Publications

variation in antagonism of the interferon response to rotavirus nsp1 results in differential infectivity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.	rotavirus nsp1 has been shown to function as an e3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates proteasome-dependent degradation of interferon (ifn) regulatory factors (irf), including irf3, -5, and -7, and suppresses the cellular type i ifn response. however, the effect of rotavirus nsp1 on viral replication is not well defined. prior studies used genetic analysis of selected reassortants to link nsp1 with host range restriction in the mouse, suggesting that homologous and heterologous rotaviruses might use ...	2009	19420080
[impact of vaccination against rotavirus on hospitalization for acute severe gastroenteritis].		2009	19531327
the immune status of bovine somatic clones.	agronomical applications of cloned livestock produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) have been authorized in the united states and the european food safety authority published that there was no evidence of risks associated with the use of cloned animal in the breeding industry. both assessments, however, underlined that complementary data are needed to update their conclusions. scnt is associated with a high incidence of perinatal losses. after birth, cloned cattle appear to possibly pr ...	2009	19508113
interpretation of primary care physicians' attitude regarding rotavirus immunisation using diffusion of innovation theories.	to evaluate primary care physicians' attitude towards implementation of rotavirus (rv) immunisation into the swiss immunisation schedule, an eight-question internet-based questionnaire was sent to the 3799 subscribers of infovac, a nationwide web-based expert network on immunisation issues, which reaches >95% of paediatricians and smaller proportions of other primary care physicians. five demographic variables were also inquired. descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses for the main outc ...	2009	19540950
broadening the age restriction for initiating rotavirus vaccination in regions with high rotavirus mortality: benefits of mortality reduction versus risk of fatal intussusception.	recently developed rotavirus vaccines have the potential to reduce diarrhea mortality in children in developing countries. available data to date do not indicate risk of intussusception with these new vaccines. to avoid a potential unanticipated risk post-licensure, it is recommended that rotavirus immunization be initiated before 12 weeks of age when background intussusception rates are low. this policy could exclude a substantial number of children from vaccination, especially in developing co ...	2009	19428901
immunomodulators released during rotavirus infection of polarized caco-2 cells.	rotavirus preferentially replicates in enterocytes and "danger signals" released by these cells are likely to modulate viral immunity. as a model of these events, we studied selected immunomodulators released during rotavirus infection of polarized caco-2 cells grown in transwell cultures (tw). at early time points post-infection the virus was detected mainly in the apical side of the tws, but this tendency was progressively lost concomitantly with disruption of the cell monolayer and cell death ...	2009	19435412
hospital-based surveillance of enteric parasites in kolkata.	diarrhoea is the second leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and the second commonest cause of death due to infectious diseases among children under five in such countries. parasites, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens, are important causes of diarrhoea. however, parasitic infections are sometimes overlooked, leading after a period of time to an uncertain aetiology. in this paper we report the prevalence of giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium sp ...	2009	19545355
a naturally processed epitope on rotavirus vp7 glycoprotein recognized by hla-a2.1-restricted cytotoxic cd8+ t cells.	previous studies in mice have shown that cd8(+) t cells can mediate clearance of rotavirus (rv) infection and provide protection from reinfection. moreover, it has been demonstrated that vp7 can induce a cross-reactive and vigorous specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response. in this study, a panel of the potential human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a2.1-restricted ctl epitopes derived from the human rv wa strain vp7 glycoprotein were screened and assessed using reverse immunogenetics. the specifi ...	2009	19435415
nitric oxide production in acute gastroenteritis in indian children.	this study compared nitric oxide (no) levels in 110 children with, and 110 children without, infectious gastroenteritis. post-infection intestinal function was assessed in a subset. at least one pathogen was identified in 47.2% of cases. the most common diarrhoeal pathogens were rotavirus (22.7%) and norovirus genogroup ii (11.8%). the levels of no measured by median urinary nitrite:creatinine ratio were significantly higher in children with diarrhoea [23.6; interquartile range (iqr) 12.3-46.7] ...	2009	19552932
[probiotics. a review].	probiotics are defined viable microorganisms which in sufficient amount reach the intestine in an active state, to be able to exert positive health benefit on the host. thus far, they have shown particular promise on prevention or treatment of various pathologic conditions. our aim has been to report the most recent articles (until october 2008), resulting from randomized, double controlled trials, according to the conventional and molecular methods. in this review we have taken into considerati ...	2009	19445282
cost-effectiveness of infant vaccination with rix4414 (rotarix) in the uk.	this study estimated the cost-effectiveness of infant rotavirus vaccination with rotarix in the uk, taking into account community rotavirus infections that do not present to the healthcare system. a markov model compared the costs and outcomes of vaccination versus no vaccination in a hypothetical birth cohort of children followed over a lifetime, from a societal perspective and the perspective of the national health service (nhs). the model estimated costs and quality-adjusted life-years (qalys ...	2009	19446594
[research and development strategies, examples among new vaccines].	classical methods are still providing new vaccines, but molecular biology and genetic engineering have enabled new approaches to development. changes in vaccinology have involved the isolation, presentation and administration of vaccinal antigens or attenuated vaccinal strains. new methods of vaccine delivery other than injection will be used (e.g. mucosal administration) and new vectors or adjuvants will be added to vaccines in order to stimulate specific responses. new vaccines can also be obt ...	2009	19446670
cost of routine immunization of young children against rotavirus infection with rotarix versus rotateq.	using a probabilistic model of the clinical and economic burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge), we estimated the expected impact of vaccinating a us birth cohort with rotarix in lieu of rotateq. assuming full vaccination of all children, use of rotarix - rather than rotateq - was estimated to reduce the total number of rvge events by 5% and associated costs by 8%. on an overall basis, rotarix would reduce costs by $77.2 million (95% ci $71.5-$86.5). similar reductions with rotarix were esti ...	2009	19555715
whole genome characterization of reassortant g10p[11] strain (n155) from a neonate with symptomatic rotavirus infection: identification of genes of human and animal rotavirus origin.	rotavirus g10p[11] strains have long been associated with asymptomatic neonatal infections in some parts of india. we have previously reported g10p[11] strains associated with both asymptomatic infections and severe gastrointestinal disease in neonates from vellore in southern india, with >90% partial nucleotide and amino acid identity to the vp4, vp6, vp7 and nsp4 genes of the exclusively asymptomatic g10p[11] strain i321.	2009	19505846
an economic analysis of rotavirus vaccination in italy.	we have evaluated health and economic benefits of a universal infant vaccination with two rotavirus vaccines registered in italy, on the bases of the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) in a birth cohort of 520,000 italian infants followed until 5 years of age. estimates from published and unpublished sources of disease burden, costs, vaccine coverage, efficacy trials of both vaccines, and price were used to estimate cost-effectiveness from the perspectives of the italian national health ...	2009	19446934
genotypification of bovine group a rotavirus in méxico.	bovine scours, frequently provoked by rotavirus infection, causes significant economic losses. nevertheless, no information exists about the bovine rotavirus genotypes present in mexico. this information is necessary for designing efficient vaccines. in this work, 128 samples from diarrheic calves were collected between 2005 and 2006 in 26 dairy and/or beef cattle herds located in 10 regions of mexico, and analyzed for the presence of group a rotavirus. g and p genotypes were determined by pcr i ...	2009	19559115
morbidity and ambulatory resource utilization for diarrheal diseases.		2009	19559284
a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of lactobacillus gg in infantile diarrhea.	in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 229 infants hospitalized for acute diarrhea in rural india were given a 10-day course of lactobacillus rhammosus gg (minimum dose, 10 degrees bacteria) or placebo. there was no difference in groups in the duration of diarrhea or numbers of stool on days 3, 6, or 10 of treatment.	2009	19559297
rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination.	rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children worldwide; the enormous disease burden has focused efforts to develop vaccines and led to the discovery of novel mechanisms of gastrointestinal virus pathogenesis and host responses to infection. two live-attenuated vaccines for gastroenteritis (rotateq [merck] and rotarix) have been licensed in many countries. this review summarizes the latest data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and challenges to global vaccination. recent ...	2009	19457420
molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses among healthy calves in japan: isolation of a novel bovine rotavirus bearing new p and g genotypes.	a total of 171 fecal specimens collected from healthy calves on a beef farm in gifu prefecture, japan in 2006-2007 were examined for group a rotaviruses by rt-semi-nested pcr targeting the coding region for vp8*. nine specimens were positive for rotavirus. g and p genotyping indicated that one strain was g10p[11]-like and six strains were considered to be the same unknown g and p genotypes. among these six untypeable strains, one strain, azuk-1, was adapted to cell culture and analyzed. sequence ...	2009	19464329
prevalence and clinical characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children in spain.	the importance of norovirus as a cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks is well documented, but the role of norovirus in sporadic acute severe gastroenteritis is not so well established. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children.	2009	19561424
re: re: use of polymerase chain reaction for the differentiation of group a bovine rotavirus g6 , g8 , and g10 genotypes in the north island of new zealand.		2009	19471332
[use of the recombinant baculovirus bacvp6c for the construction of an internal positive control of rotavirus c.]	aims: unlike group a, a few studies have interested other groups of the rotavirus, especially in tunisia. the role of rotavirus c (rvc) infection is underestimated because of its sporadic nature. the aim of our study was to develop rapid diagnostic procedures of rvc by using an internal positive control of reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). methods: the internal positive control (386pb) was designed from the recombinant baculovirus bacvp6c containing the full length cdna of the cowden strain ge ...	2009	19473784
rotavirus and the indigenous children of the australian outback: monovalent vaccine effective in a high-burden setting.	indigenous children living in arid central australia experience frequent outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis. a widespread outbreak of g9 rotavirus infection occurred several months after introduction of the rix4414 rotavirus vaccine. we performed a retrospective case-control study to determine vaccine efficacy during the outbreak. two doses provided an estimated vaccine efficacy of 77.7% (95% confidence interval, 40.2%-91.7%) against hospitalization for gastroenteritis. vaccine efficacy was ...	2009	19566443
relationship between electropherotypes and vp7/vp4 genotypes of group a rotaviruses detected between 2000 and 2007 in tunisian children.	background: rotaviruses are the most frequent agents associated with diarrhoea in children worldwide. analysis of mobility of the 11 segments of genomic rna by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) yields a pattern which is characteristic for a particular rotavirus isolate. the group a rotaviruses can be further characterized by analysis of vp7 and vp4 genes specificities, responsible for rotavirus classification into g and p genotypes, respectively. the aim of the present study was to detec ...	2009	19481882
reviewing the cost effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination: the importance of uncertainty in the choice of data sources.	published health economic evaluations of rotavirus vaccination up until july 2008 were reviewed. we assess whether differences in the results and conclusions of the various studies are due to differences in methodological and modelling choices, and/or the way parameter uncertainty was taken into account, or whether these are merely the result of genuine country/region-specific differences. no unambiguous single answer emerged as to whether universal rotavirus vaccination is or is not cost effect ...	2009	19485425
molecular interactions in rotavirus assembly and uncoating seen by high-resolution cryo-em.	rotaviruses, major causes of childhood gastroenteritis, are nonenveloped, icosahedral particles with double-strand rna genomes. by the use of electron cryomicroscopy and single-particle reconstruction, we have visualized a rotavirus particle comprising the inner capsid coated with the trimeric outer-layer protein, vp7, at a resolution (4 a) comparable with that of x-ray crystallography. we have traced the vp7 polypeptide chain, including parts not seen in its x-ray crystal structure. the 3 well- ...	2009	19487668
aetiology of acute gastro-enteritis in children at saint camille medical centre, ouagadougou, burkina faso.	the present study aims at identifying the infectious agents responsible for child acute gastroenteritis (age) in ouagadougou. from may 5 2006 to june 22 2008, 648 children aged from 2 to 41 months, with at least an average of 3 loose stools per day have been enrolled for coproculture, parasitology and virology test. among them, 34 (5.25%) were hiv seropositive. a single sample of faeces from each child was used to identify enteropathogens. an infectious aetiology was identified in 41.20% of case ...	2009	19579955
budget impact and cost-effectiveness of including a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in the new zealand childhood immunization schedule.	to estimate: 1) rotavirus disease burden in new zealand children aged under 5 years, and 2) health benefits, budget impact, and cost-effectiveness of incorporating a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (prv) into the national immunization schedule.	2009	19490550
association between pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and severe rotavirus diarrhea among children in nicaragua.	pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5), a live, oral attenuated vaccine, prevented 98% of severe rotavirus diarrhea in a trial conducted mainly in finland and the united states. nicaragua introduced rv5 in 2006, providing the first opportunity to assess the association between vaccination and rotavirus disease in a developing country.	2009	19491186
measuring public health officers' opinions on new vaccination programs by means of the who vaccine introduction guidelines.	a group of public health officers and gynecologists were requested to express their opinion on whether immunization for: hpv in girls older than 12 years, varicella with combined mmrv vaccine and rotavirus (rv) should be included in the national immunization plan in italy. for each of the three immunization programs, a specific questions list was prepared following the eight steps of the who vaccine introduction guidelines flowchart. for each immunization strategy, a logistic regression model wa ...	2009	19587539
recombinant s-layer proteins of lactobacillus brevis mediating antibody adhesion to calf intestine alleviated neonatal diarrhea syndrome.	a chimeric gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) and a s-layer protein from lactobacillus brevis kctc3102, and/or two copies of the fc-binding z-domain, a synthetic analog of the b-domain of protein a, was constructed and expressed in escherichia coli bl21(de3). the s-layer fusion proteins produced in a 500-l fermentor were likely to be stable in the range of ph 5 to 8 and 0 degree to 40 degrees . their adhesive property enabled an easy and rapid immobilization of enzymes or an ...	2009	19494700
meeting of the immunization strategic advisory group of experts, april 2009--conclusions and recommendations.		2009	19499606
donor breastmilk saved infant lives during an outbreak of rotavirus in south africa.		2009	19500060
uv inactivation and resistance of rotavirus evaluated by integrated cell culture and real-time rt-pcr assay.	rotaviruses are double-stranded rna viruses which are among the most resistant waterborne enteric viruses to uv disinfection. an integrated cell culture and real-time rt-pcr (icc real-time rt-pcr) assay was developed to detect the infectivity of rotaviruses in water, which uses real-time rt-pcr to detect rna produced by infectious rotaviruses during replication in host cells. detection of rotaviral rna in host cells provides direct evidence of the presence of infectious rotavirus rather than jus ...	2009	19501383
the effect of ongoing exposure dynamics in dose response relationships.	characterizing infectivity as a function of pathogen dose is integral to microbial risk assessment. dose-response experiments usually administer doses to subjects at one time. phenomenological models of the resulting data, such as the exponential and the beta-poisson models, ignore dose timing and assume independent risks from each pathogen. real world exposure to pathogens, however, is a sequence of discrete events where concurrent or prior pathogen arrival affects the capacity of immune effect ...	2009	19503605
concurrent infections and socioeconomic determinants of geohelminth infection: a community study of schoolchildren in periurban guinea-bissau.	we explored the association between subclinical intestinal helminth infections and other gastrointestinal pathogens in 706 schoolchildren from a poor semirural area while adjusting for socioeconomic risk factors. the study was carried out in two neighbouring areas in the capital of guinea-bissau in west africa. children aged 4-12 years were visited and one child per mother was invited to participate in the study. among the 706 children included in the study, helminths were detected in 44.2%, ent ...	2009	19524992
diarrhoea in children: aetiology and clinical aspects.	to determine the aetiology of diarrhoea in children younger than 5 years hospitalised for acute enteritis and to evidence the chief clinical aspects in correlation with different aetiological agents, a total of 402 children with acute diarrhoea were examined between february 2003 and december 2006 in the paediatric department of sondrio hospital. faecal samples were collected and processed by routine microbiological and biochemical tests. for all patients the clinical signs and symptoms on admis ...	2009	19602922
etiology of acute gastroenteritis in three sentinel general practices, austria 2007.	we studied the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in a village with a total population of approximately 6,000. this is the first study in austria that has investigated a broad range of pathogens recovered from an unselected population of patients who had consulted general practitioners because of gastroenteritis.	2009	19148576
meeting of the immunization strategic advisory group of experts, november 2008--conclusions and recommendations.		2009	19149014
early-life rotavirus and norovirus infections in relation to development of atopic manifestation in infants.	the increase in incidence of atopic diseases (ads) in the developed world over the past decades has been associated with reduced exposure of childhood infections.	2009	19032360
norovirus in a dutch tertiary care hospital (2002-2007): frequent nosocomial transmission and dominance of giib strains in young children.	we report a retrospective analysis of norovirus (nov) infections occurring in patients of a tertiary care hospital during five winter seasons (2002/03 to 2006/07). data were compared with national surveillance data and with corresponding data for rotavirus. between july 2002 and june 2007, faecal specimens from 221 (9.0%) of 2458 hospital patients with diarrhoea tested positive for nov. the incidence in children varied from 2.52 per 1000 admissions in 2004/05 (when testing began to be performed ...	2009	19147255
nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in bolivian children.	in previous studies, nitazoxanide has demonstrated a cytoprotective effect against rotavirus, reducing the duration of diarrhea in comparison to placebo. we designed a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in order to assess the effectiveness of nitazoxanide and probiotics in comparison with a control group.	2009	19070525
eukaryotic viruses in wastewater samples from the united states.	human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. the purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. pcr was used to detec ...	2009	19124584
rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix): a review of its use in the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis.	rotavirus vaccine rix4414 is an oral vaccine composed of a monovalent, live, attenuated, human rotavirus strain of g1p[8] type. rix4414 vaccination in infants aged 6-17 weeks at enrolment provided protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) of any severity and high-level protection against severe rvge requiring hospitalization in large, randomized clinical trials conducted in a wide range of geographic regions. protective efficacy was evident over the period (2 months) between the first ...	2009	19127963
molecular characterization of vp4, vp6, vp7, nsp4, and nsp5/6 genes identifies an unusual g3p[10] human rotavirus strain.	an unusual strain of human rotavirus g3p[10] (cmh079/05) was detected in a stool sample of a 2-year-old child admitted to the hospital with severe diarrhea in chiang mai, thailand. analysis of the vp7 gene sequence revealed highest identities with unusual human rotavirus g3 strain cmh222 at 98.7% on the nucleotide and 99.6% on the amino acid levels. phylogenetic analysis of the vp7 sequence confirmed that the cmh079/05 strain formed a cluster with g3 rotavirus reference strains and showed the cl ...	2009	19031442
the detection and molecular characterization of human g12 genotypes in south africa.	the last decade has seen an increase in the detection of rotavirus strains other than g1-g4 emerging or even predominating in some settings. the performance of the current rotavirus vaccines against unusual or rare circulating rotavirus serotypes cannot be predicted and continuous monitoring of wild type rotaviruses will remain a priority. routine molecular rotavirus surveillance conducted in the gauteng province, south africa during 2004, resulted in the detection of strains that could not type ...	2009	19031449
estimated mortality and hospital admission due to rotavirus infection in the who european region.	in 2006 two rotavirus vaccines were licensed for use in young children in europe. this study aimed to estimate the mortality and hospital admissions due to rotavirus in children aged <5 years in the who european region using data from routine sources and published literature. we grouped 49/52 countries in the region by their world bank gross national income (gni) per capita. we obtained for children aged <5 years: populations, hospital discharges for diarrhoeal disease, estimated mortality rates ...	2009	19134232
is rotavirus contributing to an increase of diarrhoea in a region of spain?	diarrhoeal illnesses are the most frequent of notifiable diseases in aragon. physicians notify diarrhoea cases with presumed infectious origin on a weekly basis. following an increase in 2005-2006, we aimed to identify the responsible organism(s) in order to inform control measures. we described seasonality of diarrhoea notifications for 1998-2004 and 2005-2006. we calculated correlations between diarrhoea notifications and enteric pathogens diagnosed in two aragonese laboratories, and applied l ...	2009	19134236
analysis of the vp6 gene of human and porcine group a rotavirus strains with unusual subgroup specificities.	full-length vp6 amino acid sequences of human and porcine rotaviruses with subgroup (sg) (i + ii) and sg non-(i + ii) were analyzed in comparison with those of sg i and sg ii. in human rotaviruses, the strains in the same sg shared a very high degree of amino acid identity, ranging from 97.4% to 99.4% for sg i, 95.9% to 100% for sg ii, and 99.4% to 100% for sg non-(i + ii), while viruses in different sgs shared somewhat lower sequence identity at 90.4-93.1%. conserved amino acids that distinguis ...	2009	19031468
giardia duodenalis assemblages associated with diarrhea in children in south india identified by pcr-rflp.	giardial diarrhea in a birth cohort of 452 children in an urban slum in south india was characterized. of the 155 episodes that occurred in 99 children, 73% were acute diarrhea. children with better educated mothers and a toilet at home had lower odds of acquiring giardial diarrhea, whereas low socioeconomic status and drinking municipal water were associated with greater risk. children with co-infections tended to have a slightly longer duration of diarrhea (p = 0.061) and showed significantly ...	2009	19141832
[clinical characteristics of children with rotavirus infection presenting with vomiting as main manifestation].		2009	19149929
[research advance in the association between rotavirus infection and cytokines].		2009	19149931
integrin alphavbeta6 and mediators of extracellular matrix deposition are up-regulated in experimental biliary atresia.	biliary atresia (ba) is a progressive obliteration of the extrahepatic bile ducts resulting in hepatic fibrosis. the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. we used an animal model of ba to evaluate mediators of extracellular matrix (ecm) processing to determine which factors may be involved.	2009	19084240
rotavirus vp7-gene selection during coinfections in caco-2 cells.	a previous rotavirus epidemiological survey in córdoba, argentina, revealed an unusually high frequency of mixed g-type infections (41.5%). the genotype distribution of those mixed infections showed that the most prevalent g-type combinations were g1+g4 (65.0%), g1+g2 (12.5%), g2+g4 (3.1%) and g1+g9 (2.5%). in the present study we analyzed the competitive growth in caco-2 cell cultures of strains from the most frequent rotavirus g-type coinfections in order to explain some aspect of the dynamic ...	2009	19084615
are human p[14] rotavirus strains the result of interspecies transmissions from sheep or other ungulates that belong to the mammalian order artiodactyla?	a limited number of human g6p[14] rotavirus strains that cause gastroenteritis in humans have been isolated in europe and australia. the complete genome sequences were determined for five of these human strains--b10925-97 (isolated in belgium in 1997), 111/05-27 (italy, 2005), pa169 (italy, 1987), mg6 (australia, 1993), and hun5 (hungary, 1997)--and their genetic relatedness to animal rotavirus strains was evaluated by sequencing the complete genome of the sheep rotavirus ovr762 (g8p[14]; spain, ...	2009	19153225
hospitalizations for nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis in a tertiary pediatric center: a 4-year prospective study.	although rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, data regarding nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis (nrvge) are limited. our objectives were to study the rates, seasonality, epidemiology, and clinical features of nrvge.	2009	19155098
decline in cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis presenting to the children's hospital of philadelphia after introduction of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.	a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine for infants became available in the united states in february 2006. by 2007, vaccination rates nationwide were estimated to be approximately 50%. we studied the effectiveness of the vaccine in a real-world setting outside of a clinical trial. all children presenting to the children's hospital of philadelphia with acute gastroenteritis have been monitored for the presence of rotavirus antigen in the stool by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa [followed by gen ...	2009	19158283
cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in vietnam.	rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea leading to hospitalization or disease-specific death among young children. new rotavirus vaccines have recently been approved. some previous studies have provided broad qualitative insights into the health and economic consequences of introducing the vaccines into low-income countries, representing several features of rotavirus infection, such as varying degrees of severity and age-dependency of clinical manifestation, in their model-based an ...	2009	19159483
successful co-administration of a human rotavirus and oral poliovirus vaccines in bangladeshi infants in a 2-dose schedule at 12 and 16 weeks of age.	co-administration of oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix) and oral polio vaccine (opv) was assessed. healthy infants were randomised to receive 2-doses of either: rix4414 or placebo co-administered with opv (12 and 16 weeks of age); or rix4414 or placebo given 15 days after opv. after vaccination, 56.5-66.7% of rix4414 and 18.6% of placebo recipients had seroconverted for rotavirus iga. no significant differences between rix4414 groups with or without opv co-administrat ...	2009	19162114
characterization of genotype p[9]g12 rotavirus strains from argentina: high similarity with japanese and korean g12 strains.	the circulation of the unusual p[9]g12 strains was previously reported in suburban buenos aires, argentina and in far eastern asian countries. to examine genetic relationships of these strains the genes coding vp7, vp4, and nsp1 from two argentine, one japanese and one korean p[9]g12 isolates were sequenced and their overall genome relatedness was determined by liquid hybridization. in addition, liquid hybridization was used to compare this group of strains to the previous g12 isolates l26 and s ...	2009	19107963
phylogenetic analysis of rotaviruses with predominant g3 and emerging g9 genotypes from adults and children in wuhan, china.	prevalence and phylogenetic relatedness of rotaviruses causing diarrheal diseases in children and adults were analyzed in wuhan, china. during a period between june 2006 and february 2008, group a rotavirus was identified in 24.9% (280/1126) and 7.6% (83/1088) of specimens taken from children and adults, respectively. g3p[8] was the most frequent genotype in both children (66.3%) and adults (62.7%), followed by g1p[8] (20.3% and 26.2%, respectively). g9 was detected in specimens from six childre ...	2009	19107964
genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of human rotavirus strains, 2003-2006, hungary.	rotavirus strain surveillance is being conducted in many countries before and after introduction of newly licensed vaccines to assess the impact of the vaccines on rotavirus strains. here we describe a strain surveillance study in the budapest area of hungary (2003-2006) based on rna profile analysis, genotyping by multiplex pcr and nucleotide sequencing. among 1,983 g-typed rotaviruses we identified g1 (22%), g2 (4.8%), g3 (3.5%), g4 (18.5%), g6 (1.1%), g8 (<0.1%, n = 1), g9 (42%), and g12 (3.4 ...	2009	19107981
sialic acid dependence in rotavirus host cell invasion.	we used nmr spectroscopy, molecular modeling and infectivity competition assays to investigate the key interactions between the spike protein (vp8(*)) from 'sialidase-insensitive' human wa and 'sialidase-sensitive' porcine crw-8 rotaviruses and the glycans of gangliosides g(m1) and g(d1a). our data provide strong evidence that n-acetylneuraminic acid is a key determinant for binding of these rotaviruses. this is in contrast to the widely accepted paradigm that sialic acids are irrelevant in host ...	2009	19109595
new insights into preschool wheeze.		2009	19187329
probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea.	to critically appraise evidence on probiotic use for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children and adults.	2009	19114770
rotavirus vaccines and pathogenesis: 2008.	rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children throughout the world. the burden of disease has resulted in the development of two live, attenuated vaccines that are now licensed in many countries. this review summarizes new data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and remaining challenges including new data on the rotavirus enterotoxin, a potential antiviral target.	2009	19114772
characterization of novel vp7, vp4, and vp6 genotypes of a previously untypeable group a rotavirus.	rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children throughout the world, but rotavirus cases in developing countries account for nearly all of the approximately 600,000 annual deaths. we studied the epidemiology of rotavirus in 22 rural communities in northern coastal ecuador over a five-year period. from 250 rotavirus positive stool specimens, the percentage that could not be rt-pcr genotyped for vp4 and vp7 was 77% and 63%, respectively. the possibilit ...	2009	19131083
[sentry surveillance study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in chile].	a sentinel-based outpatient and inpatient surveillance for rotavirus infection has been implemented in chile.	2009	19194610
detection, genetic characterization, and quantification of norovirus rna from sera of children with gastroenteritis.	norovirus (nov) infection is thought to be confined to the intestines, whereas many reports suggest antigenemia and viremia occur during rotavirus gastroenteritis.	2009	19131272
48th icaac/46th idsa annual meeting: a pediatric perspective.	a combined meeting of the american society of microbiology and the infectious diseases society of america was held recently in washington, dc, usa, which gathered worldwide experts in the fields of infectious diseases, microbiology and the pharmaceutical industry, among others. owing to its huge attendance and being among the largest conferences in the world during the year for infectious disease specialists, we focus only in the most relevant issues related to pediatric vaccines. among others, ...	2009	19196193
the impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family.	rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. although the clinical aspects have been well described, little information is available regarding the emotional, social, and economic impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family of a sick child. the objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the family impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis through qualitative interviews with parents; 2) compare the clinical severity of rotavir ...	2009	19200366
viral etiology and incidence associated with acute gastroenteritis in a 5-year survey in gyeonggi province, south korea.	acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity.	2009	19131274
viral agents associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in lanzhou, china.	gastroenteritis is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. rotavirus, human caliciviruses (hucv), adenovirus, and astrovirus are recognized as common etiologies of acute gastroenteritis.	2009	19201258
rotavirus-associated encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion.	the case is reported of a 2-year-old boy with a rotavirus-induced mild encephalopathy that presented as transient intensified signal on the splenium of the corpus callosum. the boy also experienced persistent diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and sudden disturbance of consciousness. although cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not manifest pleocytosis, electroencephalography demonstrated global diffuse slow waves and cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated intensified signal on the splenium of the ...	2009	19135631
season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years.	this study investigates whether a child's risk of rotavirus diarrhoea is associated with season of birth in england and wales, countries where rotavirus infections are highly seasonal. poisson regression models were fitted to weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections from children aged <5 years born between 1998 and 2007. in the first year of life, the risk of a laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection was significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter [re ...	2009	19144248
'sialidase sensitivity' of rotaviruses revisited.		2009	19148170
concomitant use of the 3-dose oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine with a 3-dose primary vaccination course of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis b-inactivated polio-haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: immunogenicity and reactogenicity.	the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (prv), rotateq, can be concomitantly administered with most routine childhood vaccines. this study evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of prv when used concomitantly with a hexavalent vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis b, inactivated poliovirus, and haemophilus influenzae type b.	2009	19209092
the human rotavirus vaccine rix4414 in infants: a review of safety and tolerability.	an oral, live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, rix4414 has been developed to prevent rotavirus gastroenteritis. an integrated safety summary of 8 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase ii and iii trials of vaccine at potency licensed for use worldwide was performed.	2009	19209095
four-country surveillance of intestinal intussusception and diarrhoea in children.	establishment of baseline epidemiology of intussusception in developing countries has become a necessity with the possibility of reintroduction of rotavirus vaccine. the current study assessed the seasonal trend in cases admitted with intussusceptions and dehydrating acute watery diarrhoea in children aged 2 months to 10 years.	2009	19210606
severity and age of rotavirus diarrhea, but not socioeconomic conditions, are associated with rotavirus seasonality in venezuela.	rotavirus (rv) epidemiology presents differences between developing and developed countries among which are seasonality, age at first infection, variability of strain in circulation and severity of disease. since, in venezuela, we have distinct seasonal patterns of rv occurrence, we examined the epidemiological profile of rv disease associated to these differences by analyzing data from previous studies conducted in venezuela. data were collected from children <5 years of age with diarrhea seen ...	2009	19152395
metagenomic analyses of viruses in stool samples from children with acute flaccid paralysis.	we analyzed viral nucleic acids in stool samples collected from 35 south asian children with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (afp). sequence-independent reverse transcription and pcr amplification of capsid-protected, nuclease-resistant viral nucleic acids were followed by dna sequencing and sequence similarity searches. limited sanger sequencing (35 to 240 subclones per sample) identified an average of 1.4 distinct eukaryotic viruses per sample, while pyrosequencing yielded 2.6 viruses per sam ...	2009	19211756
clinical characteristics of benign convulsions with rotavirus gastroenteritis.	convulsions sometimes occur in infants and toddlers with mild gastroenteritis. we retrospectively investigated the hospital records of 106 patients admitted to our hospital who had rotavirus gastroenteritis from february 2002 to april 2008. there were 23 patients with convulsions, including 13 with benign convulsions, 9 with febrile seizures, and 1 with epilepsy. gastroenteritis in patients with benign convulsions was mild from the viewpoint of body weights and serum creatinine concentrations on ...	2009	19168832
pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves.	infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.	2009	19174281
diagnosing rotavirus a associated iid: using elisa to identify a cut-off for real time rt-pcr.	the use of rt-pcr for diagnosis of group a rotaviruses is increasing, but up to 14% of healthy individuals may be positive by rt-pcr. if rt-pcr is not well correlated with disease, rotavirus a may not always be the cause of illness in rt-pcr positive patients with infectious intestinal disease (iid).	2009	19179107
[acute liver damage caused by non-hepatotropic virus in 86 children].		2009	19222956
presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants.	the aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses.	2009	19226391
drug approvals: '08 in review. rotavirus vaccine, live, oral (rotarix).		2009	19155881
meeting of the diarrhoeal and enteric vaccines advisory committee, october 2008--executive summary.		2009	19165967
[vaccination schedule of the spanish association of pediatrics: recommendations 2009].	based on the available evidence, we, the vaccine advisory committee (cav) of the spanish association of pediatrics (asociación española de pediatría, aep), provide information about and comments on vaccine-related innovation during 2008. modifications to the vaccine schedule for 2009 are also discussed. the importance of the recommendation of administration of a varicella booster at start of school (3-4 years of age) is highlighted according to the technical specifications of one of the vaccines ...	2009	19174124
rotavirus nsp1 inhibits nfkappab activation by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-trcp: a novel mechanism of ifn antagonism.	mechanisms by which viruses counter innate host defense responses generally involve inhibition of one or more components of the interferon (ifn) system. multiple steps in the induction and amplification of ifn signaling are targeted for inhibition by viral proteins, and many of the ifn antagonists have direct or indirect effects on activation of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors. rotavirus nonstructural protein nsp1 blocks transcription of type i ifnalpha/beta by inducing proteasome-depen ...	2009	19180189
global advisory committee on vaccine safety, 17-18 december 2008.		2009	19180768
seasonal shifts of group a rotavirus strains as a possible mechanism of persistence in the human population.	this article demonstrates how the seasonal predominance of a new rotavirus strain in asuncion, paraguay is correlated with a wide spectrum of age groups of children infected in that given season. therefore, this study provides new evidence to support the idea that seasonal shift of rotavirus strains is a possible mechanism used by the virus to evade herd immunity (acquired by the population due to previous infections) and, thus, ultimately persist in that population.	2009	19152398
from fossil to fetus: nonhemorrhagic germinal matrix echodensity caused by mineralizing vasculitis--hypothesis of fossilizing germinolysis and gliosis.	subventricular echodensities medioventral to the caudate nucleus near the caudothalamic groove are regular ultrasonographic findings in preterm infants with germinal matrix hemorrhages. the transformation into pseudocysts is termed germinolysis. interestingly, identical ultrasonographic findings are rarely even reported for near-term infants. we examined 5 cases of near-term infants presenting with various localized subventricular echodensities after various noncerebral infections (intra-amnioti ...	2009	19168817
cost-effectiveness of childhood rotavirus vaccination in taiwan.	rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children. two rotavirus vaccines (rotateq and rotarix) have been licensed in taiwan. we have investigated whether routine infant immunization with either vaccine could be cost-effective in taiwan.	2009	19186200
a model of exposure to rotavirus from nondietary ingestion iterated by simulated intermittent contacts.	existing microbial risk assessment models rarely incorporate detailed descriptions of human interaction with fomites. we develop a stochastic-mechanistic model of exposure to rotavirus from nondietary ingestion iterated by simulated intermittent fomes-mouth, hand-mouth, and hand-fomes contacts typical of a child under six years of age. this exposure is subsequently translated to risk using a simple static dose-response relationship. through laboratory experiments, we quantified the mean rate of ...	2009	19187484
[detection of a rotavirus g9p[8] outbreak causing gastroenteritis in a geriatric nursing home].	the aim of this study was to describe an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in a geriatric nursing home.	2009	19249129
evidence of interspecies transmission and reassortment among avian group a rotaviruses.	avian rotaviruses are broadly distributed among birds, but only scarcely characterized on the molecular level. the vp4-, vp6-, vp7- and nsp5-encoding sequences of eight group a rotaviruses from chickens and turkeys determined here indicate a low degree of sequence similarity with mammalian rotaviruses. an nsp6-encoding region was missing in all chicken isolates except for isolate ch2. four novel genotypes (p[30], p[31], g22 and h8) were assigned by the rotavirus classification working group. gen ...	2009	19249805
estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries.	recent evidence suggests that many improved drinking water supplies suffer from poor reliability. this study investigates what impact poor reliability may have on achieving health improvement targets. a quantitative microbiological risk assessment was conducted of the impact of interruptions in water supplies that forced people to revert to drinking raw water. data from the literature were used to construct models on three waterborne pathogens common in africa: rotavirus, cryptosporidium and ent ...	2009	19193396
predominance and circulation of enteric viruses in the region of greater cairo, egypt.	the circulation of enteric viruses among the population of cairo, egypt, between march 2006 and february 2007 was studied. at least one virus was detected in 50% of fecal samples, 57.4% of which were positive for rotavirus, 26% for norovirus, 10.4% for adenovirus, and 1.7% for astrovirus. over 10% of infections were mixed infections. rotavirus typing showed that g1p[8] and g2p[4] were predominant but that the unusual g12p[4] and g12p[6] reassortants were also present. among the noroviruses, half ...	2009	19193841