| depression of early protection against influenza virus infection by cyclophosphamide and its restoration by protein-bound polysaccharide. | relationship between depression of early protection against influenza virus infection and the decrease in the number of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cyclophosphamide-treated mice was investigated using protein-bound polysaccharide (psk), which had been shown to exert a potent restorative effect on leukocytopenia in immunocompromised hosts. following intranasal inoculation with influenza virus (1.5 x 10(3) pfu) into untreated mice, the pulmonary virus titer progressively increased d ... | 1992 | 1339197 |
| [the effect of peripheral cholinergic blockers on the cocarcinogenic action of an experimental influenza infection]. | the cocarcinogenic effect of chronic influenza infection was shown to be mediated by m-cholinergic structures. administration of a m-anticholinergic agent in low dose at the key stages of chronic influenza infection development was followed by a nearly complete suppression of its cocarcinogenic action. n-anticholinergic agents failed to exert such effect. | 1992 | 1343149 |
| [a structural protein study of the influenza a (h1n1) virus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. | influenza is an acute respiratory disease typically appearing as an epidemic. three immunological types of the influenza virus are known: a, b and c. continually, antigen changes occur, especially in type a. therefore, a comparative study was carried out on 4 influenza a(h1n1) virus strains in relation to protein structure (surface antigens), by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by the modified laemmli method. the objective was to compare the structural proteins of the a/havana/1292/78 (h ... | 1992 | 1344690 |
| activity of influenza vaccine against virus strains now circulating. | | 1992 | 1345833 |
| antiviral agents. | in recent years, the antiviral armamentarium has expanded considerably. currently available agents are virustatic, inhibiting specific steps in the process of viral replication. no agent is active against nonreplicating or latent viruses. acyclovir is useful in the treatment of genital herpes, herpes simplex encephalitis, mucocutaneous herpetic infection, varicella infection in the immunosuppressed host, and herpes zoster infection in the normal and the immunosuppressed host. it can also be used ... | 1992 | 1347578 |
| peripheral tolerance to an islet cell-specific hemagglutinin transgene affects both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells. | to study the basis for immunological tolerance of peripheral tissue-specific antigens, a transgenic mouse line was established that expresses the influenza hemagglutinin (ha) on pancreatic islet beta cells (ins-ha transgenic mice). when followed up to 14 months of age, ins-ha transgenic mice did not develop spontaneous autoimmune disease. upon immunization with ha-expressing viruses, high titers of ha-specific circulating antibody were detected; however, t cell responses by both the t helper and ... | 1992 | 1348026 |
| the diversity of the cd4+ t cell response in influenza. | we have analyzed the specificity and structural basis of the cd4+ helper t cell (th) response of balb/c mice to influenza virus. we find that many of the viral proteins are recognized by th, and for one of these proteins we have defined eight distinct th determinants. moreover, th that recognize a single determinant use structurally diverse t cell receptors, and display many unique specificities for the same determinant. these findings demonstrated extensive diversity at several levels of the th ... | 1992 | 1352154 |
| anti-endothelial cell antibodies in nephropathia epidemica and other viral diseases. | increased capillary permeability is a central feature of the severe forms of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and occurs also, though less frequently, in nephropathia epidemica (ne), one of the milder forms of this syndrome, caused by puumala virus. we therefore searched for antiendothelial cell antibodies (aeca) in patients with ne and in those with other presumed or serologically proven acute viral illnesses. by enzyme immunoassay, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huv ... | 1992 | 1356668 |
| do antigenic drift residues in influenza hemagglutinins of the h3 subtype qualify as contact sites for mhc class ii interaction? | we have previously reported that a majority of hemagglutinin-specific and class ii (ak or ad)-restricted t cell clones, elicited by natural infection with x31 virus (h3n2 subtype), focus on regions of the ha1 subunit that have featured in antigenic drift and exhibit extensive diversity in their ability to discriminate between variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in these sites. the structural basis for the loss of recognition of a major antigenic site, ha1 120-139, was investigated by ( ... | 1992 | 1358189 |
| antigenic and molecular analysis of influenza a(h3n2) virus strains isolated in 1985 in open and closed communities of northern germany. | antigenic and molecular analyses of influenza a(h3n2) virus strains isolated in 1985 during outbreaks in open and closed communities of north germany were carried out. the data obtained have shown that 11 strains isolated in a closed orphanage were antigenically similar to each other. the electrophoretic mobilities of either ha, np, m1 and ns1 polypeptides or of double stranded rna segments were indistinguishable. analysis of viruses isolated at the same time from open communities has revealed t ... | 1992 | 1359765 |
| virus-specific immune response in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus. | the time course of primary humoral immune response in nfs/n mice infected with the adapted influenza virus a/aichi 2/68(h3n2) was followed by determination of the different class immunoglobulins in lungs, lung washings, and in blood serum. the quantity of antibody-producing cells (apc) was estimated by local haemolysis in gel. the presence of antibodies in serum and lavage fluid was tested by the methods of radial haemolysis and radial immunodiffusion. it was shown that the local immune response ... | 1992 | 1359766 |
| on the antiviral activity of diffusomycin (oxazolomycin). | the effect of the beta-lactone antibiotic diffusomycin (oxazolomycin) was investigated against vaccinia (lister), herpes simplex type 1 (kupka), influenza a (wsn; h1n1), and coxsackie a9 viruses. diffusomycin reduced significantly the plaque formation of enveloped dna and rna viruses by more than 90% in the range of the maximally tolerated dose. as could be shown with vaccinia virus, the antiviral action was not caused by virucidal effect on virions or by interaction with virus adsorption and pe ... | 1992 | 1359768 |
| inhibition of furin-mediated cleavage activation of hiv-1 glycoprotein gp160. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) initiates infection by mediating fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. fusion activity requires proteolytic cleavage of the gp160 protein into gp120 and gp41 at a site containing several arginine and lysine residues. activation at basic cleavage sites is observed with many membrane proteins of cellular and viral origin. we have recently found that the enzyme activating the haemagglutinin of fowl plague virus (fpv), an ... | 1992 | 1360148 |
| possible use of matrix protein obtained by cloning in e. coli in the serological diagnosis of type a influenza. | | 1992 | 1360763 |
| requirements for lysis of activated t cells by class-ii-restricted cytolytic t-lymphocytes. | in the present study, we explored the specific requirements for lysis of human activated t cells by cd4+ ctls. this was achieved by using human cd4+ t cell lines or clones specific for a peptidic fragment of influenza virus as both ctl effectors and target t cells (ttcs). our results further establish that human activated t cells expressing hla-dr molecules can present ag to and be lysed by cd4+ hla-dr restricted ctls. this killing is ag specific and hla-dr restricted. it can be observed whether ... | 1992 | 1362200 |
| significance of long lasting persistence of influenza virus antigens at the portal of infection and in the spleen of mice. | distribution of virus, its antigens and development of cellular factors of immunity were followed in the course of different forms of acute influenza virus infection in mice. long term persistence of influenza virus antigens in the portal of entry and spleen were typical for of acute influenza. lethal effect of influenza infection was caused by massive lesions induced by the virus and due to cell mediated immune response. the fate of infected individual seems to be decided during the first days ... | 1992 | 1364021 |
| worldwide influenza activity. | | 1992 | 1366253 |
| influenza a virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins containing epitopes from different subtypes. | influenza virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins were constructed by using a ribonucleoprotein transfection method. transfectants w(h1)-h2 and w(h1)-h3 contained a/wsn/33(h1n1) (wsn) hemagglutinins in which the six-amino-acid loop (contained in antigenic site b) was replaced by the corresponding structures of influenza viruses a/japan/57(h2n2) and a/hong kong/8/68(h3n2) (hk), respectively. serological analysis indicated that the w(h1)-h3 transfectant virus reacted with antibodies again ... | 1992 | 1370088 |
| overlapping epitopes that are recognized by cd8+ hla class i-restricted and cd4+ class ii-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes are contained within an influenza nucleoprotein peptide. | viral epitopes that are recognized by both hla class i-restricted and class ii-restricted t cells have been defined for a type a influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) peptide. cd8+ and cd4+ ctl lines have been generated against a synthetic peptide encompassing residues 335 to 349 of np that are restricted by hla-b37 and hla-dqw5, respectively. both of these ctl populations were capable of specifically lysing influenza a virus-infected targets, indicating that a naturally processed np peptide(s) was ... | 1992 | 1370522 |
| genetic modulation of antigen presentation by hla-b27 molecules. | in studies of antigenic peptide presentation, we have found a healthy volunteer whose lymphoblastoid cells were unable to present three different virus-derived epitopes to cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) despite expressing the correct restricting hla-b27 molecules on the cell surface. b cell lines were established from other members of the donor's family, including individuals suffering from ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases, and were tested for their ability to function as target cells ... | 1992 | 1370680 |
| resistance to influenza virus infection of mx transgenic mice expressing mx protein under the control of two constitutive promoters. | transgenic mice constitutively expressing in the brain the influenza virus resistance protein mx1 controlled by the hmg (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase) promoter showed specific resistance against the neurotropic influenza a virus strain nws. control mice of the a2g strain express mx1 protein in all organs, but only after induction by interferon type i upon or without viral infection. the extent of specific resistance in transgenic mice of the best-expressing line reached about ... | 1992 | 1371172 |
| protection of mice from lethal influenza by defective interfering virus: t cell responses. | the immune-mediated lethal influenza in c3h/he-mg (h-2k) mice infected with a/wsn influenza virus (h1n1) was investigated. a primary class i major histocompatibility complex-restricted, cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response was found in the lungs with a peak activity at 5 days post-infection. monoclonal antibody depletion in vivo showed that a lethal cd8+ cell response as well as a lethal cd4+ response was generated during infection. mice survived infection only if both cd8+ and cd4+ cells ... | 1992 | 1371542 |
| down-regulation of vesicular stomatitis virus transcription by the matrix protein of influenza virus. | the matrix (m1) protein isolated from influenza a/wsn/33 virus, when reconstituted with ribonucleoprotein (rnp) cores of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), resulted in inhibition of vsv transcription in vitro. the presence of endogenous wild-type (wt) or mutant (tso23) vsv matrix (m) protein on rnp cores did not prevent down-regulation of vsv transcription by reconstituted influenza virus m1 protein. in fact, endogenous vsv wt m protein augmented transcription inhibition by m1 protein reconstitut ... | 1992 | 1372041 |
| identification of the nonamer peptide from influenza a matrix protein and the role of pockets of hla-a2 in its recognition by cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | influenza matrix peptide 58-66 is shown to be the optimal nonamer for binding to hla-a2 and presentation to cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). if titered out to 2 x 10(-10) - 4 x 10(-10) m in ctl-mediated lysis assays and to 3 x 10(-9) m in an hla-a2 assembly-stabilization assay in cell lysates. the peptide was shown to make probable contacts with its carboxy terminus close to residue 116 in the floor of the cleft of hla-a2, close to the f pocket. the side chain of the amino-terminal amino acid was ... | 1992 | 1372560 |
| infectious sindbis virus transient expression vectors for studying antigen processing and presentation. | sindbis virus (sin) is a small positive-strand enveloped rna virus that infects a broad range of vertebrate and insect cells. a sin vector (called dssin), designed for transient expression of heterologous rnas and proteins, was engineered by inserting a second subgenomic mrna promoter sequence into a nonessential region of the sin genome. by using this vector, dssin recombinants have been constructed that express either bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, a truncated form of the influen ... | 1992 | 1372987 |
| relation between drug resistance and antigenicity among norakin-resistant mutants of influenza a (fowl plague) virus. | norakin-resistant (nr) mutants of fowl plague virus (a/fpv/weybridge, h7n7) have 1 to 2 (in one instance 3) amino acid substitutions in different positions of the heavy (ha 1) and/or light (ha 2) subunits of the haemagglutinin (ha) molecule. investigation of nr mutants using the haemagglutination inhibition test with monoclonal antibodies (mab) to the ha of a/seal/massachusetts/80 (h7n7) virus revealed that one of the mutants (nr 1) differs antigenically from the wild-type fowl plague virus: its ... | 1992 | 1373939 |
| influenza virus m2 protein has ion channel activity. | the influenza virus m2 protein was expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes and shown to have an associated ion channel activity selective for monovalent ions. the anti-influenza virus drug amantadine hydrochloride significantly attenuated the inward current induced by hyperpolarization of oocyte membranes. mutations in the m2 membrane-spanning domain that confer viral resistance to amantadine produced currents that were resistant to the drug. analysis of the currents of these altered m2 proteins sug ... | 1992 | 1374685 |
| unpacking the incoming influenza virus. | | 1992 | 1375129 |
| "self" to cytotoxic t cells has to be 1,000 or less high affinity nonapeptides per mhc antigen. | in order to serve as the effective target of a relevant cytotoxic t-cell receptor, the same peptide fragment has to occupy at least 0.1% of the class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigen sites on the plasma membrane. because of this need, i content that the thymic educator cell of "self" to cytotoxic t cells can suppress autoreactive t-cell clones only with regard to at the most, 1,000 self nonapeptides per a given allelic form of class i mhc antigens; e.g., hla-a2. each allelic form ... | 1992 | 1375187 |
| cells expressing an h chain ig gene carrying a viral t cell epitope are lysed by specific cytolytic t cells. | the epitope corresponding to amino acid residues 147-161 of the nucleoprotein (np) of influenza a virus is recognized by ctl in association with h-2kd class i ag. herein, we engineered an ig molecule carrying this ctl epitope by replacing the diversity gene segment of the h chain v region of an anti-arsonate antibody with an oligonucleotide that encodes the ctl epitope. the chimeric h chain gene was expressed either alone or together with the parental l chain in the nonsecreting balb/c myeloma b ... | 1992 | 1375250 |
| specific epitope-induced conversion of cd8+ memory cells into effector cytotoxic t lymphocytes in vitro: presentation of peptide antigen by cd8+ t cells. | the requirements for the conversion of cd8+ memory t cells into effector class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) kd-restricted cytotoxic t (tc) cells in vitro have been studied. purified cd8+ splenocytes from influenza a/wsn-primed balb/c (h-2d) mice stimulated with a synthetic nucleoprotein peptide 147-158 r156- (npp) alone generated tc cells specific for influenza virus-infected target cells. no additional requirements for accessory cells or their lymphokine products were necessary indi ... | 1992 | 1376266 |
| structural determination of gangliosides that bind to influenza a, b, and c viruses by an improved binding assay: strain-specific receptor epitopes in sialo-sugar chains. | an improved binding assay for detection of ganglioside receptors for influenza a, b, and c viruses was developed. in this system, the virions bound to gangliosides that were developed on a silica gel thin-layer plate were detected by mouse monoclonal antibody against viral hemagglutinin and peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobin. no hydrolysis of the gangliosides by viral receptor-destroying enzyme was detected in the present condition. the reactivity of the viruses to gangliosides depend ... | 1992 | 1376537 |
| influenza virus infection elicits class ii major histocompatibility complex-restricted t cells specific for an epitope identified in the ns1 non-structural protein. | a t cell epitope of the influenza virus ns1 molecule was identified and shown to be a determinant used in class ii major histocompatibility complex-restricted t cell responses to infectious virus. an i-ed-restricted balb/c mouse t hybridoma clone recognizing influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8; subtype h1n1) but not a/udorn/72 (subtype h3n2) secreted lymphokines in response to purified recombinant ns1 or fusion proteins containing amino acids 1 to 81 or 1 to 42 of ns1. as expected for recogn ... | 1992 | 1376767 |
| diversity of the antibody responses produced in ponies and mice against the equine influenza a virus h7 haemagglutinin. | a large panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies was produced and tested against field isolates of the equine h7n7 influenza a virus subtype. only a limited degree of h7 haemagglutinin variation was detected. at least four antigenic sites were identified by selecting variant viruses in eggs. the limited variation in the field did not correlate with the frequency of variant viruses detected in eggs; this frequency was similar to those reported for other influenza viruses. we sought to determine wheth ... | 1992 | 1376770 |
| attenuation of influenza a virus by insertion of a foreign epitope into the neuraminidase. | as the initial step in generating a live attenuated influenza a vaccine, we attempted to substitute an unrelated amino acid sequence (flag) for a portion of the neuraminidase (na) molecule in influenza virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1), using a recently developed technique (reverse genetics [w. luytjes, m. krystal, m. enami, j. d. parvin, and p. palese, cell 59:1107-1113, 1989]). this technique allowed us to rescue the na molecules containing the flag sequence (asp-tyr-lys-asp-asp-asp-asp-lys) at the bottom ... | 1992 | 1378505 |
| immunogenicity of free synthetic peptides corresponding to t helper epitopes of the influenza ha 1 subunit. induction of virus cross reacting cd4+ t lymphocytes in mice. | four linear synthetic peptides corresponding to residues 12-29, 50-67, 121-138 and 131-147 of the ha 1 subunit of h3 subtype influenza virus (nt/60/68) were tested for their capacity to elicit in vivo peptide-specific cd4+ t cells cross reacting with whole virus. by studying the in vitro peptide proliferative response of lymph node cells from mice sensitized in vivo with free peptides emulsified in complete or incomplete freund adjuvant, it was found that region 12-29 could be recognized by cd4+ ... | 1992 | 1379424 |
| the peptide binding specificity of hla class i molecules is largely allele-specific and non-overlapping. | to understand better the specificity of peptide binding by mhc class i molecules, we have evaluated the capacity of a panel of unrelated peptides to compete for the presentation of viral peptides presented by hla-a3 and hla-b27. the hiv-nef7f peptide (74-82) was presented by hla-a3 to nef-specific hla-a3-restricted ctl lines, and the influenza nucleoprotein peptide np(380-393) was presented by hla-b27 to np(380-393)-specific hla-b27-restricted ctl lines. in addition, we have extended studies fro ... | 1992 | 1379681 |
| carbohydrate masking of an antigenic epitope of influenza virus haemagglutinin independent of oligosaccharide size. | comparison of the haemagglutinins (ha) of the pathogenic avian influenza viruses a/fpv/dutch/27 (h7n7) and a/fpv/rostock/34 (h7n1) revealed 94.7% nucleotide and 93.8% amino acid sequence homologies. six of the seven n-glycosidic oligosaccharides of the rostock ha are at the same positions as the six carbohydrates of the dutch strain. the additional oligosaccharide side chain of the rostock strain, which is of the complex type, is attached to asparagine149 in antigenic epitope b. the accessibilit ... | 1992 | 1379858 |
| a critical role for conserved residues in the cleft of hla-a2 in presentation of a nonapeptide to t cells. | the peptide binding cleft of the class i human histocompatibility antigen, hla-a2, contains conserved amino acid residues clustered in the two ends of the cleft in pockets a and f as well as polymorphic residues. the function of two conserved tyrosines in the a pocket was investigated by mutating them to phenylalanines and of a conserved tyrosine and threonine in the f pocket by mutating them to phenylalanine and valine, respectively. presentation of influenza virus peptides and of intact virus ... | 1992 | 1380181 |
| haematological and clinicochemical blood profiles in slaughter pigs. | in a cohort study, 40 pig finishing herds were selected: twenty pig herds with a low and twenty pig herds with a high prevalence of several pathological lesions recorded at slaughter in a six-month period before the start of the study. blood samples were taken from 20 pigs per herd at the end of the finishing period to investigate haematological and clinicochemical profiles. there was only a significant difference in serum albumin concentration between the low and high lesion prevalence groups. ... | 1992 | 1380195 |
| silencing of immunodominant epitopes by contiguous sequences in complex synthetic peptides. | we have previously shown that the t cell response to the synthetic peptide ci12-26:np365-380 (covalently linked epitopes of lambda repressor (ci) and influenza a nucleoprotein (np) polypeptides) requires amino acid sequences located in the junctional region between the ci12-26 and np365-380 epitopes in the h-2d and h-2k haplotypes. in this study, we show that the dominant epitope of ci12-26:np365-380 in h-2b mice is also located within the junctional region of the peptide, indicating that the sa ... | 1992 | 1380894 |
| refined crystal structure of the influenza virus n9 neuraminidase-nc41 fab complex. | the crystal structure of the complex between neuraminidase from influenza virus (subtype n9 and isolated from an avian source) and the antigen-binding fragment (fab) of monoclonal antibody nc41 has been refined by both least-squares and simulated annealing methods to an r-factor of 0.191 using 31,846 diffraction data in the resolution range 8.0 to 2.5 a. the resulting model has a root-mean-square deviation from ideal bond-length of 0.016 a. one fourth of the tetrameric complex comprises the crys ... | 1992 | 1381757 |
| the transmembrane domain of influenza a m2 protein forms amantadine-sensitive proton channels in planar lipid bilayers. | in a direct test of the hypothesis that the m2 coat protein of influenza a can function as a proton translocator, we incorporated a synthetic peptide containing its putative transmembrane domain into voltage-clamped planar lipid bilayers. we observed single proton-selective ion channels with a conductance of approximately 10 ps at a ph of 2.3, consistent with the association of several monomers around a central water-filled pore. the channels were reversibly blocked by the anti-influenza drug am ... | 1992 | 1382343 |
| the effect of t-cell depletion on enhanced basophil histamine release after in vitro incubation with live influenza a virus. | a number of mechanisms participate in virus-induced asthma. previously, we described enhanced basophil histamine release (hr) during an experimentally induced rhinovirus infection and after in vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) with influenza virus. this study extends our previous observations and examines the effect of influenza a virus on basophil leukotriene c4 (ltc4) release as well as the effect of t-cell depletion on virus-enhanced basophil hr. pbmc were isolated ... | 1992 | 1382480 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1992. | during the 1991-92 influenza season, influenza activity was reported at moderate levels in many parts of the world. influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and influenza b viruses have continued to circulate worldwide. from october 1991 through february 1992, when influenza viruses circulated widely in the northern hemisphere, epidemic levels of activity were most commonly associated with the h3n2 subtype of influenza a (1). this report summarizes worldwide influenza activity reported from march through sep ... | 1992 | 1383682 |
| [changes in the properties of the influenza virus during persistence in the body of young mice with a slow influenza infection]. | | 1992 | 1384239 |
| [the comprehensive differentiated protection against influenza and acute respiratory diseases of medical workers in industrial enterprises]. | acute diseases of the respiratory organs rank first among temporary invalidity causes (30.5%). for the first time workers of a health center of an industrial enterprise were protected from influenza and arvi during an epidemic outbreak of influenza a by specific and nonspecific protection means with due consideration for the subject's health status and will. comprehensive differentiated protection from influenza and arvi proved highly effective, its index reaching 2.5 and the invalidity periods ... | 1992 | 1386706 |
| mechanisms of mouse spleen dendritic cell function in the generation of influenza-specific, cytolytic t lymphocytes. | we have evaluated the capacity of dendritic cells to function as antigen-presenting cells (apcs) for influenza and have examined their mechanism of action. virus-pulsed dendritic cells were 100 times more efficient than bulk spleen cells in stimulating cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) formation. the induction of ctls required neither exogenous lymphokines nor apcs in the responding t cell population. infectious virus entered dendritic cells through intracellular acidic vacuoles and directed the synt ... | 1992 | 1386874 |
| a factor from cd8 cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients suppresses hla self-restricted t helper cell responses. | defective in vitro t helper cell (th) function can occur in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive (hiv+) individuals. a characteristic, early finding is the loss of an in vitro response to recall antigens, such as influenza a virus (flu), despite an intact th response to alloantigen (allo). to determine whether suppressor cells and/or inhibitory factors could contribute to this hiv-associated th immunodeficiency, coculture studies were performed using peripheral blood leuk ... | 1992 | 1388269 |
| immunochemical aspects of mucosal immunity of the nose. | | 1992 | 1389399 |
| modulation of murine macrophage responses stimulated with influenza glycoproteins. | previously it was reported that influenza virus stimulated, nonspecific resistance was largely due to its glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the enhancement of natural killer cell activity was the intrinsic property of na and ha. in the present study, the stimulatory effect of these glycoproteins on the murine peritoneal macrophages was studied. electrophoretically purified glycoproteins, na and ha, of influenza virus a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) were administered intraperitoneally ... | 1992 | 1393819 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for 1992-93. | | 1992 | 1394790 |
| five years of sentinel surveillance of acute respiratory infections (1985-1990): the benefits of an influenza early warning system. | for the last five years, the brussels institute of hygiene and epidemiology has been involved in the surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ari). the four indicators used (number of encounters of ari by gp's/100 encounters, virus isolations, absenteeism and mortality) are discussed. a regression procedure is applied to the data collected by a sentinel network of general practitioners (gp's). this procedure permits the baseline to be visualized and an epidemic threshold to be determined in ... | 1992 | 1397213 |
| immunization of elderly volunteers with the 1988-89 inactivated whole influenza vaccine: assessment of antibody responses by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis tests. | the immunogenicity of inactivated whole trivalent influenza vaccines (a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2), and b ijing/1/87) recommended for the 1988-89 winter season was evaluated in 236 elderly (mean age 71 years) high risk volunteers. an overall significant increase in the number of subjects with protective haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies (titer > 1:40) against vaccine components was observed after vaccination. nevertheless, a percentage of individuals (ranging from 56% t ... | 1992 | 1397214 |
| the secondary structure of influenza a m2 transmembrane domain. a circular dichroism study. | using circular dichroism, this study investigated the secondary structure of the influenza a m2 transmembrane domain. when reconstituted into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomes, the m2 transmembrane domain was found to adopt a predominantly alpha-helical secondary structure which was unaffected by both temperature and the addition of 1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride. reconstitution into 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol liposomes resulted in a marked decrease in helical co ... | 1992 | 1397324 |
| lipid interactions of the hemagglutinin ha2 nh2-terminal segment during influenza virus-induced membrane fusion. | fusion of influenza viruses with target membranes is induced by acid and involves complex changes in the viral fusion protein hemagglutinin (ha) and in the contact sites between viruses and target membranes (stegmann, t., white, j. m., and helenius, a. (1990) embo j. 9, 4231-4241). at 0 degrees c, in a first, kinetically distinct step, target membranes irreversibly adhere to the viruses. fusion itself starts only after a lag-phase of several minutes (x-31 strain viruses) or after raising the tem ... | 1992 | 1400340 |
| nucleotide sequence of the tick-borne orthomyxo-like dhori/india/1313/61 virus membrane protein gene. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the sixth largest segment of ssrna (rna-6) of the tick-borne orthomyxo-like dhori/india/1313/61 virus was determined by using cloned cdna derived from infected cell mrna and dideoxynucleotide sequencing of viral rna. rna-6 contains 962 nucleotides and is predicted to encode a protein of 270 amino acids with an m(r) of 30,498 in its first open reading frame (orf). this protein is likely to represent the viral membrane (m1) protein, based on its predicted m(r) o ... | 1992 | 1402803 |
| interference is controlled by segment 2 and possibly by segment 8 of the nondefective interfering influenza virus variant a/fm/1/47-ma. | on mouse adaption of a/fm/1/47, a variant, a/fm/1/47-ma (fm-ma), that had acquired the properties of increased virulence and interference was produced. coinfection of cells with fm-ma and prototype strains of influenza virus yielded > 100-fold more fm-ma virus than prototype virus, whereas coinfection with the same prototype strains and the parental a/fm/1/47 virus produced equivalent yields, indicating that fm-ma had acquired mutations that confer the property of interference during mouse adapt ... | 1992 | 1404593 |
| [a case of invasive broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis associated with influenza a (h3n2) infection]. | a 49-year-old man with high alcohol consumption was admitted with fever, cough and progressive dyspnea after a one week history of influenza-like symptoms. chest x-ray film on admission showed diffuse peribronchial shadows and patchy infiltration in the right lower lung field. chest x-ray film the following day and chest ct film on the 4th day of admission showed multiple nodular shadows and cavity formation. at bronchoscopy the bronchial surface was covered by white plaque, and asp. fumigatus w ... | 1992 | 1405113 |
| [the immunological shifts in the blood sera of persons inoculated with influenza vaccines]. | the dynamics of antihemagglutinin content in blood serum of students inoculated with different types of influenza virus vaccines has been traced out in the process of long-term observation. it is shown that this dynamics depends on the type of used vaccines, method of their introduction and epidemiological situation. it is stated that in the process of annual vaccination the highest titres of antihemagglutinins are observed in twice inoculated patients; after the third vaccination these titres d ... | 1992 | 1406385 |
| [suppression of transcription of influenza virus rna by oligonucleotide derivatives]. | the inhibitory effects of oligonucleotide derivatives on the transcription of virus rna in an in vitro system and synthesis of virus proteins was studied. oligonucleotide derivatives d(t)3, d(t)4, d(t)8, d(t)10, d(ccaaaca), d(tcaccctc), d(ttcccatt), d(aatactct) and d(tgaccctcttcccatt), that bear residues of ethidium, deuteroporphyrin and its complexes with fe3+, hemin, cholesterol, deuterocholesterol, estrone and naphthoquinone at the 5'-end phosphate and/or at the 3'-end phosphate were studied. ... | 1992 | 1406618 |
| [preparative isolation of basic structural proteins of the influenza virus]. | the schemes for preparative electrophoretic isolation and purification of major proteins from influenza virus are described. the viral envelope protein, hemagglutinin, two of its subunits, internal m and np proteins of influenza viruses a/fpv/rostock (h7n1), a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and x-31 (h3n2) were obtained in preparative amounts and characterized by amino acid and n-terminus analyses. | 1992 | 1406760 |
| a functional barrier to movement of lipids in polarized neurons. | in polarized neurons, axons and dendrites perform different functions, which are reflected in their different molecular organization. studies on the sorting of viral and endogenous glycoproteins in epithelial cells and hippocampal neurons suggest that there may be similarities in the mechanism of sorting in these two cell types. the mechanisms that maintain the distinct composition of the two plasma membrane domains in these two cell types must, however, be different. we have proposed the existe ... | 1992 | 1406997 |
| [influenza in the 1991/'92 season; vaccine combination for the 1992/'93 season]. | | 1992 | 1407129 |
| a strategy for making synthetic peptide vaccines. | we have determined the h-2 class ii allele-specific amino acid motif of the agretope (the site of contact between the peptide antigen and the major histocompatibility complex) for a synthetic peptide composed of residues 43-58 of pigeon cytochrome c (p43-58). residues 46 and 54 functioned as the agretope, and residues 50 and 52 functioned as the epitope (the site for contact between the peptide antigen and the t-cell antigen receptor). in general, agretopes and epitopes function independently. t ... | 1992 | 1409595 |
| [influenza, an important health problem]. | | 1992 | 1411112 |
| nucleotide sequence changes in the polymerase basic protein 2 gene of temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses bearing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations are restricted in replication in the respiratory tract of animals and humans and are therefore attenuated. nucleotide sequences were determined for the rna segment coding for the polymerase basic protein 2 (pb2) from a panel of 12 influenza a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) ts viruses, previously characterized to have a ts mutation in the pb2 gene. each of the viruses with a ts mutation in the pb2 gene had a single amino acid change located at ... | 1992 | 1413525 |
| [the evaluation of the efficacy of repeated inoculations against influenza using inactivated vaccines]. | | 1992 | 1413699 |
| [the reproduction of reassortant influenza a and b viruses with a known genome composition in different cell systems]. | reproduction of parental strains and reassortants (with known genome composition) of influenza a and b viruses was studied in chick embryos (ce) and in different cell lines (spev, mdck, bhk-21, m22, etc.). the results agree with the concept that the yield of influenza a virus in ce depends on its m-gene. at the same time, the experimental results suggest that reproduction of influenza b virus in the same system is not determined by m-gene. reproduction (hr-phenotype) of influenza a and b viruses ... | 1992 | 1413710 |
| [the evaluation of the degree of attenuation of cold-adapted influenza a virus strains in cba-strain mouse and syrian hamster models]. | the pattern of the infectious process induced by the epidemic a/leningrad/134/57 (h2n2) virus and its cold-adapted (ca) variants in cba mice and syrian hamsters was studied. the strains under study inoculated into the animals under a mild ether anesthesia differed by virulence, reproductive capacity in the nasopharynx, trachea and lungs, as well as by the isolation rate from extrarespiratory organs of both mice and hamsters. upon intranasal inoculation of mice without anesthesia, the ca strains ... | 1992 | 1413711 |
| [the antigens and nucleotide sequences of influenza a and b viruses in the lymphocytes of human peripheral blood]. | markers of influenza a and b viruses (antigens of hemagglutinin and specific nucleotide sequences) were detected in lymphocyte preparations from normal subjects. the rate of detection of the antigens and specificity (type and subtype appurtenance) of the markers correlated with the influenza epidemic situation. lower titers of antibodies to the virus whose antigens were present in lymphocytes were observed. | 1992 | 1413712 |
| [the antigenic characteristics of the influenza virus subpopulations isolated from a single patient]. | examinations by hi and eia of influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates of 1985-1990 showed the strains derived from nasopharyngeal washings from patients to present very frequently as phenotypic mixtures of stable virus variants. immunological analysis with monospecific antibody to hemagglutinin antigenic sites revealed a wide spectrum of antigenic activity based on the degree of relationship with viruses of previous years. by means of the immune pressing with antibody of different specificity the isol ... | 1992 | 1413713 |
| [the incidence of abnormalities after flu epidemics]. | | 1992 | 1413915 |
| increased influenza a virus sialidase activity with n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid-containing substrates resulting from influenza c virus o-acetylesterase action. | influenza virus type c (johannesburg/1/66) was used as a source for the enzyme o-acetylesterase (ec 3.1.1.53) with several natural sialoglycoconjugates as substrates. the resulting products were immediately employed as substrates using influenza virus type a [(singapore/6/86) (h1n1) or shanghai/11/87 (h3n2)] as a source for sialidase (neuraminidase, ec 3.2.1.18). a significant increase in the percentage of sialic acid released was found when the o-acetyl group was cleaved by o-acetylesterase act ... | 1992 | 1413991 |
| the attenuation phenotype conferred by the m gene of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted virus (h2n2) on the a/korea/82 (h3n2) reassortant virus results from a gene constellation effect. | a single gene reassortant (sgr) virus that derived its m gene from the attenuated influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) donor virus and the remaining genes from the a/korea/82 (h3n2) wild type (wt) virus (designated a/korea/82 ca m-sgr) was previously shown to be attenuated in mice, hamsters, ferrets, and humans. the attenuation (att) phenotype of this sgr virus could result directly from an altered function of the mutant m gene product of the a/ann arbor/6/60 ca virus, which differs from ... | 1992 | 1413993 |
| polyphenols from bulgarian medicinal plants with anti-infectious activity. | three bulgarian medicinal plants--geranium macrorrhizum l. and g. sanguineum l. (geraniaceae), and epilobium hirsutum l. (onagraceae) were analyzed phytochemically. different polyphenols like flavonoids and tannis have been found to be principal constituents of the plants. a series of water or alcohol extracts was obtained, and their anti-infectious activity was tested. a significant inhibitory effect of water-alcohol extract and of four fractions from the polyphenolic mixture of e. hirsutum on ... | 1992 | 1417697 |
| isolation and characterization of conglutinin as an influenza a virus inhibitor. | normal horse and guinea pig sera contain alpha 2-macroglobulin which inhibits the infectivity and hemagglutinating activity of influenza a viruses of the h2 and h3 subtypes. on the other hand, normal bovine serum contains a component termed beta inhibitor that inhibits the infectivity and hemagglutinating activity of influenza a viruses of the h1 and h3 subtypes. to investigate the nature of the beta inhibitor of influenza a virus, we purified the conglutinin and examined its characteristics. fi ... | 1992 | 1417803 |
| influenza antigenic determinants are expressed from haemagglutinin genes cloned in escherichia coli. 1980. | | 1992 | 1422059 |
| assessment of the anti-viral effect of a short-term oral treatment of mice with live saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. | for assessing the efficacy of antiviral treatments, influenza and herpes virus hsv-1 infections of varying degrees of severity have been produced. the infections proved to be reproducible with respect to both their course and death rate. these infections also exhibited a course slow enough to permit the assessment of treatments under conditions mimicking human infections and lent themselves to the choice of the best adapted strategy to treat an infection. a short-term oral treatment with live ce ... | 1992 | 1426651 |
| [microsomal hydroxylating system of the mouse liver in toxic forms of influenza infection]. | the paper presents the experimental model of toxic influenza infection induced by a/victory/35/72 (h3n2) strain adapted to cba mice. the virus toxicosis was shown by means of esr technique to be accompanied by a decrease of both the content of the active form of cytochrome p-450 and the activity of p-nitroanisole o-demethylase. in microsomes there was activation of lipid peroxidation (lp) and an increase of microviscosity of lipid matrix. lp activation in microsomes was not accompanied by the ch ... | 1992 | 1421306 |
| interspecies transmission and reassortment of influenza a viruses in pigs and turkeys in the united states. | genetic reassortment between influenza a viruses in humans and in animals and birds has been implicated in the appearance of new pandemics of human influenza. to determine whether such reassortment has occurred in the united states, the authors compared the genetic origins of gene segments of 73 swine influenza virus isolates (1976-1990), representing 11 states, and 11 turkey virus isolates (1980-1989), representing eight states. the host origin of gene segments encoding the internal proteins of ... | 1992 | 1415168 |
| the impact of influenza vaccination on respiratory illness at a boarding school. | we studied the impact of influenza vaccine during an outbreak of influenza at a 989-student boarding school in january to march, 1989. by february 6, 120 (17%) of 690 students completing survey questionnaires had been ill with fever and respiratory symptoms. eighty-seven students had received influenza vaccine in the previous 18 months; these students had an attack rate half that of the unvaccinated students (9% v 19%; vaccine efficacy = 50%, confidence interval = 0%-70%). we estimate that, if t ... | 1992 | 1430675 |
| who should get influenza vaccine? | | 1992 | 1430676 |
| the role of double-stranded rna in induction of the acute-phase response in an abortive influenza virus infection model. | the inducer of the acute-phase response in "flu-like" viral infections is not defined. the hypothesis that virus-associated double-stranded (ds) rna serves this function was investigated by comparison of several acute-phase responses (fever and sleep patterns, white and nucleated red blood cell levels, serum antiviral activity and ceruloplasmin) induced by the synthetic dsrna polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly[ri:rc]) with those induced by influenza virus in rabbits. the capacity of e ... | 1992 | 1431245 |
| [rapid diagnosis of influenza infection by pcr method--detection of influenza virus ha gene in throat swab]. | we studied the detection of the ha gene of human influenza viruses in throat swabs obtained from the outbreaks of influenza in school children utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. sensitivity and specificity of the pcr method was compared to conventional virus isolation using mdck cells. three pairs of primers for pcr in detecting the ha genes of ah1, ah3, and b influenza viruses showed both subtype and type specificity. the dilution experiments showed that influenza viruses, as ... | 1992 | 1431371 |
| effects of altering palmitylation sites on biosynthesis and function of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. | mutagenesis studies indicated that the three cytoplasmic cysteines of the influenza virus a/japan/305/57 hemagglutinin (ha) are all palmitylated, but to an unequal extent. replacement of all three cysteines abolished palmitylation, but affected neither ha biosynthesis nor function. palmitate was not required for ha to be incorporated into virions. | 1992 | 1433532 |
| neurologist as expert witness. | prevailing liberal rules of evidence permit qualified medical and scientific experts to offer opinions designed to help courts decide issues to which their expertise relates. the opinions can be based on direct examinations, review of data assembled by others and data or inferences of a type relied on by other experts in the field. application of these rules is illustrated through analysis of expert testimony in litigation involving a neurologic syndrome allegedly caused by an immunization and i ... | 1992 | 1435658 |
| influenza surveillance--united states, 1991-92. | during the 1991-92 influenza season, sustained regional influenza activity began to be reported by state and territorial epidemiologists in the united states in mid-october 1991. sustained reporting of widespread influenza activity began in early november 1991, 5-10 weeks earlier than in any of the previous nine influenza seasons. influenza caused substantial morbidity among school-age children and excess mortality among the elderly. regional outbreaks of influenza ended 2-6 weeks earlier than i ... | 1992 | 1435687 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization for pneumonia in the elderly. | during the winter of 1989-1990, influenza type a(h3n2) circulated widely, causing excess morbidity and mortality nationwide. from november through april, 1989-1990, hospitalized cases of pneumonia and influenza occurring among noninstitutionalized individuals 65 or more years of age were identified by 20 acute care hospitals in southern lower michigan. these cases were group matched on age, sex, race, and zip code to randomly sampled, community-based controls from a comprehensive listing of medi ... | 1992 | 1415151 |
| type-specific identification of influenza viruses a, b and c by the polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of influenza a, b, and c rna genomes. three primer sets were selected from conserved regions of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins and were tested on 61 influenza a (22 h1n1, 9 h2n2, and 30 h3n2), 11 influenza b, and three influenza c isolates. specific amplified products were obtained with all these strains after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel. the specificity of the reaction was increase ... | 1992 | 1430057 |
| the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in lower respiratory tract infections in childhood. | acute lower respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. this study was undertaken at hacettepe university children's hospital to determine the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract infections in children. eighty-three patients with lower respiratory tract infections were selected at random from among the children admitted to the hospital for evaluation of respiratory symptoms. acute and convalesce ... | 1992 | 1440953 |
| [body immunocorrection when vaccination is contraindicated (a clinico-epidemiological validation)]. | the article summarizes the results of epidemiological observation which was performed in one of the training units. the goals of this observation were to estimate the prophylactic efficiency of the selected application of natrii nucleinas in persons with the lowered immunoresistance on the background of antigrip immunization. a high clinico-epidemiological effectiveness ws approved for 10-days administration of the natrii nucleinas in persons with clinic manifestations of grip and other respirat ... | 1992 | 1441268 |
| [the origin of pandemic strains of the influenza a virus]. | | 1992 | 1441437 |
| [monoclonal antibodies to the influenza a virus matrix protein that react with viral strains of different subtypes]. | to obtain hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mca) to matrix (m) protein of influenza virus, mice were immunized with a modified antigen which consisted of subvirus units after electrophoretic removal of surface glycoproteins from virions using desintegnon-o detergent. six stable hybrid cultures producing mca to m-protein were derived. the properties of mca to the antigen determinant common for a group of influenza a virus strains of different subtypes allow them to be used in the develo ... | 1992 | 1441439 |
| [the effect of the influenza virus on the activity of macrophage 5-nucleotidase and murine resistance to staphylococcal infection]. | | 1992 | 1441446 |
| liposomes enhance the immunogenicity of reconstituted influenza virus a/pr/8 envelopes and the formation of protective antibody by influenza virus a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) surface antigen. | reconstituted influenza virus (a/pr/8 strain) envelopes (rive) and influenza virus (a/sichuan/87 (h3n2) strain) surface antigens were entrapped in dehydration-rehydration vesicles (drv liposomes) composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (pc) or distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (dspc drv) and equimolar (32 mumol) cholesterol. entrapment values for rive were 31.2 (pc) and 29.4% (dspc drv) of the material used. corresponding entrapment values for the a/sichuan/87 strain antigens were 40.7 and 39.3%. balb/ ... | 1992 | 1441730 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of plant flavonoids possessing inhibitory activity for influenza virus sialidase. | isoscutellarein (5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) from the leaf of scutellaria baicalensis non-competitively inhibited (ic50, 20 microm) the hydrolysis of sodium p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-alpha-d-neuraminate by influenza virus sialidase with an apparent ki value of 41 microm. negligible inhibitory activity was observed for mouse liver sialidase at a concentration of 79 microm. isoscutellarein also inhibited the replication of influenza virus a/wsn/33 in madin-darby bovine kidney cells with 50% virus i ... | 1992 | 1444327 |
| in vivo priming of cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses in relation to in vitro up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class i molecules by short synthetic peptides. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) recognize target antigens as short peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class i molecules (mhc-i). externally added peptides can sensitize target cells by binding directly to mhc-i without any need for internal processing. those which are similar in length to endogenously processed peptides are more potent in this respect than slightly longer peptides. peptide mhc-i interactions can also be reflected as up-regulation of mhc-i in vitro on certain ce ... | 1992 | 1446701 |
| induction of primary anti-viral cytotoxic t cells by in vitro stimulation with short synthetic peptide and interleukin-7. | the present study investigated whether a short synthetic peptide npp, with a modified sequence (147-158 r156-) derived from influenza a virus nucleoprotein with high affinity for kd major histocompatibility complex class i molecules, could induce primary influenza virus-specific cytotoxic t (tc) cells in vitro. naive balb/c (h-2d) splenocytes did not respond to the stimulation with only npp with the generation of effector tc cells specific for influenza a virus-infected target cells in vitro. ho ... | 1992 | 1446709 |
| influenza a outbreaks in nursing homes. | | 1992 | 1447451 |