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arbovirus evolution in vivo is constrained by host alternation.the intrinsic plasticity of rna viruses can facilitate host range changes that lead to epidemics. however, evolutionary processes promoting cross-species transfers are poorly defined, especially for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). in theory, cross species transfers by arboviruses may be constrained by their alternating infection of disparate hosts, where optimal replication in one host involves a fitness tradeoff for the other. accordingly, freeing arboviruses from alternate replication v ...200818458341
protein kinase m zeta regulation of na/k atpase: a persistent neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning in hippocampal slice cultures.in ischemic preconditioning, a sublethal ischemic insult protects neurons from subsequent ischemia. in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures a sublethal 5-minute hypoxia-hypoglycemia treatment prevented neuronal loss after a 10-minute experimental ischemic (ei) treatment of hypoxia-hypoglycemia. whereas preconditioning protected against ei given 24 h later, it did not protect when ei was given 2 h later, suggesting a slow development of neuroprotection. this model identified two regulators of i ...200818455703
bac-mediated transgenic expression of fluorescent autophagic protein beclin 1 reveals a role for beclin 1 in lymphocyte development.beclin 1/atg6 is an essential component of the evolutionary conserved ptdins(3)-kinase (vps34) protein complex that regulates macroautophagy (autophagy) in eukaryotic cells and also interacts with antiapoptotic bcl-2 family members, bcl-2, and bcl-x(l). to elucidate the physiological function of beclin 1, we generated transgenic mice producing a green fluorescent beclin 1 protein (beclin 1-gfp) under beclin 1 endogenous regulation. the beclin 1-gfp transgene is functional because it completely r ...200818451870
bhlh-pas family transcription factor methoprene-tolerant plays a key role in jh action in preventing the premature development of adult structures during larval-pupal metamorphosis.the biological actions of juvenile hormones are well studied; they regulate almost all aspects of an insect's life. however, the molecular actions of these hormones are not well understood. recent studies in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, demonstrated the utility of this insect as a model system to study jh action. these studies confirmed that the bhlh-pas family transcription factor, methoprene-tolerant (tcmet,) plays a key role in jh action during larval stages. in this study, we i ...200818450431
cholesterol effectively blocks entry of flavivirus.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and dengue virus serotype 2 (den-2) are enveloped flaviviruses that enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and low ph-triggered membrane fusion and then replicate in intracellular membrane structures. lipid rafts, cholesterol-enriched lipid-ordered membrane domains, are platforms for a variety of cellular functions. in this study, we found that disruption of lipid raft formation by cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or cholesterol che ...200818448543
post-imaging fiducial markers aid in the orientation determination of complexes with mixed or unknown symmetry.during the entry process many icosahedral viruses must adopt a lower-order symmetry or incur a symmetry mismatch to release their genome through a single site. a membrane model system in which poliovirus was bound to receptor-decorated liposomes was used to pioneer techniques that studied the break in the symmetry of the initial attachment complex by cryo-electron microscopy. novel methods involving a fiducial marker for the membrane contact point were developed to objectively determine the symm ...200818442921
development of a new noncytopathic semliki forest virus vector providing high expression levels and stability.alphavirus vectors express high levels of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells, but their cytopathic nature makes this expression transient. in order to generate a semliki forest virus (sfv) noncytopathic vector we introduced mutations previously described to turn sindbis virus noncytopathic into a conserved position in an sfv vector expressing lacz. interestingly, mutant p718t in replicase nsp2 subunit was able to replicate in only a small percentage of bhk cells, producing beta-gal-expressi ...200818442838
differential mechanisms of complement-mediated neutralization of the closely related paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 and mumps virus.the complement system is an important component of the innate immune response to virus infection. the role of human complement pathways in the in vitro neutralization of three closely related paramyxoviruses, simian virus 5 (sv5), mumps virus (muv) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) was investigated. sera from ten donors showed high levels of neutralization against hpiv2 that was largely complement-independent, whereas nine of ten donor sera were found to neutralize sv5 and muv only in ...200818440578
usutu virus sequences in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae), spain. 200818439389
gamma-retroviral vectors enveloped with an antibody and an engineered fusogenic protein achieved antigen-specific targeting.development of methods to engineer gamma-retroviral vectors capable of transducing target cells in a cell-specific manner could impact the future of the clinical application of gene therapy as well as the understanding of the biology of transfer gene vectors. two molecular events are critical for controlling the entry of gamma-retroviral vectors to target cells: binding to cell-surface receptors and the subsequent fusion of viral vector membrane and cellular membrane. in this report, we evaluate ...200818435481
the ring domain of ciap1 mediates the degradation of ring-bearing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins by distinct pathways.the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (iaps) are key repressors of apoptosis. several iap proteins contain a ring domain that functions as an e3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. here we investigated the interplay of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and ring-mediated iap turnover. we found that the card-ring domain of ciap1 (ciap1-cr) is capable of down-regulating protein levels of ring-bearing iaps such as ciap1, ciap2, xiap, and livin, while sparing naip and survivin, wh ...200818434593
development of robust antiviral assays for profiling compounds against a panel of positive-strand rna viruses using atp/luminescence readout.the development of antiviral assays using an atp/luminescence-based readout to profile antiviral compounds against the positive-strand rna viruses: yellow fever virus (yfv), west nile virus (wnv), sindbis virus, and coxsackie b virus, representing three virus families, is described. this assay readout is based upon the bioluminescent measurement of atp in metabolically active cells. antiviral efficacy was determined by measuring the atp level in cells that were protected from the viral cytopathi ...200818433887
alphaviruses: semliki forest virus and sindbis virus vectors for gene transfer into neurons.alphaviral vectors based on semliki forest virus and sindbis virus infect many host cell types, causing rapid and high-level transgene expression. compared to other viruses used to infect cns cell and tissue preparations, semliki forest virus and sindbis virus exhibit an outstanding preference for neurons rather than glial cells. high-titer vector generation typically requires biosafety level 1 or 2 containment and occurs in less than 2 days. wild-type vectors are cytotoxic, permitting short-ter ...200718428656
semliki forest virus and sindbis virus vectors.semliki forest virus (sfv) and sindbis virus (sin) are two, positive-strand rna viruses of the alphavirus genus. vectors for both have been developed to express high levels of foreign genes in vitro and in vivo. basic protocol 1 describes the preparation of packaged sfv and sin replicons by co-electroporation of helper and vector rna into baby hamster kidney (bhk)-21 cells. basic protocol 2 describes the activation of packaged sfv replicons with a-chymotrypsin. basic protocol 3 provides a method ...200218428324
sindbis virus conformational changes induced by a neutralizing anti-e1 monoclonal antibody.a rare sindbis virus anti-e1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, sin-33, was investigated to determine the mechanism of in vitro neutralization. a cryoelectron microscopic reconstruction of sindbis virus (svhr) neutralized with fab from sin-33 (fab-33) revealed conformational changes on the surface of the virion at a resolution of 24 a. fab-33 was found to bind e1 in less than 1:1 molar ratios, as shown by the absence of fab density in the reconstruction and stoichiometric measurements using radio ...200818417595
a new role for ns polyprotein cleavage in sindbis virus replication.one of the distinguishing features of the alphaviruses is a sequential processing of the nonstructural polyproteins p1234 and p123. in the early stages of the infection, the complex of p123+nsp4 forms the primary replication complexes (rcs) that function in negative-strand rna synthesis. the following processing steps make nsp1+p23+nsp4, and later nsp1+nsp2+nsp3+nsp4. the latter mature complex is active in positive-strand rna synthesis but can no longer produce negative strands. however, the reg ...200818417571
stable synaptic retention of serine-880-phosphorylated glur2 in hippocampal neurons.phosphorylation of s880 within the glur2 c-terminus has been reported to promote endocytosis of ampa receptors (ampars) by preventing glur2 interaction with the putative synaptic anchoring proteins grip and abp. it is not yet established however, whether s880 phosphorylation induces removal of ampars from synaptic sites, and the trafficking of phosphorylated glur2 subunits with surface and endocytosed glur2 has not been directly compared within the same intact neurons. here we show that phosphor ...200818417360
selective ablation of proliferating astrocytes does not affect disease outcome in either acute or chronic models of motor neuron degeneration.astrocytes play important roles in normal cns function; however, following traumatic injury or during neurodegeneration, astrocytes undergo changes in morphology, gene expression and cellular function known as reactive astrogliosis, a process that may also include cell proliferation. at present, the role of astrocyte proliferation is not understood in disease etiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), a fatal motor neuron disorder that is characterized by ...200818410928
p bodies, stress granules, and viral life cycles.eukaryotic mrnas are in a dynamic equilibrium between different subcellular locations. translating mrnas can be found in polysomes, mrnas stalled in translation initiation accumulate in stress granules and mrnas targeted for degradation or translation repression can accumulate in p bodies. partitioning of mrnas between polysomes, stress granules, and p bodies affects rates of translation and mrna degradation. host proteins within p bodies and stress granules can enhance or limit viral infection, ...018407064
cleavage of group 1 coronavirus spike proteins: how furin cleavage is traded off against heparan sulfate binding upon cell culture adaptation.a longstanding enigmatic feature of the group 1 coronaviruses is the uncleaved phenotype of their spike protein, an exceptional property among class i fusion proteins. here, however, we show that some group 1 coronavirus spike proteins carry a furin enzyme recognition motif and can actually be cleaved, as demonstrated for a feline coronavirus. interestingly, this feature can be lost during cell culture adaptation by a single mutation in the cleavage motif; this, however, preserves a heparan sulf ...200818400867
roles of lef-4 and ptp/bvp rna triphosphatases in processing of baculovirus late mrnas.the baculovirus autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes two proteins with rna triphosphatase activity. late expression factor lef-4, which is an essential gene, is a component of the rna polymerase and also encodes the rna capping enzyme guanylyltransferase. ptp/bvp is also an rna triphosphatase, but is not essential for viral replication, possibly because its activity is redundant to that of lef-4. to elucidate the role of these proteins in mrna cap formation, a mutant virus that la ...200818385232
different effect of proteasome inhibition on vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus replication.proteasome activity is an important part of viral replication. in this study, we examined the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and poliovirus. we found that the proteasome inhibitors significantly suppressed vsv protein synthesis, virus accumulation, and protected infected cells from toxic effect of vsv replication. in contrast, poliovirus replication was delayed, but not diminished in the presence of the proteasome inhibitors mg132 and borte ...200818382670
diagnostics of pogosta disease: antigenic properties and evaluation of sindbis virus igm and igg enzyme immunoassays.sindbis virus (sinv) is a mosquito-borne causative agent of a fever-rash arthritis, pogosta disease, as verified recently by virus isolation from acutely ill patients. pogosta disease occurs annually, but it emerges as unique epidemics every 7 years in finland; over 10,000 patient samples have been analyzed for sinv antibodies, with over 2000 diagnosed acute sinv infections. however, the performance of these serological tests with a large number of samples has not been described before. the aim ...200818380591
the hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 features four heparan sulfate binding domains, including the co-receptor binding site.it is well established that the human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein surface unit, gp120, binds to cell-associated heparan sulfate (hs). virus infectivity is increased by such interaction, and a variety of soluble polyanions efficiently neutralize immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro. this interaction has been mainly attributed to the gp120 v3 loop. however, although evidence suggested that this particular domain does not fully recapitulate the binding activity of the protein, the a ...200818378683
characterization of oligophrenin-1, a rhogap lost in patients affected with mental retardation: lentiviral injection in organotypic brain slice cultures.mutations in regulators and effectors of the rho gtpases underlie various forms of mental retardation (mr). among them, oligophrenin-1 (ophn1), which encodes a rho-gtpase activating protein, was one of the first rho-linked mr genes identified. upon characterization of ophn1 in hippocampal brain slices, we obtained evidence for the requirement of ophn1 in dendritic spine morphogenesis and neuronal function of ca1 pyramidal neurons. organotypic hippocampal brain slice cultures are commonly used as ...200818374170
detection and analysis of protein isgylation.isg15 is a ubiquitin-like modifi er that is conjugated to target proteins by a sequential reaction catalyzed by e1/e2/e3 enzymes (protein isgylation). isg15 and protein isgylation are upregulated by interferon stimuli. isg15 functions as an antiviral protein against sindbis virus and hiv-1, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. here we describe in detail methods for detecting and analyzing protein isgylation. the methods consist of plasmid transfection and affi nity purifi cation of isgyl ...200818373255
a virus-encoded cell-cell fusion machine dependent on surrogate adhesins.the reovirus fusion-associated small transmembrane (fast) proteins function as virus-encoded cellular fusogens, mediating efficient cell-cell rather than virus-cell membrane fusion. with ectodomains of only approximately 20-40 residues, it is unclear how such diminutive viral fusion proteins mediate the initial stages (i.e. membrane contact and close membrane apposition) of the fusion reaction that precede actual membrane merger. we now show that the fast proteins lack specific receptor-binding ...200818369467
an essential role for pick1 in nmda receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity.pick1 is a calcium-sensing, pdz domain-containing protein that interacts with glur2 and glur3 ampa receptor (ampar) subunits and regulates their trafficking. although pick1 has been principally implicated in long-term depression (ltd), pick1 overexpression in ca1 pyramidal neurons causes a camk- and pkc-dependent potentiation of ampar-mediated transmission and an increase in synaptic glur2-lacking ampars, mechanisms associated with nmda receptor (nmdar)-dependent long-term potentiation (ltp). he ...200818367088
aedes aegypti uses rna interference in defense against sindbis virus infection.rna interference (rnai) is an important anti-viral defense mechanism. the aedes aegypti genome encodes rnai component orthologs, however, most populations of this mosquito are readily infected by, and subsequently transmit flaviviruses and alphaviruses. the goal of this study was to use ae. aegypti as a model system to determine how the mosquito's anti-viral rnai pathway interacts with recombinant sindbis virus (sinv; family togaviridae, genus alphavirus).200818366655
antigen-specific immunotherapy of cervical and ovarian cancer.we contrast the efforts to treat ovarian cancer and cervical cancer through vaccination because of their different pathobiology. a plethora of approaches have been developed for therapeutic vaccination against cancer, many of which target defined tumor-associated antigens (taas). persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) types causes cervical cancer. furthermore, cervical cancer patients frequently mount both humoral and t-cell immune responses to the hpv e6 and e7 oncoprote ...200818363994
bcl-2-family proteins and hematologic malignancies: history and future prospects.bcl-2 was the first antideath gene discovered, a milestone that effectively launched a new era in cell death research. since its discovery more than 2 decades ago, multiple members of the human bcl-2 family of apoptosis-regulating proteins have been identified, including 6 antiapoptotic proteins, 3 structurally similar proapoptotic proteins, and several structurally diverse proapoptotic interacting proteins that operate as upstream agonists or antagonists. bcl-2-family proteins regulate all majo ...200818362212
human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection inhibits autophagy.human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) induces a series of alterations in the host cell that modify the intracellular environment in favor of viral replication, survival and spread. this research examined the impact of hiv-1 infection on autophagy in hiv-1 infected cells.200818356598
tumor-specific th17-polarized cells eradicate large established melanoma.cd4+ t cells can differentiate into multiple effector subsets, but the potential roles of these subsets in anti-tumor immunity have not been fully explored. seeking to study the impact of cd4+ t cell polarization on tumor rejection in a model mimicking human disease, we generated a new mhc class ii-restricted, t-cell receptor (tcr) transgenic mouse model in which cd4+ t cells recognize a novel epitope in tyrosinase-related protein 1 (trp-1), an antigen expressed by normal melanocytes and b16 mur ...200818354038
infectivity studies of influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding site mutants in mice.the replicative properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) mutants with altered receptor binding characteristics were analyzed following intranasal inoculation of mice. among the mutants examined was a virus containing a y98f substitution at a conserved position in the receptor binding site that leads to a 20-fold reduction in binding. this mutant can replicate as well as wild-type (wt) virus in mdck cells and in embryonated chicken eggs but is highly attenuated in mice, exhibiting titers ...200818353965
structural and nonstructural protein genome regions of eastern equine encephalitis virus are determinants of interferon sensitivity and murine virulence.eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes sporadic epidemics of human and equine disease in north america, but south american strains have seldom been associated with human neurologic disease or mortality, despite serological evidence of infection. in mice, most north american and south american strains of eeev produce neurologic disease that resembles that associated with human and equine infections. we identified a south american strain that is unable to replicate efficiently in the brai ...200818353963
recycle or die: the role of autophagy in cardioprotection.autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and organelles. autophagy occurs at low levels under normal conditions, but is upregulated in response to stress such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and infection. upregulation of autophagy may be beneficial to the cell by recycling of proteins to generate free amino acids and fatty acids needed to maintain energy production, by removing damaged organelles, and by ...200818353358
therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccines: current clinical trials and future directions.cervical cancer is the second largest cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. it is now evident that persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hpv) is necessary for the development and maintenance of cervical cancer. thus, effective vaccination against hpv represents an opportunity to restrain cervical cancer and other important cancers. the fda recently approved the hpv vaccine gardasil for the preventive control of hpv, using hpv virus-like particles (vlp) to generate neutra ...200818352847
can essential fatty acids reduce the burden of disease(s)?coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, depression schizophrenia, alzheimer's disease, and collagen vascular diseases are low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions that are a severe burden on health care resources. essential fatty acids (efas) and their metabolites: eicosapentaenoic acid (epa), docosahexaenoic acid (dha), gamma-linolenic acid (gla), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (dgla), and arachidonic acid (aa) and their products: prostaglandin e1, prostacyclin, ...200818348729
experimental reovirus-induced acute flaccid paralysis and spinal motor neuron cell death.acute flaccid paralysis (afp) describes the loss of motor function in 1 or more limbs commonly associated with viral infection and destruction of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. therapy is limited, and the development of effective treatments is hampered by a lack of experimental models. reovirus infection of neonatal mice provides a model for the study of cns viral infection pathogenesis. injection of the reovirus serot type 3 strains abney (t3a) or dearing (t3d) into the ...200818344914
the enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response.arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses have emerged as a major human health concern. viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are the cause of the most serious and widespread arbovirus diseases worldwide and are ubiquitous in both feral and urban settings. arboviruses, including dengue and west nile virus, are injected into vertebrates within mosquito saliva during mosquito feeding. mosquito saliva contains anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that facilitate the acquisition of a ...200818342898
the interferon-induced protein bst-2 restricts hiv-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral vpu protein.the hiv-1 accessory protein vpu counteracts a host factor that restricts virion release from infected cells. here we show that the interferon-induced cellular protein bst-2/hm1.24/cd317 is such a factor. bst-2 is downregulated from the cell surface by vpu, and bst-2 is specifically expressed in cells that support the vpu phenotype. exogenous expression of bst-2 inhibits hiv-1 virion release, while suppression of bst-2 relieves the requirement for vpu. downregulation of bst-2 requires both the tr ...200818342597
p72 dead box rna helicase is required for optimal function of the zinc-finger antiviral protein.the zinc-finger antiviral protein (zap) specifically inhibits the replication of many viruses by preventing the accumulation of viral mrnas in the cytoplasm. zap directly binds to the viral mrnas and recruits the rna exosome to degrade the target rna. in the present study, we identified the p72 dead box rna helicase, but not the highly similar rna helicase p68, as a zap-interacting protein. the binding domain of zap was mapped to its n-terminal portion, whereas both the n- and c-terminal domains ...200818334637
c3h/hen mouse model for the evaluation of antiviral agents for the treatment of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection.the tc-83 vaccine strain of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) causes encephalitis and death in c3h/hen mice infected by intranasal (i.n.) instillation. since tc-83 is exempt as a select agent, this mouse model was used in the evaluation of antiviral therapies. virus titers in the brains of infected mice peaked on 4 dpi and persisted at high levels until death at 9.4+/-0.5 dpi. mouse brains appeared histologically normal on 2 dpi, but developed meningoencephalitis, neuropil vacuolation, ...200818313150
nlrx1: friend or foe? 200818311173
orthomyxo-, paramyxo- and flavivirus infections in wild waterfowl in finland.screening wild birds for viral pathogens has become increasingly important. we tested a screening approach based on blood and cloacal and tracheal swabs collected by hunters to study the prevalence of influenza a, paramyxo-, flavi-, and alphaviruses in finnish wild waterfowl, which has been previously unknown. we studied 310 blood samples and 115 mixed tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from hunted waterfowl in 2006. samples were screened by rt-pcr and serologically by hemagglutination inhibit ...200818307758
isg15 inhibits ebola vp40 vlp budding in an l-domain-dependent manner by blocking nedd4 ligase activity.ebola virus budding is mediated by the vp40 matrix protein. vp40 can bud from mammalian cells independent of other viral proteins, and efficient release of vp40 virus-like particles (vlps) requires interactions with host proteins such as tsg101 and nedd4, an e3 ubiquitin ligase. ubiquitin itself is thought to be exploited by ebola virus to facilitate efficient virus egress. disruption of vp40 function and thus virus budding remains an attractive target for the development of novel antiviral ther ...200818305167
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type i interferon, in infected cells.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) nsp1 protein has unique biological functions that have not been described in the viral proteins of any rna viruses; expressed sars-cov nsp1 protein has been found to suppress host gene expression by promoting host mrna degradation and inhibiting translation. we generated an nsp1 mutant (nsp1-mt) that neither promoted host mrna degradation nor suppressed host protein synthesis in expressing cells. both a sars-cov mutant virus, encoding ...200818305050
formation of the arterivirus replication/transcription complex: a key role for nonstructural protein 3 in the remodeling of intracellular membranes.the replication/transcription complex of the arterivirus equine arteritis virus (eav) is associated with paired membranes and/or double-membrane vesicles (dmvs) that are thought to originate from the endoplasmic reticulum. previously, coexpression of two putative transmembrane nonstructural proteins (nsp2 and nsp3) was found to suffice to induce these remarkable membrane structures, which are typical of arterivirus infection. here, site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the role of ns ...200818305048
coronavirus infection modulates the unfolded protein response and mediates sustained translational repression.during coronavirus replication, viral proteins induce the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (er)-derived double-membrane vesicles for rna synthesis, and viral structural proteins assemble virions at the er-golgi intermediate compartment. we hypothesized that the association and intense utilization of the er during viral replication would induce the cellular unfolded protein response (upr), a signal transduction cascade that acts to modulate translation, membrane biosynthesis, and the levels of ...200818305036
role of sindbis virus capsid protein region ii in nucleocapsid core assembly and encapsidation of genomic rna.sindbis virus is an enveloped positive-sense rna virus in the alphavirus genus. the nucleocapsid core contains the genomic rna surrounded by 240 copies of a single capsid protein. the capsid protein is multifunctional, and its roles include acting as a protease, controlling the specificity of rna that is encapsidated into nucleocapsid cores, and interacting with viral glycoproteins to promote the budding of mature virus and the release of the genomic rna into the newly infected cell. the region ...200818305029
rubella virus capsid protein interacts with poly(a)-binding protein and inhibits translation.during virus assembly, the capsid proteins of rna viruses bind to genomic rna to form nucleocapsids. however, it is now evident that capsid proteins have additional functions that are unrelated to nucleocapsid formation. specifically, their interactions with cellular proteins may influence signaling pathways or other events that affect virus replication. here we report that the rubella virus (rv) capsid protein binds to poly(a)-binding protein (pabp), a host cell protein that enhances translatio ...200818305028
proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis is mediated by positive feedback amplification of pkcdelta proteolytic activation and mitochondrial translocation.emerging evidence implicates impaired protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) in parkinson's disease; however cellular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic degeneration during proteasomal dysfunction are yet to be characterized. in the present study, we identified that the novel pkc isoform pkcdelta plays a central role in mediating apoptotic cell death following ups dysfunction in dopaminergic neuronal cells. inhibition of proteasome function by mg-132 in dopaminergic neurona ...200818298651
inhibition of arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization by pick1 regulates neuronal morphology and ampa receptor endocytosis.the dynamic regulation of actin polymerization plays crucial roles in cell morphology and endocytosis. the mechanistic details of these processes and the proteins involved are not fully understood, especially in neurons. pick1 is a pdz-bar-domain protein involved in regulated ampa receptor (ampar) endocytosis in neurons. here, we demonstrate that pick1 binds filamentous (f)-actin and the actin-nucleating arp2/3 complex, and potently inhibits arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. rna interference ...200818297063
engineered lentivector targeting of dendritic cells for in vivo immunization.we report a method of inducing antigen production in dendritic cells by in vivo targeting with lentiviral vectors that specifically bind to the dendritic cell-surface protein dc-sign. to target dendritic cells, we enveloped the lentivector with a viral glycoprotein from sindbis virus engineered to be dc-sign-specific. in vitro, this lentivector specifically transduced dendritic cells and induced dendritic cell maturation. a high frequency (up to 12%) of ovalbumin (ova)-specific cd8(+) t cells an ...200818297056
protection from fatal viral encephalomyelitis: ampa receptor antagonists have a direct effect on the inflammatory response to infection.neuronal cell death during fatal acute viral encephalomyelitis can result from damage caused by virus replication, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the immune response. a neurovirulent strain of the alphavirus sindbis virus (nsv) causes fatal encephalomyelitis associated with motor neuron death in adult c57bl/6 mice that can be prevented by treatment with the prototypic noncompetitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (ampa) glutamate receptor antagonist gyki 52466 [nargi-ai ...200818296635
a luciferase-based screening method for inhibitors of alphavirus replication applied to nucleoside analogues.several members of the widespread alphavirus group are pathogenic, but no therapy is available to treat these rna virus infections. we report here a quantitative assay to screen for inhibitors of semliki forest virus (sfv) replication, and demonstrate the effects of 29 nucleosides on sfv and sindbis virus replication. the anti-sfv assay developed is based on a sfv strain containing renilla luciferase inserted after the nsp3 coding region, yielding a marker virus in which the luciferase is cleave ...200818294708
dose-dependent protection against or exacerbation of disease by a polylactide glycolide microparticle-adsorbed, alphavirus-based measles virus dna vaccine in rhesus macaques.measles remains an important cause of vaccine-preventable child mortality. development of a low-cost, heat-stable vaccine for infants under the age of 6 months could improve measles control by facilitating delivery at the time of other vaccines and by closing a window of susceptibility prior to immunization at 9 months of age. dna vaccines hold promise for development, but achieving protective levels of antibody has been difficult and there is an incomplete understanding of protective immunity. ...200818287579
isg15 inhibits nedd4 ubiquitin e3 activity and enhances the innate antiviral response.interferons regulate diverse immune functions through the transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in anti-viral responses. the interferon-inducible ubiquitin-like protein isg15 is expressed in cells in response to a variety of stress conditions like viral or bacterial infection and is present in its free form or is conjugated to cellular proteins. in addition, protein ubiquitination plays a regulatory role in the immune system. many viruses modulate the ubiquitin (ub) pathway to ...200818287095
a mouse model for chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-i interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a re-emerging arbovirus responsible for a massive outbreak currently afflicting the indian ocean region and india. infection from chikv typically induces a mild disease in humans, characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and rash. cases of severe chikv infection involving the central nervous system (cns) have recently been described in neonates as well as in adults with underlying conditions. the pathophysiology of chikv infection and the basis for disease severi ...200818282093
increased virus replication in mammalian cells by blocking intracellular innate defense responses.the mammalian innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing viral signatures and activates potent antiviral responses. besides the interferon (ifn) response, there is accumulating evidence that rna silencing or rna interference (rnai) serves as an antiviral mechanism in mammalian cells. mammalian viruses encode ifn antagonists to counteract the ifn response in infected cells. a number of ifn antagonists are also capable of blocking rnai in infected cells and therefore serve as rna-s ...200818273055
translational control of the innate immune response through irf-7.transcriptional activation of cytokines, such as type-i interferons (interferon (ifn)-alpha and ifn-beta), constitutes the first line of antiviral defence. here we show that translational control is critical for induction of type-i ifn production. in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the translational repressors 4e-bp1 and 4e-bp2, the threshold for eliciting type-i ifn production is lowered. consequently, replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza virus an ...200818272964
mutations in the nuclear localization signal of nsp2 influencing rna synthesis, protein expression and cytotoxicity of semliki forest virus.the cytotoxicity of semliki forest virus (sfv) infection is caused partly by the non-structural protein nsp2, an essential component of the sfv replicase complex. due to the presence of a nuclear localization signal (nls), nsp2 also localizes in the nucleus of infected cells. the present study analysed recombinant sfv replicons and genomes with various deletions or substitutions in the nls, or with a proline-to-glycine mutation at position 718 of nsp2 (p718g). deletion of one or two arginine res ...200818272758
identification of a coronavirus transcription enhancer.coronavirus (cov) transcription includes a discontinuous mechanism during the synthesis of sub-genome-length minus-strand rnas leading to a collection of mrnas in which the 5' terminal leader sequence is fused to contiguous genome sequences. it has been previously shown that transcription-regulating sequences (trss) preceding each gene regulate transcription. base pairing between the leader trs (trs-l) and the complement of the body trs (ctrs-b) in the nascent rna is a determinant factor during ...200818272586
the 67 kda laminin receptor: structure, function and role in disease.the 67lr (67 kda laminin receptor) is a cell-surface receptor with high affinity for its primary ligand. its role as a laminin receptor makes it an important molecule both in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in signalling transduction following this binding event. the protein also plays critical roles in the metastasis of tumour cells. isolation of the protein from either normal or cancerous cells results in a product with an approx. molecular mass of 67 kda. this protein is believed t ...200818269348
killing of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin: involvement of the n-end rule pathway.macrophages from certain inbred mouse strains are rapidly killed (< 90 min) by anthrax lethal toxin (lt). lt cleaves cytoplasmic mek proteins at 20 min and induces caspase-1 activation in sensitive macrophages at 50-60 min, but the mechanism of lt-induced death is unknown. proteasome inhibitors block lt-mediated caspase-1 activation and can protect against cell death, indicating that the degradation of at least one cellular protein is required for lt-mediated cell death. proteins can be degraded ...200818266992
autophagy and antiviral immunity.autophagy is an ancient pathway designed to maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading long-lived proteins and organelles in the cytosol. recent studies demonstrate that autophagy is utilized by the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems to combat viral infections. autophagy plays a key role in recognizing signatures of viral infection, and represents a critical effector mechanism to restrict viral replication. on the other hand, autophagosomes have been exploited by certain viruses as ...200818262399
sindbis virus infection in resident birds, migratory birds, and humans, finland.sindbis virus (sinv), a mosquito-borne virus that causes rash and arthritis, has been causing outbreaks in humans every seventh year in northern europe. to gain a better understanding of sinv epidemiology in finland, we searched for sinv antibodies in 621 resident grouse, whose population declines have coincided with human sinv outbreaks, and in 836 migratory birds. we used hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests for the bird samples and enzyme immunoassays and hemagglutination-inhi ...200818258075
venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein inhibits nuclear import in mammalian but not in mosquito cells.venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) represents a continuous public health threat in the united states. it has the ability to cause fatal disease in humans and in horses and other domestic animals. we recently demonstrated that replicating veev interferes with cellular transcription and uses this phenomenon as a means of downregulating a cellular antiviral response. veev capsid protein was found to play a critical role in this process, and its approximately 35-amino-acid-long peptide, fus ...200818256144
annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.apoptosis has been extensively studied in drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. in mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. we searched the aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using drosophila and anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. in this study we ...200818252247
structural and biochemical bases for the inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis by viral bcl-2 of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68.all gammaherpesviruses express homologues of antiapoptotic b-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) to counter the clearance of infected cells by host antiviral defense machineries. to gain insights into the action mechanisms of these viral bcl-2 proteins, we carried out structural and biochemical analyses on the interactions of m11, a viral bcl-2 of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68, with a fragment of proautophagic beclin1 and bcl-2 homology 3 (bh3) domain-containing peptides derived from an array of proapoptotic ...200818248095
potential of alphavirus vectors in the treatment of advanced solid tumors.alphaviruses are positive-strand rna viruses that are being developed as a high level transient expression vectors. although most work so far has centered on their use as vaccine vectors, they do have potential as tumor therapy agents. the region of the genome coding for non-structural proteins induces rapid apoptosis in most infected cells, leaving the multiple cloning site (mcs) of the vector free for other purposes. two types of vector have been developed: recombinant suicide particles capabl ...200718221060
a two-phase innate host response to alphavirus infection identified by mrnp-tagging in vivo.a concept fundamental to viral pathogenesis is that infection induces specific changes within the host cell, within specific tissues, or within the entire animal. these changes are reflected in a cascade of altered transcription patterns evident during infection. however, elucidation of this cascade in vivo has been limited by a general inability to distinguish changes occurring in the minority of infected cells from those in surrounding uninfected cells. to circumvent this inherent limitation o ...200718215114
virus detection and monitoring of viral load in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus patients.we developed a real-time reverse transcription--pcr that detected 1,164 copies/ml of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus per milliliter of serum at 95% probability (probit analysis) and was 100% concordant with nested pcr on 63 samples from 31 patients with confirmed infection. infected patients who died appeared to have higher viral loads; low viral loads correlated with igg detection.200718214191
exploring systemic rna interference in insects: a genome-wide survey for rnai genes in tribolium.rna interference (rnai) is a highly conserved cellular mechanism. in some organisms, such as caenorhabditis elegans, the rnai response can be transmitted systemically. some insects also exhibit a systemic rnai response. however, drosophila, the leading insect model organism, does not show a robust systemic rnai response, necessitating another model system to study the molecular mechanism of systemic rnai in insects.200818201385
yellow fever virus ns3 plays an essential role in virus assembly independent of its known enzymatic functions.in flaviviruses it has been proposed that there is a coupling between genome replication and virion assembly and that nonstructural proteins are involved in this process. it was previously reported that mutations in yellow fever virus (yfv) nonstructural protein ns2a blocked production of infectious virus and that this block could be released by a suppressor mutation in ns3. here, based on studies using a yfv replicon-based trans-packaging system as well as full-length yfv cdna, we report that m ...200818199634
viral and developmental cell fusion mechanisms: conservation and divergence.membrane fusion is a fundamental requirement in numerous developmental, physiological, and pathological processes in eukaryotes. so far, only a limited number of viral and cellular fusogens, proteins that fuse membranes, have been isolated and characterized. despite the diversity in structures and functions of known fusogens, some common principles of action apply to all fusion reactions. these can serve as guidelines in the search for new fusogens, and may allow the formulation of a cross-speci ...018194649
the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 beta, mediates loss of astroglial glutamate transport and drives excitotoxic motor neuron injury in the spinal cord during acute viral encephalomyelitis.astrocytes remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft via specific transporters, and impaired glutamate reuptake may promote excitotoxic neuronal injury. in a model of viral encephalomyelitis caused by neuroadapted sindbis virus (nsv), mice develop acute paralysis and spinal motor neuron degeneration inhibited by the ampa receptor antagonist, nbqx. to investigate disrupted glutamate homeostasis in the spinal cord, expression of the main astroglial glutamate transporter, glt-1, was examined. glt-1 ...200818194440
intra-axonal translation and retrograde trafficking of creb promotes neuronal survival.during development of the nervous system, axons and growth cones contain mrnas such as beta-actin, cofilin and rhoa, which are locally translated in response to guidance cues. intra-axonal translation of these mrnas results in local morphological responses; however, other functions of intra-axonal mrna translation remain unknown. here, we show that axons of developing mammalian neurons contain mrna encoding the camp-responsive element (cre)-binding protein (creb). creb is translated within axons ...200818193038
autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease.autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation, development, and homeostasis. autophagy principally serves an adaptive role to protect organisms against diverse pathologies, including infections, cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and heart disease. however, in certain experimental disease settings, the self-cannibalistic or, paradoxically, even the prosurvival functions of autophagy may be deleterious. this review summarizes recent advances in unders ...200818191218
experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates.two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ...200818187790
envelope protein palmitoylations are crucial for murine coronavirus assembly.the coronavirus assembly process encloses a ribonucleoprotein genome into vesicles containing the lipid-embedded proteins s (spike), e (envelope), and m (membrane). this process depends on interactions with membranes that may involve palmitoylation, a common posttranslational lipidation of cysteine residues. to determine whether specific palmitoylations influence coronavirus assembly, we introduced plasmid dnas encoding mouse hepatitis coronavirus (mhv) s, e, m, and n (nucleocapsid) into 293t ce ...200818184706
synthetic heterovalent inhibitors targeting recognition e3 components of the n-end rule pathway.multivalent binding allows high selectivity and affinity in a ligand-protein interaction. the n-end rule pathway is a ubiquitin (ub)-dependent proteolytic system in which specific e3s, called n-recognins, mediate ubiquitylation through the recognition of types 1 and 2, destabilizing n-terminal residues of substrates. we recently identified a set of e3 ub ligases (named ubr1-ubr7) containing the 70-residue ubr box, and we demonstrated that ubr1, ubr2, ubr4, and ubr5 can bind to destabilizing n-te ...200818162545
alpha/beta interferon inhibits cap-dependent translation of viral but not cellular mrna by a pkr-independent mechanism.the alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) response is critical for host protection against disseminated replication of many viruses, primarily due to the transcriptional upregulation of genes encoding antiviral proteins. previously, we determined that infection of mice with sindbis virus (sb) could be converted from asymptomatic to rapidly fatal by elimination of this response (k. d. ryman et al., j. virol. 74:3366-3378, 2000). probing of the specific antiviral proteins important for ifn-mediat ...200818160435
cis- and trans-acting functions of brome mosaic virus protein 1a in genomic rna1 replication.rna viruses employ a combination of mechanisms to regulate their gene expression and replication. brome mosaic virus (bmv) is a tripartite positive-strand rna virus used to study the requirements for virus infection. bmv genomic rna1 encodes protein 1a, which contains a methyltransferase (mt) domain and a helicase domain that are required for replication. 1a forms a complex with the 2a rna-dependent rna polymerase for the replication and transcription of all bmv rnas. rna1 expressed with 2a from ...200818160434
genetic determinants of sindbis virus mosquito infection are associated with a highly conserved alphavirus and flavivirus envelope sequence.wild-type sindbis virus (sinv) strain mre16 efficiently infects aedes aegypti midgut epithelial cells (mec), but laboratory-derived neurovirulent sinv strain te/5'2j infects mec poorly. sinv determinants for mec infection have been localized to the e2 glycoprotein. the e2 amino acid sequences of mre16 and te/5'2j differ at 60 residue sites. to identify the genetic determinants of mec infection of mre16, the te/5'2j virus genome was altered to contain either domain chimeras or more focused nucleo ...200818160430
west nile virus - where did it come from and where might it go? 200018159286
dominant-negative fadd rescues the in vivo fitness of a cytomegalovirus lacking an antiapoptotic viral gene.genes that inhibit apoptosis have been described for many dna viruses. herpesviruses often contain even more than one gene to control cell death. apoptosis inhibition by viral genes is postulated to contribute to viral fitness, although a formal proof is pending. to address this question, we studied the mouse cytomegalovirus (mcmv) protein m36, which binds to caspase-8 and blocks death receptor-induced apoptosis. the growth of mcmv recombinants lacking m36 (deltam36) was attenuated in vitro and ...200818094168
jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus utilizes a ph-dependent endocytosis pathway for entry.using moloney murine leukemia virus pseudovirions bearing the envelope protein of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (jsrv), we report here that entry was weakly inhibited by lysosomotropic agents but was profoundly blocked by bafilomycin a1 (bafa1). kinetics studies revealed that jsrv entry is a slow process and was substantially blocked by a dominant-negative mutant of dynamin. interestingly, a low-ph pulse overcame the bafa1 block to jsrv infection, although this occurred only if virus-bound cells w ...200818094164
visualization of double-stranded rna in cells supporting hepatitis c virus rna replication.the mechanisms involved in hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna replication are unknown, and this aspect of the virus life cycle is not understood. it is thought that virus-encoded nonstructural proteins and rna genomes interact on rearranged endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes to form replication complexes, which are believed to be sites of rna synthesis. we report that, through the use of an antibody specific for double-stranded rna (dsrna), dsrna is readily detectable in huh-7 cells that contain repl ...200818094154
immunological thresholds in neurological gene therapy: highly efficient elimination of transduced cells might be related to the specific formation of immunological synapses between t cells and virus-infected brain cells.first-generation adenovirus can be engineered with powerful promoters to drive expression of therapeutic transgenes. numerous clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme using first generation adenoviral vectors have either been performed or are ongoing, including an ongoing, phase iii, multicenter trial in europe and israel (ark therapeutics, inc.). although in the absence of anti-adenovirus immune responses expression in the brain lasts 6-18 months, systemic infection with adenovirus induces i ...200618084640
bh3 domains define selective inhibitory interactions with bhrf-1 and kshv bcl-2.the epstein-barr and kaposi's sarcoma gamma-herpesviruses (kshvs) are associated with certain cancers, and encode b-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) homologs, bhrf-1 and kshv bcl-2, respectively. little is known, however, about the molecular interactions allowing viral bcl-2 homologs to mediate their anti-apoptotic function. cellular anti-apoptotic proteins, such as bcl-2 and mcl-1, prevent death via selective interactions with pro-death bh3-only proteins. to investigate whether bhrf-1 and kshv ...200818084238
ovarian tumor domain-containing viral proteases evade ubiquitin- and isg15-dependent innate immune responses.ubiquitin (ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (isg15) reversibly conjugate to proteins and mediate important innate antiviral responses. the ovarian tumor (otu) domain represents a superfamily of predicted proteases found in eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral proteins, some of which have ub-deconjugating activity. we show that the otu domain-containing proteases from nairoviruses and arteriviruses, two unrelated groups of rna viruses, hydrolyze ub and isg15 from cellular target proteins ...200718078692
identification of three interferon-inducible cellular enzymes that inhibit the replication of hepatitis c virus.hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a common cause of chronic hepatitis and is currently treated with alpha interferon (ifn-alpha)-based therapies. however, the underlying mechanism of ifn-alpha therapy remains to be elucidated. to identify the cellular proteins that mediate the antiviral effects of ifn-alpha, we created a hek293-based cell culture system to inducibly express individual interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) and determined their antiviral effects against hcv. by screening 29 isgs t ...200818077728
hepatitis c virus genotype 1a growth and induction of autophagy.we have previously reported that immortalized human hepatocytes (ihh) support the generation of infectious hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 1a (clone h77). in the present study, we have investigated the growth of hcv genotype 1a (clone h77) through serial passages and accompanying changes in ihh in response to infection. eleven serial passages of hcv genotype 1a (clone h77) in ihh were completed. virus replication was ascertained from the presence of hcv-specific sequences, the detection of core ...200818077704
glur1 links structural and functional plasticity at excitatory synapses.long-term potentiation (ltp), a cellular model of learning and memory, produces both an enhancement of synaptic function and an increase in the size of the associated dendritic spine. synaptic insertion of ampa receptors is known to play an important role in mediating the increase in synaptic strength during ltp, whereas the role of ampa receptor trafficking in structural changes remains unexplored. here, we examine how the cell maintains the correlation between spine size and synapse strength d ...200718077682
larval competition alters susceptibility of adult aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection.dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by aedes albopictus. the current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. we determined the effects of competition on adult a. aegypti and a. albopictus, comparing their ...200818077250
efficient targeted transduction of primary human endothelial cells with dual-targeted lentiviral vectors.angiogenesis is a rate-limiting factor for numerous human diseases. angiogenic vessels and also the endothelium of certain organs such as the lung display molecular addresses that can be exploited for the selective delivery of gene therapeutics. lentiviral vectors (lvs) are powerful tools for stable gene delivery but their integration and expression in undesired cell types poses a serious safety concern. we have developed a dual-targeted lv that can specifically target primary endothelial cells ...200818074400
a single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential.chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. the 2005-2006 epidemic on reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of chikv with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (e1-a226v). to test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic chikv (strain lr2006 opy1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of chikv were comp ...200718069894
manipulation of rab gtpase function by intracellular bacterial pathogens.intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to enter and survive within their eukaryotic hosts. in order to do this, bacterial pathogens need to avoid host cell degradation and obtain nutrients and biosynthetic precursors, as well as evade detection by the host immune system. to create an intracellular niche that is favorable for replication, some intracellular pathogens inhibit the maturation of the phagosome or exit the endocytic pathway by modifying the identi ...200718063721
crystal structure of the human laminin receptor precursor.the human laminin receptor (lamr) interacts with many ligands, including laminin, prions, sindbis virus, and the polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), and has been implicated in a number of diseases. lamr is overexpressed on tumor cells, and targeting lamr elicits anti-cancer effects. here, we report the crystal structure of human lamr, which provides insights into its function and should facilitate the design of novel therapeutics targeting lamr.200818063583
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