using prv tk(-)/ge(-)/lacz(+) mutant as the vector. after homologous recombination and plaque purifi ...200717628752
[genome sequencing and analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus asia1/ynbs/58 strain].the full-length genomic sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia1/ynbs/58 strain was determined by rt-pcr and compared with other 17 reference strains. the results showed that the complete genome of asia1/ynbs/58 was 8164nt long including a 1061-nt 5' untranslated region (utr), a 6990-nt open reading frame (orf), and a 113-nt 3'utr. the homology analysis indicated that the utr regions and non-structural proteins were more conserved than the structural proteins in fmdv. vp1 exhibited ...200717969860
foot-and-mouth disease resurfaces in britain. 200717972385
enhancement of serological immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by a supplement made of extract of cochinchina momordica seeds.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. vaccination against fmd is a routine practice in many countries where the disease is endemic. this study was designed first to investigate the extract of the seeds of momordica cochinchinensis (lour.) spreng. (ecms) for its adjuvant effect on vaccination of inactivated fmdv antigens in a guinea pig model and then to evaluate the supplement of ecms in oil-emulsified fmd vaccines for its immunopotentiation ...200717942610
in vivo footprint of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site reveals differences in accessibility to specific rna structural elements.internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements were described in picornaviruses as an essential region of the viral rna. understanding of ires function requires a detailed knowledge of each step involved in the internal initiation process, from rna folding and ires-protein interaction to ribosome recruitment. thus, deciphering ires accessibility to external agents due to rna structural features, as well as rna-protein protection within living cells, is of primary importance. in this study, two che ...200717947530
co-ordinate expression of glycine betaine synthesis genes linked by the fmdv 2a region in a single open reading frame in pichia pastoris.the genes encoding the two enzymes choline monooxygenase (cmo) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) of glycine betaine synthesis in suaeda salsa were cloned and fused with the 2a region of foot-and-mouth disease virus in a single open reading frame. the fused genes were placed under the control of the alcohol oxidase (aox1) promoter in ppic3b and transformed into p. pastoris gs115. the expression of the fused genes in p. pastoris and the ability of recombinant yeasts to tolerate environment ...200717955192
genetic characterisation of the recent foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype a/irn/2005.according to the world reference laboratory for fmd, a new subtype of fmdv serotype a was detected in iran in 2005. this subtype was designated a/irn/2005, and rapidly spread throughout iran and moved westwards into saudi arabia and turkey where it was initially detected from august 2005 and subsequently caused major disease problems in the spring of 2006. the same subtype reached jordan in 2007. as part of an ongoing project we have also detected this subtype in pakistan with the first positive ...200718001482
[establishment of a colloid gold-immunochromatography assay for detection of type asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus].to establish a colloid gold-immunochromatography assay (gica) for detecting type asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).200717988582
[development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vp1 protein of asiai type foot-and-mouth virus].to prepare the monoclonal antibodies against vp1 protein of type asiai foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and identify the characterization.200717988586
immune responses of two recombinant adenoviruses expressing vp1 antigens of fmdv fused with porcine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in the present report, we constructed and characterized the immune responses conferred by two recombinant adenoviruses expressing vp1 epitopes (three amino acid residues 21-60, 141-160 and 200-213 in vp1, designated vpe) or vp1 protein of fmdv fused with porcine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (named rad-gmcsf-vpe and rad-gmcsf-vp1). seven groups of female ...200717980939
the nsp immune response of vaccinated animals after in-field exposure to fmdv.the aim was to examine the immune response (ir) to non-structural proteins (nsps), in order to assess the validity of the detection of antibodies to nsps as a means of diagnosing foot and mouth disease (fmd infection) infection when vaccinated populations are in close contact with clinically sick animals. the study was performed during fmd outbreaks in israel in january 2004; the ir was examined in vaccinated dairy and feedlot cattle herds under natural field exposure to fmdv, and in vaccinated ...200717981376
protective immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus by vaccination with a dna vaccine expressing virus-like particles.to display antigenic protein on the surface of virus-like particles (vlps) presents a potentially powerful strategy for vaccine development. we genetically engineered the major capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) into the predominant epitope c of hbv core gene to yield a chimeric core-vp1 vlp. the vlp was successfully expressed in hela cells transfected with core-vp1 dna construct. compared with a regular vp1 dna construct, immunization with core-vp1 dna induced significant ...200717931113
essential role of antigen-presenting cell-derived baff for antibody responses.antigen-presenting cells (apc) are directly involved in survival, growth and differentiation of naive b cells and in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. less is known about the contribution of apc to memory b cell responses. we employed an in vitro model to investigate the secondary humoral response against foot-and-mouth disease virus, with cells from a natural host of the virus - the pig. this response is t cell-dependent. under conditions of limited t cell help, defined as a low t-to-b ...200717935087
epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern vietnam, 2005.during 2005, 764 children were brought to a large children's hospital in ho chi minh city, vietnam, with a diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease. all enrolled children had specimens (vesicle fluid, stool, throat swab) collected for enterovirus isolation by cell culture. an enterovirus was isolated from 411 (53.8%) of the specimens: 173 (42.1%) isolates were identified as human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and 214 (52.1%) as coxsackievirus a16. of the identified hev71 infections, 51 (29.5%) were c ...200718217559
[an efficient tool for the construction of multiple-cistronic vectors: fmdv 2a].recently, cancer therapy with mutiple genes has been attached with great attention. however, at present there is no efficient tool to construct multiple-cistrons. the large sizes and the imbalance in expression of most traditional tools, such as ribosome entry sites (ireses),greatly block their wide employment in the construction of multiple cistronic gene therapy vectors. the self-cleaving peptide 2a from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a very small size, and more importantly, high clea ...200718051849
[eukaryonization of t7 rna polymerase prokaryotic expression system and development of its couple expression system].to make transcription of the target gene be driven by t7 rna polymerase (t7 rnap) in the eukaryotic cells, and the transcripts be cap-independent translated. firstly, the t7 rnap was introduced into eukaryotic cells by two methods: (1) the bhk-21 cells were contransfected by the plasmid expressing t7 rnap and piers-egfp-et vector; (2) by transfection of the cell line stably expressing t7 rnap. the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element from fmdv was cloned into the downstream of the t7 prom ...200718051880
[establishment of indirect elisa diagnose based on the vp1 structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in pigs].the complete gene encoding the structural protein of fmdv(vp1) was subcloned into expression vector pproex-ht, resulting in the fusion expression plasmid pproexht-vp1. after transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) and induced by iptg, the fusion protein was expressed in high level. western blot was performed to confirm that the expressed fusion protein could specifically react with antiserum against fmdv. based on the fusion protein further purified, a novel indirect elisa (vp1-elisa) was developed t ...200718051883
application of modelling to determine the absence of foot-and-mouth disease in the face of a suspected incursion.to use disease modelling to inform a response team about the number of animals per herd/flock to be examined, and the start date and duration of clinical surveillance required to be confident that foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was not present on an island in new zealand with a population of approximately 1,600 cattle, 10,000 sheep and a small number of pigs, goats and alpacas.200718059646
[molecular cloning and characteristics of cdna encoding pig beta6 subunit for fmdv receptor].in order to study the roles of integrin beta6 in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection, pig integrin beta6 was firstly molecularly cloned from rna of the tongue and lung of recovered pig infected experimentally with foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv), and was compared with the beta6 gene of other animals available in genbank at nucleotide and amino acid leves. genebank association number of the beta6 gene is ef432729. pig integrin beta6 gene (2367bp) encodes a polypeptide of 788 amino acids co ...200718064756
non-structural protein 3a for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease infected and vaccinated animals in haryana (india).there are severe international trade restrictions on foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) affected areas. because of endemic nature of fmd, india started fmd control programme (fmd-cp) using mass vaccination in selected states including haryana (year 2003). although no significant incidence of the disease was reported after launching fmd-cp in the state but in order to participate in international trade of animal and animal products, veterinary authorities have to prove that there is no fmd virus (fmdv) ...200718035976
study of the genetic heterogeneity of sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in sub-saharan africa with specific focus on east africa.the epidemiology of serotype sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease was investigated in sub-saharan africa by phylogenetic analysis using the 1d gene encoding the major antigenic determinant. fourteen genotypes were identified of which three are novel and belong to east africa, bringing the total number of genotypes for that region to eight. the genotypes clustered into three lineages that demonstrated surprising links between east, southern and south-western africa. one lineage was unique to west africa. ...200718453238
john burns brooksby cbe: 25 december 1914 - 17 december 1998.john brooksby was an outstanding veterinary virologist, who worked at the animal virus disease research institute, pirbright, for 40 years, for 16 of which he was director of the institute. he will be remembered for his contributions to the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, for his discovery of four new types, for the classification of subtypes and for fundamental studies of the virus. as deputy director and director he was responsible for programmes on fundamental investigations of foot-and- ...200718543463
fred brown: 31 january 1925 - 20 february 2004.fred brown was a major figure in british and international virology during most of the latter half of the twentieth century. he brought to the subject a rigorous and critical attitude acquired during his early training in chemistry. in addition, he was passionately interested in the practical application of his work and that of others to the prevention and alleviation of disease. he always believed that his research would make a significant contribution to the welfare of agricultural livestock. ...200718543464
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a in egypt.we describe the characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype a virus responsible for recent outbreaks of disease in egypt. phylogenetic analysis of vp1 nucleotide sequences demonstrated a close relationship to recent fmd virus isolates from east africa, rather than to viruses currently circulating in the middle east.200718258017
uncertainty of measurement for competitive and indirect elisas.a method for the estimation of the uncertainty of measurements for gaussian outcomes of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described using competitive and indirect foot and mouth disease (fmd) elisas. assay repeatability was determined by random effects analysis of variance, and the normality of the residuals was checked. the standard errors of the individual predicted values were transformed into confidence intervals around the corresponding observed values and further transformed int ...200718293613
[cloning and sequence analysis of cdna encoding porcine alphav subunit for fmdv receptor].receptors play a crucial role in determining the pathogenesis and tissue tropism of virus. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been showed to use four integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 as receptors to initiate infection. in this study, the porcine integrin alphav gene was cloned by rt-pcr from the lung tissue of healed pig infected experimently with fmdv, and compared its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with the av gene of other animals. the 3141bp c ...200718268814
foot-and-mouth disease - quantification and size distribution of airborne particles emitted by healthy and infected pigs.there is strong evidence to suggest that foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) can be transmitted by airborne virus up to many kilometres from a virus source. atmospheric dispersion models are often used to predict where this disease might spread. this study investigated whether fmd virus (fmdv) aerosol has specific characteristics which need to be taken into consideration in these models. the characteristics and infectiousness of particles emitted by 12 pigs have been studied pre- and post-infection wit ...200716904353
plus- and minus-stranded foot-and-mouth disease virus rna quantified simultaneously using a novel real-time rt-pcr.even though tagged rt-pcr and rtth rt-pcr have been developed to improve strand-specific detection of rna virus, these assays are not quantitative. in this study, a novel real-time rt-pcr assay, which combines the benefits of both the tagged and rtth rt-pcr has been developed to quantify the strand-specific rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the tagged-primers plus a taqman probe located within the highly conserved viral 3d region were used. the in vitro synthesized minus-and plus-stran ...200716927127
dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease via electroporation: study of molecular approaches for enhancing vp1 antigenicity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) affects susceptible livestock animals and causes disastrous economic impact. immunization with plasmid expressing vp1 that contains the major antigenic epitope(s) of fmdv as cytoplasmic protein (cvp1) failed to elicit full protection against fmdv challenge.200616927362
rational dissection of binding surfaces for mimicking of discontinuous antigenic sites.peptide-based approaches to mimicking protein interactive regions have relied mainly on linear peptides; however, most binding sites are discontinuous and thus not easily reproducible by a linear sequence. any attempt to replicate those sites by chemical means must not only integrate all residues involved in the recognition but also provide structural organization to native-like levels. here we describe a surface mimic approach to the reconstruction of such complex molecular architectures, using ...200616931331
identification of novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific t-cell epitopes in c/c and d/d haplotype miniature swine.to identify foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific t-cell epitopes within the non-structural protein 3d in swine, pentadecapeptides were tested in proliferation and interferon-gamma elispot assays using lymphocytes from two strains of inbred miniature pigs (c/c and d/d haplotype) experimentally infected with fmdv. lymphocytes of c/c pigs recognized peptides from three different regions in 3d, d/d lymphocytes recognized peptides from two regions, one of them being adjacent to an epitope of ...200616934904
eradication of fmd virus. 200616731710
[the immune responses of the fusion protein consisted of two copies of t-cell and b-cell epitopes of food-and-mouth disease virus vp1 type o and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli].a nucleotides fragment 2020vp1 related to t-cell epitope (aa21-40) and b-cell epitope (aa141-160) of vp1 of food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)type o was synthesized, and the recombined expression vector r2020-ltb-2020-sti was correctly constructed, which was used to express the fusion protein consisted of two copies of aa21-40aa141-160 of fmdv vp1 and ltb and sti enterotoxins of escherichia coli. the fusion protein with molecular weight of about 45kd was successfully expressed in e.coli bl21(de ...200616735235
[construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus containing the polyproteins coding regions of o type foot-and-mouth disease virus by homologous recombination in escherichia coli].the gene coding for the polyprotein (pp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)was obtained by pcr from recombinant plasmid rpmd18-t/pp. the pcr product was digested with xba i and not i and inserted into the cloning site of the adenovirus shuttle vector padtrack-cmv, previously digested with the same enzymes. this recombinant shuttle plasmid was designated rpad-cmv/pp. the recombinant adenovirus vector rpad/pp was obtained by homologous recombination of plasmid rpad-cmv/pp and adenovirus skelet ...200616736581
expression of tuberculosis antigen esat-6 in nicotiana tabacum using a potato virus x-based vector.a good candidate antigen to create a therapeutic vaccine against tb is the esat-6 protein. antigens produced in plants have already been successfully used as experimental vaccines, and small single-stranded rna plant viruses have emerged as promising tools to rapidly express large amounts of foreign proteins in susceptible host plants. here, we present the expression of esat-6 protein in nicotiana tabacum using a vector based on potato virus x (pvx). the complete esat-6 open reading frame is exp ...200616644283
protection of balb/c mice against infection with fmdv by immunostimulation with cpg oligonucleotides.oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) containing unmethylated cpg motifs are potent stimulators of the innate immune system, and are capable of aborting several infections in a non-specific manner. we here report studies of the capacity of such odn to protect mice against infection with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). susceptibility of balb/c mice to infection with isolates from the different serotypes of fmdv was investigated, and, at the same time, the capacity of cpg odn to modulate the infection ...200616678920
exposure of mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) to foot and mouth disease virus.foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious acute viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species. during 2001, 33 serum samples were collected from mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) in the eastern steppe of mongolia. samples were tested for antibodies to seven subtypes of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv). antibodies were detected in 67% of the animals, and serologic results indicated exposure to fmdv-o. this virus was present in domestic animal populations in mongolia fr ...200616699158
microarray-based identification of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: a bioinformatics quality assessment.the evolution of viral quasispecies can influence viral pathogenesis and the response to antiviral treatments. mutant clouds in infected organisms represent the first stage in the genetic and antigenic diversification of rna viruses, such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), an important animal pathogen. antigenic variants of fmdv have been classically diagnosed by immunological or rt-pcr-based methods. dna microarrays are becoming increasingly useful for the analysis of gene expression and s ...200616709242
improving baculovirus transduction of mammalian cells by surface display of a rgd-motif.an rgd-containing peptide, comprising 23 amino acids from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein was engineered into the envelope of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus surface (acnpv) using two different display strategies. the rgd-motif is a well-described tripeptide, that by binding to cell surface integrins facilitates virus entry into cells. this epitope was displayed, either by directly modifying the native major envelope protein gp64 of acnpv, or by incorporatin ...200616716431
effect of emergency fmd vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle.previous work, in sheep vaccinated with emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, indicated the benefit of increasing the antigen payload in inhibiting local virus replication and consequently persistence following an indirect aerosol challenge with a virus homologous to the vaccine strain. the work presented here investigates this possibility further using cattle and a more severe semi-heterologous direct contact challenge. the quantitative dynamics of virus replication and excretion in b ...200616488060
comparative evaluation of six elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.to validate the use of serology in substantiating freedom from infection after foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks have been controlled by measures that include vaccination, 3551 sera were tested with six assays that detect antibodies to the non-structural proteins of fmd virus. the sera came from naïve, vaccinated, infected and vaccinated-and-infected animals; two-thirds from cattle, the remainder from sheep and pigs. the assays were covariant for sensitivity, but not necessarily for specifi ...200616753241
[construction of recombinant yellow fever virus 17d containing 2a fragment as a vaccine vector].the yellow fever (yf) vaccine, an attenuated yellow fever 17d (yf-17d) live vaccine, is one of the most effective and safest vaccines in the world and is regarded as one of the best candidates for viral expression vector. we here first reported in china the construction and characterization of the recombinant expression vector of yellow fever 17d which contained the proteinase 2a fragment of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). three cdna fragments representing the full-length yf-17d genome, nam ...200616755933
quantification of within- and between-pen transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.quantified transmission parameters of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are needed for epidemic models used for control and surveillance. in this study, we quantified the within- and between-pen transmission of fmdv in groups of pigs by estimating the daily transmission rate beta, i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by one infectious pig during one day, using an sir (susceptible-infectious-removed) model. within-pen transmission was studied in four groups of ten pigs in which 5 infe ...200616777036
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowlpox virus containing the capsid and 3c protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important pathogen with worldwide economic consequences. consequently, an important goal is the development of a vaccine that can provide rapid protection while overcoming the potential risk associated with the production of conventional inactivated vaccines. an important secondary feature of the vaccine would be the ability to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. a recombinant fowlpox virus (vutal3cp1) containing fmdv capsid polypeptide and 3c ...200616780963
interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus with dendritic cells.despite several decades of investigation, the manner in which foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) interacts with the innate and adaptive immune compartments is not completely understood. the importance of elucidating this relationship is emphasized by the inability of current fmdv vaccines to provide long-term protection and the recent outbreaks of fmdv in formerly disease-free countries. dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have evolved to monitor the environment ...200616781155
plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by foot-and-mouth disease virus requires immune complexes.natural ifn-producing cells (nipc), also called plasmacytoid dendritic cells, represent an essential component of the innate immune defense against infection. despite this, not much is known about the pathways involved in their activation by non-enveloped viruses. the present study demonstrates that the non-enveloped foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) cannot stimulate ifn-alpha responses in nipc, unless complexed with fmdv-specific immunoglobulins. stimulation of nipc with such immune complexes ...200616783856
disease constraints for utilization of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) on game ranches in zambia.eco-tourism depending on wildlife is becoming increasingly profitable and landowners are beginning to favor game farming and ecotourism. in these areas, large-scale translocation of wildlife involves a diversity of species and large populations. the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is one of the major tourist attractions in zambia. it accounts for 8.7% and 12.4% of the total animal species hunted in the game management areas and the total hunting revenue earned in zambia, respectively. it is ec ...200616786973
dynamics of mutation and recombination in a replicating population of complementing, defective viral genomes.in a previous study, we documented that serial passage of a biological clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) at high multiplicity of infection (moi) in cell culture resulted in viral populations dominated by defective genomes that included internal in-frame deletions, affecting the l and capsid-coding regions, and were infectious by complementation. in the present study, analyses of the defective genomes present in individual viral plaques, and of consensus nucleotide sequences determined ...200616797586
development and comparison of genome detection assays for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease suspected clinical samples.detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from clinical specimens by conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus isolation in cell culture is often compromised owing to limited sensitivity and inactivation during transit, respectively. a rt-pcr (oligoprobing) elisa in both solid and aqueous phase hybridization formats targeting an across serotype conserved site at 3c-3d region was developed and its effectiveness was compared with that of the known targets at ...200616814877
spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in pakistan estimated using imperfect data.we estimated the spatial distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in pakistan; we used a probability co-kriging model and the number of fmd outbreaks reported between 1996 and 2000 by pakistan to the office international des epizooties. we used a k-bessel model and small-ruminant and human densities as surrogate covariates for the population at risk and for livestock markets and movements, respectively. compared to no or only one covariate, the co-kriging model with both densities provided t ...200616814886
expression of the foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 protein using a replication-competent recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 elicits a humoral antibody response in a porcine model.to develop a new type vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) prevention by using canine adenovirus as vector, the vp1 cdna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o strain china 99 was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into pegfp-c1 by replacing the gfp gene with the vp1 cdna, resulting in an expression plasmid pvp1-c1. the expression cassette of vp1 composed of the cmv promoter, the vp1 gene and the sv40 early mrna polyadenylation signal was recovered by nsi i / mlu i digestion of pvp1-c1 an ...200616817763
quantifying specific antibody concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using slope correction.assessing the magnitude of an antibody response is important to many research and clinical endeavors; however, there are considerable differences in the experimental approaches used to achieve this end. although the time-honored approach of end point titration has merit, the titer can often be misleading due to differences in how it is calculated or when samples contain high concentrations of low-avidity antibodies. one frequently employed alternative is to adapt commercially available enzyme-li ...200616829619
caliciviruses differ in their functional requirements for eif4f components.two classes of viruses, namely members of the potyviridae and caliciviridae, use a novel mechanism for the initiation of protein synthesis that involves the interaction of translation initiation factors with a viral protein covalently linked to the viral rna, known as vpg. the calicivirus vpg proteins can interact directly with the initiation factors eif4e and eif3. translation initiation on feline calicivirus (fcv) rna requires eif4e because it is inhibited by recombinant 4e-bp1. however, to da ...200616835235
tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market livestock, nairobi, kenya.to identify tickborne viruses circulating in kenya and the surrounding region, we conducted surveillance at abattoirs in nairobi, kenya. species of ticks collected included rhipicephalus pulchellus (56%), amblyomma gemma (14%), r. appendiculatus (8%), a. variegatum (6%), and others. a total of 56 virus isolates were obtained, 26 from a. gemma, 17 from r. pulchellus, 6 from a. variegatum, and 7 from other species. virus isolates included dugbe virus (dugv), an unknown virus related to dugv, thogo ...200616836823
foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and rt-pcr detection methods.five european reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed rt-pcr tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of fmd or swine vesicular disease (svd). sixteen samples were derived from six fmd virus positive epithelia representing fo ...200616846700
reconstruction of a swine sla-i protein complex and determination of binding nonameric peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus.no experimental system to date is available to identify viral t-cell epitopes in swine. in order to reconstruct the system for identification of short antigenic peptides, the swine sla-2 gene was linked to the beta(2)m gene via (g4s)3, a linker encoding a 15-amino acid glycine-rich sequence (g4s)3, using splicing overlap extension-pcr (soe-pcr). the maltose binding protein (mbp)-sla-2-(g4s)3-beta(2)m fusion protein was expressed and purified in a pmal-p2x/escherichia coli tb1 system. the purifie ...200616870265
enhanced immune response with foot and mouth disease virus vp1 and interleukin-1 fusion genes.the capsid of the foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus carries the epitopes that are critical for inducing the immune response. in an attempt to enhance the specific immune response, plasmid dna was constructed to express vp1/interleukin-1alpha (il-1alpha) and precursor capsid (p1) in combination with 2a (p1-2a)/il-1alpha under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) immediateearly promoter and intron. after dna transfection into ma104 (monkey kidney) cells, western blotting and an immunof ...200616871020
application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle.there has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in europe, according to which, spread of the fmd virus (fmdv) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with fmdv following challenge exposure, it is necessary to eithe ...200616872727
multiplexed detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.liquid array technology was used to develop a multiplexed assay for the detection of antibodies to viral nonstructural proteins (nsps), raised in cattle in response to infection with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus. two assays, one based on recombinant nsps and the other on synthetically produced peptides, were developed and compared side-by-side. serum samples from serial bleeds of cattle, each experimentally infected with one of the seven serotypes (c, a, o, asia, sat1, sat2, sat3) of fmd v ...200616878883
dna immunization with 2c fmdv non-structural protein reveals the presence of an immunodominant cd8+, ctl epitope for balb/c mice.outbreaks of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) have devastating economic consequences in affected areas. the presence of multiple serotypes and virus variants makes vaccination complicated. a better understanding of protective immune mechanisms may help in development of novel vaccines with cross protective capacity. while much attention has been devoted to humoral responses to fmdv, less is known about the role of cell-mediated responses in protective immunity. predictions of potential ctl ep ...200616890298
viral fitness can influence the repertoire of virus variants selected by antibodies.minority genomes in the mutant spectra of viral quasispecies may differ in relative fitness. here, we report experiments designed to evaluate the contribution of relative fitness to selection by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab). we have reconstructed a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) quasispecies, with two matched pairs of distinguishable mab-escape mutants as minority genomes of the mutant spectrum. each mutant of a pair differs from the other by 11-fold or 33-fold in relative fitne ...200616890952
a novel genetic lineage differentiating rt-pcr as a useful tool in molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in india.comparison of nucleotide sequences at the vp1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia1 viruses from india has revealed two genetic lineages with emergence of a genetically divergent group in recent years. in this study a simple, fast, relatively costeffective multi-primer rt-pcr assay to differentiate genetic lineages of type asia1 viruses was developed. efforts were made in the design of novel lineage-specific primers and in optimization of the multi-primer assay protocol in conju ...200616329004
evidence of reciprocal tertiary interactions between conserved motifs involved in organizing rna structure essential for internal initiation of translation.internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements consist of highly structured rna regions that determine internal initiation of translation. we have previously shown that the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires contains a gnra tetraloop spanning residues g178uaa181. here we show that tertiary rna interactions dependent on the gnra motif determine the structural organization of the central domain. by using mutational analysis in combination with rna probing, we have identified distant reciprocal ...200616373480
armored rna as virus surrogate in a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay proficiency panel.in recent years testing responsibilities for high-consequence pathogens have been expanded from national reference laboratories into networks of local and regional laboratories in order to support enhanced disease surveillance and to test for surge capacity. this movement of testing of select agents and high-consequence pathogens beyond reference laboratories introduces a critical need for standardized, noninfectious surrogates of disease agents for use as training and proficiency test samples. ...200616390950
the recombinant nonstructural polyprotein ns1 of porcine parvovirus (ppv) as diagnostic antigen in elisa to differentiate infected from vaccinated pigs.to differentiate pigs infected with porcine parvovirus (ppv) from those vaccinated with inactivated whole-virus vaccine, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on detection of a nonstructural polyprotein 1 (ns1) was developed. a threshold of 0.23 optical density units was established and the assay had high specificity (100), sensitivity (88), accuracy (90) and positive predictive value (100) using haemagglutination inhibition as the standard method. a reproducibility test revealed th ...200616400603
detection of foot and mouth disease and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral genes using microarray chip.two viral pathogens, namely, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), were selected as models for multiple pathogen detection in a cdna microarray. two signature regions selected from orf2 (around 500 bp) and orf5 (around 600 bp) of prrvs (america serotype), and one signature region from structural genes vp1 (around 500 bp) of fmdv type o were designed and spotted on a nylon membrane. for pcr sensitivity study, the cloned fmdv-vp1 templ ...200616400604
enhanced immunogenicity of microencapsulated multiepitope dna vaccine encoding t and b cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus in mice.the role of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid, plga) microparticles on enhancing immune responses of multiepitope dna vaccines was investigated in vitro and in vivo. pcdna-sg encoding t and b cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was encapsulated into plga microparticles. plga microparticles could protect themselves from nuclease degradation in vitro. plga-pcdna-sg microparticles could be uptaken by cells and expressed his-tagged sg immunogen in vitro and in vivo. a prolonged expre ...200616414158
cytokine and toll-like receptor mrnas in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues of cattle during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.the pharyngeal region is known to play an important role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in relation to acute disease and viral persistence. in this study, the local mucosal immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt) of cattle infected with fmdv (strain o ukg 34/2001) was examined. quantitative "real-time" rt-pcr assays were used to measure mrna expression of cytokines (ifn-alpha, beta and gamma, il-2, il-1alpha and tnf-alpha) and toll-like receptors (tlr)-3 and ...200616423571
the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the induction of beta interferon mrna and blocks the host innate immune response.we have previously shown that the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) blocks cap-dependent mrna translation and that a genetically engineered fmdv lacking the leader proteinase coding region (a12-llv2) is attenuated in cell culture and susceptible animals. the attenuated phenotype apparently is a consequence of the inability of a12-llv2 to block the expression of type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) protein, resulting in ifn-induced inhibition of fmdv replication. her ...200616439546
presence of antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in repeatedly vaccinated cattle.for the purpose of removing infected animals by detecting humoral immune responses to non-structural proteins of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus, antibodies induced by contaminated residual non-structural proteins contained in less pure fmd vaccine can be problematic for serological screening. the aim of the present study was to measure the possible presence of antibodies against these non-structural proteins in repeatedly vaccinated calves and beef cattle. five imported fmd vaccines were ...200616446061
novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.speed is paramount in the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and simplicity is required if a test is to be deployed in the field. the development of a one-step, reverse transcription loop-mediated amplification (rt-lamp) assay enables fmd virus (fmdv) to be detected in under an hour in a single tube without thermal cycling. a fragment of the 3d rna polymerase gene of the virus is amplified at 65 degrees c in the presence of a primer mixture and both reverse transcriptase and bst dna polym ...200616453084
the structure of a protein primer-polymerase complex in the initiation of genome replication.picornavirus rna replication is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ump molecule to the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine in the terminal protein vpg. this reaction is carried out by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (3d). here, we report the x-ray structure of two complexes between foot-and-mouth disease virus 3d, vpg1, the substrate utp and divalent cations, in the absence and in the presence of an oligoadenylate of 10 residues. in both complexes, vpg fits the rna binding cleft of the po ...200616456546
an antiviral mechanism investigated with ribavirin as an rna virus mutagen for foot-and-mouth disease virus.to prove whether error catastrophe/lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of rp1 to rp5 were harvested. morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral rnas, proteins, and infectious particles in the bhk-21 cells infected using the supernatants of rp1 to rp5 and control were measured by microscope, real-time rt-pcr, western-blotting and plaque ...200616466632
detection of three porcine vesicular viruses using multiplex real-time primer-probe energy transfer.rapid identification of the etiologic agent in infected animals is important for the control of an outbreak of vesicular disease in livestock. we have in the present study developed a multiplex real-time reverse transcription-pcr, based on primer-probe energy transfer (priproet), for simultaneous detection and differentiation of three office international des epizooties (oie) classified vesicular viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and swine vesicular disease, causi ...200616472874
lack of susceptibility of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o. 200616474054
selective lymphocyte depletion during the early stage of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in swine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in the present study we use fmdv serotype c infection of swine to determine, by analytical techniques, the direct ex vivo visualization of virus-infected immune cells during the first 17 days of infection. we report, for the first time, that fmdv c-s8c1 can infect t and b cells at short periods of time postinoculation, corresponding with the peak of the viremia. there is ...200616474143
integrin-alphavbeta6, a putative receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus, is constitutively expressed in ruminant airways.evolved functions of integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) include roles in epithelial cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions and in the binding and activation of latent tgf-beta(1). integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) is also exploited as a receptor by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and may play a significant role in its transmission and pathogenesis. the ovine beta(6) integrin subunit was cloned and sequenced (embl accession no. aj439062). screening of normal ovine tissues by rt-pcr and immunocytochemist ...200616517977
immunopotentiation of a foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine by interferon alpha.the adjuvant effect of porcine interferon alpha (pifn-alpha) was examined in swine vaccinated with a replication-defective adenovirus containing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a24 capsid and 3c proteinase coding regions (ad5-a24). groups of swine were inoculated with either high or low doses of ad5-a24 in the presence or absence of ad5-pifnalpha or with a control ad5 and challenged by intradermal inoculation in the heel bulb with fmdv at 42 days post-vaccination. after challenge all control ...200616522345
[recombinant non-structural 3a, 3b and 3ab proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus: use for differentiation of vaccinated and infected cattle].recombinant proteins 3a, 3b and 3ab were obtained by expression in escherichia coli and purified by metal-chelate chromatography. the proteins were used as antigens in indirect elisa to differentiate vaccinated and infected cattle. while testing 200 sera from cattle 3a-elisa was more sensitive and specific than 3b- and 3ab-elisa. compared with "chekit fmd-3abc", 3a-elisa showed the same level of specificity and higher level of sensitivity.200616523703
fmd in the andaman and nicobar islands. 200616531585
adenovirus-mediated rna interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection both in vitro and in vivo.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection is responsible for the heavy economic losses in stockbreeding each year. because of the limited effectiveness of existing vaccines and antiviral drugs, the development of new strategies is needed. rna interference (rnai) is an effective means of suppressing virus replication in vitro. here we demonstrate that treatment with recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) expressing short-hairpin rnas (shrnas) directed against either ...200616537624
multicistronic lentiviral vectors containing the fmdv 2a cleavage factor demonstrate robust expression of encoded genes at limiting moi.a number of gene therapy applications would benefit from vectors capable of expressing multiple genes. in this study we explored the feasibility and efficiency of expressing two or three transgenes in hiv-1 based lentiviral vector. bicistronic and tricistronic self-inactivating lentiviral vectors were constructed employing the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) sequence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and/or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) cleavage factor 2a. we employed enhanced gree ...200616539700
dna vaccines expressing b and t cell epitopes can protect mice from fmdv infection in the absence of specific humoral responses.despite foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) being responsible for one of the most devastating animal diseases, little is known about the cellular immune mechanisms involved in protection against this virus. in this work we have studied the potential of dna vaccines based on viral minigenes corresponding to three major b and t-cell fmdv epitopes (isolate c-s8c1) originally identified in natural hosts. the btt epitopes [vp1 (133-156)-3a (11-40)-vp4 (20-34)] were cloned into the plasmid pcmv, eithe ...200616563575
strategies for controlling fmd. 200616565329
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: comparative diagnostic sensitivity of two independent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays.rapid and accurate diagnosis is central to the effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). it is now recognized that reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays can play an important role in the routine detection of fmd virus (fmdv) in clinical samples. the aim of this study was to compare the ability of 2 independent real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) assays targeting the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) and rna polymerase (3d) to detect fmdv in clinical samples. there was conc ...200616566264
on-farm eradication of foot-and-mouth disease as an alternative to mass culling.a control and eradication programme for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was initiated on a 1500-sow farm in asia as an alternative to mass culling. the programme was based on mass vaccination and exposure to fmd virus to ensure the development of effective immunity throughout the population. pigs are not long-term carriers of fmd virus and it should be eliminated by 21 days after infection. entry of breeding stock was temporarily halted and the sow herd was partially depopulated in order to create ...200616603550
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in hong kong during 2001-2002.most of the molecular epidemiological studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are based on comparison of vp1 gene sequence. in this report, the nucleotide sequences of the vp1 coding region of fmdv type o strains o/hkn/3/01, o/hkn/5/01, o/hkn/12/01, o/hkn/7/02 and o/hkn/10/02, isolated from the disease outbreak that occurred in hong kong special administrative region (hong kong sar) of china during 2001-2002, were determined and compared with the sequences of other fmdvs. the results reve ...200616604445
detection and serotype-specific differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus using a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay.a multiplex, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed that allowed simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus strains--new jersey (vsv-nj) and indiana 1, 2, and 3 (vsv-in1-3). this assay involves use of a set of vsv universal primers located in the l gene that amplify vsv-in1-3 and vsv-nj using probes that allow differentiation of the major serotypes indiana and new jersey. the assay was evaluated using reference v ...200616617693
Displaying items 1701 - 1800 of 4462