Publications

jab1 mediates cytoplasmic localization and degradation of west nile virus capsid protein.	the clinical manifestations of west nile virus (wnv), a member of the flavivirus family, include febrile illness, sporadic encephalitis, and paralysis. the capsid (cp) of wnv is thought to participate in these processes by inducing apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. to further identify the molecular mechanism of the wnv capsid protein (wnvcp), yeast two-hybrid assays were employed using wnv-cp as bait. jab1, the fifth subunit of the cop9 signal ...	2006	16882664
serotype 1-specific monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture immunoassay for detection of circulating nonstructural protein ns1: implications for early diagnosis and serotyping of dengue virus infections.	rapid diagnosis and serotyping of dengue virus (dv) infections are important for timely clinical management and epidemiological control in areas where multiple flaviviruses are endemic. however, the speed and accuracy of diagnosis must be balanced against test cost and availability, especially in developing countries. we developed a specific antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for early detection and serotyping of dv serotype 1 (dv1) by using well-characterized monoclonal a ...	2006	16891505
dengue virus ns4b interacts with ns3 and dissociates it from single-stranded rna.	dengue virus, a member of the family flaviviridae of positive-strand rna viruses, has seven non-structural proteins: ns1, ns2a, ns2b, ns3, ns4a, ns4b and ns5. except for enzymic activities contained within ns3 and ns5, the roles of the other proteins in virus replication and pathogenesis are not well defined. in this study, a physical interaction between ns4b and the helicase domain of ns3 was identified by using a yeast two-hybrid assay. this interaction was further confirmed by biochemical pul ...	2006	16894199
rapid detection, serotyping and quantitation of dengue viruses by taqman real-time one-step rt-pcr.	the use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in molecular diagnosis is now accepted worldwide and has become an essential tool in the research laboratory. in the laboratory, a rapid detection, serotyping and quantitation, one-step real-time rt-pcr assay was developed for dengue virus using taqman probes. in this assay, a set of forward and reverse primers were designed targeting the serotype conserved region at the ns5 gene, at the same time flanking a variable region for all four serotypes wh ...	2006	17000012
the 3' untranslated regions of kamiti river virus and cell fusing agent virus originated by self-duplication.	previously, it was shown that the 3' untranslated region (3'utr) of kamiti river virus (krv) is nearly twice as long as the 3'utr of other flaviviruses (1208 nucleotides compared with 730 nucleotides for the longest 3'utr of any virus in the tick-borne encephalitis virus species). additionally, krv and the closely related cell fusing agent virus (cfav) were shown to contain two short, almost perfect repeat sequences of 67 nucleotides. however, the construction of a robust comparative nucleotide ...	2006	16894200
manifestations of west nile neuroinvasive disease.	since its introduction to north america in 1999, west nile virus, an arthropod-borne flavivirus, has become the most significant cause of epidemic encephalitis in the western hemisphere. while most human infections with the virus are asymptomatic and the majority of symptomatic persons experience febrile illness, severe neurologic manifestations, including meningitis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis may be seen. this review summarizes the virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of human infectio ...	2006	16906589
the active essential cfns3d protein complex.	the ns2b-ns3 protease complex is essential for the replication of dengue virus, which is the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic fevers, diseases that are a burden for the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. the active form of the ns3 protease linked to the 40 residues of the ns2b cofactor shows highly flexible and disordered region(s) that are responsible for its high propensity to aggregate at the concentrations necessary for nmr spectroscopy studies or for crystallization. limi ...	2006	16911516
the four serotypes of dengue recognize the same putative receptors in aedes aegypti midgut and ae. albopictus cells.	dengue viruses (denv) attach to the host cell surface and subsequently enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. several primary and low affinity co-receptors for this flavivirus have been identified. however, the presence of these binding molecules on the cell surface does not necessarily render the cell susceptible to infection. determination of which of them serve as bona fide receptors for this virus in the vector may be relevant to treating denv infection and in designing control str ...	2006	17014723
west nile virus 5'-cap structure is formed by sequential guanine n-7 and ribose 2'-o methylations by nonstructural protein 5.	many flaviviruses are globally important human pathogens. their plus-strand rna genome contains a 5'-cap structure that is methylated at the guanine n-7 and the ribose 2'-oh positions of the first transcribed nucleotide, adenine (m(7)gpppam). using west nile virus (wnv), we demonstrate, for the first time, that the nonstructural protein 5 (ns5) mediates both guanine n-7 and ribose 2'-o methylations and therefore is essential for flavivirus 5'-cap formation. we show that a recombinant full-length ...	2006	16912287
horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a west nile virus focus of southern france.	after 35 yr of disease absence, west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) circulation has been regularly detected in the camargue region (southern france) since 2000. wnv was isolated from culex modestus ficalbi, which was considered the main vector in southern france after horse outbreaks in the 1960s. recent wnv transmissions outside of the cx. modestus distribution suggested the existence of other vectors. to study potential wnv vectors, horse- and bird-baited traps and hum ...	2006	17017231
the potential of aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae) as an enzootic vector of west nile virus.	the susceptibility of aedes triseriatus (say) (diptera: culicidae) to low levels of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) was determined and compared with that of culex pipiens l. to assess the likelihood of its participation in an enzootic cycle involving mammals. ae. triseriatus and cx. pipiens were exposed to wnv by feeding on baby chickens with wnv serum titers ranging from 10(4.1 +/- 0.1) to 10(8.6 +/- 0.1) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml and from 10(4.1 +/- 0.1) to 10( ...	2006	17017235
detection of west nile virus rna in pools of three species of ceratopogonids (diptera: ceratopogonidae) collected in louisiana.	light traps were used to collect ceratopogonids in east baton rouge parish, louisiana. in total, 46,496 ceratopogonids were sorted from 4,968 light trap collections from 20 november 2002 through 25 november 2004. two hundred and nine pools containing specimens of 18 species of culicoides latreille, seven pools containing specimens of atrichopogon kieffer, and five pools containing specimens of forcipomyia meigen were tested for west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) rna usi ...	2006	17017242
laboratory transmission of japanese encephalitis, west nile, and getah viruses by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected near camp greaves, gyeonggi province, republic of korea 2003.	we conducted experimental studies to evaluate mosquitoes captured in paju county, gyeonggi province, republic of korea, for their ability to transmit west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv), japanese encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev), and getah virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, getv) under laboratory conditions. both culex pipiens pallens coquillett and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles were highly susceptible to infection with wnv, with ...	2006	17017248
crystal structure of west nile virus envelope glycoprotein reveals viral surface epitopes.	west nile virus, a member of the flavivirus genus, causes fever that can progress to life-threatening encephalitis. the major envelope glycoprotein, e, of these viruses mediates viral attachment and entry by membrane fusion. we have determined the crystal structure of a soluble fragment of west nile virus e. the structure adopts the same overall fold as that of the e proteins from dengue and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. the conformation of domain ii is different from that in other prefusion ...	2006	16943291
antiviral effect of the heparan sulfate mimetic, pi-88, against dengue and encephalitic flaviviruses.	many viruses, including flaviviruses, display affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate (hs) proteoglycans with biological relevance in virus attachment/entry. this raises the possibility of the application of hs mimetics in antiviral therapy. we have evaluated the antiviral effect of the sulfated polysaccharides, suramin, pentosan polysulfate (pps) and pi-88, which are currently approved or in trial for clinical use, against dengue virus (den) and the encephalitic flaviviruses, japanese encepha ...	2006	16309754
unexpected similarity between the cytosolic west nile virus ns3 and the secretory furin-like serine proteinases.	many viral proteins undergo proteolytic processing events that are required for virus infection and virion assembly. in this issue of biochemical journal, strongin and co-workers report that the ns3 protease from west nile virus unexpectedly cleaves certain substrates at pairs of basic residues, a specificity that resembles that of the furin-like pcs (proprotein convertases). this led to the demonstration that furin/pc inhibitors containing poly(d-arginine) are also potent inhibitors of ns3, and ...	2006	16371006
west nile virus activity in latin america and the caribbean.	west nile virus (flavivirus: flaviviridae; wnv) has spread rapidly throughout the caribbean basin since its initial detection there in 2001. this report summarizes our current knowledge of wnv transmission in tropical america.	2006	16551385
differential dengue cross-reactive and neutralizing antibody responses in balb/c and swiss albino mice induced by immunization with flaviviral vaccines and by infection with homotypic dengue-2 virus strains.	we investigated whether cross-reactive and/or cross-protective antibodies against dengue virus could be generated in 6-week-old balb/c mice by immunization with currently approved flaviviral vaccines, i.e., japanese encephalitis (je) biken and yellow fever (yf) 17d. cross-reactivity with dengue antigens was apparent in at least one-third each of je-vaccinated mouse sera and of je/yf-vaccinated mouse sera by dengue enzyme immunoassay, but was not detected in sera of mice immunized with yf vaccine ...	2006	16553548
the anti-yellow fever virus activity of ribavirin is independent of error-prone replication.	the precise mechanism by which the broad-spectrum anti-rna virus agent ribavirin elicits its in vitro antiviral effect has remained a matter of debate. we have demonstrated that inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) activity, and thus depletion of intracellular gtp pools, is the predominant mechanism by which ribavirin inhibits the replication of four flavi- and two paramyxoviruses (j virol 79:1943-1947, 2005). as a consequence, induction of error catastrophe, which ...	2006	16421290
biological, antigenic and phylogenetic characterization of the flavivirus alfuy.	alfuy virus (alfv) is classified as a subtype of the flavivirus murray valley encephalitis virus (mvev); however, despite preliminary reports of antigenic and ecological similarities with mvev, alfv has not been associated with human disease. here, it was shown that alfv is at least 10(4)-fold less neuroinvasive than mvev after peripheral inoculation of 3-week-old swiss outbred mice, but alfv demonstrates similar neurovirulence. in addition, it was shown that alfv is partially attenuated in mice ...	2006	16432019
kunjin virus replicons: an rna-based, non-cytopathic viral vector system for protein production, vaccine and gene therapy applications.	the application of viral vectors for gene expression and delivery is rapidly evolving, with several entering clinical trials. however, a number of issues, including safety, gene expression levels, cell selectivity and antivector immunity, are driving the search for new vector systems. a number of replicon-based vectors derived from positive-strand rna viruses have recently been developed, and this paper reviews the current knowledge on the first flavivirus replicon system, which is based on the ...	2006	16436039
west nile virus discriminates between dc-sign and dc-signr for cellular attachment and infection.	the c-type lectins dc-sign and dc-signr bind mannose-rich glycans with high affinity. in vitro, cells expressing these attachment factors efficiently capture, and are infected by, a diverse array of appropriately glycosylated pathogens, including dengue virus. in this study, we investigated whether these lectins could enhance cellular infection by west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus related to dengue virus. we discovered that dc-signr promoted wnv infection much more efficiently t ...	2006	16415006
effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae).	culex tarsalis coquillett females were infected with the ny99 strain of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) and then incubated under constant temperatures of 10-30 degrees c. at selected time intervals, transmission was attempted using an in vitro capillary tube assay. the median time from imbibing an infectious bloodmeal until infected females transmitted wnv (median extrinsic incubation period, eip50) was estimated by probit analysis. by regressing the eip rate (invers ...	2006	16619616
immunoglobulin g avidity in differentiation between early and late antibody responses to west nile virus.	in 1999 west nile virus (wnv) surfaced in the united states in the city of new york and spread over successive summers to most of the continental united states, canada, and mexico. because wnv immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies have been shown to persist for up to 1 year, residents in areas of endemicity can have persistent wnv igm antibodies that are unrelated to a current illness with which they present. we present data on the use of igg avidity testing for the resolution of conflicting data ar ...	2006	16425997
a single amino acid substitution in the central portion of the west nile virus ns4b protein confers a highly attenuated phenotype in mice.	west nile virus (wnv) ns4b is a small hydrophobic nonstructural protein that is hypothesized to participate both in viral replication and evasion of host innate immune defenses. the protein has four cysteine residues (residues 102, 120, 227, and 237). since cysteines are often critical for the function of proteins, each of the four cysteine residues found in wnv ns4b was mutated to serine by site-directed mutagenesis. while three of these substitutions had little effect on replication or mouse v ...	2006	16624366
limited pathogenicity of usutu virus for the domestic goose (anser anser f. domestica) following experimental inoculation.	usutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis virus group, which has been associated with avian mortality in austria since 2001. the affected birds are predominantly eurasian blackbirds (turdus merula). in the present study, the pathogenicity of usuv for domestic geese (anser anser f. domestica) was investigated. eleven 2-week-old geese were inoculated intramuscularly with 5 x 10(4) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of usuv strain vienna-2001 blackbird. no clini ...	2006	16629984
cleavage targets and the d-arginine-based inhibitors of the west nile virus ns3 processing proteinase.	mosquito-borne wnv (west nile virus) is an emerging global threat. the ns3 proteinase, which is essential for the proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein precursor, is a promising drug target. we have isolated and biochemically characterized the recombinant, highly active ns3 proteinase. we have determined that the ns3 proteinase functions in a manner that is distantly similar to furin in cleaving the peptide and protein substrates. we determined that aprotinin and d-arginine-based 9-12- ...	2006	16229682
structural basis for the activation of flaviviral ns3 proteases from dengue and west nile virus.	the replication of flaviviruses requires the correct processing of their polyprotein by the viral ns3 protease (ns3pro). essential for the activation of ns3pro is a 47-residue region of ns2b. here we report the crystal structures of a dengue ns2b-ns3pro complex and a west nile virus ns2b-ns3pro complex with a substrate-based inhibitor. these structures identify key residues for ns3pro substrate recognition and clarify the mechanism of ns3pro activation.	2006	16532006
humoral immunity and correlation between elisa, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralization tests after vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis virus in children.	vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus is the measure of choice for disease control in endemic areas, as no treatment is available. in italy, the province of belluno is one of the most active tbe virus infection foci. in this study sera were examined from vaccinated children living in areas around belluno in order to monitor the immune response after anti-tbe vaccination. for the assessment of neutralizing antibodies, a plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) was optimized a ...	2006	16458368
a single amino acid substitution in the west nile virus nonstructural protein ns2a disables its ability to inhibit alpha/beta interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice.	alpha/beta interferons (ifn-alpha/beta) are key mediators of the innate immune response against viral infection. the ability of viruses to circumvent ifn-alpha/beta responses plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of infection. in a previous study using subgenomic replicons of the kunjin subtype of west nile virus (wnv(kun)), we demonstrated that the nonstructural protein ns2a is a major inhibitor of ifn-beta promoter-driven transcription and that a single amino acid substitution in ns2 ...	2006	16474146
probing the substrate specificity of the dengue virus type 2 ns3 serine protease by using internally quenched fluorescent peptides.	the ns3 (dengue virus non-structural protein 3) serine protease of dengue virus is an essential component for virus maturation, thus representing an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs directed at the inhibition of polyprotein processing. in the present study, we have investigated determinants of substrate specificity of the dengue virus ns3 protease by using internally quenched fluorogenic peptides containing abz (o-aminobenzoic acid; synonymous to anthranilic acid) and 3-n ...	2006	16489931
rnase l plays a role in the antiviral response to west nile virus.	alleles at the flv locus determine disease outcome after a flavivirus infection in mice. although comparable numbers of congenic resistant and susceptible mouse embryo fibroblasts (mefs) are infected by the flavivirus west nile virus (wnv), resistant mefs produce approximately 100- to 150-fold lower titers than susceptible ones and flavivirus titers in the brains of resistant and susceptible animals can differ by >10,000-fold. the flv locus was previously identified as the 2'-5' oligoadenylate s ...	2006	16501108
[west nile virus fever].	west nile virus (wnv) is a member of the flaviviridae family, genus flavivirus. its reservoir hosts are wild birds. infection is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes of the genus culex. in most cases, it is either asymptomatic or manifests itself as mild fever. typically, wnv illnesshas a sudden onset with fever above 39 degrees c and accompanying symptoms such as chills, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, back ache, cough and sore throat. gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently reported. g ...	2006	16617842
prevalence and clinical significance of hgv/gbv-c infection in patients with chronic hepatitis b or c.	hepatitis g virus/gb virus-c (hgv/gbv-c) is a newly identified flavivirus. its clinical significance in chronic hepatitis b and c remains controversial. infection with hgv/gbv-c was surveyed in 500 blood donors, 130 patients with chronic hepatitis b and 173 with hepatitis c, with chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). hgv/gbv-c rna was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. an antibody to hgv/gbv-c's second envelope protein (anti-e2 ab) was ...	2006	16495630
evolutionary influences in arboviral disease.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) generally require horizontal transmission by arthropod vectors among vertebrate hosts for their natural maintenance. this requirement for alternate replication in disparate hosts places unusual evolutionary constraints on these viruses, which have probably limited the evolution of arboviruses to only a few families of rna viruses (togaviridae, flaviviridae, bunyaviridae, rhabdoviridae, reoviridae, and orthomyxoviridae) and a single dna virus. phylogenetic st ...	2006	16568903
bird-baited traps for surveillance of west nile mosquito vectors: effect of bird species, trap height, and mosquito escape rates.	host-seeking mosquitoes were sampled in bird-baited traps at four sites in new york state in 2003-2004. trap placement and efficacy of chickens, gallus gallus domesticus l., as bait compared with house sparrows, passer domesticus l., an important reservoir of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv), was evaluated. each site had a chicken-baited trap near ground level (approximately 1.5 m) and in the tree canopy (approximately 9 m), and a house sparrow-baited trap at ground l ...	2006	16506452
quantitation of flaviviruses by fluorescent focus assay.	an indirect immunofluorescence assay for quantitation of flaviviruses was developed as an alternative to the standard plaque assay. the assay was validated with west nile virus (wnv), st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), and dengue virus (denv) types 1-4. vero cells were plated in 8-well chamber slides, and infected with 10-fold serial dilutions of virus. about 1-3 days after infection, cells were fixed, incubated with specific monoclonal antibody, and stained with a secondary antibody labeled w ...	2006	16510196
molecular evolution of dengue 2 virus in puerto rico: positive selection in the viral envelope accompanies clade reintroduction.	dengue virus is a circumtropical, mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects 50-100 million people each year and is expanding in both range and prevalence. of the four co-circulating viral serotypes (denv-1 to denv-4) that cause mild to severe febrile disease, denv-2 has been implicated in the onset of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) in the americas in the early 1980s. to identify patterns of genetic change since denv-2's reintroduction into the region, molecular evolution in denv-2 from puerto rico ...	2006	16528038
triaryl pyrazoline compound inhibits flavivirus rna replication.	triaryl pyrazoline {[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-thiophen-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl-methanone} inhibits flavivirus infection in cell culture. the inhibitor was identified through high-throughput screening of a compound library using a luciferase-expressing west nile (wn) virus infection assay. the compound inhibited an epidemic strain of wn virus without detectable cytotoxicity (a 50% effective concentration of 28 microm and a compound concentration of >or=300 microm required to reduce 50% ...	2006	16569847
functional analysis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus cyclization elements indicates major differences between mosquito-borne and tick-borne flaviviruses.	the linear, positive-stranded rna genome of flaviviruses is thought to adopt a circularized conformation via interactions of short complementary sequence elements located within its terminal regions. this process of rna cyclization is a crucial precondition for rna replication. in the case of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, highly conserved cyclization sequences (cs) have been identified, and their functionality has been experimentally confirmed. here, we provide an experimental identification of c ...	2006	16571826
[tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) with special emphasis on infection in horses].	the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), also known as early summer meningo-encephalitis, is a geographically limited virus infection transmitted mainly by ticks. the importance of tbe is largely underestimated. the causative agent tbe-virus (tbev) is grouped into the genus flavivirus of the virus family flaviviridae. clinical disease including fatal outcomes has been described for men and dogs. with regard to horses only a limited number of case reports is available. in a study performed at the insti ...	2006	16716050
alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus is an emerging tick-borne flavivirus.		2006	16216331
a multigene analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the flaviviruses (family: flaviviridae) and the evolution of vector transmission.	the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae) presently comprises around 70 single-strand positive-sense rna viruses. these replicate in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate cells and may be mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no-known-vector. since transmission mode correlates strongly with phylogeny, the flaviviruses constitute a valuable model for the evolution of vector-borne disease. attempts to resolve the higher-level taxonomic relationships of the flaviviruses through molecular phylogeneti ...	2006	16172840
determining genetic stabilities of chimeric dengue vaccine candidates based on dengue 2 pdk-53 virus by sequencing and quantitative taqmama.	the genetic stabilities of the three attenuation loci of the candidate dengue 2 (d2) pdk-53 vaccine virus were evaluated for the pdk-53 virus and pdk-53-vectored chimeric d2/1, d2/3, and d2/4 viruses following 10 sequential passages in vero cells. sequencing revealed that the dominant ns1-53-asp and the ns3-250-val attenuation loci were extremely stable, whereas reversion occurred at the 5'ncr-57-u locus in 10 of the 18 viral lineages tested. a more sensitive and quantitative assay, the taqman m ...	2006	16087248
antigenicity of chimeric and cyclic synthetic peptides based on nonstructural proteins of gbv-c/hgv.	in this work, new putative epitopes located in nonstructural proteins of gbv-c/hgv were synthesized using solid-phase chemistry for their use in immunoassays. the antigens were obtained in linear, chimeric and cyclic forms with the main aim of improving the sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassays. our results showed, on one hand, that the combination of different antigens seems to be necessary to ensure good sensitivity and more specificity and, on the other hand, that cyclic compounds show highe ...	2006	16180243
flavivirus induces interferon-beta gene expression through a pathway involving rig-i-dependent irf-3 and pi3k-dependent nf-kappab activation.	in this study, we found that infection with flaviviruses, such as japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and dengue virus serotype 2 (den-2), leads to interferon-beta (ifn-beta) gene expression in a virus-replication- and de novo protein-synthesis-dependent manner. nf-kappab activation is essential for ifn-beta induction in jev- and den-2-infected cells. however, these two viruses seem to preferentially target different members of the interferon regulatory factor (irf) family. the activation of const ...	2006	16182584
a case of post-japanese encephalitis with partial hypothalamic dysfunction showing repetitive hyperthermia in summertime.	japanese encephalitis (je) virus is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the flavivirus family, including the west nile and st louis encephalitis viruses endemic to north america. je virus is prevalent in east asian countries and can cause acute lethal encephalitis. although vaccination programs have decreased the incidence of je in japan, the cases that do occur are often fatal or associated with considerable clinical sequelae. we report, for the first time to our knowledge, a patient who had re ...	2006	16253337
peptide inhibitors of dengue virus ns3 protease. part 2: sar study of tetrapeptide aldehyde inhibitors.	with the aim of discovering potent and selective dengue ns3 protease inhibitors, we systematically synthesized and evaluated a series of tetrapeptide aldehydes based on lead aldehyde 1 (bz-nle-lys-arg-arg-h, k(i)=5.8 microm). in general, we observe that interactions of p(2) side chain are more important than p(1) followed by p(3) and p(4). tripeptide and dipeptide aldehyde inhibitors also show low micromolar activity. additionally, an effective non-basic, uncharged replacement of p(1) arg is ide ...	2006	16246563
immunogenicity of combination dna vaccines for rift valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, hantaan virus, and crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus.	dna vaccines for rift valley fever virus (rvfv), crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), and hantaan virus (htnv), were tested in mice alone or in various combinations. the bunyavirus vaccines (rvfv, cchfv, and htnv) expressed gn and gc genes, and the flavivirus vaccine (tbev) expressed the prem and e genes. all vaccines were delivered by gene gun. the tbev dna vaccine and the rvfv dna vaccine elicited similar levels of antibodies and protected mice f ...	2006	16174542
revisiting the liver in human yellow fever: virus-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes associated with tgf-beta, tnf-alpha and nk cells activity.	flavivirus infection as dengue and yellow fever persists as a terrible menace to pandemics, due to aedes prevalence in the americas. yellow fever is characterized by hepatocyte damage, with steatosis, apoptosis and necrosis, mainly in the midzonal region of the liver, but the injury mechanism has not been studied at the light of recent knowledge, such as the advances in cell death mechanisms, inflammatory response and cytokine cell expression tools. we studied 53 human liver paraffin embedded bl ...	2006	16278000
japanese encephalitis virus ns2b-ns3 protease binding to phage-displayed human brain proteins with the domain of trypsin inhibitor and basic region leucine zipper.	flavivirus ns2b-ns3 proteases are associated with neurovirulence, becoming an important target for insight into the virus-induced pathogenesis. in this study, a phage-displayed human brain cdna library was used to detect possible interaction between brain proteins and the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) ns2b-ns3 protease. after six rounds of biopanning, eight high-affinity ns2b-ns3 protease-interacting phages were identified. identified ns2b-ns3 protease-interacting brain proteins contained se ...	2006	16289409
class ii virus membrane fusion proteins.	enveloped animal viruses fuse their membrane with a host cell membrane, thus delivering the virus genetic material into the cytoplasm and initiating infection. this critical membrane fusion reaction is mediated by a virus transmembrane protein known as the fusion protein, which inserts its hydrophobic fusion peptide into the cell membrane and refolds to drive the fusion reaction. this review describes recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the class ii fusion prote ...	2006	16364734
molecular characterization of attenuated japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain ml-17.	the japanese encephalitis (je) zoonotic vaccine strain ml-17 was sequenced and compared to related je virus strains to identify genomic attenuation markers. relative to its parental strain, jaoh0566, 25 nucleotide alterations and 10 amino acid changes to, prm/m(2), ns2a(1), ns4b(3) and ns5(4) proteins were recorded. both structural-gene changes were in the prm/m region (127met-->ile and 274asn-->thr). to study the effects of these prm/m changes, mutants bearing the changes were prepared using an ...	2006	16303214
peptide inhibitors of dengue virus ns3 protease. part 1: warhead.	substrate-based tetrapeptide inhibitors with various warheads were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against the dengue virus ns3 protease. effective inhibition was achieved by peptide inhibitors with electrophilic warheads such as aldehyde, trifluoromethyl ketone, and boronic acid. a boronic acid has the highest affinity, exhibiting a k(i) of 43 nm.	2006	16246553
end-to-end communication in the modulation of translation by mammalian rna viruses.	a 5'-3' end interaction leading to stimulation of translation has been described for many cellular and viral mrnas. enhancement of viral translational efficiency mediated by 5' and 3' untranslated regions (utrs) has been shown to occur via rna-rna interactions or novel rna-protein interactions. mammalian rna viruses make use of end-to-end communication in conjunction with both viral and cellular factors to regulate multiple processes including translation initiation and the switch between transl ...	2006	16307817
a single immunization with a minute dose of a lentiviral vector-based vaccine is highly effective at eliciting protective humoral immunity against west nile virus.	lentiviral vectors, due to their capacity to transduce non-dividing cells, have become precious and worldwide used gene transfer systems. their ability to efficiently and stably transduce dendritic cells (dcs) has led to their successful use as vaccination vectors for eliciting strong, specific and protective cellular immune responses mostly in anti-tumoral but also in anti-viral applications. however, the ability of lentiviral vectors to elicit an antibody-based protective immunity has, to date ...	2006	16308885
immunological properties of recombinant classical swine fever virus ns3 protein in vitro and in vivo.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs characterised by fever, severe leukopenia and haemorrhages. with vaccines having an importance in disease control, studies are seeking improved protein-based subunit vaccine against the virus (csfv). in this respect, recombinant viral ns3 protein was analysed for its immunopotentiating capacity, particularly in terms of cytotoxic immune responses. ns3 was effective at inducing in vitro responses, quantified by lym ...	2006	16336932
rna secondary structure in the coding region of dengue virus type 2 directs translation start codon selection and is required for viral replication.	dengue virus is a positive-strand rna virus and a member of the genus flavivirus, which includes west nile, yellow fever, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. flavivirus genomes are translated as a single polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into 10 proteins, the first of which is the viral capsid (c) protein. dengue virus type 2 (denv2) and other mosquito-borne flaviviruses initiate translation of c from a start codon in a suboptimal context and have multiple in-frame augs downstream. here, ...	2006	16474125
analysis of the endocytic pathway mediating the infectious entry of mosquito-borne flavivirus west nile into aedes albopictus mosquito (c6/36) cells.	the initial interaction between mosquito-borne flavivirus west nile and mosquito cells is poorly characterized. this study analyzed the endocytic and the associated signaling pathway that mediate the infectious entry of west nile virus (wnv) into mosquito cell line (c6/36). pretreatment of c6/36 cells with pharmacological drugs that blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis significantly inhibited virus entry. furthermore, the transfection of functional blocking antibody against clathrin molecules an ...	2006	16490225
west nile flavivirus polioencephalomyelitis in a harbor seal (phoca vitulina).	a 12-year-old male harbor seal presented with progressive signs of neurologic dysfunction including head tremors, muzzle twitching, clonic spasms, and weakness. lesions included polioencephalomyelitis with glial nodules, spheroids, neuronophagia, ring hemorrhages, and a few neutrophils. neurons, fibers, and glial nodules were multifocally colonized with intracytoplasmic west nile flavivirus antigens that were demonstrated using indirect immunohistochemical analysis. flavivirus on cultured cells ...	2006	16407488
energetics of rna binding by the west nile virus rna triphosphatase.	the west nile virus (wnv) rna genome harbors the characteristic methylated cap structure present at the 5' end of eukaryotic mrnas. in the present study, we report a detailed study of the binding energetics and thermodynamic parameters involved in the interaction between rna and the wnv rna triphosphatase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the rna cap structure. fluorescence spectroscopy assays revealed that the initial interaction between rna and the enzyme is characterized by a high entha ...	2006	16413541
antibodies against west nile virus nonstructural protein ns1 prevent lethal infection through fc gamma receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms.	the flavivirus nonstructural protein ns1 is a highly conserved secreted glycoprotein that does not package with the virion. immunization with ns1 elicits a protective immune response against yellow fever, dengue, and tick-borne encephalitis flaviviruses through poorly defined mechanisms. in this study, we purified a recombinant, secreted form of west nile virus (wnv) ns1 glycoprotein from baculovirus-infected insect cells and generated 22 new ns1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs). by perform ...	2006	16415011
functional characterization of the ns2b/ns3 protease complex from seven viruses belonging to different groups inside the genus flavivirus.	the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, comprises more than 70 viruses. many of them cause severe, potentially fatal, human diseases. human vaccines are available for only three viruses and no effective antiviral drug is available. in order to limit the consequences of infections with flaviviruses, a promising approach consists in developing specific compounds that target the virus-encoded ns2b/ns3 protease complex, which is crucial for the viral polyprotein processing. in order to develop su ...	2006	16504332
a rapid and quantitative assay for measuring antibody-mediated neutralization of west nile virus infection.	west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic flavivirus within the japanese encephalitis antigenic complex that is responsible for causing west nile encephalitis in humans. the surface of wnv virions is covered by a highly ordered icosahedral array of envelope proteins that is responsible for mediating attachment and fusion with target cells. these envelope proteins are also primary targets for the generation of neutralizing antibodies in vivo. in this study, we describe a novel approach for measuring ...	2006	16325883
natural infection with japanese encephalitis virus among inhabitants of japan: a nationwide survey of antibodies against nonstructural 1 protein.	in japan, only a few cases of japanese encephalitis presently occur annually, raising arguments about the necessity of vaccination. here, using a novel immunoassay, we obtained natural infection rates for 2001 of 0.2-3.4% in eight selected prefectures across japan. our results provide direct evidence of the risk of reemergence.	2006	16460843
isolation of a new strain of the flavivirus cell fusing agent virus in a natural mosquito population from puerto rico.	the genus flavivirus contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. two discoveries support previous suggestions of the existence of a large number of unsampled flaviviruses: (i) a new flavivirus, kamiti river virus, was recently isolated from kenyan mosquitoes, and (ii) sequences with high similarity to those of flaviviruses have been found integrated into the genome of aedes mosquitoes, suggesting a past infect ...	2006	16528021
recent advances in flavivirus antiviral drug discovery and vaccine development.	many flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus, dengue virus, japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and west nile virus, are globally important human pathogens. despite an emergence and resurgence of flavivirus-mediated disease, specific therapies are not yet available; however, significant progress has been made toward the prevention and treatment of flavivirus infections. in this article we review recent advances made in the areas of (i) flavivirus vaccine development, a ...	2006	18221133
finding new medicines for flaviviral targets.	with the incidence of dengue fever increasing all over the world, there is an urgent need for therapies. while drug discovery for any disease is a long and difficult process with uncertain success, dengue fever poses an additional complication in that most of the target patient population is young and lives in developing countries with very limited health care budgets. recent progress in drug discovery for dengue and an analysis of approaches toward hepatitis c virus (hcv) therapeutics suggest t ...	2006	17319157
organization of flaviviral replicase proteins in virus-induced membranes: a role for ns1' in japanese encephalitis virus rna synthesis.	the organization of flaviviral replicase proteins within the membrane-bound replication complexes of west nile (wnv), dengue (denv) and japanese encephalitis viruses (jev) was probed by investigating the combined effect of detergents and trypsin on both viral replicase activity and profile of metabolically labelled viral proteins. while trypsin treatment of virus-induced membrane fractions degraded the vast majority of replicase proteins, viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity remain ...	2006	17319159
crm1-dependent nuclear export of dengue virus type 2 ns5.	the dengue virus multidomain rna polymerase ns5 has been observed in the nucleus in mammalian infected cell systems. we previously showed that ns5 nuclear localization is mediated by two nuclear targeting signals within the ns5 interdomain region that are recognized by distinct members of the importin superfamily of intracellular transporters. intriguingly, we have recently found that ns5 also possesses the ability to be exported from the nucleus by the importin family member crm1 (exportin 1) b ...	2006	17319160
developing vaccines against flavivirus diseases: past success, present hopes and future challenges.	vaccination still remains the most cost-effective way of protecting large populations against infectious disease. safe and effective vaccines are available against most pathogenic flaviviruses and in recent years substantial progress has been made in developing vaccines against dengue. dengue vaccines based on conventional and recombinant dna technologies are being assessed and initial results are encouraging. many other experimental vaccines have been developed, but despite the intensity of eff ...	2006	17319163
mouse and hamster models for the study of therapy against flavivirus infections.	small animal models that are reminiscent of flaviviral disease in human will be instrumental in identifying therapeutic strategies against flavivirus infections. here we review models in mice and hamsters for the most clinically important flaviviruses: dengue virus, yellow fever virus, west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. in addition, models are discussed that employ no known vector viruses such as the modoc virus. these viruses can be manipulated in bs ...	2006	17319165
secretion of flaviviral non-structural protein ns1: from diagnosis to pathogenesis.	flaviviruses are major arthropod-borne human pathogens responsible for life-threatening encephalitis, hepatitis and haemorrhagic fevers. these enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses encode a polyprotein precursor of about 3400 amino acids, processed into three structural and seven non-structural proteins. the non-structural glycoprotein ns1 is essential for flavivirus viability. during host-cell infection in vitro, ns1 is found associated with intracellular organelles as a requis ...	2006	17319166
multiple enzyme activities of flavivirus proteins.	dengue viruses (denv) have 5'-capped rna genomes of (+) polarity and encode a single polyprotein precursor that is processed into mature viral proteins. ns2b, ns3 and ns5 proteins catalyse/activate enzyme activities that are required for key processes in the virus life cycle. the heterodimeric ns2b/ns3 is a serine protease required for processing. using a high-throughput protease assay, we screened a small molecule chemical library and identified -200 compounds having > or = 50% inhibition. more ...	2006	17319155
towards the design of flavivirus helicase/ntpase inhibitors: crystallographic and mutagenesis studies of the dengue virus ns3 helicase catalytic domain.	infectious diseases caused by flaviviruses are important emerging public health concerns and new vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed. the ns3 protein from flavivirus is a multifunctional protein with protease, helicase and nucleoside 5' triphosphatase activities (ntpase). thus, ns3 plays a crucial role in viral replication and represents an interesting target for the development of specific antiviral inhibitors. we have solved the structure of an enzymatically active fragment of the de ...	2006	17319156
the distribution of den infected people in dushan and xingyi area of yunnan-guizhou plateau, china.	the dengue viruses (den, genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) are mosquito borne and have caused 100 million cases of dengue fever each year in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. however, in the southwest area of yunnan-guizhou plateau, china, the previous work demonstrated that different geographic strains of aedes albopictus were susceptible to dengue virus. in this study, we collected 456 sera samples from patients with fever and 994 sera samples from healthy population in du ...	2006	17257502
[change in the antigenic structure of surface glycoprotein e of tick-borne encephalitis virus during its adaptation to ticks and mammals].	enzyme immunoassay and immunoprecipitation test of viral proteins, by applying a tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) viral protein e monoclonal antibody kit, have shown that tbe adaptation to ticks and mammals may cause a considerable change in the antigenic structure of surface glycoprotein e, by involving different antigenic domains, including a neutralizing epitope that seems to participate at the early stages of interaction of virions with the cell membrane.	2006	17214080
surveillance of viral haemorrhagic fevers in ghana: entomological assessment of the risk of transmission in the northern regions.	summary	2006	17496987
[molecular biological survey of tick-born arboviruses in southern part of xinjiang].	to disclose the species and distribution of tick-borne arboviruses in the southern part of xinjiang.	2005	16415988
sentinel pigeon surveillance for west nile virus by using lard-can traps at differing elevations and canopy cover classes.	sentinel pigeons, columba livia, were installed in lard-can traps at heights of 1.5 m and 7.6-9.1 m within differing canopy cover classes in new york city. adult mosquitoes were collected weekly from july to october 2002, as were serum samples from each pigeon. culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald comprised 97% of mosquitoes collected and were most numerous in canopy-level, forested traps. the west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) seroconversion rate was significan ...	2005	16465746
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
[isolation and identification of arboviruses from mosquito pools in yunnan province].	to survey arboviruses in yunnan province.	2005	16415987
west nile virus serosurveillance in iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003).	sera from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected in iowa during the winter months (1999-2003), 2 years before and after west nile virus (wnv) was first reported in iowa (2001), and were analyzed for antibodies to wnv. samples from 1999 to 2001 were antibody negative by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa) and plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt(90)). prevalence derived from belisa (2002, 12.7%; 2003, 11.2%) and wnv prnt(90) (2002, 7.9%; 2003, 8.5%) assays ...	2005	16354809
inhibitory effect of rnai on japanese encephalitis virus replication in vitro and in vivo.	flaviviruses include many insect-mediated small viruses and still cause serious problems in the world. in humans, jev can cause acute meningioencephalomyelitis, resulting in fatality rates of 5 to 40%. rna-interference (rnai) as an antiviral mechanism was originally discovered in plants and then found in the specific suppression of gene expression of other organisms such as caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila and vertebrates. as jev is an rna virus, rnai could be a reasonable approach for therape ...	2005	16365529
isolation of viruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected in the amazon basin region of peru.	as part of a comprehensive study on the ecology of arthropod-borne viruses in the amazon basin region of peru, we assayed 539,694 mosquitoes captured in loreto department, peru, for arboviruses. mosquitoes were captured either by dry ice-baited miniature light traps or with aspirators while mosquitoes were landing on human collectors, identified to species, and later tested on vero cells for virus. in total, 164 virus isolations were made and included members of the alphavirus (eastern equine en ...	2005	16366001
[comparison and discrimination of the biological characteristics between west nile virus and japanese encephalitis virus].	to compare the biological characteristics of west nile virus (wnv) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev), including cells sensitivity, pathogenicity, viral morphology, as well as the results of immunological and molecular biological detection.	2005	16415991
serologic survey of select infectious diseases in coyotes and raccoons in nebraska.	to obtain data about select zoonotic and other infectious diseases in free-ranging predators in five ecoregions in nebraska, sera were collected from 67 coyotes (canis latrans) and 63 raccoons (procyon lotor) from november 2002 through january 2003. for coyotes, antibodies were detected against canine distemper virus (cdv, 61%), francisella tularensis (32%), rickettsia rickettsi (13%), and flaviviruses (48%). none of the coyote sera had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, brucella canis, or six ...	2005	16456169
a general method for nested rt-pcr amplification and sequencing the complete hcv genotype 1 open reading frame.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a pathogenic hepatic flavivirus with a single stranded rna genome. it has a high genetic variability and is classified into six major genotypes. genotype 1a and 1b cause the majority of infections in the usa. viral genomic sequence information is needed to correlate viral variation with pathology or response to therapy. however, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of the hcv genome must overcome low template concentration and high target sequence d ...	2005	16321149
high-throughput assays using a luciferase-expressing replicon, virus-like particles, and full-length virus for west nile virus drug discovery.	many flaviviruses cause significant human disease worldwide. the development of flavivirus chemotherapy requires reliable high-throughput screening (hts) assays. although genetic systems have been developed for many flaviviruses, their usage in antiviral hts assays has not been well explored. here we compare three cell-based hts assays for west nile virus (wnv) drug discovery: (i) an assay that uses a cell line harboring a persistently replicating subgenomic replicon (containing a deletion of vi ...	2005	16304161
humoral and cellular immune response to rna immunization with flavivirus replicons derived from tick-borne encephalitis virus.	a new vaccination principle against flaviviruses, based on a tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) self-replicating noninfectious rna vaccine that produces subviral particles, has recently been introduced (r. m. kofler, j. h. aberle, s. w. aberle, s. l. allison, f. x. heinz, and c. w. mandl, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 7:1951-1956, 2004). in this study, we evaluated the potential of the self-replicating rna vaccine in mice in comparison to those of live, attenuated vaccines and a formalin-inactiva ...	2005	16306582
alpha/beta interferon protects against lethal west nile virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survival.	west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is neurotropic in humans, birds, and other animals. while adaptive immunity plays an important role in preventing wnv spread to the central nervous system (cns), little is known about how alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) protects against peripheral and cns infection. in this study, we examine the virulence and tropism of wnv in ifn-alpha/beta receptor-deficient (ifn- alpha/betar-/-) mice and primary neuronal cultures. ifn-alpha/beta ...	2005	16227257
synthesis of 5-aza-7-deazaguanine nucleoside derivatives as potential anti-flavivirus agents.	coupling suitable sugars (d- or l-ribofuranose, 2' or 3-deoxysugar, branched sugars) with 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazin-4-one was carried out using the different reaction conditions: 1) condensation in the presence of sodium hydride; or 2) condensation using vorbrüggen's methods. the 5-aza- 7-deazaguanine nucleoside analogues obtained were evaluated in cell culture experiments for the inhibition of the replication of a number of rna viruses, including bvdv, yfv, and wnv.	2005	16248011
[screening and cloning of hepatitis c virus non-structural protein 4b interacting protein gene in hepatocytes].	to investigate biological functions of non-structural protein 4b (ns4b) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), yeast-two hybrid technique was performed to seek proteins in hepatocytes interacting with hcv ns4b.	2005	16261208
protective and therapeutic capacity of human single-chain fv-fc fusion proteins against west nile virus.	west nile virus has spread rapidly across the united states, and there is currently no approved human vaccine or therapy to prevent or treat disease. passive immunization with antibodies against the envelope protein represents a promising means to provide short-term prophylaxis and treatment for west nile virus infection. in this study, we identified a panel of 11 unique human single-chain variable region antibody fragments (scfvs) that bind the envelope protein of west nile virus. selected scfv ...	2005	16282460
west nile virus in southern portugal, 2004.	west nile virus (wnv) genomic rna was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in six out of 57 mosquito pools collected in southern portugal, during the summer of 2004, yielding an infection rate (ir) of 2.8/1,000 mosquitoes. phylogenetic analysis of a 217-nucleotide fragment of the ns5 coding region, amplified from culex pipiens s.l. and culex univittatus unfed females, demonstrated a close relationship with wnv strains circulating in the mediterranean basin (italy, ...	2005	16417437
inhibition of interferon-stimulated jak-stat signaling by a tick-borne flavivirus and identification of ns5 as an interferon antagonist.	the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) complex of viruses, genus flavivirus, can cause severe encephalitis, meningitis, and/or hemorrhagic fevers. effective interferon (ifn) responses are critical to recovery from infection with flaviviruses, and the mosquito-borne flaviviruses can inhibit this response. however, little is known about interactions between ifn signaling and tbe viruses. langat virus (lgtv), a member of the tbe complex of viruses, was found to be highly sensitive to the antiviral effec ...	2005	16188985
proteomic profiling and neurodegeneration in west-nile-virus-infected neurons.	west nile virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a human, equine, and avian pathogen. high-resolution two-dimensional differential-gel electrophoresis (2d-dige) was used to characterize protein expression in primary rat neurons and to examine the proteomic profiling to understand the pathogenesis of west-nile-associated meningoencephalitis. three ph ranges, 3-10, 4-7, and 5-6, were used to analyze the protein spots. the proteins are labeled with fluorescent dyes cy3 and cy5 before being separate ...	2005	16192685
structural basis of west nile virus neutralization by a therapeutic antibody.	west nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to the human epidemic-causing dengue, yellow fever and japanese encephalitis viruses. in establishing infection these icosahedral viruses undergo endosomal membrane fusion catalysed by envelope glycoprotein rearrangement of the putative receptor-binding domain iii (diii) and exposure of the hydrophobic fusion loop. humoral immunity has an essential protective function early in the course of west nile virus infection. here, we investi ...	2005	16193056
st. louis encephalitis virus: first isolation from a human in são paulo state, brazil.	this paper reports the isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in são pedro, são paulo state. a mac-elisa done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected igg antibody for flaviviruses. an indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the c6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. rn ...	2005	16302112
randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nonpegylated and pegylated forms of recombinant human alpha interferon 2a for suppression of dengue virus viremia in rhesus monkeys.	dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by infection with any one of the four dengue viruses (dvs) and are significant public health burdens throughout the tropics. higher viremia levels are associated with greater dengue disease severity. a therapeutic intervention to suppress viremia early in dv infection could potentially ameliorate severe disease. recombinant alpha interferon 2a (rifn-alpha-2a, roferon-a) suppressed dv replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in v ...	2005	16251289