Publications

viral rna intermediates as targets for detection and discovery of novel and emerging mosquito-borne viruses.	mosquito-borne viruses encompass a range of virus families, comprising a number of significant human pathogens (e.g., dengue viruses, west nile virus, chikungunya virus). virulent strains of these viruses are continually evolving and expanding their geographic range, thus rapid and sensitive screening assays are required to detect emerging viruses and monitor their prevalence and spread in mosquito populations. double-stranded rna (dsrna) is produced during the replication of many of these virus ...	2015	25799391
shp-1-dependent macrophage differentiation exacerbates virus-induced myositis.	virus-induced myositis is an emerging global affliction that remains poorly characterized with few treatment options. moreover, muscle-tropic viruses often spread to the cns, causing dramatically increased morbidity. therefore, there is an urgent need to explore genetic factors involved in this class of human disease. this report investigates critical innate immune pathways affecting murine virus-induced myositis. of particular importance, the key immune regulator src homology region 2 domain-co ...	2015	25681345
the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus rnas--non-coding is not non-functional.	the non-coding regions found at the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus genomes regulate viral gene expression, replication, translation and virus-host interactions, which have significant implications for viral evolution, host range, and pathogenesis. the functions of these non-coding regions are mediated by a combination of linear sequence and structural elements. the capped 5' untranslated region (utr) contains promoter elements, translational regulatory sequences that modulate dependence on cellula ...	2015	25630058
dissecting the role of e2 protein domains in alphavirus pathogenicity.	alphaviruses represent a diverse set of arboviruses, many of which are important pathogens. chikungunya virus (chikv), an arthritis-inducing alphavirus, is the cause of a massive ongoing outbreak in the caribbean and south america. in contrast to chikv, other related alphaviruses, such as venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and semliki forest virus (sfv), can cause encephalitic disease. e2, the receptor binding protein, has been implicated as a determinant in cell tropism, host range, pa ...	2015	26676771
cryo-em structures elucidate neutralizing mechanisms of anti-chikungunya human monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic activity.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe acute and chronic disease in humans. although highly inhibitory murine and human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been generated, the structural basis of their neutralizing activity remains poorly characterized. here, we determined the cryo-em structures of chikungunya virus-like particles complexed with antibody fragments (fab) of two highly protective human mabs, 4j21 and 5m16, that block virus fusion with host ...	2015	26504196
native wolbachia from aedes albopictus blocks chikungunya virus infection in cellulo.	wolbachia, a widespread endosymbiont of terrestrial arthropods, can protect its host against viral and parasitic infections, a phenotype called "pathogen blocking". however, in some cases wolbachia may have no effect or even enhance pathogen infection, depending on the host-wolbachia-pathogen combination. the tiger mosquito aedes albopictus is naturally infected by two strains of wolbachia, walba and walbb, and is a competent vector for different arboviruses such as dengue virus (denv) and chiku ...	2015	25923352
noncapped alphavirus genomic rnas and their role during infection.	alphaviruses are enveloped positive-sense rna viruses that exhibit a wide host range consisting of vertebrate and invertebrate species. previously we have reported that the infectivity of sindbis virus (sinv), the model alphavirus, was largely a function of the cell line producing the viral particles. mammalian-cell-derived sinv particles, on average, exhibit a higher particle-to-pfu ratio than mosquito cell-derived sinv particles. nevertheless, the outcome of nonproductive infection, the molecu ...	2015	25833042
fluorescent protein-tagged sindbis virus e2 glycoprotein allows single particle analysis of virus budding from live cells.	sindbis virus (sinv) is an enveloped, mosquito-borne alphavirus. here we generated and characterized a fluorescent protein-tagged (fp-tagged) sinv and found that the presence of the fp-tag (mcherry) affected glycoprotein transport to the plasma membrane whereas the specific infectivity of the virus was not affected. we examined the virions by transmission electron cryo-microscopy and determined the arrangement of the fp-tag on the surface of the virion. the fluorescent proteins are arranged icos ...	2015	26633461
battle between influenza a virus and a newly identified antiviral activity of the parp-containing zapl protein.	previous studies showed that zapl (parp-13.1) exerts its antiviral activity via its n-terminal zinc fingers that bind the mrnas of some viruses, leading to mrna degradation. here we identify a different antiviral activity of zapl that is directed against influenza a virus. this zapl antiviral activity involves its c-terminal parp domain, which binds the viral pb2 and pa polymerase proteins, leading to their proteasomal degradation. after the pb2 and pa proteins are poly(adp-ribosylated), they ar ...	2015	26504237
sphingosine kinase 2 is a chikungunya virus host factor co-localized with the viral replication complex.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a re-emerging alphavirus which causes severe and prolonged arthralgic febrile illness. the recent global spread of the virus and lack of approved therapeutic options makes it imperative to gain greater insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying chikv pathogenesis, in particular host factors recruited by the virus. in the current study, we identify sphingosine kinase 2 (sk2) as a chikv host factor co-localized with the viral replication complex (vrc) during infe ...	2015	26576339
immunoproteomic profiling of antiviral antibodies in new-onset type 1 diabetes using protein arrays.	the rapid rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (t1d) suggests the involvement of environmental factors including viral infections. we evaluated the association between viral infections and t1d by profiling antiviral antibodies using a high-throughput immunoproteomics approach in patients with new-onset t1d. we constructed a viral protein array comprising the complete proteomes of seven viruses associated with t1d and open reading frames from other common viruses. antibody responses to 646 vi ...	2015	26450993
la crosse virus field detection and vector competence of culex mosquitoes.	la crosse virus (lacv), a leading cause of arboviral pediatric encephalitis in the united states, is emerging in appalachia. here, we report field and laboratory evidence that suggest lacv may be using culex mosquitoes as additional vectors in this region. this bunyavirus was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in two pools of culex mosquitoes in southwestern virginia and in six pools in west virginia. to assess vector competence, we offered lacv blood meals to field-coll ...	2015	26175029
loss of glycosaminoglycan receptor binding after mosquito cell passage reduces chikungunya virus infectivity.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that can cause fever and chronic arthritis in humans. chikv that is generated in mosquito or mammalian cells differs in glycosylation patterns of viral proteins, which may affect its replication and virulence. herein, we compare replication, pathogenicity, and receptor binding of chikv generated in vero cells (mammal) or c6/36 cells (mosquito) through a single passage. we demonstrate that mosquito cell-derived chikv (chikv mos) has s ...	2015	26484530
eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice ii: pathogenesis is dependent on route of exposure.	eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is an alphavirus with a case fatality rate estimated to be as high as 75 % in humans and 90 % in horses. surviving patients often have long-lasting and severe neurological sequelae. at present, there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic for eeev infection. this study completes the clinical and pathological analysis of mice infected with a north american strain of eeev by three different routes: aerosol, intranasal, and subcutaneous. such an understanding ...	2015	26423229
do we need a vaccine against chikungunya?	during the last decade, the chikungunya (chikv) virus has expanded its range of activity, conquering new territories and becoming an important global health threat. in particular, the challenge represented by the recent emergence of chikv in the americas has strengthened the need of a safe and effective vaccine. although research on vaccines against chikv has been slow, a few vaccine candidates have been tested over the years. inactivated and attenuated vaccine candidates have shown promising re ...	2015	25971340
syndromic approach to arboviral diagnostics for global travelers as a basis for infectious disease surveillance.	arboviruses have overlapping geographical distributions and can cause symptoms that coincide with more common infections. therefore, arbovirus infections are often neglected by travel diagnostics. here, we assessed the potential of syndrome-based approaches for diagnosis and surveillance of neglected arboviral diseases in returning travelers.	2015	26372010
the virus-host interplay: biogenesis of +rna replication complexes.	positive-strand rna (+rna) viruses are an important group of human and animal pathogens that have significant global health and economic impacts. notable members include west nile virus, dengue virus, chikungunya, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus and enteroviruses of the picornaviridae family.unfortunately, prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against these pathogens are limited. +rna viruses have limited coding capacity and thus rely extensively on host factors for succes ...	2015	26287230
production of a sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis chimeric virus inactivated cell culture antigen.	eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is a medically important pathogen that can cause severe encephalitis in humans, with mortality rates ranging from 30 to 80%. unfortunately there are no antivirals or licensed vaccines available for human use, and laboratory diagnosis is essential to differentiate eeev infection from other pathogens with similar clinical manifestations. the arboviral diseases branch (adb) reference laboratory at the cdc division of vector-borne diseases (dvbd) produces ref ...	2015	26205552
tissue barriers to arbovirus infection in mosquitoes.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate hosts, but they typically do not cause significant pathology in their arthropod vectors. following oral acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, the arbovirus disease cycle requires replication in the cellular environment of the arthropod vector. once the vector has become systemically and persistently infected, the ...	2015	26184281
an alphavirus temperature-sensitive capsid mutant reveals stages of nucleocapsid assembly.	alphaviruses have a nucleocapsid core composed of the rna genome surrounded by an icosahedral lattice of capsid protein. an insertion after position 186 in the capsid protein produced a strongly temperature-sensitive growth phenotype. even when the structural proteins were synthesized at the permissive temperature (28°c), subsequent incubation of the cells at the non-permissive temperature (37°c) dramatically decreased mutant capsid protein stability and particle assembly. electron microscopy co ...	2015	26051211
sindbis virus interferes with dengue 4 virus replication and its potential transmission by aedes albopictus.	mosquitoes transmit a number of arboviruses associated with disease outbreaks in humans and other animals. the majority of medically important arboviruses belong to three families: togaviridae, flaviviridae and bunyaviridae. several members of these families have overlapping distributions and share common vectors, increasing the potential for arboviral coinfections. this study examined how two model viruses: sindbis virus (sinv, togaviridae: alphavirus) and dengue-4 virus (denv-4, flaviviridae: ...	2015	25633862
global emergence of alphaviruses that cause arthritis in humans.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) may cause severe emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, which pose a significant threat to human and animal health in the world today. these infectious diseases range from mild febrile illnesses, arthritis, and encephalitis to haemorrhagic fevers. it is postulated that certain environmental factors, vector competence, and host susceptibility have a major impact on the ecology of arboviral diseases. presently, there is a great interest in the emergence ...	2015	26689654
genetic dissection of the host tropism of human-tropic pathogens.	infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. although the host multitropism of some pathogens has rendered their manipulation possible in animal models, the human-restricted tropism of numerous viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites has seriously hampered our understanding of these pathogens. hence, uncovering the genetic basis underlying the narrow tropism of such pathogens is critical for understanding their mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. moreover, such gene ...	2015	26407032
mammalian synthetic biology: emerging medical applications.	in this review, we discuss new emerging medical applications of the rapidly evolving field of mammalian synthetic biology. we start with simple mammalian synthetic biological components and move towards more complex and therapy-oriented gene circuits. a comprehensive list of on-off switches, categorized into transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational, is presented in the first sections. subsequently, boolean logic gates, synthetic mammalian oscillators and toggle ...	2015	25808341
a fast cross-validation method for alignment of electron tomography images based on beer-lambert law.	in electron tomography, accurate alignment of tilt series is an essential step in attaining high-resolution 3d reconstructions. nevertheless, quantitative assessment of alignment quality has remained a challenging issue, even though many alignment methods have been reported. here, we report a fast and accurate method, tomoaligneval, based on the beer-lambert law, for the evaluation of alignment quality. our method is able to globally estimate the alignment accuracy by measuring the goodness of l ...	2015	26455556
antiviral activities of whey proteins.	milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin demonstrated antiviral activities. casein and alpha-lactalbumin gained anti-hiv activity after modification with 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride. many milk proteins inhibited hiv reverse transcriptase. bovine glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine lactoferrampin, ...	2015	26198883
model-driven engineering of gene expression from rna replicons.	rna replicons are an emerging platform for engineering synthetic biological systems. replicons self-amplify, can provide persistent high-level expression of proteins even from a small initial dose, and, unlike dna vectors, pose minimal risk of chromosomal integration. however, no quantitative model sufficient for engineering levels of protein expression from such replicon systems currently exists. here, we aim to enable the engineering of multigene expression from more than one species of replic ...	2015	24877739
inhibition of host protein synthesis by sindbis virus: correlation with viral rna replication and release of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm.	infection of mammalian cells by sindbis virus (sinv) profoundly blocks cellular mrna translation. experimental evidence points to viral non-structural proteins (nsps), in particular nsp2, as the mediator of this inhibition. however, individual expression of nsp1, nsp2, nsp3 or nsp1-4 does not block cellular protein synthesis in bhk cells. trans-complementation of a defective sinv replicon lacking most of the coding region for nsps by the co-expression of nsp1-4 propitiates viral rna replication ...	2015	25329362
trisubstituted thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole 5-carboxamides as potent inhibitors of alphaviruses.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a re-emerging vector-borne alphavirus and is transmitted to humans by aedes mosquitoes. despite the re-emergence of chikv as an epidemic threat, there is no approved effective antiviral treatment currently available for chikv. herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of a class of thieno[3,2-b]pyrroles and the discovery of a trisubstituted thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole 5-carboxamide 15c that exhibits potent inhibitory activity against in vit ...	2015	26540338
enveloped virus flocculation and removal in osmolyte solutions.	our ability to reduce infectious disease burden throughout the world has been greatly improved by the creation of vaccines. however, worldwide immunization rates are low. the two most likely reasons are the lack of sufficient distribution in underdeveloped countries and the high cost of vaccine products. the high costs are due to the difficulties of manufacturing individual vaccine products with specialized purification trains. in this study, we propose to use virus flocculation in osmolytes, fo ...	2015	25865274
suramin inhibits chikungunya virus replication through multiple mechanisms.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe and often persistent arthritis. in recent years, millions of people have been infected with this virus for which registered antivirals are still lacking. using our recently established in vitro assay, we discovered that the approved anti-parasitic drug suramin inhibits chikv rna synthesis (ic50 of ∼5μm). the compound inhibited replication of various chikv isolates in cell culture with an ec50 of ∼80μm (cc50>5mm) and was ...	2015	26112648
antiviral activity of flexibilane and tigliane diterpenoids from stillingia lineata.	in an effort to identify new potent and selective inhibitors of chikungunya virus and hiv-1 and hiv-2 virus replication, the endemic mascarene species stillingia lineata was investigated. lc/ms and bioassay-guided purification of the etoac leaf extract using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (4-9) and three known (1-3) tonantzitlolones possessing the rare c20-flexibilane skeleton, along with tonantzitloic acid (10), a new linear diterpenoid, and three new (11, ...	2015	25946116
inactivation of viruses in platelet and plasma products using a riboflavin-and-uv-based photochemical treatment.	multilayered blood safety programs reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases; however, there remains a risk of window period transmission of screened viruses and transmission of unscreened and emerging viruses from asymptomatic donors. to reduce this risk, a riboflavin-and-uv-light-based pathogen reduction process was evaluated against eight viral agents.	2015	25731607
sphingolipids in viral infection.	viruses exploit membranes and their components such as sphingolipids in all steps of their life cycle including attachment and membrane fusion, intracellular transport, replication, protein sorting and budding. examples for sphingolipid-dependent virus entry are found for: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), which besides its protein receptors also interacts with glycosphingolipids (gsls); rhinovirus, which promotes the formation of ceramide-enriched platforms and endocytosis; or measles virus ( ...	2015	25525752
semliki forest virus and sindbis virus, but not vaccinia virus, require glycolysis for optimal replication.	viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens which rely on the cell's machinery to produce the energy and macromolecules required for replication. infection is associated with a modified metabolic profile and one pathway which can be modified is glycolysis. in this study, we investigated if the glycolysis pathway is required for alphavirus replication. pre-treatment of vero cells with three different glycolysis inhibitors (2-deoxyglucose, lonidamine and oxamate) resulted in a significant reducti ...	2015	26297236
oncolytic viral therapy for neuroblastoma cells with sindbis virus ar339 strain.	with current treatment regimens, high-risk neuroblastoma (nb) remains largely incurable. oncolytic viral therapy uses replication-competent viruses, like sindbis virus (sinv), to kill cancers. the sinv ar339 strain is blood borne and relatively non-virulent. we evaluated the feasibility of sinv ar339 for treating human nb.	2015	26298056
differential action of pateamine a on translation of genomic and subgenomic mrnas from sindbis virus.	pateamine a (pat a) is a natural marine product that interacts specifically with the translation initiation factor eif4a leading to the disruption of the eif4f complex. in the present study, we have examined the activity of pat a on the translation of sindbis virus (sinv) mrnas. translation of genomic mrna is strongly suppressed by pat a, as shown by the reduction of nsp1 or nsp2 synthesis. notably, protein synthesis directed by subgenomic mrna is resistant to pat a inhibition when the compound ...	2015	26057151
trapping biases of culex torrentium and culex pipiens revealed by comparison of captures in cdc traps, ovitraps, and gravid traps.	we evaluate three trapping methods for their effectiveness at capturing culex pipiens and culex torrentium, both enzootic vectors of bird-associated viruses in europe. the comparisons, performed in two regions in sweden, were among cdc traps baited with carbon dioxide, gravid traps, and ovitraps baited with hay infusion. the proportions of the two culex species in a catch differed between trap types, with cdc traps catching a lower proportion of cx. torrentium than both gravid traps and ovitraps ...	2015	26047196
alteration of cell cycle progression by sindbis virus infection.	we examined the impact of sindbis virus (sinv) infection on cell cycle progression in a cancer cell line, hela, and a non-cancerous cell line, vero. cell cycle analyses showed that sinv infection is able to alter the cell cycle progression in both hela and vero cells, but differently, especially during the early stage of infection. sinv infection affected the expression of several cell cycle regulators (cdk4, cdk6, cyclin e, p21, cyclin a and cyclin b) in hela cells and caused hela cells to accu ...	2015	25976675
enhanced expression of trim14 gene suppressed sindbis virus reproduction and modulated the transcription of a large number of genes of innate immunity.	in the present research, we have studied an influence of enhanced expression trim14 on alphavirus sindbis (sinv, togaviridae family) infection. in the hek293 cells transfected with human trim14 gene (hek-trim14), sinv yield after infection was decreased 1000-10,000 times (3-4 lg of tcd50/ml) at 24 h p.i. and considerably less (1-2 lg of tcd50/ml) at 48 h p.i. analysis of the expression of 43 genes directly or indirectly involved in innate immune machine in hek-trim14 non-infected cells comparing ...	2015	25948474
antiviral and antitumor activities of the lectin extracted from aspidistra elatior.	lectins, a group of highly diverse proteins of non-immune origin and are ubiquitously distributed in plants, animals and fungi, have multiple significant biological functions, such as anti-fungal, anti-viral and, most notably, anti-tumor activities. a lectin was purified from the rhizomes of aspidistra elatior blume, named a. elatior lectin (ael). in vitro experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ael against the vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackie virus b4, and respirat ...	2015	25854839
different cortical projections from three subdivisions of the rat lateral posterior thalamic nucleus: a single-neuron tracing study with viral vectors.	the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (lp) is one of the components of the extrageniculate pathway in the rat visual system, and is cytoarchitecturally divided into three subdivisions--lateral (lpl), rostromedial (lprm), and caudomedial (lpcm) portions. to clarify the differences in the dendritic fields and axonal arborisations among the three subdivisions, we applied a single-neuron labeling technique with viral vectors to lp neurons. the proximal dendrites of lpl neurons were more numerous th ...	2015	25832313
detection and isolation of sindbis virus from mosquitoes captured during an outbreak in sweden, 2013.	mosquito-borne alphaviruses have the potential to cause large outbreaks throughout the world. here we investigated the causative agent of an unexpected sindbis virus (sinv) outbreak during august-september, 2013, in a previously nonendemic region of sweden. mosquitoes were collected using carbon dioxide-baited cdc traps at locations close to human cases. the mosquitoes were initially screened as large pools by sinv-specific quantitative rt-pcr, and the sinv-positive mosquitoes were species deter ...	2015	25700044
a substitution in nsp1 combined with a double substitution in e2 glycoprotein renders sindbis-like virus xj-160 fully neurovirulent for adult mice.	sindbis virus (sv) can be rendered neurovirulent for adult mice by a double substitution within the e2 glycoprotein, including replacing gln at position 55 of e2 with a his (e2-55: gln-his) and e2-70: glu to lys. however, the mutant sindbis-like virus xj-160 with the double substitution (br-e5570) does not show neurovirulence for adult mice, although the mutant apparently reduced the average survival time of neonatal mice. to produce an xj-160 virus neurovirulent for adult mice, the br-e5570 vir ...	2015	25449361
antiviral activity of lanatoside c against dengue virus infection.	dengue infection poses a serious threat globally due to its recent rapid spread and rise in incidence. currently, there is no approved vaccine or effective antiviral drug for dengue virus infection. in response to the urgent need for the development of an effective antiviral for dengue virus, the us drug collection library was screened in this study to identify compounds with anti-dengue activities. lanatoside c, an fda approved cardiac glycoside was identified as a candidate anti-dengue compoun ...	2014	25251726
jatrophane diterpenes as inhibitors of chikungunya virus replication: structure-activity relationship and discovery of a potent lead.	bioassay-guided purification of an etoac extract of the whole plant of euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. semiperfoliata using a chikungunya virus-cell-based assay led to the isolation of six new (1-4, 9, and 10) and six known (5-7, 8, 11, and 12) jatrophane esters. their planar structures and relative configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations by x-ray analysis. these compounds were investigated for selective antiviral activity against chikung ...	2014	24926807
virus adsorption of water-stable quaternized chitosan nanofibers.	the burden of unsafe drinking water is responsible for millions of deaths each year. to relieve this burden, we are in search of an inexpensive material that can adsorb pathogens from drinking water. in this pursuit, we have studied the natural carbohydrate, chitosan. to impart virus removal features, chitosan has been functionalized with a quaternary amine to form quaternized chitosan n-[(2-hydroxyl-3-trimethylammonium) propyl] chitosan (htcc). htcc can be electrospun into nanofibers with the n ...	2014	24561959
[complete genome characterization of the kyzylagach virus (kyzv) (togaviridae, alphavirus, sindbis serogroup) isolated from mosquitoes culex modestus ficalbi, 1889 (culicinae) collected in a colony of herons (ardeidae leach, 1820) in azerbaijan].	complete genome sequencing of the kyzylagach virus (kyzv) leiv-65a strain isolated from the culex modestus ficalbi, 1889 (culicinae), which was collected in the colony of the ardeidae leach, 1820 birds on the coast of caspian sea, kyzyl-agach bay, in the southern part of azerbaijan, was carried out. kyzv has high homology (about 99%) with the chinese xj-160 strain of the sindbis virus (sinv) isolated from anopheles sp. in xinjiang uyghur autonomic region (north-eastern china). homologies of kyzv ...	2014	25895208
effect of mixed infections of sindbis and la crosse viruses on replication of each virus in vitro.	mixed viral infections are ubiquitous in natural populations and may have significant but unpredictable biological and epidemiological consequences. these infections may be acquired simultaneously (coinfection) or result from two single infections at different time intervals (superinfection). this study investigated the effect of mixed infections of two mosquito-borne viruses, sindbis (sinv) and la crosse (lacv), on the replication of each virus in vertebrate baby hamster kidney (bhk) and invert ...	2014	24463260
interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses.	interferon-stimulated gene (isg) products take on a number of diverse roles. collectively, they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. in this review, we begin by introducing interferon (ifn) and the jak-stat signaling pathway to highlight features that impact isg production. next, we describe ways in which isgs both enhance innate pathogen-sensing capabilities and negatively regulate signaling through the jak-stat pathway. several isgs that directly inhibit virus infection ...	2014	24555472
microrna-like viral small rna from dengue virus 2 autoregulates its replication in mosquito cells.	micrornas (mirnas) are small regulatory rnas that play significant roles in most cellular processes. in the seemingly endless arms race between hosts and pathogens, viruses also encode mirnas that facilitate successful infection. in search of functional mirnas or viral small rnas (vsrnas) encoded by dengue virus (denv), deep sequencing data of virus-infected aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used. from six vsrnas, with candidate stem-loop structures in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the viral ...	2014	24550303
isolation of sindbis virus from a hooded crow in germany.	sindbis virus (sinv) is an arbovirus that causes clinical symptoms, including arthritis, rash, and fever during acute human infections. in europe, sinv outbreaks are largely restricted to northern europe. intrigued by the isolation of sinv from mosquitoes in southwestern germany in 2009, we initiated a passive arbovirus-monitoring program in birds and analyzed a total of 685 samples. by this approach, we were able to detect a sinv in a hooded crow in germany for the first time. it was possible t ...	2014	24575742
tissue-specific attenuation of oncolytic sindbis virus without compromised genetic stability.	wild-type sindbis virus (sv) shows promise as an oncolytic agent, although potential off-target replication is a safety concern. to remove possible pathology reflecting virus replication in liver, muscle, and/or hematopoietic cells, microrna (mir)-response elements (mres) to liver-specific mir122, muscle-specific mir133a and mir206, or hematopoietic-specific mir142-3p were inserted into the sindbis viral genome. we compared the effectiveness of mres in two distinct genomic locations and found be ...	2014	24568203
the alternate triad motif of the poly(adp-ribose) polymerase-like domain of the human zinc finger antiviral protein is essential for its antiviral activity.	the human zinc finger antiviral protein (hzap) gene is spliced to yield a short (hzap-s) and a long (hzap-l) isoform. the long isoform possesses a poly(adp-ribose) polymerase (parp)-like domain in its c-terminus predicted to be inactive due to alterations in its triad motif compared with bona fide parps. using sindbis virus as prototype member of alphaviruses we confirmed that hzap-l is a more potent inhibitor of alphaviruses than hzap-s. specific small interfering rna knockdown of hzap-l but no ...	2014	24457973
neuronal network imaging in acute slices using ca2+ sensitive bioluminescent reporter.	genetically encoded indicators are valuable tools to study intracellular signaling cascades in real time using fluorescent or bioluminescent imaging techniques. imaging of ca(2+) indicators is widely used to record transient intracellular ca(2+) increases associated with bioelectrical activity. the natural bioluminescent ca(2+) sensor aequorin has been historically the first ca(2+) indicator used to address biological questions. aequorin imaging offers several advantages over fluorescent reporte ...	2014	24166366
seroprevalence of sindbis virus and associated risk factors in northern sweden.	mosquito-borne sindbis virus (sinv) cause disease characterized by rash, fever and arthritis which often leads to long-lasting arthralgia. to determine the seroprevalence of sinv and associated risk factors in northern sweden, a randomly selected population aged between 25 and 74 years were invited to join the monica study. serum from 1611 samples were analysed for specific igg antibodies. overall, 2·9% had igg against sinv. more men (3·7%) than women (2·0%) were sinv seropositive (p = 0·047) an ...	2014	24029159
human cases of sindbis fever in south africa, 2006-2010.	sindbis virus (sinv), the prototype positive-sense rna alphavirus, causes febrile arthritis and is present throughout afro-eurasia. little is known of the epidemiology of sindbis fever due to insufficient surveillance in most endemic countries. the epidemiological features of sindbis fever in humans in south africa are described here based on a retrospective study of suspected arbovirus cases submitted for laboratory investigation from 2006 to 2010. cases were detected annually mostly during the ...	2014	23611492
parp13 regulates cellular mrna post-transcriptionally and functions as a pro-apoptotic factor by destabilizing trailr4 transcript.	poly(adp-ribose) polymerase-13 (parp13/zap/zc3hav1) is an antiviral factor, active against specific rna viruses such as murine leukaemia virus, sindbis virus and human immunodeficiency virus. during infection, parp13 binds viral rna via its four ccch-type zinc-finger domains and targets it for degradation by recruiting cellular messenger rna (mrna) decay factors such as the exosome complex and xrn1. here we show that parp13 binds to and regulates cellular mrnas in the absence of viral infection. ...	2014	25382312
vector-borne disease intelligence: strategies to deal with disease burden and threats.	owing to the complex nature of vector-borne diseases (vbds), whereby monitoring of human case patients does not suffice, public health authorities experience challenges in surveillance and control of vbds. knowledge on the presence and distribution of vectors and the pathogens that they transmit is vital to the risk assessment process to permit effective early warning, surveillance, and control of vbds. upon accepting this reality, public health authorities face an ever-increasing range of possi ...	2014	25566522
climate change and infectious diseases in the arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group.	the arctic, even more so than other parts of the world, has warmed substantially over the past few decades. temperature and humidity influence the rate of development, survival and reproduction of pathogens and thus the incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases. higher temperatures may also allow infected host species to survive winters in larger numbers, increase the population size and expand their habitat range. the impact of these changes on human disease in the arctic has not bee ...	2014	25317383
pathogen inactivation technologies for cellular blood components: an update.	nowadays patients receiving blood components are exposed to much less transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases than three decades before when among others hiv was identified as causative agent for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the transmission by blood or coagulation factors became evident. since that time the implementation of measures for risk prevention and safety precaution was socially and politically accepted. currently emerging pathogens like arboviruses and the well-known ...	2014	25254027
massive infection of seabird ticks with bacterial species related to coxiella burnetii.	seabird ticks are known reservoirs of bacterial pathogens of medical importance; however, ticks parasitizing tropical seabirds have received less attention than their counterparts from temperate and subpolar regions. recently, rickettsia africae was described to infect seabird ticks of the western indian ocean and new caledonia, constituting the only available data on bacterial pathogens associated with tropical seabird tick species. here, we combined a pyrosequencing-based approach with a class ...	2014	24657860
type-i interferons suppress microglial production of the lymphoid chemokine, cxcl13.	lymphoid chemokines are crucial for the development and maintenance of lymphoid organs, but their ectopic expression in non-lymphoid tissues is implicated in both local response to infection and chronic organ-specific autoimmunity. production of one such chemokine, c-x-c motif ligand 13 (cxcl13), within the central nervous system (cns) has been linked to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (ms), although little is known about factors controlling its expression in different neural cell types a ...	2014	24829092
estimating the burden of japanese encephalitis virus and other encephalitides in countries of the mekong region.	diverse aetiologies of viral and bacterial encephalitis are widely recognized as significant yet neglected public health issues in the mekong region. a robust analysis of the corresponding health burden is lacking. we retrieved 75 articles on encephalitis in the region published in english or in french from 1965 through 2011. review of available data demonstrated that they are sparse and often derived from hospital-based studies with significant recruitment bias. almost half (35 of 75) of articl ...	2014	24498443
identification of the catalytic triad of family s46 exopeptidases, closely related to clan pa endopeptidases.	the exopeptidases of family s46 are exceptional, as the closest homologs of these enzymes are the endopeptidases of clan pa. the three-dimensional structure of s46 enzymes is unknown and only one of the catalytic residues, the serine, has been identified. the catalytic histidine and aspartate residues are not experimentally identified. here we present phylogenetic and experimental data that identify all residues of the catalytic triad of s46 peptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase bii (dap bii) fro ...	2014	24598890
gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of bioactive petalostigma extracts: toxicity, antibacterial and antiviral activities.	petalostigma pubescens and petalostigma triloculare were common components of pharmacopeia's of multiple australian aboriginal tribal groupings which traditionally inhabited the areas in which they grow. among these groups, they had a myriad of medicinal uses in treating a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. this study was undertaken to test p. pubescens and p. triloculare leaf and fruit extracts for the ability to inhibit bacterial and viral growth and thus validate australi ...	2014	24914307
distribution of protein poly(adp-ribosyl)ation systems across all domains of life.	poly(adp-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins involved in regulation of many cellular pathways. poly(adp-ribose) (par) consists of chains of repeating adp-ribose nucleotide units and is synthesized by the family of enzymes called poly(adp-ribose) polymerases (parps). this modification can be removed by the hydrolytic action of poly(adp-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg) and adp-ribosylhydrolase 3 (arh3). hydrolytic activity of macrodomain proteins (macrod1, macrod2 and targ1 ...	2014	24865146
the role of b cells and humoral immunity in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.	mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. it is generally thought that while b cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. studies on the immune regulatory mechanisms during infection with m. tuberculosis, a facultative intracellular organism, has established the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense during ...	2014	25458990
alphavirus-based vaccines.	alphavirus vectors have demonstrated high levels of transient heterologous gene expression both in vitro and in vivo and, therefore, possess attractive features for vaccine development. the most commonly used delivery vectors are based on three single-stranded encapsulated alphaviruses, namely semliki forest virus, sindbis virus and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. alphavirus vectors have been applied as replication-deficient recombinant viral particles and, more recently, as replication-pr ...	2014	24937089
identification of sphingomyelinase on the surface of chlamydia pneumoniae: possible role in the entry into its host cells.	we have recently suggested a novel mechanism, autoendocytosis, for the entry of certain microbes into their hosts, with a key role played by the sphingomyelinase-catalyzed topical conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide, the differences in the biophysical properties of these two lipids providing the driving force. the only requirement for such microbes to utilize this mechanism is that they should have a catalytically active smase on their outer surface while the target cells should expose sphin ...	2014	24757444
dominance effects of deleterious and beneficial mutations in a single gene of the rna virus ϕ6.	most of our knowledge of dominance stems from studies of deleterious mutations. from these studies we know that most deleterious mutations are recessive, and that this recessivity arises from a hyperbolic relationship between protein function (i.e., protein concentration or activity) and fitness. here we investigate whether this knowledge can be used to make predictions about the dominance of beneficial and deleterious mutations in a single gene. we employed a model system--the bacteriophage φ6- ...	2014	24945910
inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by tricyclic antidepressants and analogons.	amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, has been used in the clinic to treat a number of disorders, in particular major depression and neuropathic pain. in the 1970s the ability of tricyclic antidepressants to inhibit acid sphingomyelinase (asm) was discovered. the enzyme asm catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide. asm and ceramide were shown to play a crucial role in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, alzheimer's disease, and major depressio ...	2014	25228885
applications of in vivo imaging in the evaluation of the pathophysiology of viral and bacterial infections and in development of countermeasures to bsl3/4 pathogens.	while preclinical and clinical imaging have been applied to drug discovery/development and characterization of disease pathology, few examples exist where imaging has been used to evaluate infectious agents or countermeasures to biosafety level (bsl)3/4 threat agents. viruses engineered with reporter constructs, i.e., enzymes and receptors, which are amenable to detection by positron emission tomography (pet), single photon emission tomography (spect), or magnetic resonance imaging (mri) have be ...	2014	25008802
evolutionary genetics and vector adaptation of recombinant viruses of the western equine encephalitis antigenic complex provides new insights into alphavirus diversity and host switching.	western equine encephalitis virus (weev), highlands j virus (hjv), and fort morgan virus (fmv) are the sole representatives of the wee antigenic complex of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae, that are endemic to north america. all three viruses have their ancestry in a recombination event involving eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) and a sindbis (sin)-like virus that gave rise to a chimeric alphavirus that subsequently diversified into the present-day weev, hjv, and fmv. here, we pr ...	2014	25463613
in- silico exploration of thirty alphavirus genomes for analysis of the simple sequence repeats.	the compilation of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) in viruses and its analysis with reference to incidence, distribution and variation would be instrumental in understanding the functional and evolutionary aspects of repeat sequences. present study encompasses the analysis of ssrs across 30 species of alphaviruses. the full length genome sequences, assessed from ncbi were used for extraction and analysis of repeat sequences using imex software. the repeats of different motif sizes (mono- to penta ...	2014	25606453
chikungunya fever in canada: fever and polyarthritis in a returned traveller.		2014	24566646
human pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses in drosophila: disease modeling, lessons, and shortcomings.	drosophila has been the invertebrate model organism of choice for the study of innate immune responses during the past few decades. many drosophila-microbe interaction studies have helped to define innate immunity pathways, and significant effort has been made lately to decipher mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. here we catalog 68 bacterial, fungal, and viral species studied in flies, 43 of which are relevant to human health. we discuss studies of human pathogens in flies revealing not only ...	2014	24398387
pathogen-inspired drug delivery to the central nervous system.	for as long as the human blood-brain barrier (bbb) has been evolving to exclude bloodborne agents from the central nervous system (cns), pathogens have adopted a multitude of strategies to bypass it. some pathogens, notably viruses and certain bacteria, enter the cns in whole form, achieving direct physical passage through endothelial or neuronal cells to infect the brain. other pathogens, including bacteria and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, secrete toxins that preferentially interact with ...	2014	25610755
jatropha gossypiifolia l. (euphorbiaceae): a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this medicinal plant.	jatropha gossypiifolia l. (euphorbiaceae), widely known as "bellyache bush," is a medicinal plant largely used throughout africa and america. several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. however, critical reviews discussing emphatically its medicinal value are missing. this review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the traditional uses, as well as the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity data of j. ...	2014	25002902
ccr2 deficiency promotes exacerbated chronic erosive neutrophil-dominated chikungunya virus arthritis.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a member of a globally distributed group of arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause weeks to months of debilitating polyarthritis/arthralgia, which is often poorly managed with current treatments. arthritic disease is usually characterized by high levels of the chemokine ccl2 and a prodigious monocyte/macrophage infiltrate. several inhibitors of ccl2 and its receptor ccr2 are in development and may find application for treatment of certain inflammatory conditions, incl ...	2014	24696480
arthritogenic alphaviral infection perturbs osteoblast function and triggers pathologic bone loss.	arthritogenic alphaviruses including ross river virus (rrv), sindbis virus, and chikungunya virus cause worldwide outbreaks of musculoskeletal disease. the ability of alphaviruses to induce bone pathologies remains poorly defined. here we show that primary human osteoblasts (hobs) can be productively infected by rrv. rrv-infected hobs produced high levels of inflammatory cytokine including il-6. the rankl/opg ratio was disrupted in the synovial fluid of rrv patients, and this was accompanied by ...	2014	24733914
structural plasticity of the semliki forest virus glycome upon interspecies transmission.	cross-species viral transmission subjects parent and progeny alphaviruses to differential post-translational processing of viral envelope glycoproteins. alphavirus biogenesis has been extensively studied, and the semliki forest virus e1 and e2 glycoproteins have been shown to exhibit differing degrees of processing of n-linked glycans. however the composition of these glycans, including that arising from different host cells, has not been determined. here we determined the chemical composition o ...	2014	24467287
therapeutic vaccine strategies against human papillomavirus.	high-risk types of human papillomavirus (hpv) cause over 500,000 cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer cases per year. the transforming potential of hpvs is mediated by viral oncoproteins. these are essential for the induction and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. thus, hpv-mediated malignancies pose the unique opportunity in cancer vaccination to target immunologically foreign epitopes. therapeutic hpv vaccination is therefore an ideal scenario for proof-of-concept studies of canc ...	2014	26344626
mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the united kingdom.	mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. this review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their ...	2014	25141888
second generation inactivated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates protect mice against a lethal aerosol challenge.	currently, there are no fda-licensed vaccines or therapeutics for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) for human use. we recently developed several methods to inactivate cvev1219, a chimeric live-attenuated eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev). dosage and schedule studies were conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of three potential second-generation inactivated eeev (ieeev) vaccine candidates in mice: formalin-inactivated cvev1219 (fcvev1219), ina-inactivated ...	2014	25116127
human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection.	primary human trophoblasts were previously shown to be resistant to viral infection, and able to confer this resistance to nontrophoblast cells. can trophoblasts protect nontrophoblastic cells from infection by viruses or other intracellular pathogens that are implicated in perinatal infection?	2014	25108145
immunologic treatments for precancerous lesions and uterine cervical cancer.	development of hpv-associated cancers not only depends on efficient negative regulation of cell cycle control that supports the accumulation of genetic damage, but also relies on immune evasion that enable the virus to go undetected for long periods of time. in this way, hpv-related tumors usually present mhc class i down-regulation, impaired antigen-processing ability, avoidance of t-cell mediated killing, increased immunosuppression due to treg infiltration and secrete immunosuppressive cytoki ...	2014	24667138
eilat virus host range restriction is present at multiple levels of the virus life cycle.	most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates, including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. this ability of most alphaviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is essential for their maintenance in nature. recently, a new alphavirus, eilat virus (eilv), was described, and in contrast to all other mosquito-borne viruses, it is unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines. investigations into the nature of its host ...	2014	25392227
chemokine receptors as important regulators of pathogenesis during arboviral encephalitis.	the central nervous system (cns) is a highly complex network comprising long-lived neurons and glial cells. accordingly, numerous mechanisms have evolved to tightly regulate the initiation of inflammatory responses within the brain. under neuroinflammatory conditions, as in the case of viral encephalitides, the infiltration of leukocytes is often required for efficient viral clearance and recovery. the orchestration of leukocyte migration into the inflamed cns is largely coordinated by a large f ...	2014	25324719
replication of many human viruses is refractory to inhibition by endogenous cellular micrornas.	the issue of whether viruses are subject to restriction by endogenous micrornas (mirnas) and/or by virus-induced small interfering rnas (sirnas) in infected human somatic cells has been controversial. here, we address this question in two ways. first, using deep sequencing, we demonstrate that infection of human cells by the rna virus dengue virus (denv) or west nile virus (wnv) does not result in the production of any virus-derived sirnas or viral mirnas. second, to more globally assess the pot ...	2014	24807715
discovery of a novel compound with anti-venezuelan equine encephalitis virus activity that targets the nonstructural protein 2.	alphaviruses present serious health threats as emerging and re-emerging viruses. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), a new world alphavirus, can cause encephalitis in humans and horses, but there are no therapeutics for treatment. to date, compounds reported as anti-veev or anti-alphavirus inhibitors have shown moderate activity. to discover new classes of anti-veev inhibitors with novel viral targets, we used a high-throughput screen based on the measurement of cell protection from liv ...	2014	24967809
human-like antibodies neutralizing western equine encephalitis virus.	this study describes the development of the first neutralizing antibodies against western equine encephalitis virus (weev), a member of the genus alphavirus. weev is transmitted by mosquitoes and can spread to the human central nervous system, causing symptoms ranging from mild febrile reactions to life-threatening encephalitis. weev has been classified as a biological warfare agent by the us centers for disease control and prevention. no anti-weev drugs are currently commercially available. neu ...	2014	24518197
the c-terminal repeat domains of nsp3 from the old world alphaviruses bind directly to g3bp.	the old world alphaviruses block stress granule assembly by sequestration of rasgap sh3-domain binding protein (g3bp). here, we show that the proline-rich sequences in the hypervariable domain of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) of both semliki forest virus and chikungunya virus were dispensable for binding to g3bp. nsp3 variants with or without this domain colocalized with g3bp. furthermore, we show that the c-terminal repeat motifs of nsp3 were sufficient for g3bp binding.	2014	24623412
enhanced production of chikungunya virus-like particles using a high-ph adapted spodoptera frugiperda insect cell line.	chikungunya virus-like particles (vlps) have potential to be used as a prophylactic vaccine based on testing in multiple animal models and are currently being evaluated for human use in a phase i clinical trial. the current method for producing these enveloped alphavirus vlps by transient gene expression in mammalian cells presents challenges for scalable and robust industrial manufacturing, so the insect cell baculovirus expression vector system was evaluated as an alternative expression techno ...	2014	24713807
interferon-stimulated genes: roles in viral pathogenesis.	interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) are critical for controlling virus infections. as new antiviral isgs continue to be identified and characterized, their roles in viral pathogenesis are also being explored in more detail. our current understanding of how isgs impact viral pathogenesis comes largely from studies in knockout mice, with isolated examples from human clinical data. this review outlines recent developments on the contributions of various isgs to viral disease outcomes in vivo.	2014	24713352
enhancement of antitumor immunity using a dna-based replicon vaccine derived from semliki forest virus.	a dna-based replicon vaccine derived from semliki forest virus, psvk-shfcg-gm/b7.1 (fig. 1a) was designed for tumor immunotherapy as previously constructed. the expression of the fusion tumor antigen (survivin and hcgβ-ctp37) and adjuvant molecular protein (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/ gm-csf/b7.1) genes was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay in vitro, and immunohistochemistry assay in vivo. in this paper, the immunological effect of this vaccine was determined using immu ...	2014	24608380
efficient transfection of dissociated mouse chromaffin cells using small-volume electroporation.	we have developed an improved procedure for isolating and transfecting a chromaffin cell-enriched population of primary cells from adult mouse adrenal glands. significantly, the parameters of a novel electroporation transfection technique were optimized to achieve an average transfection efficiency of 45 % on the small number of cells derived from the mouse glands. such transfection efficiency was previously unachievable with the electroporation protocols conventionally used with bovine chromaff ...	2014	24549789
relating structure to evolution in class ii viral membrane fusion proteins.	enveloped viruses must fuse their lipid membrane to a cellular membrane to deliver the viral genome into the cytoplasm for replication. viral envelope proteins catalyze this critical membrane fusion event. they fall into at least three distinct structural classes. class ii fusion proteins have a conserved three-domain architecture and are found in many important viral pathogens. until 2013, class ii proteins had only been found in flaviviruses and alphaviruses. however, in 2013 a class ii fusion ...	2014	24525225
the major cellular sterol regulatory pathway is required for andes virus infection.	the bunyaviridae comprise a large family of rna viruses with worldwide distribution and includes the pathogenic new world hantavirus, andes virus (andv). host factors needed for hantavirus entry remain largely enigmatic and therapeutics are unavailable. to identify cellular requirements for andv infection, we performed two parallel genetic screens. analysis of a large library of insertionally mutagenized human haploid cells and a sirna genomic screen converged on components (srebp-2, scap, s1p a ...	2014	24516383
molecular evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of genotypes 1g and 2b of rubella virus.	rubella virus (rv), which causes measles-like rashes in children, puts millions of infants at risk of congenital defects across the globe. employing phylogenetic approaches to the whole genome sequence data and e1 glycoprotein sequence data, the present study reports the substitution rates and dates of emergence of all thirteen previously described rubella genotypes, and gains important insights into the epidemiological dynamics of two geographically widely distributed genotypes 1g and 2b. the o ...	2014	25329480