| emergence of usutu virus, an african mosquito-borne flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis virus group, central europe. | during late summer 2001 in austria, a series of deaths in several species of birds occurred, similar to the beginning of the west nile virus (wnv) epidemic in the united states. we necropsied the dead birds and examined them by various methods; pathologic and immunohistologic investigations suggested a wnv infection. subsequently, the virus was isolated, identified, partially sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. the isolates exhibited 97% identity to usutu virus (usuv), a mosquito- ... | 2002 | 12095429 |
| detection of west nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected from bird carcasses. | we evaluated if postmortem cloacal and oral swabs could replace brain tissue as a specimen for west nile virus (wnv) detection. wnv was detected in all three specimen types from 20 dead crows and jays with an average of >10(5) wnv pfu in each. these findings suggest that testing cloacal or oral swabs might be a low-resource approach to detect wnv in dead birds. | 2002 | 12095448 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, 2001. | | 2002 | 12113262 |
| [west nile fever: the virus, the mosquito, the disease and our coping]. | west nile fever is a viral disease, transmitted to humans by a mosquito bite. an outbreak of west nile fever occurred last year in israel, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. this article reviews the literature regarding this disease, focusing on several recent outbreaks around the world, and with special emphasis on the situation here, in israel. recommendations for better coping with future outbreaks to the general public, health authorities and state leaders, are presented at the end ... | 2002 | 12119770 |
| preparedness of the israeli health system for a biologic warfare event. | the threat of a disease outbreak resulting from biologic warfare has been of concern for the israeli health system for many years. in order to be prepared for such an event the health system has formulated doctrines for various biologic agents and defined the logistic elements for the procurement of drugs. during the last 4 years, and especially after the west nile fever epidemic in 2000, efforts to prepare the healthcare system and the relevant organizations were accelerated. the director-gener ... | 2002 | 12120458 |
| west nile virus: an overview for the primary care provider. | | 2002 | 12126601 |
| inactivation of west-nile virus during peptic cleavage of horse plasma igg. | peptic cleavage of horse plasma igg is a common procedure for the preparation of f(ab)(2) products for human use, such as antivenin and antitoxin. the removal of the fc fragment from the igg molecule by enzymatic cleavage at low ph, ensures fewer side-effects of the f(ab)(2) product for passive immunotherapy compared with the whole igg molecule. since the starting material may be contaminated by zoonotic horse viruses, it is necessary to demonstrate the removal or inactivation of possible viral ... | 2002 | 12127318 |
| neurological features of west nile virus infection during the 2000 outbreak in a regional hospital in israel. | during the summer of 2000, 35 patients with west nile virus fever were admitted to our hospital. of these, the 26 (21 adults, mean age 56 (19-86) and 5 children (aged 9-15)) presented have neurological involvement, 33% with meningitis, 52% with meningoencephalitis, 10% with encephalitis and 5% with acute polyneuropathy. presenting clinical features were fever in 95% of cases, headache in 90%, nausea/vomiting in 52%, confusion in 48%, somnolence in 38%, neck stiffness in 33%, a skin rash in 19%, ... | 2002 | 12127678 |
| secondary structure of the 3' terminus of hepatitis c virus minus-strand rna. | the 3'-terminal ends of both the positive and negative strands of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna, the latter being the replicative intermediate, are most likely the initiation sites for replication by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase, ns5b. the structural features of the very conserved 3' plus [(+)] strand untranslated region [3' (+) utr] are well established (k. j. blight and c. m. rice, j. virol. 71:7345-7352, 1997). however, little information is available concerning the 3' end of the ... | 2002 | 12134011 |
| editorial: jennerian vaccination against west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12135277 |
| short report: absence of protective neutralizng antibodies to west nile virus in subjects following vaccination with japanese encephalitis or dengue vaccines. | protection of individuals against west nile (wn) encephalitis is an emerging concern in the united states and europe. we investigated whether immunization with licensed inactivated japanese encephalitis (je) vaccine or experimental live attenuated dengue vaccines resulted in induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies against wn virus. protective neutralizing antibody titers to wn virus were not detected in any volunteer despite successful immunization to related flaviviruses. vaccination against ... | 2002 | 12135278 |
| west nile virus outbreak in horses, southern france, 2000: results of a serosurvey. | during late summer and autumn 2000, a west nile fever outbreak in southern france resulted in 76 equine clinical cases; 21 horses died. we report the results of a large serosurvey of all equines within a 10-km radius of laboratory-confirmed cases. blood samples were obtained from 5,107 equines, distributed in groups of 1 to 91 animals. west nile virus immunoglobulin (ig) g antibodies were found in 8.5% of animals (n=432). forty-two percent of the igg-positive animals were also igm positive. hors ... | 2002 | 12141961 |
| phylogenetic relationships of southern african west nile virus isolates. | phylogenetic relationships were examined for 29 southern african west nile virus (formal name west nile virus [wnv]) isolates from various sources in four countries from 1958 to 2001. in addition, sequence data were retrieved from genbank for another 23 wnv isolates and kunjin and japanese encephalitis viruses. all isolates belonged to two lineages. lineage 1 isolates were from central and north africa, europe, israel, and north america; lineage 2 isolates were from central and southern africa a ... | 2002 | 12141968 |
| the molecular biology of west nile virus: a new invader of the western hemisphere. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily infects birds but occasionally also infects humans and horses. in recent years, the frequency of wnv outbreaks in humans has increased, and these outbreaks have been associated with a higher incidence of severe disease. in 1999, the geographical distribution of wnv expanded to the western hemisphere. wnv has a positive strand rna genome of about 11 kb that encodes a single polyprotein. wnv replicates in the cytoplasm of infected ... | 2002 | 12142476 |
| experimental vertical transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | despite the detection of west nile (wn) virus in overwintering culex pipiens l. in new york in february 2000, the mechanism by which this virus persists throughout the winter to initiate infections in vertebrate hosts and vectors the following spring remains unknown. after a blood meal, parous mosquitoes generally do not survive until spring and gonotrophic dissociation occurs in only a small percentage of the population. to investigate vertical transmission as a means of viral survival during i ... | 2002 | 12144296 |
| west nile virus in new york city. | in 1999, a cluster of encephalitis cases was detected in new york city. the city applied larvicide to standing water and aerially sprayed pesticides to control adult mosquitoes. the causative agent was west nile virus, a type of encephalitis that had never before been transmitted in the western hemisphere. this experience offers many lessons for the practitioners of public health and of public health law. a public health infrastructure that does not lose sight of the old threats must be maintain ... | 2002 | 12144970 |
| clinical signs of west nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses during the outbreak in israel in 2000. | between august and october 2000, 76 horses were reported by veterinary practitioners as having signs of a neurological disorder, varying from an involvement of the spinal cord alone to the entire central nervous system; 15 of the horses died or were euthanased as a result of their grave prognosis or secondary complications. at the same time, an outbreak of west nile virus infection affected people and birds, principally domestic geese. west nile virus was isolated from four of the horses with en ... | 2002 | 12148602 |
| inactivation of west nile virus during serologic testing and transport. | inactivation of west nile virus (wnv) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) wash buffer at 37 degrees c was studied, as well as inactivation of wnv in cell culture medium over several days at an ambient temperature (28 degrees c). aliquots of wnv were removed from the 37 degrees c elisa wash buffer at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min for the former experiment, while daily aliquots of medium were sampled for the latter experiment. no virus was detected in the wash buffer at 30 and 60 min, while virus ... | 2002 | 12149375 |
| west nile virus: a primer for the clinician. | this paper provides the clinician with an understanding of the epidemiologic and biological characteristics of west nile virus in north america, as well as useful information on the diagnosis, reporting, and management of patients with suspected west nile virus infection and on advising patients about prevention. information was gathered from the medical literature and from national surveillance data through may 2002. since the identification of west nile virus in new york city in 1999, enzootic ... | 2002 | 12160365 |
| isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus and west nile virus from crows during increased arbovirus surveillance in connecticut, 2000. | the emergence of the west nile virus (wnv) in the northeastern united states has drawn emphasis to the need for expanded arbovirus surveillance in connecticut. although the state of connecticut began a comprehensive mosquito-screening program in 1997, only since 1999 have there been efforts to determine the prevalence of arboviruses in bird populations in this state. herein, we report on our results of an arbovirus survey of 1,704 bird brains. included in this report are the first known isolatio ... | 2002 | 12164299 |
| west nile virus and the threat to the uk. | west nile virus (wnv) is an rna virus and a member of the flaviviridae family. the recent geographical expansion of wnv into areas where no activity had been previously reported has been highlighted by the detection of wnv in north america. there is also a recent trend for more numerous and serious outbreaks in eurasia. the main hosts are birds and the principle vectors are mosquitoes, usually of the genus culex. although most infected people do not become symptomatic, severe diseases such as en ... | 2002 | 12166301 |
| ring-expanded ("fat") nucleosides as broad-spectrum anticancer and antiviral agents. | ring-expanded (ldauo;fat") nucleosides (rens) described in this review are analogues of purine nucleosides containing a 5:7-fused imidazodiazepine or imidazotriazepine ring system. they are both of natural and synthetic origin, and are of chemical, biochemical, biophysical, as well as medicinal interest. the important natural rens include coformycin, pentostatin, azepinomycin, adechlorin, and adecypenol. a majority of them are synergistic antitumor and/or antiviral antibiotics which potentiate t ... | 2002 | 12173969 |
| west nile virus: reasons for concern in lebanon. | | 2001 | 12184462 |
| weekly update: west nile virus activity--united states, july 17-23, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and verified by states and other jurisdictions as of july 23, 2002. during the reporting week of july 17-23, nine human cases of wnv were reported from two states (louisiana and mississippi). during the same period, wnv infections were reported in 202 dead crows, 48 other dead birds, 13 horses, and 69 mosquito pools. | 2002 | 12186223 |
| a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase/l1 isoform is associated with west nile virus susceptibility in laboratory mice. | a mouse model has been established to investigate the genetic determinism of host susceptibility to west nile (wn) virus, a member of the genus flavivirus and family flaviviridae. whereas wn virus causes encephalitis and death in most laboratory inbred mouse strains after peripheral inoculation, most strains derived from recently trapped wild mice are completely resistant. the phenotype of resistance/susceptibility is determined by a major locus, wnv, mapping to chromosome 5 within the 0.4-cm-wi ... | 2002 | 12186974 |
| arboviruses in georgia. emergence of west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12189963 |
| host genetic variability and west nile virus susceptibility. | | 2002 | 12192094 |
| detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to west nile virus in birds. | we adapted an indirect immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to facilitate studies of west nile virus (wnv) and evaluated its application to taxonomically diverse avian species. anti-wnv antibodies were detected in 23 bird species, including many exotic species, demonstrating its value in studies of wnv epizootiology. | 2002 | 12194778 |
| biting back. the west nile virus and more-dangerous insect-carried relatives are in the u.s. to stay. | | 2002 | 12195677 |
| west nile virus spreads in united states. | | 2002 | 12202324 |
| a tiger tale. | | 2002 | 12202788 |
| antigen distribution pattern of west nile virus in culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex vishnui and culex pseudovishnui mosquitoes. | distribution of west nile (wn) virus antigen in different tissues of mosquitoes was studied in three species viz., culex tritaeniorhynchus, c. vishnui and c. pseudovishnui. overall per cent positivity was higher in the intra thoracically inoculated as compared to the orally infected mosquitoes, suggesting the existence of a midgut barrier. in a small number of mosquitoes salivary glands were found negative even though fluorescence was seen in the respective head squashes, suggesting salivary gla ... | 2001 | 12206036 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 8-14, 2002, and mississippi, july 1-august 14, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of august 14, 2002. | 2002 | 12206287 |
| west nile virus. | west nile (wn) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and human, equine, and avian neuropathogen. the virus is indigenous to africa, asia, europe, and australia, and has recently caused large epidemics in romania, russia, and israel. birds are the natural reservoir (amplifying) hosts, and wn virus is maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle primarily involving culex sp mosquitoes. wn virus was recently introduced to north america, where it was first detected in 1999 duri ... | 2002 | 12206968 |
| replication of a cytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus activates perk and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis of mdbk cells. | endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress signaling is an adaptive cellular response to the loss of er ca(2+) homeostasis and/or the accumulation of misfolded, unassembled, or aggregated proteins in the er lumen. er stress-activated signaling pathways regulate protein synthesis initiation and can also trigger apoptosis through the er-associated caspase 12. viruses that utilize the host cell er as an integral part of their life cycle would be predicted to cause some level of er stress. bovine viral diarr ... | 2002 | 12208938 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, august 21-28, 2002, and illinois, january 1-august 27, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m. mountain daylight time, august 28, 2002, and highlights wnv activity in illinois. | 2002 | 12219748 |
| blood banks call for calm over virus scare. | | 2002 | 12226628 |
| west nile virus infection in organ donor and transplant recipients--georgia and florida, 2002. | on august 23, 2002, the georgia division of public health (gdph) and cdc were notified of two cases of unexplained fever and encephalitis in recipients of organ transplants from a common donor. an investigation has identified illness in two other recipients from the same donor: one with encephalopathy and the other with febrile illness. cdc, the food and drug administration, gdph, and the florida department of health are conducting the investigation. this duster could possibly represent the firs ... | 2002 | 12227442 |
| organ transplants and blood transfusions may transmit west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12228130 |
| the west nile virus epidemic. | | 2002 | 12233726 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 31-august 7, 2002, and louisiana, january 1-august 7, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of august 7, 2002. | 2002 | 12233908 |
| infection of polarized epithelial cells with flavivirus west nile: polarized entry and egress of virus occur through the apical surface. | both polarized epithelial vero (c1008) and non-polarized vero (control) cells were grown on permeable cell culture inserts and infected either apically or basolaterally with west nile (wn) or kunjin (kun) virus. kun virus (closely related to wn virus) was used as a comparison. using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque assays of productive virus titres, entry of wn and kun viruses was confined to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. for the first time, these results provided evide ... | 2002 | 12237424 |
| infectious disease. west nile's surprisingly swift continental sweep. | | 2002 | 12242423 |
| infectious disease. bird advocates fear that west nile virus could silence the spring. | | 2002 | 12242424 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 5-11, 2002, and texas, january 1-september 9, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m. mountain daylight time, september 11, 2002. | 2002 | 12269471 |
| investigation of blood transfusion recipients with west nile virus infections. | an investigation conducted by cdc, the food and drug administration (fda), the american red cross, and state health departments in georgia and florida has confirmed transmission of west nile virus (wnv) from a single organ donor to four organ recipients. during treatment for injuries that eventually proved fatal, the organ donor received numerous transfusions of blood products. however, the source of the organ donor's infection remains unknown. | 2002 | 12269472 |
| a poliomyelitis-like syndrome from west nile virus infection. | | 2002 | 12270971 |
| poliomyelitis due to west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12270972 |
| west nile virus encephalitis. | | 2002 | 12270973 |
| [the isolation of dhori viruses (orthomyxoviridae, thogotovirus) and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus) from the hare (lepus europaeus) and its ticks hyalomma marginatum in the middle zone of the volga delta, astrakhan region, 2001]. | in august, 2001, in the middle zone of the delta of the volga river, the astrakhan region, during investigation of the natural foci of west nile fever and crimean--congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), the material from the hare (lepus europaeus, pallas, 1778 (lagomorpha, leporidae) and collected from it the ticks hyalomna marginatum koch 1844, was obtained. 4 strains of dhori virus (orthomyxoviridae, thogotovirus) and 2 strains of cchf virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus) were isolated. this is the first ... | 2002 | 12271723 |
| [analysis of new variants of west nile fever virus]. | the complete nucleotide sequences for 6 strains of the west nile fever virus were determined. for the first time the complete nucleotide sequences of the indian isolate and krsn190 strain, that is the most far phylogenetically from all isolates known at present time were established. the scheme for separation of virus variants into 4 groups and criteria for determination the group to which the isolate belongs are suggested. | 2002 | 12271724 |
| presidential address given at the 68th annual meeting of the american mosquito control association, february 2002. state of the association 2001-2002. | the members of the american mosquito control association (amca) faced 3 major challenges during the 2001-02 presidential term of sammie dickson. the 1st challenge was the unprecedented spread of west nile virus (wn) across the eastern half of the usa. second, the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, caused a shift away from the spread of wn investigations to a patriotic effort to control terrorism. the terrorist attacks had a rippling effect through the u.s. economy. this downturn in the eco ... | 2002 | 12322933 |
| host-feeding habits of culex and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the borough of queens in new york city, with characters and techniques for identification of culex mosquitoes. | the host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (n = 247) collected in the borough of queens in new york city in july and august 2000 were investigated using an indirect elisa and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-heteroduplex assay. culex pipiens l. and cx. restuans theobald fed primarily on birds, and their feeding habits support their implication as enzootic vectors of west nile virus. culex salinarius coquillett and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) fed mainly on mammals, with fewer blood meals tak ... | 2002 | 12349862 |
| isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected from the gulf plains region of northwest queensland, australia. | as part of investigations into japanese encephalitis (je) virus and related flaviviruses in northern australia, 153,529 mosquitoes were collected and processed for virus isolation from the gulf plains region of northwest queensland. collections from within 30 km of each of the townships of croydon, normanton and karumba yielded 3,087 (2.0%), 66,009 (43.0%), and 84,433 (55.0%) mosquitoes, respectively, from which 16 viruses were isolated. four isolates of murray valley encephalitis (mve), two of ... | 2002 | 12349863 |
| investigation probes risk of contracting west nile virus via blood transfusions. | | 2002 | 12350173 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, august 21-28, 2002, and illinois, january 1-august 27, 2002. | | 2002 | 12353500 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, august 29-september 4, 2002. | | 2002 | 12353501 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus infection in organ donor and transplant recipients--georgia and florida, 2002. | | 2002 | 12353502 |
| acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with west nile virus infection--mississippi and louisiana, july-august 2002. | west nile virus (wnv) infection can cause severe, potentially fatal neurologic illnesses including encephalitis and meningitis. acute wnv infection also has been associated with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) attributed to a peripheral demyelinating process (guillain-barré syndrome [gbs]), or to an anterior myelitis. however, the exact etiology of afp has not been assessed thoroughly with electrophysiologic, laboratory, and neuroimaging data. this report describes six cases of wnv-associated afp ... | 2002 | 12353741 |
| update: investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion. | an investigation involving cdc, the food and drug administration (fda), the health resources and services administration (hrsa), the georgia division of public health, and the florida department of health identified west nile virus (wnv)-associated illnesses in four recipients of organs from the same donor. although the transplanted organs were the source of infection for the four organ recipients, the source of the organ donor's infection remains unknown; an investigation of the numerous transf ... | 2002 | 12353745 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 12-18, 2002, and ohio, january 1-september 12, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m. mountain daylight time, september 18, 2002. | 2002 | 12353746 |
| us in grip of west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12357227 |
| west nile virus heads west. | | 2002 | 12358208 |
| west nile virus encephalitis in the united states. | west nile virus appeared in new york city in 1999 and has subsequently spread over the eastern united states. the mode of transport across the atlantic ocean is unknown. during the past decade, encephalitis has been a more prominent feature of west nile virus infection in europe, the middle east, and the united states, suggesting the emergence of more neurovirulent strains. the rapid spread of the virus and more serious disease caused by the virus have spurred vaccine development. | 2002 | 12359102 |
| sting fever. | | 2002 | 12361578 |
| west nile virus. | | 2002 | 12362651 |
| an outbreak of west nile virus in a new york city captive wildlife population. | an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) in and around new york city during the late summer of 1999 was the cause of extensive mortality among free-ranging birds. within the bronx zoo/wildlife conservation park, viral activity was also observed and produced some morbidity and mortality among specimens in the zoo's bird collection and probably caused morbidity in at least one specimen from the zoo's mammal collection. to determine the extent of the outbreak and attempt to ascertain the temporal appea ... | 2002 | 12363067 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 19-25, 2002, and michigan, january 1-september 24, 2002. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7 a.m. mountain daylight time, september 25, 2002. | 2002 | 12363339 |
| complementation analysis of the flavivirus kunjin ns3 and ns5 proteins defines the minimal regions essential for formation of a replication complex and shows a requirement of ns3 in cis for virus assembly. | we have previously reported successful trans-complementation of defective kunjin virus genomic rnas with a range of large lethal deletions in the nonstructural genes ns1, ns3, and ns5 (a. a. khromykh et al., j. virol. 74:3253-3263, 2000). in this study we have mapped further the minimal region in the ns5 gene essential for efficient trans-complementation of genome-length rnas in repbhk cells to the first 316 of the 905 codons. to allow amplification and easy detection of complemented defective r ... | 2002 | 12368319 |
| possible west nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding--michigan, 2002. | cdc and the michigan department of community health (mdch) continue to investigate west nile virus (wnv) infection in a woman, who received a blood product later found with evidence of wnv, and in her child, who was exposed to breast milk later found to be wnv positive by taqman. this report updates the findings of this investigation. | 2002 | 12375687 |
| update: investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion--michigan, 2002. | on september 27, 2002, this report was posted on the mmwr website (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr). cdc, the food and drug administration (fda), the health resources and services administration (hrsa), and state and local health departments continue to investigate west nile virus (wnv) infections in recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion. this report summarizes two investigations of michigan recipients of blood products, one of whom also received a liver transplant. both persons test ... | 2002 | 12375688 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 26-october 2, 2002, and investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7 a.m. mountain daylight time, october 2, 2002, and updates preliminary demographic and clinical information on cases of wnv infections inrecipients of blood transfusion and organ transplantation reported to cdc during august 28-october 2, 2002. | 2002 | 12375691 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with west nile virus infection--mississippi and louisiana, july-august 2002. | | 2002 | 12377069 |
| ires-driven translation is stimulated separately by the fmdv 3'-ncr and poly(a) sequences. | the 3' end region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) consists of two distinct elements, a 90 nt untranslated region (3'-ncr) and a poly(a) tract. removal of either the poly(a) tract or both the 3'-ncr and the poly(a) tract abrogated infectivity in susceptible cells in the context of a full-length cdna clone. we have addressed the question of whether the impairment of rna infectivity is related to defects at the translation level using a double approach. first, compared to the full-length vir ... | 2002 | 12384586 |
| estimated risk of west nile virus transmission through blood transfusion during an epidemic in queens, new york city. | human west nile virus (wnv) infection has been documented in the eastern united states since its discovery there in 1999. epidemics of wnv encephalitis and meningitis raise concern that transmission of wnv may occur through voluntary blood donations. | 2002 | 12385413 |
| west nile virus outbreak in louisiana reflects growing problem across the nation. | | 2002 | 12386627 |
| west nile virus: what physicians need to know. | | 2002 | 12387122 |
| reovirus-induced apoptosis requires mitochondrial release of smac/diablo and involves reduction of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein levels. | many viruses belonging to diverse viral families with differing structure and replication strategies induce apoptosis both in cultured cells in vitro and in tissues in vivo. despite this fact, little is known about the specific cellular apoptotic pathways induced during viral infection. we have previously shown that reovirus-induced apoptosis of hek cells is initiated by death receptor activation but requires augmentation by mitochondrial apoptotic pathways for its maximal expression. we now sho ... | 2002 | 12388702 |
| anthrax bioterrorism: lessons learned and future directions. | | 2002 | 12396907 |
| laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, new york city, 2001. | in october 2001, the greater new york city metropolitan area was the scene of a bioterrorism attack. the scale of the public response to this attack was not foreseen and threatened to overwhelm the bioterrorism response laboratory's (btrl) ability to process and test environmental samples. in a joint effort with the centers for disease control and prevention and the cooperation of the department of defense, a massive effort was launched to maintain and sustain the laboratory response and return ... | 2002 | 12396923 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, september 26-october 2, 2002, and investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. | | 2002 | 12400535 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. possible west nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding--michigan, 2002. | | 2002 | 12400536 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 10-16, 2002, and update on west nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusions. | this report summarizes west nile virus (wnv) surveillance data reported to cdc through arbonet and by states and other jurisdictions as of 8 a.m. mountain daylight time, october 16, 2002. | 2002 | 12403410 |
| putting west nile virus into perspective. | | 2002 | 12403735 |
| night of two town meetings. | | 2002 | 12405129 |
| cell proteins tia-1 and tiar interact with the 3' stem-loop of the west nile virus complementary minus-strand rna and facilitate virus replication. | it was reported previously that four baby hamster kidney (bhk) proteins with molecular masses of 108, 60, 50, and 42 kda bind specifically to the 3'-terminal stem-loop of the west nile virus minus-stand rna [wnv 3'(-) sl rna] (p. y. shi, w. li, and m. a. brinton, j. virol. 70:6278-6287, 1996). in this study, p42 was purified using an rna affinity column and identified as tiar by peptide sequencing. a 42-kda uv-cross-linked viral rna-cell protein complex formed in bhk cytoplasmic extracts incubat ... | 2002 | 12414941 |
| west nile virus: time for prevention, not panic. as the virus spreads, the risk of severe illness remains low. | | 2002 | 12416481 |
| human, animal cases of west nile continue to climb. virus identified in small number of new animal species. | | 2002 | 12418684 |
| findings in cerebrospinal fluids of horses infected with west nile virus: 30 cases (2001). | to evaluate csf in horses with confirmed west nile virus encephalomyelitis. | 2002 | 12418697 |
| possible benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a lung transplant recipient with west nile virus encephalitis. | during the summer of 2000, a countrywide epidemic of west nile fever (wnf) occurred in israel, with 417 confirmed cases and 35 deaths. immunosuppressed patients had a 31% case-fatality rate, which was significantly higher compared to non-immunosuppressed patients (13%). we describe a 42-year-old male lung-transplant recipient with serologically confirmed west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis and deteriorating level of consciousness. he was treated with 0.4 g/kg intravenous immunoglobulin preparatio ... | 2002 | 12421462 |
| investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusions. | cdc, the food and drug administration (fda), and the health resources and services administration (hrsa), in collaboration with blood collection agencies and state and local health departments, continue to investigate west nile virus (wnv) infections in recipients of blood transfusions. during august 28-october 26, cdc received reports of 47 persons with possible transfusion-related wnv infection. investigations showed that 14 of these persons either did not have wnv infection or did not acquire ... | 2002 | 12433022 |
| west nile encephalitis. | after the new york outbreak of west nile virus encephalitis in the summer of 1999, awareness that vulnerable children and adolescents may be at risk for this mosquito-borne viral infection intensified. the nurse practitioner can play an invaluable critical role to recognize and diagnose this arthropod-borne virus. pathophysiology, vector transmission, clinical manifestations and laboratory findings are discussed in this article. emphasis is placed on the pnp's role of providing anticipatory guid ... | 2002 | 12436096 |
| endocytosis is a critical step in entry of subgroup b avian leukosis viruses. | the avian leukosis virus (alv) entry mechanism is controversial, with evidence for and against a low-ph requirement for viral fusion. to further address this question, we tested the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) pseudotyped with the envelope protein of subgroup b alv (alv-b) in the presence of three different lysosomotropic agents. these lysosomotropic agents were able to block the entry of wild-type and pseudotyped alv-b in two different cell lines, strongly suggesting th ... | 2002 | 12438612 |
| rna silencing of dengue virus type 2 replication in transformed c6/36 mosquito cells transcribing an inverted-repeat rna derived from the virus genome. | double-stranded rna (dsrna) initiates cellular posttranscriptional responses that are collectively called rna silencing in a number of different organisms, including plants, nematodes, and fruit flies. in plants, rna silencing has been associated with protection from virus infection. in this study, we demonstrate that dsrna-mediated interference also can act as a viral defense mechanism in mosquito cells. c6/36 (aedes albopictus) cells were stably transformed with a plasmid designed to transcrib ... | 2002 | 12438618 |
| identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain iii of the west nile virus envelope protein. | using a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, we have mapped epitopes in domain iii of the envelope protein of the new york strain of west nile virus. the ability of monoclonal antibodies that recognize these epitopes to neutralize virus appeared to differ between lineage i and ii west nile virus strains, and epitopes were located on the upper surface of domain iii at residues e307, e330, and e332. | 2002 | 12438639 |
| west nile virus vaccine. | within the past 5 years, west nile encephalitis has emerged as an important disease of humans and horses in europe. in 1999, the disease appeared for the first time in the northeastern united states. west nile virus (a mosquito-borne flavivirus) has flourished in the north american ecosystem and is expected to expand its geographic range. in this review, the rationale for a human and veterinary vaccine is presented and a novel approach for rapid development of a molecularly-defined, live, attenu ... | 2001 | 12455232 |
| use of t cell epitopes for vaccine development. | t lymphocytes play a major role in the recognition and subsequent elimination of tumors and intracellular pathogens. induction of epitope-specific t cell responses can help in the clearance of diseases for which no conventional vaccines exist. however, the lack of simple methods to identify relevant t cell epitopes, the high mutation rate of many pathogens, and hla polymorphism have made the development of efficient t cell epitope-based, or "epitope-driven" vaccines difficult to achieve. our res ... | 2001 | 12455403 |
| characterization of an in vitro rhesus macaque blood-brain barrier. | the blood-brain barrier (bbb) has been modeled in vitro in a number of species, including rat, cow and human. coculture of multiple cell types is required for the correct expression of tight junction proteins by microvascular brain endothelial cells (mbec). markers of inflammation, especially mhc-ii, and cell adhesion molecules, such as vcam-1, are not expressed on the luminal surface of the barrier under resting conditions. the rhesus macaque model has been used to study early events of hiv-neu ... | 2002 | 12458041 |
| the role of the cytoskeleton in the life cycle of viruses and intracellular bacteria: tracks, motors, and polymerization machines. | recent advances in microbiology implicate the cytoskeleton in the life cycle of some pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria, rickettsia and viruses. the cellular cytoskeleton provides the basis for intracellular movements such as those that transport the pathogen to and from the cell surface to the nuclear region, or those that produce cortical protrusions that project the pathogen outwards from the cell surface towards an adjacent cell. transport in both directions within the neuron is requi ... | 2002 | 12462128 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. investigations of west nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusions. | | 2002 | 12465622 |