| vector competence of aedes dorsalis (diptera: culicidae) from morro bay, california, for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | in laboratory vector competence studies, aedes dorsalis (meigen) collected from morro bay, ca, did not vertically transmit sympatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (wee). this population of ae. dorsalis was highly susceptible to oral infection and was a competent horizontal vector of wee. the e2 region of the viral genome of the 3 virus strains isolated from ae. dorsalis in morro bay were closely related genetically to a strain of wee isolated in 1953 from a geographically sep ... | 1998 | 9835696 |
| a new enzyme immunoassay to detect antibodies to arboviruses in the blood of wild birds. | a new indirect enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed to screen wild bird sera for antibodies against western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses. the detector antibody was made by immunizing rabbits with serum proteins pooled from single species representatives of four bird orders and was conjugated with horseradish peroxidase to allow visualization with the abts substrate in an eia plate reader set at 405 nm. the detector antibody recognized a wide range of ... | 1998 | 9879069 |
| molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. | recent studies using molecular genetic approaches have made important contributions to our understanding of the epidemiology of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. viruses utilizing avian enzootic hosts, such as western equine encephalitis virus (weev) and north american eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev), evolve as relatively few, highly conserved genotypes that extend over wide geographic regions; viruses utilizing mammalian hosts with more limited dispersal evolve within multiple genot ... | 1999 | 10204408 |
| egg production drops in breeder turkeys associated with western equine encephalitis virus infection. | egg production drops associated with western equine encephalitis (wee) virus infection occurred in three turkey breeder flocks in california during summer 1993 and again in one flock the following year. egg production losses totaled 8.76%, 9.57%, 9.71%, and 10.12% and were accompanied by an increase in small white-shelled and shell-less eggs. the outbreaks coincided with peak wee virus activity in the state on the basis of statistics compiled by the california department of health services on se ... | 1999 | 10216771 |
| comparative genomics of streptococcus thermophilus phage species supports a modular evolution theory. | the comparative analysis of five completely sequenced streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophage genomes demonstrated that their diversification was achieved by a combination of dna recombination events and an accumulation of point mutations. the five phages included lytic and temperate phages, both pac site and cos site, from three distinct geographical areas. the units of genetic exchange were either large, comprising the entire morphogenesis gene cluster, excluding the putative tail fiber genes ... | 1999 | 10482618 |
| a single chain fv specific against western equine encephalitis virus. | a recombinant single chain fv (scfv) specific against western equine encephalitis virus (wee) was developed and characterized. the scfv was generated from 11d2 hybridoma producing anti-wee antibody reactive to e1 component of viral envelope glycoprotein. v(l) and v(h) gene segments of 11d2 scfv were generated and joined together with a (gly4ser)3 linker by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the resulting scfv was successfully expressed in p. pastoris expression system. fifteen individual plasmids ... | 1999 | 10571261 |
| method of infection does not alter response of chicks and house finches to western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | the effects of method of infection and virus dose on the viremia and antibody responses of 1-wk-old chicks and after-hatching-year house finches to infection with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses were studied under laboratory conditions. using a capillary tube technique, females from 2 strains of culex tarsalis coquillett mosquitoes were estimated to expectorate from 1.0 to 1.7 log10 plaque forming units (pfu) of wee and from 1.9 to 2.2 log10 pfu of ... | 2000 | 10730496 |
| response of house finches to infection with sympatric and allopatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses from california. | adult house finches from kern county were inoculated subcutaneously with recent sympatric and allopatric isolates of western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses made from culex tarsalis coquillett collected in kern county and coachella valley, ca, respectively. virulence, as measured by the amplitude of the viremia response during days 1 and 2 postinfection, varied significantly among strains, but independently of geographic origin. the intensity of the immune respo ... | 2000 | 10730497 |
| relationships among weather, mosquito abundance, and encephalitis virus activity in california: kern county 1990-98. | the summer abundance of culex tarsalis in kern county, california, during 1990-98 was related quantitatively to rainfall, snow depth and water content, and runoff of the kern river. total monthly rain that fell during winter, lagged by 4-6 months, explained only 13% of the variability in the number of host-seeking females collected per trap night per month during summer. in contrast, regression analysis showed that river runoff 1 month earlier explained 67% of the variability in mosquito abundan ... | 2000 | 10757487 |
| construction and characterization of a novel recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibody against western equine encephalitis virus. | a novel recombinant single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibody against western equine encephalitis virus (wee) was constructed and characterized. using antibody phage display technology, a scfv was generated from the wee specific hybridoma, 10b5 e7e2. the scfv was fused to a human heavy chain igg1 constant region (ch1-ch3) and contained an intact 6 his tag and enterokinase recognition site (rs10b5hufc). the rs10b5hufc antibody was expressed in e. coli and purified by affinity chromatography ... | 2000 | 10768836 |
| patterns of avian seroprevalence to western equine encephalomyelitis and saint louis encephalitis viruses in california, usa. | temporal and spatial changes in the enzootic activity of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses were monitored at representative wetland study sites in the coachella, san joaquin, and sacramento valleys of california from 1996 to 1998 using three methods: (1) virus isolation from pools of 50 host-seeking culex tarsalis coquillett females, (2) seroconversions in flocks of 10 sentinel chickens, and (3) seroprevalence in wild birds collected by mist nets and ... | 2000 | 10916291 |
| arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, lepidophthirus macrorhini. | a novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, mirounga leonina, on macquarie island, australia. the virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known australasian alphaviruses. nearly all macquarie island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. antarctic division personnel who have worked exte ... | 2001 | 11287559 |
| pharmacokinetics study of a novel chimeric single-chain variable fragment antibody against western equine encephalitis virus. | a novel recombinant single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibody against western equine encephalitis (wee) virus has been previously constructed and partially characterized. the rs10b5hufc antibody was made by fusing an anti-wee scfv to a human heavy-chain igg1 constant region. the rs10b5hufc antibody was functional in binding to wee virus in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), and the fc domain of the antibody was capable of effector functions, such as binding to protein g and human ... | 2001 | 11289221 |
| response to and efficacy of vaccination against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in emus. | to evaluate humoral immune responses of emus vaccinated with commercially available equine polyvalent or experimental monovalent eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus vaccines and to determine whether vaccinated emus were protected against challenge with eee virus. | 2001 | 11345313 |
| encephalitis virus persistence in california birds: preliminary studies with house finches. | field-collected house finches of mixed sex and age were infected experimentally with either western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses during the summer or fall of 1998 and maintained over the winter under ambient conditions. to detect natural relapse during the spring, 32 birds were bled weekly from february through june 1999, and then necropsied 1 yr after infection to detect chronic infections using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) ... | 2001 | 11372964 |
| inhibition by agaricus blazei murill fractions of cytopathic effect induced by western equine encephalitis (wee) virus on vero cells in vitro. | anti-viral activities of agaricus blazei murill were investigated. the water extracts of the cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies were fractionated with different concentrations of ethanol. to several viruses which have cytopathic effects (cpe) on vero cells, inhibition of these effects by the ethanol fractions was tested. strong inhibition of cpe induced by western equine encephalitis (wee) virus was observed in the mycelial fractions but not those of fruiting bodies. | 2001 | 11515550 |
| evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses. | partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ... | 2001 | 11581380 |
| detection of st. louis encephalitis and western equine encephalomyelitis rna in mosquitoes tested without maintenance of a cold chain. | western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viral rna can be detected 20 days after death of infected culex tarsalis in the absence of a cold chain. viral rna was detected with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in mosquitoes infected either parenterally or perorally in the laboratory and then killed and held for up to 20 days at 27 degrees c. cell culture assay and in situ enzyme immunoassay did not detect infectious virus in the same mosquitoes. | 2001 | 11804455 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from california. | a yearling quarter horse, which was raised in southern california, received routine vaccinations for prevention of infection by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev). one week later, severe neurologic signs developed, and the horse was humanely destroyed. a vaccine-related encephalomyelitis was later suspected. a final diagnosis of eeev infection was established on the basis of acute onset of the neurologic signs, histopathologic and serologic testing, and isolation and molecular charact ... | 2002 | 11927026 |
| detection of encephalitis viruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and avian tissues. | abstract diagnostic assays for the detection of st. louis encephalitis (sle) and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) viruses in mosquito pools and avian tissues were compared for sensitivity, accuracy and specificity. the in situ enzyme immunoassay (eia), plaque assay on vero cells, passage in aedes albopictus skuse c6/36 and c7/10 cells, antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (ac-eia), and single and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) were evaluated using pools o ... | 2002 | 11931031 |
| simulated overwintering of encephalitis viruses in diapausing female culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae). | female culex tarsalis coquillett in reproductive diapause were infected per os or by intrathoracic inoculation with western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses during "fall," maintained over a simulated "winter," and then tested for virus infection and transmission in vitro and in vivo after "vernal" termination. exposure of f1 progeny of field-collected females to cool temperatures and short daylength produced females in reproductive diapause that were relucta ... | 2002 | 11931262 |
| comparison of two aquatic alphaviruses, salmon pancreas disease virus and sleeping disease virus, by using genome sequence analysis, monoclonal reactivity, and cross-infection. | cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) of farmed atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (sdv) of rainbow trout were compared. excluding the poly(a) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of spdv and sdv rnas include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. phylogenetic analysis places spdv and sdv between the new world viruses of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus and the old world viruses of aura virus and sindbis virus. w ... | 2002 | 12021349 |
| passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. | the potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. the only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. unlike vaccines, which require time to induce protective immunity and depend on the host's ability to mount an immune respo ... | 2002 | 12141970 |
| detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to west nile virus in birds. | we adapted an indirect immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to facilitate studies of west nile virus (wnv) and evaluated its application to taxonomically diverse avian species. anti-wnv antibodies were detected in 23 bird species, including many exotic species, demonstrating its value in studies of wnv epizootiology. | 2002 | 12194778 |
| molecular genetic evidence that the hydrophobic anchors of glycoproteins e2 and e1 interact during assembly of alphaviruses. | chimeric alphaviruses in which the 6k and glycoprotein e1 moieties of sindbis virus are replaced with those of ross river virus grow very poorly, but upon passage, adapted variants arise that grow >100 times better. we have sequenced the entire domain encoding the e2, 6k, and e1 proteins of a number of these adapted variants and found that most acquired two amino acid changes, which had cumulative effects. in three independent passage series, amino acid 380 of e2, which is in the transmembrane d ... | 2002 | 12239293 |
| in vitro-assembled alphavirus core-like particles maintain a structure similar to that of nucleocapsid cores in mature virus. | in vitro-assembled core-like particles produced from alphavirus capsid protein and nucleic acid were studied by cryoelectron microscopy. these particles were found to have a diameter of 420 a with 240 copies of the capsid protein arranged in a t=4 icosahedral surface lattice, similar to the nucleocapsid core in mature virions. however, when the particles were subjected to gentle purification procedures, they were damaged, preventing generation of reliable structural information. similarly, purif ... | 2002 | 12368355 |
| age-dependent resistance to lethal alphavirus encephalitis in mice: analysis of gene expression in the central nervous system and identification of a novel interferon-inducible protective gene, mouse isg12. | several different mammalian neurotropic viruses produce an age-dependent encephalitis characterized by more severe disease in younger hosts. to elucidate potential factors that contribute to age-dependent resistance to lethal viral encephalitis, we compared central nervous system (cns) gene expression in neonatal and weanling mice that were either mock infected or infected intracerebrally with a recombinant strain, dste12q, of the prototype alphavirus sindbis virus. in 1-day-old mice, infection ... | 2002 | 12388728 |
| novel mutations that control the sphingolipid and cholesterol dependence of the semliki forest virus fusion protein. | the enveloped alphavirus semliki forest virus (sfv) infects cells via a membrane fusion reaction mediated by the e1 membrane protein. efficient sfv-membrane fusion requires the presence of cholesterol and sphingolipid in the target membrane. here we report on two mutants, srf-4 and srf-5, selected for growth in cholesterol-depleted cells. like the previously isolated srf-3 mutant (e1 proline 226 to serine), the phenotypes of the srf-4 and srf-5 mutants were conferred by single-amino-acid changes ... | 2002 | 12438597 |
| recombinant chimeric western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses as potential vaccine candidates. | chimeric cdna clones, pmwe1000 and pmwe2000, differing by five nucleotides at their 5' termini, were constructed of the 5' two-thirds of the western equine encephalitis (wee) virus genome (encoding nonstructural proteins) and the 3' one-third of the eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus genome (encoding structural proteins). the wee virus sequences were derived from full-length cdna clones, pwe1000 and pwe2000, which were isogenic except for five nucleotide differences at their 5' termini and ... | 2002 | 12441074 |
| vector competence of california mosquitoes for west nile virus. | to identify the mosquito species competent for west nile virus (wnv) transmission, we evaluated 10 california species that are known vectors of other arboviruses or major pests: culex tarsalis, cx. pipiens pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, cx. stigmatosoma, cx. erythrothorax, ochlerotatus dorsalis, oc. melanimon, oc. sierrensis, aedes vexans, and culiseta inornata. all 10 became infected and were able to transmit wnv at some level. ochlerotatus, culiseta, and aedes were low to moderately efficie ... | 2002 | 12498652 |
| detection of north american eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. | we have developed nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba), standard reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr), and taqman nucleic acid amplification assays for the rapid detection of north american eastern equine encephalitis (eee) and western equine encephalitis (wee) viral rnas from samples collected in the field and clinical samples. the sensitivities of these assays have been compared to that of virus isolation. while all three types of nucleic acid amplification assays provide rapid dete ... | 2003 | 12517876 |
| limited potential for mosquito transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated western equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | specific mutations associated with attenuation of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus in rodent models were identified during efforts to develop an improved vee vaccine. analogous mutations were produced in full-length cdna clones of the cba 87 strain of western equine encephalitis (wee) virus by site-directed mutagenesis in an attempt to develop an improved wee vaccine. isogenic viral strains with these mutations were recovered after transfection of baby hamster kidney cells with infecti ... | 2003 | 12641414 |
| advances in life sciences and bioterrorism. risks, perspectives and responsibilities. | | 2003 | 12789408 |
| a heterologous coiled coil can substitute for helix i of the sindbis virus capsid protein. | alphavirus core assembly proceeds along an assembly pathway involving a dimeric assembly intermediate. several regions of the alphavirus capsid protein have been implicated in promoting and stabilizing this dimerization, including a putative heptad repeat sequence named helix i. this sequence, which spans residues 38 to 55 of the sindbis virus capsid protein, was implicated in stabilizing dimeric contacts initiated through the c-terminal two-thirds of the capsid protein and nucleic acid. the stu ... | 2003 | 12857904 |
| recombinant sindbis/venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an important, naturally emerging zoonotic virus. veev was a significant human and equine pathogen for much of the past century, and recent outbreaks in venezuela and colombia (1995), with about 100,000 human cases, indicate that this virus still poses a serious public health threat. the live attenuated tc-83 vaccine strain of veev was developed in the 1960s using a traditional approach of serial passaging in tissue culture of the virulent trinidad d ... | 2003 | 12915543 |
| interference between st. louis encephalitis virus and western equine encephalomyelitis virus along a neuronal pathway. | | 1952 | 12981275 |
| interference between japanese b encephalitis virus and western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the rat. | | 1952 | 13047344 |
| western equine encephalitis in infants; a report on three cases with sequelae. | approximately one-third of the laboratory-confirmed cases of western equine encephalitis occur in children under the age of 10. the present paper describes three instances of western equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in infants under one year of age, together with the resultant sequelae. the difficulties associated with diagnosis of central nervous system disturbances in very young children are discussed, and it is pointed out that in view of the frequent occurrence of clinical infections ... | 1953 | 13106712 |
| one-step growth curve of western equine encephalomyelitis virus on chicken embryo cells grown in vitro and analysis of virus yields from single cells. | the rate of adsorption of wee virus onto chicken embryo cells in vitro was determined both on a cell layer and on a cell suspension. one-step growth curves were determined in cell suspensions and on cell layers. the latent period varied between 2 and 3(1/2) hours; it was shorter on cell layers and decreased with higher multiplicity of infection. the shortest period is probably the real latent period. the growth curves of the virus showed an initial exponential rise and reached a maximal constant ... | 1954 | 13130793 |
| a technique employing embryonated chicken eggs for the infection of argasid ticks with coxiella burnetii, bacterium tularense, leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, and western equine encephalitis virus. | | 1954 | 13143226 |
| a study of the ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the upper mississippi river valley. | | 1954 | 13180499 |
| the hemagglutinin of western equine encephalitis virus: recovery, properties and use for diagnosis. | | 1954 | 13212056 |
| the maturation of western equine encephalomyelitis virus and its release from chick embryo cells in suspension. | experiments are presented in which the plaque assay technique was used to study the intracellular appearance and release of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in suspensions of infected chick embryo fibroblasts. no intracellular virus could be found during the 1st hour after adsorption in spite of the fact that more than 10(14) cells per ml. proved to be infected. this is taken to indicate that the infecting particle loses its infectivity upon entering a susceptible cell. the first progeny v ... | 1955 | 13233446 |
| aedes nigromaculis (ludlow), mosquito naturally infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1954 | 13237232 |
| susceptibility of the pigeon (columba livia) to infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. i. blood virus levels following subcutaneous inoculation. | | 1955 | 13252265 |
| inapparent infection with western equine encephalitis virus: epidemiologic observations. | | 1955 | 13258902 |
| the transmission of western equine encephalitis virus by the mosquito culex tarsalis coq. | | 1956 | 13292655 |
| experimental studies of concurrent infection of canaries and of the mosquito culex tarsalis with plasmodium relictum and western equine encephalitis virus. | | 1956 | 13292656 |
| a winter isolation of western equine encephalitis virus from hibernation culex tarsalis coquillett. | | 1956 | 13297733 |
| a study of the basic aspects of neutralization of two animal viruses, western equine encephalitis virus and poliomyelitis virus. | | 1956 | 13312221 |
| rapid identification of isolates of western equine encephalomyelitis virus by the complement-fixation technique. | | 1956 | 13372520 |
| isolation of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from naturally-infected squirrels in california. | | 1956 | 13372521 |
| the prolonged persistence of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in cultures of strain l cells. | | 1957 | 13409760 |
| development and persistence of western equine encephalitis virus antibodies in experimentally infected pigeons. | | 1957 | 13437685 |
| some aspects of the pathogenesis of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the chick embryo. | | 1957 | 13439202 |
| studies on western equine encephalomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. i. the color change of phenol red in cultures of chick-embryo tissue as a visible method for assay of western equine encephalomylelitis virus and its antibody. | | 1958 | 13520708 |
| isolation and identification of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes by tissue culture methods. | | 1958 | 13533721 |
| chronic latent infections of birds with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1958 | 13554464 |
| [sensitivity of swine and cattle to artificial infection with western equine encephalitis virus]. | | 1958 | 13587375 |
| susceptibility of garter snakes (thamnophis spp.) to western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1958 | 13614471 |
| overwintering of western equine encephalitis virus. | | 1960 | 13704125 |
| structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. v. western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | stages in the development and release of western equine encephalomyelitis virus are illustrated and described. it is suggested that precursor particles 22 mmicro in diameter differentiate at template sites close to membranes bordering cytoplasmic vacuoles and that these particles either pass into the lumen of the vacuole, acquiring in the process a coat and peripheral membrane, or are dispersed in the cytoplasm and extruded through the cellular wall, emerging as viral particles on the surface. a ... | 1961 | 13772566 |
| overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected garter snakes and transmission to mosquitoes. | | 1960 | 13776510 |
| recovery of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from crop washings of experimentally infected pigeons. | | 1961 | 13785864 |
| overwintering of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in garter snakes experimentally infected by culex tarsalis. | | 1962 | 13920821 |
| evidence against maintenance of western equine encephalomyelitis virus by culex tarsalis during spring in northwestern united states. | | 1963 | 13975593 |
| factors inhibiting the interference of western equine encephalitis virus by rabies virus in chick embryo tissue cultures. | | 1963 | 14022024 |
| production of an interferon by l cells infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | lockart, royce z., jr. (the university of texas, austin). production of an interferon by l cells infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. j. bacteriol. 85:556-566. 1963.-two strains of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (wee), wee (l+) and wee (l-), which differed with respect to their cytopathogenicity for l cells were isolated. both strains reproduced in l cells, and both induced the production of an interferon distinct from virus particles. l-cell monolayers were protected fr ... | 1963 | 14042933 |
| interaction of an interferon with l cells. | lockart, royce z., jr. (the university of texas, austin) and barbara horn. interaction of an interferon with l cells. j. bacteriol. 85:996-1002. 1963.-data were presented on the effect of time of exposure and concentration of an interferon in provoking viral inhibition in l cells. populations of l cells which made reduced amounts of western equine encephalomyelitis virus as a result of treatment with interferon did so at reduced rates proportional to the concentration of interferon used. virus y ... | 1963 | 14044030 |
| antigenic variation among strains of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1963 | 14044753 |
| [formaldehyde-induced mutation of western equine encephalomyelitis virus]. | | 1963 | 14124788 |
| dissociation by l-ethionine of viral rna synthesis and maturation of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1964 | 14125053 |
| some factors affecting plaque size of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1964 | 14125922 |
| propagation of western equine encephalitis virus in mice following intramuscular and intranasal inoculation. | | 1964 | 14166594 |
| [studies on the presence of the western equine encephalitis virus in the blood in experimental viral diseases of the bone]. | | 1964 | 14191239 |
| inhibition by puromycin of the initiation of synthesis of infectious rna and virus by chicken embryo cells infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1964 | 14208906 |
| formaldehyde-induced mutations of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1964 | 14215309 |
| immunologic characterization of western equine encephalomyelitis virus strains. | | 1964 | 14218605 |
| factors influencing determination of antigenic relationships between western equine encephalomyelitis virus strains. | | 1965 | 14279787 |
| in vivo antiviral activity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. | a prolongation in the lives of swiss mice inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcm) was observed after treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (bcnu). a variety of treatment schedules, including therapy once or twice daily up to 17 days and single treatments at various times after virus inoculation, were employed. virus titers ranging to greater than 10(4) were detected in the blood and brains of surviving drug-treated animals. in three comparative stud ... | 1965 | 14339266 |
| recovery of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from naturally infected english sparrows of new jersey, 1953. | | 1955 | 14371676 |
| [experimental infection of the bone tissue in mice with the american strain of western equine encephalitis virus]. | | 1962 | 14470039 |
| nutritive requirements of a small plaque mutant of western equine encephalitis virus. | | 1961 | 14489449 |
| detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and discrimination between antibodies to eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses in rabbit sera using a recombinant antigen and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. | three arthropod-borne alphaviruses, western equine encephalitis viruses (weev), eastern equine encephalitis viruses (eeev) and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are the aetiological agents of a sometimes severe encephalomyelitis in equines and humans in the new world. with regard to the different ecology and epidemiology of these viruses, a method applied in serological screening should be able to distinguish between them as well as other related members of the genus alphavirus in the ameri ... | 2003 | 14628996 |
| sensitivity of the vectest antigen assay for eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses. | vectest assays for detecting eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee) and western equine encephalitis virus (wee) antigen in mosquito pools were evaluated to determine their sensitivity and specificity by using a range of eee, wee, st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), and west nile virus (wn) dilutions as well as individual and pooled mosquitoes containing eee or wee. the eee test produced reliable positive results with samples containing > or = 5.3 log10 plaque-forming units (pfu) of eee/ml, and ... | 2003 | 14710752 |
| experimental infection of california birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | a total of 27 bird species from the san joaquin and coachella valleys of california were inoculated subcutaneously with sympatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses. overall, 133 of 164 birds inoculated with wee virus developed a viremia detected by plaque assay; significantly greater than 72 of 163 birds inoculated with sle virus. host competence was calculated as the average number of days that each avian species had a viremia > or = 2 lo ... | 2003 | 14765678 |
| oxygen uptake of embryonated eggs infected with western equine encephalitis virus. | | 1950 | 14787450 |
| encephalitis in midwest. iv. western equine encephalomyelitis virus recovered from nestling wild birds in nature. | | 1951 | 14864599 |
| encephalitis in midwest. v. western equine encephalomyelitis virus recovered from mites dermanyssus americanus ewing. | | 1951 | 14864600 |
| encephalitis in midwest. vi. western equine encephalomyelitis virus isolated from aedes dorsalis meigen. | | 1951 | 14891995 |
| development of a biotin mimic tagged scfv antibody against western equine encephalitis virus: bacterial expression and refolding. | single chain antibodies (scfvs) are heavy and light chain variable domains connected by an artificial linker. because of their smaller size, scfvs show improved tissue penetration in vivo and reduced immunogenicity, making them ideal for therapeutic applications. we have cloned a scfv against western equine encephalitis (wee) using rdna technology. the scfv was generated from a hybridoma cell line (11d2) specific to the wee virus e1 glycoprotein and is arranged in the v(l)-v(h) orientation with ... | 2004 | 15041214 |
| serologic responses to eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis vaccination in previously vaccinated horses. | a prospective study was performed to determine the serologic response of previously vaccinated horses to revaccination against eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis (eee and wee). horses responded variably to each antigen, and some horses had low or undetectable antibodies 6 months after vaccination. some horses did not develop increasing titers to eee or wee despite recent vaccination. geometric mean titers peaked 2 weeks after revaccination and were significantly increased from before r ... | 2003 | 15136985 |
| encephalitis virus persistence in california birds: experimental infections in mourning doves (zenaidura macroura). | after-hatching and hatching year, mourning doves were infected by inoculation with either western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses; some birds in each group also were treated with the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide before and during infection. cyclophosphamide treatment significantly increased the wee viremia but did not alterthe antibody response. in contrast, cyclophosphamide-treated and -untreated doves did not develop a detectable sle viremia but bec ... | 2004 | 15185951 |
| causative agent of pogosta disease isolated from blood and skin lesions. | pogosta disease is a mosquito-borne viral disease in finland, which is clinically manifested by rash and arthritis; larger outbreaks occur in 7-year intervals. the causative agent of the disease has been suspected of being closely related to sindbis virus (sinv). we isolated sinv from five patients with acute pogosta disease during an outbreak in fall 2002 in finland. one virus strain was recovered from a whole blood sample and four other strains from skin lesions. the etiology of pogosta diseas ... | 2004 | 15200824 |
| longevity and spontaneous flight activity of culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae) infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | the longevity of an iowa strain of culex tarsalis coquillett fed blood meals containing 2 concentrations of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from iowa (wee-7738) was compared with that of cx. tarsalis fed blood without virus. females exposed to 4.7-5.0 log tcid50 per mosquito of wee-7738 did not live as long as mosquitoes exposed to 2.7-3.0 log tcid50 per mosquito or controls. only 1% of mosquitoes fed blood containing the higher virus concentration survived to day 18 after exposure. howev ... | 2000 | 15218926 |
| vector competence of culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae) from iowa for a sympatric strain of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee-7738) virus. | experiments were designed to evaluate the vector competence of culex tarsalis coquillet from an area (sioux city) where cx. tarsalis is most abundant in iowa for western equine encephalomyelitis virus (wee-7738). wee-7738 was isolated from aedes trivittatus (coquillet) collected in ames, ia, in 1977. infection rate, dissemination rate, multiplication efficiency, and transmission rate were determined for this virus in the sc strain of cx. tarsalis. sc strain of cx. tarsalis was as susceptible to ... | 2000 | 15218927 |
| a 7-deaza-adenosine analog is a potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis c virus replication with excellent pharmacokinetic properties. | improved treatments for chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection are needed due to the suboptimal response rates and deleterious side effects associated with current treatment options. the triphosphates of 2'-c-methyl-adenosine and 2'-c-methyl-guanosine were previously shown to be potent inhibitors of the hcv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) that is responsible for the replication of viral rna in cells. here we demonstrate that the inclusion of a 7-deaza modification in a series of purine nu ... | 2004 | 15388457 |
| acute encephalitis hospitalizations, california, 1990-1999: unrecognized arboviral encephalitis? | historically, western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis caused substantial human and equine illness and death in california. this study describes the epidemiology of encephalitis with data from 13,807 patients hospitalized in california with acute encephalitis from 1990 through 1999. the incidence of encephalitis hospitalizations decreased over this period. the greatest proportion of case-patients was hospitalized in the winter. encephalitis of unspecified origin was the most c ... | 2004 | 15496246 |
| evaluation of a western equine encephalitis recombinant e1 protein for protective immunity and diagnostics. | the e1 and e2 glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis (wee) are candidate antigens for wee subunit vaccine development. we have cloned the e1 gene of wee virus and expressed it in escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. the inclusion bodies were successfully solubilised, refolded and the immunogenicity of this unglycosylated protein was assessed in mice. immunization of mice with recombinant e1 protein generated both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, indicating the recombinant e1 pr ... | 2004 | 15498603 |
| methods for studying the vector competence of culex tarsalis for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | female culex tarsalis fed heparinized chicken blood-western equine encephalomyelitis virus (weev) mixtures through a biomembrane feeder were compared with females fed sweetened blood-virus mixtures presented in pledgets or as hanging drops or to restrained chickens with natural or artificial viremias. results indicated that sodium heparin did not adversely affect the infection of culex tarsalis with weev. overall advantages of the biomembrane system included 1) increased blood feeding frequency, ... | 2004 | 15532927 |