| diarrheal disease among military personnel during operation restore hope, somalia, 1992-1993. | the potential for widespread diarrheal disease was regarded as a substantial threat to u.s. troops participating in the early phases of operation restore hope in somalia. outpatient surveillance of 20,859 u.s. troops deployed during the first eight weeks, however, indicated that a mean of only 0.8% (range 0.5-1.2%) of personnel sought care for diarrhea each week, and in three epidemiologic surveys, < 3% of troops reported experiencing a diarrheal illness per week. despite these low overall attac ... | 1995 | 7872452 |
| viral shedding and fecal iga response after norwalk virus infection. | protection is not conferred by preexposure to norwalk virus (nv). by use of an elisa with baculovirus-expressed recombinant nv (rnv) capsid protein, the pattern of nv fecal shedding and the protective effect of rnv-specific fecal iga (flga) were investigated in volunteers who were repeatedly challenged with nv. after the first challenge, ill volunteers were significantly more likely than well volunteers to have nv antigen in their stool (p < .05). after challenge, antigen shedding was detected o ... | 1995 | 7876602 |
| proteins of norwalk virus. | the proteins of the norwalk virus were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. highly purified specifically immunoprecipitated virions appeared to contain a single primary structural protein with a molecular weight of 59,000. in addition, a soluble norwalk viral protein with a molecular weight of 30,000 was identified in fecal specimens containing norwalk virus. the protein structure of the virion is similar to that of the calciviridae family. | 1981 | 6785451 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7904013 |
| the 33- to 39-nm virus-like particles, tentatively designed as sapporo agent, associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of nonbacterial gastroenteritis occurred in an orphanage in december 1979. of 54 residents, 43 were affected with acute gastroenteritis. diarrhea was the commonest symptom. the 33- to 39-nm virus-like particles, tentatively designated as sapporo agent, were detected in 17 (48.6%) of the patients' 35 fecal specimens. morphologically, it was difficult to distinguish the sapporo agent from other agents without geometrical pattern of the surface. antigenically, the sapporo agent related ... | 1981 | 6799614 |
| comparative study of the acquisition of antibody to norwalk virus in pediatric populations. | analysis by radioimmunoassay of pediatric sera from three populations showed that antibody to norwalk virus is acquired at a significantly earlier age in a less developed and tropical area (philippines) than in two more developed and nontropical countries (united states and taiwan). | 1980 | 7216438 |
| human enteric caliciviruses are genetically distinct from small round structured viruses. | | 1994 | 7906820 |
| monoclonal antibodies for detection of norwalk virus antigen in stools. | monoclonal antibodies against the prototype 8fiia strain of norwalk virus were prepared and applied to an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for detecting norwalk virus in stool specimens. the monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated a 58-kda protein which had been produced by in vitro transcription-translation of norwalk virus cloned cdna, and they reacted by eia with recombinant norwalk virus capsid protein at a sensitivity level of 1 ng/ml. the eia detected virus in all tested samples from 15 different ... | 1995 | 7494063 |
| [gastroenteritis outbreak associated with water consumption, possibly caused by norwalk or norwalk-like virus]. | it is described an acute gastroenteritis outbreak of probable hydric transmission in ontinyent (valencia). it was declared on the 31st of january, 1992 and affected 3541 people according to the declaration done by the sanitary services who attended the patients. the clinical situation was characterized by the presence of profuse and watery diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever or febricula. | 1995 | 7497350 |
| small round structured viruses (srsv). | | 1993 | 7506612 |
| gastroenteritis associated with oysters. | | 1994 | 7514927 |
| comparison of the polymerase region of small round structured virus strains previously classified in three antigenic types by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. | we have used a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with nested sets of primers to determine the nucleotide sequences of a 166 base pair segment of the rna polymerase region of seven strains of small round structured viruses (srsvs) from the united kingdom. these srsv strains were previously classified by solid-phase immune electron microscopy into three antigenic types--uk2, uk3 and uk4, which are comparable to the prototype strains norwalk virus, hawaii agent, and snow mountain agen ... | 1994 | 7515226 |
| viral gastroenteritis associated with a sandwich bar. | | 1994 | 7522804 |
| enzyme immunoassay using baculovirus-expressed human calicivirus (mexico) for the measurement of igg responses and determining its seroprevalence in london, uk. | the use of an enzyme immunoassay (eia) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant human calicivirus (mexico virus, mxv) for the detection of igg-specific antibodies is described. mxv appeared to be related antigenically to a strain of small round structured virus, srsv/uk4/leeds/91, which had previously been shown by solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) to be related to snow mountain agent (sma). one other outbreak which occurred in san anita, usa in 1980 and was due to consumption ... | 1995 | 7561789 |
| etiology and outcome of diarrhea after marrow transplantation: a prospective study. | acute diarrhea after marrow transplant is usually ascribed to acute graft-vs.-host disease (gvhd) or infection, with a reported 40%-50% incidence of infection. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of acute diarrhea after transplantation, its causes, and its outcome. | 1994 | 7926504 |
| concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus, and norwalk virus by reverse transcription-pcr. | in this study we developed a concentration and purification procedure to facilitate reverse transcription (rt)-pcr detection of enteric viruses in water sample concentrates obtained by conventional filter adsorption-elution methods. one liter of beef extract-glycine eluate with or without humic acid and seeded with poliovirus type 1, hepatitis a virus, and norwalk virus was used as a model system, and the eluent was further processed for rt-pcr compatibility. the sample concentration and purific ... | 1995 | 7574592 |
| a serosurvey of water-borne pathogens amongst canoeists in south africa. | certain health risks have been associated with recreational exposure to faecally polluted water. canoeing in certain south african waters is considered to be a high risk activity with regard to schistosomiasis, gastroenteritis and possibly hepatitis. in a cross-sectional study, a serosurvey was conducted amongst canoeists to ascertain whether or not they had a higher seroprevalence to hepatitis a virus, norwalk virus and schistosoma spp. than non-canoeists. in comparisons between the two groups, ... | 1995 | 7589269 |
| the role of the pre-symptomatic food handler in a common source outbreak of food-borne srsv gastroenteritis in a group of hospitals. | a common source outbreak of small round structure virus (srsv) gastroenteritis affected 81 patients and 114 staff in four hospitals served by one central hospital kitchen. eating salad items was found to be significantly associated with illness. in a cohort study of a staff buffet function eating turkey salad sandwiches was associated with illness (relative risk = 2.4; 95% ci = 1.4-4.1; p = 0.003), and a case control study of patients in one hospital showed an odds ratio of 6.6 (95% ci = 1.0-71. ... | 1994 | 7995361 |
| incidence of norwalk virus infections during a prospective epidemiological study of drinking water-related gastrointestinal illness. | to determine the seroprevalence of norwalk virus and whether norwalk virus contributed to an observed increase in illness in tap water drinkers participating in a prospective epidemiological study, sera collected during the study were examined for changes in norwalk virus antibody titer, using a specific enzyme immunoassay. antibodies to norwalk virus were measured in sera collected in march, june and september 1988 and in june 1989, and antibodies were found in 79% of the individuals. seropreva ... | 1994 | 8000960 |
| norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. | norwalk virus infection is a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans. the clinical features and virologic and immunologic responses following oral administration of norwalk virus to 50 volunteers were monitored. new elisas using recombinant virus particles as the antigen source were used to assess the pattern of virus shedding and the specific immune responses. forty-one subjects (82%) became infected; 68% were symptomatic and 32% were asymptomatic. the proportion of subjects infected was simi ... | 1994 | 8014518 |
| characterization of a variant strain of norwalk virus from a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in hawaii. | a gastroenteritis outbreak affecting at least 217 (41%) of 527 passengers on a cruise ship was caused by a variant strain of norwalk virus (nv) that is related to but distinct from the prototype nv strain. consumption of fresh-cut fruit served at two buffets was significantly associated with illness (p < or = 0.01), and a significant dose-response relationship was evident between illness and the number of various fresh-cut fruit items eaten. seven (58%) of 12 paired serum specimens from ill pers ... | 1994 | 8027335 |
| small round structured viruses (srsv): numbers are increasing. | | 1995 | 7620522 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with adequately prepared oysters. | over christmas 1993, an outbreak of food poisoning occurred among guests in a hotel in south west scotland. evidence from a cohort study strongly suggested that raw oysters were the vehicle for infection, probably due to a small round structured virus (srsv). detailed enquiry about the source and preparation of the oysters revealed no evidence of any unsafe handling at any stage in the food chain, nor any evidence of bacterial contamination. it is suggested that the present standards of preparat ... | 1995 | 7641830 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of raw oysters--florida, 1993. | | 1994 | 8046794 |
| expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of a snow mountain agent-like calicivirus capsid protein. | virus-like particles were produced in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the capsid gene of mx virus, a mexican strain of human calicivirus. these recombinant mx (rmx) particles were morphologically similar to recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) particles as observed under an electron microscope and contained a single capsid protein with a molecular weight of 57,000, which was slightly smaller than that of rnv. this protein was immunoprecipitated by sera from volunteers ... | 1995 | 7650166 |
| human enteric caliciviruses have a unique genome structure and are distinct from the norwalk-like viruses. | classic human enteric caliciviruses (hucvs) have a distinctive morphology and are primarily associated with pediatric acute gastroenteritis. although morphologically distinct from the small round structured viruses (srsvs), the classic hucvs are thought to be closely related and were anticipated to have a similar genome organisation. we report the first genome sequence and molecular characterisation of a classic human enteric calicivirus associated with a case of acute vomiting and diarrhoea in ... | 1995 | 7661689 |
| detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-pcr and southern hybridization. | application of reverse transcription (rt)-pcr to detect small round-structured viruses (srsvs) from fecal specimens of patients with gastroenteritis has been insensitive because of the tremendous sequence heterogeneity between strains. we have designed two rt-pcr primer sets (g-1 and g-2) based on the nucleotide sequence diversity in the rna polymerase gene of srsvs belonging to two distinct genogroups represented by norwalk virus (primers g-1) and snow mountain agent (primers g-2). all 22 srsv ... | 1995 | 7699068 |
| multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of oysters--apalachicola bay, florida, december 1994-january 1995. | on january 3, 1995, the florida department of health and rehabilitative services (hrs) was notified of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with eating oysters. the subsequent investigation by hrs has identified 34 separate clusters of cases, many of which were associated with oysters harvested during december 29-31 from 13 mile area and cat point in apalachicola bay. oysters were shipped to other states, but additional clusters of illness associated with these oysters have been repor ... | 1995 | 7808387 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of oysters--apalachicola bay, florida, december 1994-january 1995. | | 1995 | 7837350 |
| an outbreak of norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. | to determine the characteristics and the cause of an outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. | 1995 | 7837364 |
| small, round-structured viruses (srsvs) associated with acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in gifu, japan. | two outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in gifu prefecture in january 1989 and in january 1991. both outbreaks were closely related to the consumption of raw oysters, and showed similar clinical features. small, round-structured virus particles were found in patient stools in both outbreaks by electron microscopy. the role of these particles as the causative agents of the outbreaks were strongly suggested by immune electron microscopy and/or western-blotting immunoassay. when com ... | 1993 | 8133807 |
| norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in hawaii: comparison and application of molecular method-based assays. | investigation of an outbreak of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis on a cruise ship provided an opportunity to assess new molecular method-based diagnostic methods for norwalk virus (nv) and the antibody response to nv infection. the outbreak began within 36 h of embarkation and affected 30% of 672 passengers and crew. no single meal, seating, or food item was implicated in the transmission of nv, but a passenger's risk of illness was associated with the amount of ice (but not water) consumed (c ... | 1994 | 8150941 |
| identification of minireovirus as a norwalk-like virus in pediatric patients with gastroenteritis. | in 1977, 30- to 32-nm virus-like particles, named minireovirus because of their unique morphologic appearance, were detected by electron microscopy in the stools of infants and young children with gastroenteritis. sequence analysis of approximately 2,800 consecutive bases derived from overlapping pcr clones of a recent minireovirus clinical isolate showed 52% nucleotide sequence identity with the norwalk virus sequence and, in addition, demonstrated that the genomic organizations of these two vi ... | 1994 | 8151799 |
| seroprevalence studies using a recombinant norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay. | a recombinant norwalk virus (nv) protein enzyme immunoassay was used to study the age of acquisition of nv igg in various populations. in london, england, there was little evidence of infection during the first 2 years of life. however, the prevalence of nv igg rose steadily throughout the period that children attend school, reaching a peak of 70% in the group aged 11-16 years. high levels of maternal antibody were detected in infants aged < 3 months. comparison of the acquisition of antibodies ... | 1994 | 8158109 |
| recent developments with human caliciviruses. | caliciviruses (cvs) are human and animal pathogens. the best known human cvs are norwalk virus (nv) and snow mountain agent. recent molecular studies have confirmed that cvs are a unique taxonomic family. these molecular studies also have clarified relationships among previously poorly characterized human enteric viruses, led to new diagnostic tests and identified potential relationships between human and animal cvs. the purpose of this review was to describe these recent developments. | 1994 | 7845754 |
| genomic diversity of small round structured viruses in the united kingdom. | fifty-two faecal specimens collected in the united kingdom between 1986 and 1992, which contained small round structured virus (srsv) particles, were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays using two primer pairs derived from sequences of snow mountain agent and norwalk virus. there was poor correlation between results obtained with each primer pair. twenty specimens (38%) gave positive bands with sm51/31 primers and 18 (34%) were positive with sm52/32 primers, with a to ... | 1994 | 7852972 |
| detection of norwalk virus or norwalk-like virus infections in finnish infants and young children. | norwalk virus (nv) and norwalk-like viruses are important causes of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in older children and adults. serologic responses to nv of 154 finnish infants and young children participating in a rotavirus vaccine study were examined by elisa with a recently available baculovirus-expressed recombinant nv capsid protein. in 4 serially collected sera (at the median ages of 3, 4, 14, and 23 months), 49% of children had at least one nv infection over the approximately 2-ye ... | 1994 | 8195618 |
| 3'-terminal sequence of a small round structured virus (srsv) in japan. | we determined the nucleotide sequence of about 1,000 bases from the 3'-terminus of a small round structured virus (srsv), which caused a gastroenteritis outbreak in chiba prefecture, japan, in 1987. the sequence was compared with the corresponding sequence region of norwalk virus; it consisted of a part of the open reading frame 2 (orf2), whole orf3, and 3'-noncoding region (ncr). the 624-base-long orf3 had sequence homology of 68% with the corresponding region of norwalk virus. (the amino acid ... | 1994 | 8198445 |
| specific proteolytic cleavage of recombinant norwalk virus capsid protein. | norwalk virus (nv) causes epidemic outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. the nv capsid is made up of a single protein, and expression of the capsid protein in baculovirus recombinants results in spontaneous assembly of the protein into virus-like particles (x. jiang, m. wang, d. y. graham, and m. k. estes, j. virol. 66:6527-6532, 1992). we have investigated whether the nv capsid protein undergoes a specific proteolytic cleavage. recombinant nv (rnv) particles were digested w ... | 1995 | 7853506 |
| detection of immunoglobulin m (igm), iga, and igg norwalk virus-specific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus capsid antigen in adult volunteers challenged with norwalk virus. | pre- and postexposure sera collected from 17 adult volunteers challenged with norwalk virus as described previously (d. y. graham, x. jiang, t. tanaka, a. opekun, p. madore, and m. k. estes, j. infect. dis. 170:34-43, 1994) were examined for norwalk virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm), iga, and igg by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant norwalk virus antigen bound to the solid phase. sixteen of the 17 volunteers had evidence of past infection, all presenting with preex ... | 1994 | 7883902 |
| multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis related to consumption of oysters--louisiana, maryland, mississippi and north carolina, 1993. | on november 17, 1993, the state health departments of louisiana, maryland, and mississippi notified cdc of several outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurring in their states since november 12. preliminary epidemiologic investigations identified consumption of oysters as the primary risk factor for illness. on november 16, the louisiana department of health and hospitals (ldhh) had identified the grand pass and cabbage reef harvesting areas off the louisiana coast as the source of oysters associated ... | 1993 | 8246858 |
| [viral gastroenteritis]. | | 1993 | 8260517 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7906368 |
| airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. | | 1994 | 7906369 |
| small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control. | | 1994 | 7910270 |
| role of small round viruses and small round structured viruses. | | 1994 | 7912361 |
| role of small round viruses and small round structured viruses. | | 1994 | 7912362 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis related to consumption of oysters--1993. | | 1994 | 8277537 |
| [rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, calicivirus and small round virus particles in feces of children with and without acute diarrhea, from 1987 to 1988, in the greater são paulo]. | between 1987 and 1988, 193 faecal specimens from children, with or without diarrhea, were submitted to enzyme immunoassay, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and electronmicroscopy tests for virus detection. the positivity for rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, calicivirus and small round virus particles (srvp) was 11.3%, 3.1%, 2.1%, 1.0% and 4.1%, respectively, for the 97 children with acute diarrhea. of the 96 children without diarrhea, 4.2% were positive for rotavirus, 1.0% for calicivirus an ... | 1993 | 8278758 |
| viral gastroenteritis. | | 1993 | 8380619 |
| transmission of a small round structured virus by vomiting during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round structured virus (srsv) (norwalk-like virus) occurred in an elderly care unit, affecting a total of 126 patients and staff. the outbreak caused major disruption to the provision of health care services by the unit over a 3-week period. following the outbreak a study was undertaken to explore risk factors for acquisition of srsv infection by health care workers on the unit. exposure to patients nearby who were vomiting and the number of close co ... | 1994 | 7915285 |
| a hospital outbreak due to norwalk virus. | an outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting began at a hospital for the elderly on the 25 october 1991. the symptoms and pattern of spread suggested a viral aetiology from a point source. electron microscopy confirmed the presence of norwalk virus. the first wave of illness affected 37 patients and 28 staff. secondary cases occurred on all wards. analytical studies of food consumed at three lunchtime meetings by staff and visitors to the hospital demonstrated a clear association between eating sandwic ... | 1994 | 7915286 |
| etiology of acute diarrhea among united states military personnel deployed to south america and west africa. | a study of acute diarrhea was conducted from 1985 to 1987 among u.s. military personnel participating in routine shipboard exercises in south america and west africa and ground troops deployed to coastal ecuador. an enteropathogen was identified in 146 (51%) of 289 acute cases of diarrhea. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, found in 50 (17%) patients with diarrhea, was the most commonly identified enteropathogen. viral enteropathogens were also found in a high percentage of acute cases of diarrhe ... | 1993 | 8383470 |
| small round viruses and gastroenteritis. | | 1994 | 7915389 |
| developmental control of ifn-alpha expression in murine embryos. | the expression of ifn-alpha transcripts was investigated in murine embryos, fetuses, and fetal annexes in mid and late pregnancy. we have shown by northern blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization the presence of ifn-alpha transcripts in mouse placenta, fetus, and newborn. from the 14th day of gestation until birth, a typical ifn-alpha transcript (1.2 kb) is found in the fetus. a transcript of larger size (2.2 kb) appears near birth and is present ... | 1994 | 7925651 |
| human enteric caliciviridae: the complete genome sequence and expression of virus-like particles from a genetic group ii small round structured virus. | comparisons of the rna polymerase and capsid sequences of small round structured viruses (srsvs) have recently shown these are genetically diverse viruses which fall into two distinct groups. the genomes of two group i viruses, southampton and norwalk viruses have been characterized; however, similar data for the genetic group ii srsvs have not been available until now. we report here the complete genome sequence of a recent group ii srsv, lordsdale virus. the lordsdale virus genome is 7555 nt i ... | 1995 | 7561776 |
| sequence similarity of human caliciviruses and small round structured viruses. | the application of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using primers directed to the rna dependent rna polymerase region within orf1 of norwalk virus (nv) showed that 31 percent of morphologically typical human caliciviruses (hucv) and 57% of small round structured viruses (srsvs) produced a product of 470 bp similar to the nv control, nv 8fiia/68/us. alignment of the amino acid sequences of morphologically typical hucvs with previously published sequences for srsvs, nv, and ... | 1994 | 7931187 |
| identification of norwalk virus in artificially seeded shellfish and selected foods. | a rotavirus dsrna purification protocol was adapted to extract norwalk ssrna from artificially contaminated shellfish, and a sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for norwalk virus was devised to identify an estimated 20-200 genomic copies. the technique includes deproteinization with guanidinium isothiocyanate, adsorption of rna to hydroxyapatite, and sequential precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and ethanol. the protocol allows high recovery of viral rn ... | 1994 | 7989435 |
| sequence diversity of small, round-structured viruses in the norwalk virus group. | we have determined the nucleotide sequences of a highly conserved region of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of the prototype snow mountain agent (sma) and of four other small, round-structured viruses (antigenically norwalk virus [nv]-like or sma-like) following reverse transcription-pcr amplification of viral rna obtained from human stools. the stool samples were either from volunteers administered sma or from sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred in japan and the unite ... | 1994 | 8057474 |
| measurement of iga responses following norwalk virus infection and other human caliciviruses using a recombinant norwalk virus protein eia. | an enzyme immunoassay employing recombinant norwalk virus capsid protein was evaluated for the measurement of iga responses. tests on 23 volunteers and patients known to have been infected with norwalk virus (nv) showed that 19 developed significant iga responses, 2 had unchanging levels of iga and 2 failed to respond. there was no evidence of iga responses to nv following infection with hawaii or snow mountain-like viruses. tests on sera from patients involved in outbreaks associated with eatin ... | 1994 | 8062871 |
| molecular characterization of hawaii virus and other norwalk-like viruses: evidence for genetic polymorphism among human caliciviruses. | hawaii virus (hv), from a 1971 family outbreak of gastroenteritis, is serotypically distinct from norwalk virus (nv), recently identified as a human calicivirus by molecular analysis. about 2600 consecutive nucleotides of the hv genome (including those encoding the viral capsid protein) and part of the polymerase region of three other viruses (mdv1, mdv6 and sv7) were sequenced. comparison of the amino acid sequence of the capsid protein of hv with nv and other human caliciviruses (toronto virus ... | 1994 | 8077710 |
| enteric viruses and diarrhea in hiv-infected patients. enteric opportunistic infections working group. | diarrhea occurs frequently among persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but the cause often remains unknown. we used a group of diagnostic assays to determine which viruses were etiologic agents of diarrhea in a group of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 1993 | 8099429 |
| epidemiological study of norwalk virus infections in japan and southeast asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with norwalk virus capsid protein produced by the baculovirus expression system. | in this study, we investigated norwalk virus (nv) antigen and antibody to recombinant nv (rnv) in human populations in japan and southeast asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). baculovirus-expressed recombinant nv (rnv) capsid protein was used for preparing antisera to rnv or used as an antigen for detecting antibody to rnv. the elisas were specific for nv and had sensitivities equivalent to or higher than those of the previously developed radioimmunoassays. in 159 stool samples o ... | 1994 | 8126165 |
| molecular characterization and expression of the capsid protein of a norwalk-like virus recovered from a desert shield troop with gastroenteritis. | norwalk virus (nv) infection was recently found to be associated with gastroenteritis in u.s. military troops stationed in saudi arabia during the 1990 desert shield operation. we identified a norwalk-like virus in the stools of two military personnel with gastroenteritis by elisa and iem. by rt-pcr and sequence analysis, the nucleotide sequence of part of the polymerase region of each of these two "desert shield" strains (dsv275 and dsv395) was found to be 73% identical to the corresponding reg ... | 1994 | 8128635 |
| detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse transcription-pcr. | we describe the application of a previously developed sample extraction procedure to the detection of small round structured viruses (srsvs) in shellfish. initial seeding experiments showed that pcr inhibitor removal and virus recoveries were comparable to those in previous studies with poliovirus. shellfish from a range of sewage-contaminated sites were then tested for the presence of srsvs by using broadly reactive pcr primers followed by southern blotting with internal probe sites. positive r ... | 1995 | 8534105 |
| prevalence of antibodies to norwalk virus among amerindians in isolated amazonian communities. | the seroepidemiology of norwalk virus infections was examined among amerindians belonging to eight relatively isolated communities in the amazon region by means of a new enzyme immunoassay using recombinant norwalk virus antigen. the seroprevalence of antibodies to norwalk virus ranged from 39% in the maiogong to 100% in the kubenkrankrein. the distribution of antibody levels varied greatly among groups; five of the eight communities had an antibody prevalence greater than 90% with many high val ... | 1994 | 8166133 |
| antibody prevalence and immunoglobulin igg subclass pattern to norwalk virus in sweden. | the antibody prevalence in sweden to norwalk virus (nv) was investigated using a baculovirus expressed capsid antigen. one hundred thirty-two serum samples were examined for iga, total igg and igg subclass antibodies to norwalk virus. in young children, nv igg antibody prevalence was higher than the iga prevalence, whereas no difference was found in individuals older than 21 years. the igg antibody prevalence was 50% in children below 5 years of age and increased to > 80% in individuals older th ... | 1995 | 8551259 |
| application of pcr to detect norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. | norwalk virus (nv) and other small round-structured viruses (srsvs) are frequent causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks. the recent cloning and sequencing of the nv genome has made it possible to detect nv and norwalk-related viruses from fecal specimens by reverse transcription (rt)-pcr. we applied this technique to the examination of a total of 139 fecal specimens from 19 outbreaks characterized by nv serology, including 56 samples from 7 nv outbreaks, 36 from 6 norwalk-related virus outbreaks, a ... | 1994 | 8195372 |
| infection control. when winter makes you sick. | | 1995 | 8552486 |
| viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of raw oysters--florida, 1993. | during november 20-30, 1993, four county public health units (cphus) of the florida department of health and rehabilitative services (hrs) in northwestern florida conducted preliminary investigations of seven separate outbreaks of foodborne illness following consumption of raw oysters. on december 1, the hrs state health office initiated an investigation to characterize the illness, examine risk factors for oyster-associated gastroenteritis, and quantify the dose-response relation. this report p ... | 1994 | 8202078 |
| two successive outbreaks of srsv-associated gastroenteritis in south africa. | two successive outbreaks of gastroenteritis in south africa were investigated to identify the aetiological agents. some patients were involved in both outbreaks. enteropathogenic bacteria or parasites were not evident in either outbreak. small round structured viruses (srsvs) were demonstrated in both outbreaks by direct electron microscopy. srsv uk3/hawaii virus was identified by immune electron microscopy as the causative agent in the first outbreak. using new recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) i ... | 1993 | 8228932 |
| antigenic mapping of the recombinant norwalk virus capsid protein using monoclonal antibodies. | norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype strain of a group of noncultivatable caliciviruses that infect humans and cause outbreaks of epidemic acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. the nv virion is composed of 180 copies of a single structural protein that, when expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus, assembles into empty recombinant norwalk virus-like particles (rnv vlps) which are morphologically and antigenically similar to native nv. we have begun to dissect the antigenic ... | 1996 | 8599210 |
| a university outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round-structured virus. application of molecular diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and patterns of transmission. | an epidemiologic investigation of a gastroenteritis outbreak in december 1994 indicated that salad consumption during lunch was linked with illness on 2 days (5 december: odds ratio [or]=3.1, 95% confidence interval [ci]=2.0-5.0; 6 december: or=3.1, 95% ci=1.9-4.9). single stool or vomitus specimens from ill students and staff (case-patients) were examined for bacterial and viral pathogens. small round-structured viruses (srsvs) were detected by electron microscopy in stool specimens from 9 of 1 ... | 1996 | 8603955 |
| detection of antibody to recombinant norwalk virus antigen in specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. | norwalk virus and other small round-structured viruses are commonly associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. we used a recently described recombinant-expressed norwalk virus (rnv) capsid protein in enzyme immunoassays to quantitatively measure immunoglobulin g (igg) and iga to norwalk virus in serum pairs from patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. the outbreaks previously were classified, on the basis of the results of a blocking antibody assay, as norwalk virus negative, serol ... | 1993 | 8263169 |
| prevalence of newly isolated, cytopathic small round virus (aichi strain) in japan. | cytopathic small round virus (aichi strain), isolated from a patient with oyster-associated gastroenteritis, showed no reaction in the polymerase chain reaction method for enteroviruses or in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the five serotypes of astroviruses. our elisa was sensitive in detecting the aichi strain antigen in stool samples, but there was no reaction in this elisa with any non-aichi strains of enteric viruses, with such origins as enterovirus, rotavirus, norwalk vi ... | 1993 | 8263178 |
| norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification procedure was developed for the detection of norwalk-like viruses in fecal specimens. ninety-nine fecal specimens collected in the united kingdom and containing small round-structured virus particles as determined by electron microscopy were tested. they came from 50 outbreaks and 16 sporadic cases of viral gastroenteritis. rt-pcr products of the appropriate size for norwalk virus rna were detected in 15 specimens from thre ... | 1993 | 8263187 |
| efficacy of a recombinant norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of infections with norwalk virus and other human "candidate" caliciviruses. | a recombinant norwalk virus antigen enzyme immunoassay (rnv eia) for the detection fo norwalk virus (nv) antibodies was evaluated using sera from volunteers and patients infected with norwalk, hawaii, snow mountain agent, small round structured viruses (srsv), and human calicivirus (hucv) strains. the results for nv antibodies correlated well with previous results obtained using a nv radioimmunoassay. the test rnv eia was found to be highly specific for nv. the results of tests on sera obtained ... | 1993 | 8263497 |
| small round virus excretion in long-stay geriatric patients. | the role of small round viruses (srvs) in gastroenteritis has not been evaluated. we undertook a study to evaluate srv excretion in 40 elderly patients over 12 months in long-stay, geriatric wards. the 40 patients (11 male, 29 female) had an age range of 73-99 years. samples were received monthly as long as the patients were alive. samples were available from 30 patients (75%) for 6 months or more, and 20 (50%) patients completed the study. ten grams of faeces were collected and prepared as 10-2 ... | 1993 | 8263506 |
| sequence and genome organization of a human small round-structured (norwalk-like) virus. | small round-structured viruses (srsvs), also known as norwalk or norwalk-like viruses, are the major worldwide cause of acute, epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. these viruses, which contain a single-stranded rna genome, have remained refractory to molecular characterization because of the small amounts of virus in clinical samples and the absence of an animal model and an in vitro culture system. the complete genomic nucleotide sequence of an srsv, southampton virus, was determine ... | 1993 | 8380940 |
| outbreaks of norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish: coexistence of two genotypes in one specimen. | we determined the nucleotide sequences of norwalk-like viruses in 10 pcr products from stool or oyster specimens obtained from four outbreaks of gastroenteritis in which shellfish was suspected as the cause in shizuoka prefecture in japan between 1987-94. the sequences were determined from nucleotide positions 4561-4852 (292 bp) in the polymerase region. two types of sequences were detected. one (genotype 1) had 87% sequence homology with the prototype norwalk virus, and the other (genotype 2) h ... | 1996 | 8666079 |
| detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction. | a procedure for the detection of enteric viral nucleic acid in oysters by the polymerase chain reaction was developed. known quantities of poliovirus type 1 were seeded into oysters. virus was extracted and concentrated by using organic flocculation and polyethylene glycol precipitation. inhibitors of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were present in the oyster extracts, preventing amplification of target viral nucleic acid. the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitation s ... | 1993 | 8382024 |
| molecular characterization of camberwell virus and sequence variation in orf3 of small round-structured (norwalk-like) viruses. | five small round-structured viruses (srsvs) associated with gastroenteritis in victoria, australia, from january to november 1994 were examined by sequencing cdna prepared from faecal samples using rt-pcr. the sequence of the 3' half (3.8 kb) of the genome of one of these viruses, camberwell, was determined. camberwell virus was related most closely to bristol and lordsdale viruses, and belonged to the genetic group of srsvs containing bristol, lordsdale, toronto, oth-25, mexico, and hawaii viru ... | 1996 | 8732863 |
| norwalk virus infection among desert storm troops. | | 1993 | 8383727 |
| prevalence of antibodies to norwalk virus in england: detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus capsid antigen. | a total of 3,250 serum specimens collected in england in 1991 and 1992 were tested by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to norwalk virus using baculovirus-expressed capsid antigen, and 2,382 (73.3%) were positive. the prevalence of norwalk virus antibody differed regionally. it was lowest (24.6%) in 6- to 11-month-old infants and increased to 89.7% in persons over 60 years old. | 1993 | 8385148 |
| three-dimensional structure of baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus capsids. | the three-dimensional structure of the baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus capsid has been determined to a resolution of 2.2 nm using electron cryomicroscopy and computer image processing techniques. the empty capsid, 38.0 nm in diameter, exhibits t = 3 icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 90 dimers of the capsid protein. the striking features of the capsid structure are arch-like capsomeres, at the local and strict 2-fold axes, formed by dimers of the capsid protein and large hollows at the ... | 1994 | 8035511 |
| human enteric caliciviridae: a new prevalent small round-structured virus group defined by rna-dependent rna polymerase and capsid diversity. | sequence comparison of the rna-dependent rna polymerases of small round-structured viruses (srsvs) from 10 recent u.k. outbreaks of gastroenteritis revealed significant genetic variation. computer analyses indicated that these viruses can be divided into two discrete groups. srsv group i contains the previously characterized antigenic type 1 norwalk and type 3 southampton viruses. the amino acid sequences of the rna polymerase, capsid and orf3 of these two viruses are relatively similar (about 9 ... | 1994 | 8046390 |
| an outbreak of norwalk-like gastroenteritis associated with contaminated drinking water at a caravan park. | during the 1989 christmas holiday period, a large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among persons staying at a caravan park in southern new south wales. review of local hospital records found that 77 per cent of patients presenting with infective diarrhoea between 29 december and 3 january had stayed at the caravan park. in a retrospective cohort study we compared rates of illness among caravan park patrons exposed to different water sources. stools were tested for pathogens and convalescent ... | 1993 | 8395224 |
| outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis. | norwalk virus infection is the epidemiologic prototype for outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne gastroenteritis. around the world, norwalk virus and norwalk-like viruses appear to be major causes of food-borne and waterborne illness. assessment of the overall significance of viral agents to the epidemiology of food-borne and waterborne illness is hampered by the lack of surveillance throughout much of the world. in areas where food-borne and waterborne illness surveillance is conducted, outbre ... | 1993 | 8395330 |
| prevalence of serum antibodies to norwalk virus among norwegian military recruits. | the prevalence of serum antibodies against norwalk virus among military recruits in norway was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a total of 1017 sera were assayed for anti-norwalk virus total antibodies (ig), of which 300 (29.5%) were positive. of 227 positive sera, 10.6 and 15.4% were positive for iga and igm, respectively, while 2.2% were positive for both. the prevalence of antibodies against norwalk virus in south-east norway was significantly higher than that ... | 1996 | 8796425 |
| comparison of the reactivities of baculovirus-expressed recombinant norwalk virus capsid antigen with those of the native norwalk virus antigen in serologic assays and some epidemiologic observations. | since the discovery of the norwalk virus (nv) by immune electron microscopy (iem) in 1972, serologic studies with this virus have relied on particle-positive fecal material from infected volunteers as the source of antigen because it has not been possible to propagate this virus in cell culture. however, the recent cloning of the nv (strain 8fiia) genome and expression of the capsid protein in a baculovirus system to form "virus-like particles" has provided a consistent source of antigen (design ... | 1993 | 8396590 |
| detection of norwalk virus in the uk by the polymerase chain reaction. | we have developed a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of norwalk virus using the published sequence of the virus rna dependent rna polymerase gene and have used this to clone and sequence this region of a virus from a uk outbreak. we have applied this method to a panel of uk norwalk-like viruses using both tet-z and taq dna polymerases and found that amplification produces a multiplicity of bands from stool samples. however, in combination with southern blotting, taq polymerase amplifi ... | 1993 | 8405951 |
| epidemiologic applications of novel molecular methods to detect and differentiate small round structured viruses (norwalk-like viruses). | the molecular epidemiology of a large, multistate outbreak of oyster-associated gastroenteritis [kohn et al. (1995): journal of the american medical association 273:466-471. dowell et al. (1995): journal of infectious diseases 171:1497-1503.] was examined using new methods to detect small round structured viruses (srsvs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and to characterize strains by southern hybridization and nucleotide sequencing of 81-bp of a pcr product amplified f ... | 1995 | 8830118 |
| capsid diversity in small round-structured viruses: molecular characterization of an antigenically distinct human enteric calicivirus. | studies of antigenic variation between small round-structured viruses (srsvs) using immune electron microscopy have revealed 3 antigenic types currently circulating in the uk represented by the strains srsv/bri/93/uk, srsv/sot/91/uk and srsv/mel/89/uk. mel/89/uk rna was isolated from a 1989 school outbreak of gastroenteritis. the 3'-terminal 3435 nucleotides (excluding the poly(a) tail) were determined by rt-pcr and cdna sequencing, completing our molecular characterization of antigenically dive ... | 1995 | 8533462 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to norwalk-like virus in two long-term care facilities for the elderly. | in february 1993, outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to norwalk-like viruses occurred simultaneously among the elderly residents of two long-term care facilities. facility a instituted infection control measures that included increased surveillance, reinforcement of handwashing, keeping symptomatic residents in their rooms and relieving symptomatic staff of their work duties until 48 h after resolution of their symptoms. facility b instituted a more stringent set of control measures that included ... | 1995 | 8547682 |
| completion of the norwalk virus genome sequence. | norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype human calicivirus, and causes epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. the sequence and predicted genome organization of nv and a nv-like virus [southampton virus (shv)] suggested they are similar viruses at the nucleotide and amino acid level, although shv was reported to be antigenically distinct from nv. a recent review described the discovery of an additional 12 nucleotides at the 5' end of shv and prompted us to investigate the possibility of addition ... | 1996 | 8883366 |
| isolation of cytopathic small round virus (aichi virus) from pakistani children and japanese travelers from southeast asia. | aichi virus was isolated in vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 japanese travelers returned from tours to southeast asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of nagoya international airport in japan. of 5 japanese travelers, 3 were returning from indonesia, and 2 from thailand or malaysia. these results indicate that aichi v ... | 1995 | 8551977 |
| detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. | outbreaks of shellfish-transmitted viral disease occur periodically, but frequently the causative agent is not identified. in november 1993, during investigation of a multistate outbreak of acute gastroenteritis, incriminated lots of oysters were collected. oyster tissues (stomachs and digestive diverticula) were processed for virus extraction and nucleic acid purification. human calicivirus sequences were sought by reverse transcriptase pcr using different primer sets. amplicons were obtained f ... | 1996 | 8900022 |
| dot blot hybridization with a cdna probe derived from the human calicivirus sapporo 1982 strain. | a dot blot hybridization assay was developed for detection of human calicivirus/sapporo/82/j (hucv/sa/82) or strains closely related to hucv/sa/82 in stool specimens. the cdna derived from the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) region of hucv/sa/82 was used as a positive probe and the pbr322 dna as a negative control probe. both probes were labeled with digoxigenin and the products of hybridization reaction were detected with an anti-digoxigenin antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. this ass ... | 1996 | 8920827 |
| a conserved sequence motif at the 5' terminus of the southampton virus genome is characteristic of the caliciviridae. | we have determined the 5'terminal cdna sequence for the genome of southampton virus, a recently characterized, human, small round-structured virus (srsv). genomic rna was extracted directly from a stool sample and amplified by rt-pcr by homopolymer tailing of the 3' terminus of the cdna. the additional sequence increases the overall length of the southampton virus genome by 12 nucleotides, resulting in a significant change to the genome organization by extending the first large open reading fram ... | 1995 | 8560774 |
| collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of norwalk virus in shellfish tissues by pcr. | a multicenter, collaborative trial was performed to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of a previously described method for the detection of norwalk virus in shellfish tissues with the pcr (r.l. atmar, f. h. neill, j. l. romalde, f. le guyader, c. m. woodley, t. g. metcalf, and m. k. estes, appl. environ. microbiol. 61:3014-3018, 1995). virus was added to the stomachs and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams in the control laboratory, the samples were shipped to the ... | 1996 | 8572702 |