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molecular epidemiology of group a rotavirus in buenos aires, argentina 2004-2007: reemergence of g2p[4] and emergence of g9p[8] strains.detection and characterization of group a rotavirus in buenos aires, argentina, was conducted on 710 fecal samples from children 0-15 years old collected between 2004 and 2007. rotavirus was detected in 140 (19.7%) samples with g9p[8] (30.0%) and g2p[4] (21.4%) as the most common genotypes. mixed (g and/or p) infections accounted for 17.9% of the samples and the emerging g12 strain was detected during 2004 (3.5%) and 2007 (2.5%). genotype g2 was the most prevalent during 2004 (43.9%) and 2007 (5 ...201020419826
full genomic analysis of a porcine-bovine reassortant g4p[6] rotavirus strain r479 isolated from an infant in china.during the 2004 surveillance of rotaviruses in wuhan, china, a g4p[6] rotavirus strain r479 was isolated from a stool specimen collected from a 2-year-old child with diarrhea. the strain r479 had an uncommon subgroup specificity i + ii, and analysis of the vp6 gene suggested that it was related to porcine rotaviruses. in the present study, full-length nucleotide sequences of all the rna segments of r479 were determined and analyzed phylogenetically to identify the origin of individual rna segmen ...201020419827
rotavirus antigenemia and genomia in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis.we investigated group a rotavirus (garv) antigenemia and genomia in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. a total of 16 patients (2-29 months old), who received a diagnosis of garv gastroenteritis using a commercial rapid test, were enrolled in this study. the sera from the patients were tested for the presence of garv antigen and the vp7 and nsp3 genes using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. furthermore, when the v ...201020332567
asymptomatic rotavirus infections in england: prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors.rotavirus is a major cause of infectious intestinal disease in young children; a substantial prevalence of asymptomatic infection has been reported across all age groups. in this study, the authors determined characteristics of asymptomatic rotavirus infection and potential risk factors for infection. healthy persons were recruited at random from the general population of england during the study of infectious intestinal disease in england (1993-1996). rotavirus infection was identified using re ...201020392863
rearranged genomic rna segments offer a new approach to the reverse genetics of rotaviruses.group a rotaviruses (rv), members of the reoviridae family, are a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis. the rv genome consists of 11 double-stranded rna segments. in some cases, an rna segment is replaced by a rearranged rna segment, which is derived from its standard counterpart by partial sequence duplication. we report here a reverse genetics system for rv based on the preferential packaging of rearranged rna segments. using this system, wild-type or in vitro-engineered forms of rea ...201020427539
geographical differences in the proportion of human group a rotavirus strains within new zealand during one epidemic season.the prospect of future rotavirus vaccine programs means it is important to understand rotavirus strain diversity within new zealand, especially if this was to influence vaccine effectiveness. the g-genotype of 359 group a rotavirus strains isolated from 416 stool samples collected from june 2005 to may 2006 (inclusive) from children less than 5 years of age in multiple centers throughout new zealand was determined. g1 was the dominant circulating strain (55.8%) followed by g4 (21.4%), g3 (3.4%), ...201020336723
genetic variation of prevalent g1p[8] human rotaviruses in south korea.the human rotavirus g1p[8] strain is one of the most common rotaviruses worldwide, including korea. six korean g1p[8] human rotaviruses, isolated using cell culture techniques, were characterized on the basis of sequence differences in vp7, vp4, vp6, and nsp4 genes to elucidate the evolutionary relationships in the community. all strains had a long rna electropherotype, supported by vp6 gene analysis, clearly associated with subgroup ii specificity. the phylogenetic analysis of vp7 gene sequence ...201020336735
sequence analysis of the vp7 gene of human rotaviruses g2 and g4 isolated in japan, china, thailand, and vietnam during 2001-2003.sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the rotavirus vp7 gene were performed on 52 human g2 and g4 strains isolated in japan, china, thailand, and vietnam during 2001-2003. all genotype g2 strains included in the study clustered into lineage ii of the phylogenetic tree, together with the majority of global g2 strains detected since 1995. the amino acid substitution at position 96 from aspartic acid to asparagine was noted among the emerging or re-emerging g2 rotavirus strains in japan, thailand, ...201020336736
the detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in kenya, with special reference to rotaviruses.to determine the occurrence of eight human enteric viruses in surface water and sewage samples from different geographical areas in kenya.201020337763
rotaviruses associate with cellular lipid droplet components to replicate in viroplasms, and compounds disrupting or blocking lipid droplets inhibit viroplasm formation and viral replication.rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. early stages of rotavirus assembly in infected cells occur in viroplasms. confocal microscopy demonstrated that viroplasms associate with lipids and proteins (perilipin a, adrp) characteristic of lipid droplets (lds). ld-associated proteins were also found to colocalize with viroplasms containing a rotaviral nsp5-enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) fusion protein and with viroplasm-like structures in uninfected c ...201020335253
the effect of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea mortality.approximately 39% of the global diarrhoea deaths in children aged 5 years may be attributable to rotavirus infection. two rotavirus vaccines were recently introduced to the market, with evidence of efficacy in the usa, europe and latin america. we sought to estimate the effectiveness of these vaccines against rotavirus morbidity and mortality.201020348127
reassortment of human rotavirus gene segments into g11 rotavirus strains.g11 rotaviruses are believed to be of porcine origin. however, a limited number of g11 rotaviruses have been recently isolated from humans in combination with p[25], p[8], p[6], and p[4]. to investigate the evolutionary relationships of these strains, we analyzed the complete genomes of 2 human g11p[25] strains, 2 human g11p[8] strains, and 3 porcine reference strains. most of the 11 gene segments of these 7 strains belonged to genotype 1 (wa-like). however, phylogenetic clustering patterns sugg ...201020350376
age dependence of the risk of intussusception following [corrected] rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus tetravalent vaccine: is it beyond doubt?the relation between the risk of intussusception and age at the time of receipt of the first dose of rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus tetravalent vaccine (rrv-tv) has been studied extensively on the basis of centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) matched case-control study data, using various statistical methods, including conditional logistic regression and quadratic smoothing splines. however, different conclusions have been reported in published analyses regarding the dependence o ...201020400464
vp6 gene diversity in brazilian strains of porcine group c rotavirus.group c rotavirus (rv-c) has been found in brazilian pig herds; however, wild-type strains have not yet been characterized. we made a molecular analysis of a region of gene 5 in brazilian rv-c strains. stool samples from 11 piglets (diarrheic and with normal consistency) positive for the rv-c vp6 gene in an rt-pcr assay were sequenced. a 270-bp amplicon of nine sequences was analyzed. all sequences showed high identity to the cowden strain of the porcine rv-c prototype and 81.3 to 94.3% to each ...201020391334
molecular and biological characterization of the 5 human-bovine rotavirus (wc3)-based reassortant strains of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, rotateq.rotateq is a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine that contains five human-bovine reassortant strains (designated g1, g2, g3, g4, and p1) on the backbone of the naturally attenuated tissue culture-adapted parental bovine rotavirus (brv) strain wc3. the viral genomes of each of the reassortant strains were completely sequenced and compared pairwise and phylogenetically among each other and to human rotavirus (hrv) and brv reference strains. reassortants g1, g2, g3, and g4 contained the vp7 gene from the ...201020451234
evaluation of rapid antigen detection kits for diagnosis of equine rotavirus infection.we evaluated antigen detection kits for human rotavirus with regard to their usefulness for diagnosing equine rotavirus infection. limiting dilution analyses showed that of the seven kits investigated the dipstick `eiken' rota (dipstick) had the highest sensitivity to two serotypes of equine rotavirus. the dipstick did not cross-react with several equine intestinal pathogens. an investigation using 249 fecal samples indicated that the sensitivity of the dipstick was 81.9% and 47.3%, and its spec ...201020453452
acute gastroenteritis: from guidelines to real life.acute gastroenteritis is a very common disease. it causes significant mortality in developing countries and significant economic burden to developed countries. viruses are responsible for approximately 70% of episodes of acute gastroenteritis in children and rotavirus is one of the best studied of these viruses. oral rehydration therapy is as effective as intravenous therapy in treating mild to moderate dehydration in acute gastroenteritis and is strongly recommended as the first line therapy. h ...201021694853
[study on the ubiquitin ligase activity of rotavirus nsp1 protein].to confirm the activity of non structural protein 1 (nsp1) of rotavirus (rv) as e3 ubiquitin ligase by experiments and to provide some clues for nsp1 on the pathogenic mechanisms and replication of rv.201021604574
evidence aid and the disaster response in pakistan and haiti.this editorial has also been recorded as a podcast; please click here to access.as if a natural disaster was not enough, vibrio cholerae emerged to make the situation worse in post-flood pakistan, and for the first time since the 1960s in post-earthquake haiti . how do we, as researchers, policy-makers and human beings, respond to such situations? in response to the tsunami on 26 december 2004, concerned reviewers within the cochrane collaboration established evidence aid - an initiative that po ...201021833937
[viral gastroenteritis in domestic animals and zoonoses].etiologic investigations of infectious diarrhea were long limited to bacteria and protozoa. the advent of electron microscopy and molecular biology showed that diarrhea could also be caused by viruses, both in humans and in other animals. in 1969, electron microcopy was used to show, for the first time, the responsibility of a virus in a case of calf diarrhea. this "reo-like virus "was subsequently identified as a rotavirus, and was shown only four years later to be responsible for severe diarrh ...201022046708
current level of consensus on probiotic science-report of an expert meeting- london, 23 november 2009.the present paper summarizes  the consensus views of a group of 9 european clinicians and scientists on the current state of scientific knowledge on probiotics, covering those areas where there is substantial evidence for beneficial effects and those  where the evidence base is poor or inconsistent. there was general agreement that probiotic effects were species and often strain specific. the experts agreed  that some probiotics were effective in reducing the incidence and duration of rotavirus ...201021637035
small intestinal segment perfusion test in piglets: future applications in studying probiotics-gut crosstalk in infectious diarrhoea?worldwide infectious diarrhoea, mainly caused by rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), accounts for a large part of deaths in children. etec is also the main cause of traveller's diarrhoea. probiotics are promising for prevention and treatment of diarrhoea, but there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any specific probiotic or probiotics in general. because of the sensitivity of suckling and weaned piglets for etec, piglets are a good model for infectious diarrhoea i ...201021831782
role of lipids on entry and exit of bluetongue virus, a complex non-enveloped virus.non-enveloped viruses such as members of picornaviridae and reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. however, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate means for egress. moreover, it appears that complex, non-enveloped viruses such as bluetongue virus (btv) and rotavirus interact with lipids during their entry process as well as with lipid raf ...201021994677
[rotavirus vaccination in europe in 2010].the important burden of rotavirus infections in infants largely justifies vaccine prevention. two attenuated oral vaccines were licensed in europe in 2006 and have proven effective against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants, yet few countries have implemented vaccination. this hesitation may be related to a very low risk of intussusception in vaccinees, but is mainly due to national differences in cost-effectiveness.201022046709
toxin mediated diarrhea in the 21 century: the pathophysiology of intestinal ion transport in the course of etec, v. cholerae and rotavirus infection.an estimated 4 billion episodes of diarrhea occur each year. as a result, 2-3 million children and 0.5-1 million adults succumb to the consequences of this major healthcare concern. the majority of these deaths can be attributed to toxin mediated diarrhea by infectious agents, such as e. coli, v. cholerae or rotavirus. our understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying these infectious diseases has notably improved over the last years. this review will focus on the cellular mechani ...201022069677
unexpected modulation of recall b and t cell responses after immunization with rotavirus-like particles in the presence of lt-r192g.lt-r192g, a mutant of the thermolabile enterotoxin of e. coli, is a potent adjuvant of immunization. immune responses are generally analyzed at the end of protocols including at least 2 administrations, but rarely after a prime. to investigate this point, we compared b and t cell responses in mice after one and two intrarectal immunizations with 2/6 rotavirus-like particles (2/6-vlp) and lt-r192g. after a boost, we found, an unexpected lower b cell expansion measured by flow cytometry, despite a ...201022069670
[gastroenteritis viruses in france and europe].rotaviruses and noroviruses are the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in young children and adults, respectively. prospective molecular surveillance of rotavirus genotypes in france and europe shows that circulating strains may vary with the season, locality or country. rotavirus ok? genotypes g1 and g9 are the most prevalent. most strains are associated with p[8], showing a certain genotypic stability of rotaviruses currently circulating in europe and suggesting that vaccination would be eff ...201022046707
recommendations for the use of rotavirus vaccines in infants.rotavirus infection occurs in the majority of healthy children before five years of age, and is the most common diarrheal illness associated with hospitalization. the majority of children present with symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea and fever. as a result, rotavirus gastroenteritis is responsible for greater morbidity than other common childhood diarrheal illnesses. the highest risk of severe disease is in children younger than two years of age. it is estimated that one in 20 children will requir ...201021966238
[epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in france and europe].continuous surveillance of acute diarrhea in france has been conducted by inserm's sentinel network of general practitioners (gp) since 1991. similar gp-based studies have been performed in the netherlands, austria and the uk. the causes of most cases of acute diarrhea are unclear. in case-controlstudies designed to identify viruses in stools, 35 to 40% of cases and virtually none of the controls were positive for one of 4 major viruses (rotavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus and adenovirus). thus, ...201022046706
[contribution of mathematical modeling to vaccination decision making. examples from varicella, rotavirus and papillomavirus vaccinations].the decision to add a new vaccine to the immunization schedule is a complex and multidisciplinary process based on the risk-benefit balance and, increasingly, on the cost- effectiveness ratio. such decisions now use mathematical models that can predict the indirect, and potentially detrimental, effects of mass vaccination on the epidemiology of the target disease. the adjunction of an economic component to the modeling process ensures that vaccination represents an efficient allocation of availa ...201022046716
[membrane technologies in medicine and ecology].the paper considers the state-of-the-art of membrane technologies, as applied to the needs of medicine and ecology, the major benefits of membranes for microfiltration and ultrafiltration, and perspectives for the application of new membranes based on new materials. a number of membranes based on aromatic polyamide imides (pas) have been investigated using rotavirus models. due to the good solubility of pas in amide solvents, their based asymmetric membranes can be formed in one step, by applyin ...201021384576
a case of kawasaki disease with anasarca and concomitant rotavirus infection.we present the case of a child who initially presented with gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis complicated by hyponatraemic dehydration. appropriate intravenous fluid therapy was administered but the patient, still feverish, developed anasarca probably due to hyperpermeability of microvessels following massive inflammation. atypical kawasaki disease was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical findings and laboratory tests. an echocardiogram performed on the 1 ...200921897831
clinical profile and prevalence of rotavirus infection in children presented with acute diarrhea at tertiary care referral hospital at northern part of india.a prospective analysis of 90 clinically diagnosed cases with acute diarrhea over a period of one year was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children between 2 months to 2 years of age. enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) were used for detection of rotavirus from stool sample. fourteen (15.6%) of them were found to be positive for group a rotavirus, 9 (23%) cases were between 6 months to 1 year of age. rotavirus e ...200922010485
rotavirus antagonism of the innate immune response.rotavirus is a primary cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children. the virus is sensitive to the antiviral effects triggered by the interferon (ifn)-signaling pathway, an important component of the host cell innate immune response. to counteract these effects, rotavirus encodes a nonstructural protein (nsp1) that induces the degradation of proteins involved in regulating ifn expression, such as members of the ifn regulatory factor (irf) family. in some instances, n ...200921994581
acute encephalopathy associated rotavirus gastroenteritis. 200921887204
rotavirus infection and epidermal necrolysis of the bowel in a patient with aids.a 44-year-old man with hiv, with a cd4+ count of 45/µl and a viral load of 88 000 copies/ml, who was completing therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, presented with severe bloody diarrhoea, fevers and abdominal pain. endoscopy revealed total epidermal necrolysis of the colon, and partial epidermal necrolysis of the duodenum, a histologic pattern most typically seen in severe graft versus host disease. computed tomography (ct) documented inflammation of the entire gastrointestinal tract dis ...200922125583
gastroenteritis in children.acute gastroenteritis results from infection of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly with a virus. it is characterised by rapid onset of diarrhoea with or without vomiting, nausea, fever, and abdominal pain. diarrhoea is defined as the frequent passage of unformed, liquid stools. regardless of the cause, the mainstay of management of acute gastroenteritis is provision of adequate fluids to prevent and treat dehydration. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to ans ...200921726481
[a method of detect the virus which caused diarrhea].building a method which can examines virus pathogenic in gastroenteritis excrement specimen.200920387496
australian rotavirus surveillance program annual report, 2008/2009.the australian rotavirus surveillance program together with collaborating laboratories australia-wide, conducts a laboratory based rotavirus surveillance program. this report describes the genotypes of rotavirus strains responsible for the hospitalisation of children with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 july 2008 to 30 june 2009, the second year of surveillance following introduction of rotavirus vaccine into the national immunisation program. five hundred and ninety-two faecal samples ...200920301967
[frequency and severity of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in bucharest, romania. results of a case-control study].rotavirus gastroenteritis is an emergent condition of morbidity at global level; who is currently recommending integration of rotavirus vaccination into the regions and states where rotavirus infection is identified as a public health priority problem.200920524394
molecular characterization and epidemiology of rotavirus isolates obtained from children with diarrhoea in malaysia.this retrospective study examined the g/p type of rotavirus in rna samples that have previously been e-typed by rna-page in 1996. the results were then compared to 2007 samples to ascertain the extent of changes that may have occurred in this 11-years time interval. the g and p genotypes were determined by hemi-nested pcr and further analysed by phylogenetic study. in 1996, the g/p combination g1p[8], g(ut)p[8] and g1p(ut) prevalence rate were 81%, 9% and 7%, respectively. as expected, the g9 ge ...200920527266
[reverse genetics system for rotavirus and its potential for analyzing the pathogenesis]. 200921089520
the diagnosis of norovirus infections in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis: a study from pilsen, czech republic.norovirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis is an important cause of illness in western europe. however, at present, little information on the role of norovirus in sporadic gastroenteritis in central europe is available. our study aimed at providing an assessment of their significance in hospitalized children and adolescents with acute gastroenteritis using elisa test at the time of their introduction.200921110484
molecular characterization of rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapovirus, and adenoviruses in patients with acute gastroenteritis in thailand.outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis occur worldwide including thailand. unfortunately, there is limited information since etiologic agents have not been identified in several outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. the genotype of enteric viruses causing acute gastroenteritis in thailand was determined using reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. from january 2006 to february 2007, stool samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis of a ...200919107961
phylogeny of g9 rotavirus genotype: a possible explanation of its origin and evolution.g9 rotavirus genotype was isolated in the 1980s and re-emerged without a clear explanation in the mid-1990s as one of the most frequently occurring genotypes with distinct genetic and molecular characteristics.200918977689
seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.to date little conclusive evidence exists on the seasonality of rotavirus incidence in the tropics. we present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seasonal epidemiology of rotavirus in the tropics, including 26 studies reporting continuous monthly rotavirus incidence for which corresponding climatological data was available.200919056806
contemporary prevalence of infectious agents in laboratory mice and rats.periodic health screening of rodents used in research is necessary due to the consequences of unwanted infections. one determinant of the risk of infection for any given agent is its prevalence; other factors being equal, a prevalent agent is more likely than a rare one to be introduced to a research facility and result in infection. as an indicator of contemporary prevalence in laboratory populations of rats and mice, the rate of positive results in the samples received at a major commercial ro ...200919015179
effects on sialic acid recognition of amino acid mutations in the carbohydrate-binding cleft of the rotavirus spike protein.the rotavirus spike protein vp4 mediates attachment to host cells and subsequent membrane penetration. the vp8(*) domain of vp4 forms the spike tips and is proposed to recognize host-cell surface glycans. for sialidase-sensitive rotaviruses such as rhesus (rrv), this recognition involves terminal sialic acids. we show here that the rrv vp8(*)(64-224) protein competes with rrv infection of host cells, demonstrating its relevance to infection. in addition, we observe that the amino acids revealed ...200918974199
structured surveillance of infectious intestinal disease in pre-school children in the community: 'the nappy study'.the incidence and causes of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in children aged <5 years presenting to general practitioners (gps) were estimated. during a 12-month period, soiled nappies were collected from children presenting with symptoms suggestive of iid in a network of 65 gps located across england. molecular methods were used to detect a range of enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites. genotyping was performed on rotavirus and norovirus isolates. a total of 583 nappi ...200919017426
genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of human rotavirus strains, 2003-2006, hungary.rotavirus strain surveillance is being conducted in many countries before and after introduction of newly licensed vaccines to assess the impact of the vaccines on rotavirus strains. here we describe a strain surveillance study in the budapest area of hungary (2003-2006) based on rna profile analysis, genotyping by multiplex pcr and nucleotide sequencing. among 1,983 g-typed rotaviruses we identified g1 (22%), g2 (4.8%), g3 (3.5%), g4 (18.5%), g6 (1.1%), g8 (<0.1%, n = 1), g9 (42%), and g12 (3.4 ...200919107981
sialic acid dependence in rotavirus host cell invasion.we used nmr spectroscopy, molecular modeling and infectivity competition assays to investigate the key interactions between the spike protein (vp8(*)) from 'sialidase-insensitive' human wa and 'sialidase-sensitive' porcine crw-8 rotaviruses and the glycans of gangliosides g(m1) and g(d1a). our data provide strong evidence that n-acetylneuraminic acid is a key determinant for binding of these rotaviruses. this is in contrast to the widely accepted paradigm that sialic acids are irrelevant in host ...200919109595
probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea.to critically appraise evidence on probiotic use for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children and adults.200919114770
rotavirus vaccines and pathogenesis: 2008.rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children throughout the world. the burden of disease has resulted in the development of two live, attenuated vaccines that are now licensed in many countries. this review summarizes new data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and remaining challenges including new data on the rotavirus enterotoxin, a potential antiviral target.200919114772
analysis of the vp6 gene of human and porcine group a rotavirus strains with unusual subgroup specificities.full-length vp6 amino acid sequences of human and porcine rotaviruses with subgroup (sg) (i + ii) and sg non-(i + ii) were analyzed in comparison with those of sg i and sg ii. in human rotaviruses, the strains in the same sg shared a very high degree of amino acid identity, ranging from 97.4% to 99.4% for sg i, 95.9% to 100% for sg ii, and 99.4% to 100% for sg non-(i + ii), while viruses in different sgs shared somewhat lower sequence identity at 90.4-93.1%. conserved amino acids that distinguis ...200919031468
detection, genetic characterization, and quantification of norovirus rna from sera of children with gastroenteritis.norovirus (nov) infection is thought to be confined to the intestines, whereas many reports suggest antigenemia and viremia occur during rotavirus gastroenteritis.200919131272
viral etiology and incidence associated with acute gastroenteritis in a 5-year survey in gyeonggi province, south korea.acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity.200919131274
estimated mortality and hospital admission due to rotavirus infection in the who european region.in 2006 two rotavirus vaccines were licensed for use in young children in europe. this study aimed to estimate the mortality and hospital admissions due to rotavirus in children aged <5 years in the who european region using data from routine sources and published literature. we grouped 49/52 countries in the region by their world bank gross national income (gni) per capita. we obtained for children aged <5 years: populations, hospital discharges for diarrhoeal disease, estimated mortality rates ...200919134232
is rotavirus contributing to an increase of diarrhoea in a region of spain?diarrhoeal illnesses are the most frequent of notifiable diseases in aragon. physicians notify diarrhoea cases with presumed infectious origin on a weekly basis. following an increase in 2005-2006, we aimed to identify the responsible organism(s) in order to inform control measures. we described seasonality of diarrhoea notifications for 1998-2004 and 2005-2006. we calculated correlations between diarrhoea notifications and enteric pathogens diagnosed in two aragonese laboratories, and applied l ...200919134236
early-life rotavirus and norovirus infections in relation to development of atopic manifestation in infants.the increase in incidence of atopic diseases (ads) in the developed world over the past decades has been associated with reduced exposure of childhood infections.200919032360
prospective study of etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in child care centers.to investigate the etiology of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (age) in children attending childcare centers (cccs) in north carolina between october 2005 and march 2007.200918783794
rotavirus infection increases the risk of bacteremia in children with nontyphoid salmonella gastroenteritis.to evaluate whether there is any impact of rotavirus infection on nontyphoid salmonella (nts) gastroenteritis, a total of 207 diarrheal children who had positive stool culture for nts and also a stool examination for the rotavirus antigen were retrospectively analyzed. according to the positivity of the stool rotavirus antigen, patients were divided into two groups and compared with regard to demographic data, clinical features, laboratory findings, and complications. the results showed that the ...200918949496
molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections among children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in shanghai, china, 2001 through 2005.rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children in the world. knowing the prevalence and genotypes of these infections is important for implementing vaccination programs.200919010730
monitoring the rate of hospitalization before rotavirus immunization in italy utilizing icd9-cm regional databases.recently, two rotavirus (rv) vaccines were licensed in italy, rendering rv illness a vaccine preventable disease. to assess the rv hospitalization rate in italy, a study focused on the regional hospital discharge forms (hdd) databases was carried out.200918802404
rotavirus vaccines: opportunities and challenges.each year rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes in young children cause more than 500,000 deaths and 2.4 million hospital admissions worldwide. vaccine development became a priority when improved personal hygiene and living standards failed to significantly reduce this disease burden. rotavirus vaccines were developed mimicking natural immunity by protecting against severe gastroenteritis in young children, which would otherwise lead to health-care attendance, hospitalization or even death. license ...200918838873
the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children presenting to a paediatric hospital.the aim of this study was to determine the burden, management and outcomes of rotavirus infection in young children presenting to a tertiary paediatric hospital in sydney, australia. all laboratory-confirmed cases of rotavirus in children aged <5 years were identified and medical records reviewed. in 2004, 80 children aged <5 years presented to the hospital with rotavirus gastroenteritis confirmed by stool testing. infants aged <24 months comprised 75% of cases, with more males than females affe ...200919021924
broadly reactive taqman assay for real-time rt-pcr detection of rotavirus in clinical and environmental samples. jin2@cdc.gov.rotaviruses are enteric pathogens responsible for a significant burden of disease, especially in children, through person-to-person transmission and exposure to contaminated food and water. in the present study, a taqman probe-based real-time reverse transcriptase (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed and validated for sensitive and specific detection and quantification of rotavirus for the routine screening of clinical and environmental samples. the assay primers and probes w ...200918951923
unexpected substitution of dominant rotavirus g genotypes in french hospitalized children over five consecutive seasons.the study was designed to evaluate the circulation of group a rotaviruses in french hospitalized children, and to detect unusual strains. this prospective study was conducted from 2001 to 2006 in children consulting for acute diarrhea at the pediatric emergency department in three french university hospitals. the rotaviruses were detected by rapid test and genotyped by rt-pcr on the basis of their outer capsid proteins vp4 (p-type) and vp7 (g-type). the stools from 757 children were analyzed. g1 ...200918855026
detection and characterization of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses in urban sewage and sewage-polluted river waters in caracas, venezuela.the detection and molecular characterization of pathogenic human viruses in urban sewage have been used extensively to derive information on circulating viruses in given populations throughout the world. in this study, a similar approach was applied to provide an overview of the epidemiology of waterborne gastroenteritis viruses circulating in urban areas of caracas, the capital city of venezuela in south america. dry season sampling was conducted in sewers and in a major river severely polluted ...200919028907
molecular characterization of vp4, vp6, vp7, nsp4, and nsp5/6 genes identifies an unusual g3p[10] human rotavirus strain.an unusual strain of human rotavirus g3p[10] (cmh079/05) was detected in a stool sample of a 2-year-old child admitted to the hospital with severe diarrhea in chiang mai, thailand. analysis of the vp7 gene sequence revealed highest identities with unusual human rotavirus g3 strain cmh222 at 98.7% on the nucleotide and 99.6% on the amino acid levels. phylogenetic analysis of the vp7 sequence confirmed that the cmh079/05 strain formed a cluster with g3 rotavirus reference strains and showed the cl ...200919031442
nosocomial gastroenteritis in children with and without rotavirus infection. 200919034059
cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination: exploring caregiver(s) and "no medical care'' disease impact in belgium.to estimate the cost-effectiveness of universal childhood rotavirus vaccination in belgium, taking into account the impact of caregiver burden and the burden of sick children for whom no medical care is sought ("no medical care'' ).200918948433
characterization of vp7 and vp4 genes of rotavirus strains: 1990-1994 and 2000-2002.a total of 90 rotavirus-positive faecal specimens collected from patients hospitalized with diarrhoea in 1990-1994 (n=77) and 2000-2002 (n=13) were investigated for vp7 and vp4 genotypes. the specimens included 21 typable and 69 non-reactive or multireactive rotavirus strains as monitored by monoclonal antibody-based serotyping elisa. genotyping was carried out by multiplex pcr/sequencing using primers specific for both vp7 and vp4 genes. the contribution of common genotypes (g1p[8], g2p[4], g3p ...200919046475
acute gastroenteritis caused by multiple enteric pathogens in children.of 303 children hospitalized with acute non-bloody, non-mucoid diarrhoea, 69 (22.8%) had polymicrobial infection, including 52 (17.2%) multiple viral infection and 17 (5.6%) viral and bacterial co-infection. rotavirus had the most important role in both categories; thus the control of rotavirus infection is crucial for maintaining children's health in taiwan.200919046476
role of astrovirus in intussusception in nigerian infants.intussusception (is) is a form of intestinal obstruction in which a segment of the bowel prolapses into a more distal segment. viral infections, mostly adenovirus, enteroviruses, human herpesvirus and epstein-barr virus are reported in 20-50% of childhood cases of is. between january and july 2004, six stool specimens collected from infants 0- to 8-months old diagnosed and admitted for is were investigated for the presence of rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus antigens. astrovirus antigen was ...200919052076
molecular characterization of group c rotaviruses detected in children in italy.group c rotavirus (gcrv) infection has been described worldwide in children and adults either as sporadic cases or large outbreaks of gastroenteritis but gcrv epidemiology is still unclear.200919059000
tight junctions as targets of infectious agents.the epithelial barrier is a critical border that segregates luminal material from entering tissues. essential components of this epithelial fence are physical intercellular structures termed tight junctions. these junctions use a variety of transmembrane proteins coupled with cytoplasmic adaptors, and the actin cytoskeleton, to attach adjacent cells together thereby forming intercellular seals. breaching of this barrier has profound effects on human health and disease, as barrier deficiencies ha ...200919059200
the studies on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonatal calves and determination of virulence gene markers of escherichia coli strains by multiplex pcr.the purpose of this study was to determine aetiological agents of diarrhoea in neonatal calves and to investigate virulence gene markers of escherichia coli strains isolated from calves by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr). eighty-two diarrhoeic calves and 18 healthy calves were used as subjects. faeces were taken from the rectums of all the calves and were subjected to bacterial culture. antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was performed to detect rotavirus, coronavirus and ...200918771515
evaluation of rapid assays for the detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus a and cryptosporidium parvum in faecal samples of calves.rapid immunochromatographic assays for detecting infections with bovine coronavirus (bcv), rotavirus a and cryptosporidium parvum in calf faeces were evaluated using as gold standards a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (bcv and rotavirus) and a sedimentation-flotation technique (c. parvum). rapid tests for the detection of bcv and rotavirus showed a high specificity (96.4% and 95.3%, respectively), but a relatively low sensitivity (60.0% and 71.9%, respectively). sensitivity and s ...200918778958
efficacy of high-dose lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in controlling acute watery diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial.to evaluate the effective dose of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in acute watery diarrhea (awd) in indian children.200918813028
[sensitivity and specificity of the vikia rota-adeno immuno-chromatographic test (biomérieux) and the elisa ideia rotavirus kit (dako) compared to genotyping].the performances of two diagnostic tests for rotavirus infection in stool samples were evaluated during a prospective study in children of less than 36 months in child-care centers of lyon from november 2004 to may 2005. the vikia rota-adeno immuno-chromatographic test (biomérieux) and the elisa ideia rotavirus kit (dako) were compared with a referral method, the genotyping. fifty-seven stool samples were collected and analyzed by rt-pcr. the virus genome was detected in 29 samples. the most fre ...200918838230
brucella spp. lumazine synthase as a bovine rotavirus antigen delivery system.brucella spp. lumazine synthase (bls) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. it has been previously evaluated as a carrier to increase the immunogenicity of peptides fused to its n-termini. vp8 is a sialic acid binding domain of rotavirus external capsid protein vp4, which is involved in virus adhesion to host cells. in this work, the c486 bovine rotavirus (brv) vp8 core protein (vp8d) was fused to the structure of bls with the aim to produce an enhancement of the immune response against brv ...200918973781
effect of lactoferrin on enteric pathogens.much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms by which breastfeeding improves child health and survival. however, there has been little progress in using these insights to improve pediatric care. factors that are important for protecting the breast fed infant might be expected to decrease the adverse effects of weaning on diarrhea, growth, and development. lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein with multiple physiological functions (anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulat ...200918472012
incidence of hepatotropic viruses in biliary atresia.biliary atresia (ba) is the most frequent indication for paediatric liver transplantation. we tested the hypothesis of a viral aetiology of this disease by screening liver samples of a large number of ba patients for the common human hepatotropic viruses. moreover, we correlated our findings to the expression of mx protein, which has been shown to be significantly up-regulated during viral infections. seventy-four liver biopsies (taken during kasai portoenterostomy) were tested by polymerase cha ...200918560888
rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals.rotavirus diarrhea is the major cause of death of millions of children in developing countries besides causing economically significant malady in neonates of many domestic animals. in neonates, the infection is non-viremic, have very short incubation period, and manifests profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration. concurrent infection with secondary pathogens may augment the disease severity. diarrhea occurs due to virus-mediated destruction of absorption efficient enterocytes, activation of enter ...200918622713
formulation, characterization and evaluation of rotavirus encapsulated pla and plga particles for oral vaccination.polylactide (pla) and polylactide-co-glycolide (plga) particles entrapping rotavirus (strain sa11) were formulated using a solvent evaporation technique. to minimize denaturation of viral antigen during the emulsification process, serum albumin was used as a stabilizer. use of nahco(3) and sucrose during the primary emulsification step resulted in uniform stabilized particles entrapping rotavirus. sonication during the primary emulsion and homogenization during the secondary emulsion process res ...200918608800
rotavirus infection in small bowel transplant: a histologic comparison with acute cellular rejection.pediatric small bowel transplant recipients are susceptible to diarrhea due to rejection or infectious enteritis, particularly of viral etiology. the most common causes of viral enteritis in this setting are rotavirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and epstein-barr virus. this study is the first to compare the histologic findings of rotavirus infection with acute cellular rejection in small bowel transplant biopsies. three patients with small bowel transplants had rapid stool antigen test-proven ...200918684006
low cytotoxicity effect of dendrosome as an efficient carrier for rotavirus vp2 gene transferring into a human lung cell line : dendrosome, as a novel intranasally gene porter.the efficiency of dendrosome (a gene porter) was assessed in transferring recombinant human rotavirus vp2 cdna into a549, a human lung cell line. after gene transferring, transmission electron microscopy showed core-like particles (clps) formation in the transfected cells both with dendrosome and lipofectamine porters. in addition, western blotting analysis showed that the expression of vp2 gene was almost equal in the dendrosome and lipofectamine-transfected cells. also, the cytotoxicity studie ...200917922251
use of recombinant rotavirus vp6 nanotubes as a multifunctional template for the synthesis of nanobiomaterials functionalized with metals.the structural characteristics and predefined constant size and shape of viral assemblies make them useful tools for nanobiotechnology, in particular as scaffolds for constructing highly organized novel nanomaterials. in this work it is shown for the first time that nanotubes formed by recombinant rotavirus vp6 protein can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of hybrid nanocomposites. rotavirus vp6 was produced by the insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system. nanotubes of several micro ...200919655393
molecular characteristics of german g8p[4] rotavirus strain ger1h-09 suggest that a genotyping and subclassification update is required for g8.a rare g8p[4] rotavirus, designated ger1h-09, was detected in a stool sample from an infant suffering from repeated episodes of emesis for 2 days without diarrhea. sequencing of all genomic rna segments was performed, and complete coding sequences were determined. the vp7 amino acid sequence revealed a close phylogenetic relationship to human g8p[6] and g8p[8] isolates from slovenia and africa. ger1h-09 shared typical amino acid residues within variable regions vr3 to vr7 with those strains, and ...200919741083
infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008).diarrhea is common in foals but there are no studies investigating the relative prevalence of common infectious agents in a population of hospitalized diarrheic foals.200919747192
environmental dissemination of group a rotavirus: p-type, g-type and subgroup characterization.rotaviruses a (rv-a) infection is the most common cause of acute diarrheal diseases in infants and the dissemination of these viruses in the environment represents a public health hazard. the present study aims to evaluate reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based protocols for the detection of rv-a genes in different types of environmental samples. rv-a were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes associated with a centriprep concent ...200919657158
rotavirus vaccine induced diarrhea in a child with severe combined immune deficiency. 200919660805
neonatal nk cells target the mouse duct epithelium via nkg2d and drive tissue-specific injury in experimental biliary atresia.biliary atresia is a neonatal obstructive cholangiopathy that progresses to end-stage liver disease. although the etiology is unknown, a neonatal adaptive immune signature has been mechanistically linked to obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. here, we investigated the role of the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia. analysis of livers of infants at diagnosis revealed that nk cells populate the vicinity of intrahepatic bile ducts and overexpress several genes inv ...200919662681
"rota virus mortality: a dilemma for the developing world". 200919757714
estimated research and development costs of rotavirus vaccines.diseases like rotavirus afflict both upper- and lower-income countries, but most serious illnesses and deaths occur among the latter. it is a vital public health issue that vaccines for these types of global diseases can recover research and development (r&d) costs from high-priced markets quickly so that manufacturers can offer affordable prices to lower-income nations. cost recovery depends on how high r&d costs are, and this study attempts to replace high, unverified estimates with lower, mor ...200919665605
enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in norwegian dairy calves.the aims of the current study were to estimate the prevalence of enteropathogens in calves in norwegian dairy herds, evaluate the clinical consequences of protozoal infections, and identify risk factors for diarrhea. the 135 participating herds were randomly selected from those in the norwegian dairy herd recording system that had at least 15 cow-years. each herd was followed for 1 yr. fecal samples from calves with (n = 68) or without (n = 691) diarrhea were analyzed for the presence of cryptos ...200919762824
molecular characterization of a rare, human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strain, g11p[6], from ecuador.the pan-american health organization established a rotavirus pre-vaccination disease burden and strain surveillance network in latin america and the caribbean in 2004. during strain surveillance in ecuador in 2005-2006, a rare rotavirus genotype, g11p[6], was detected among common strains. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of this strain identified a novel lineage of the g11 vp7 gene, most closely related to a253 (91.8% nt identity), a porcine rotavirus strain identified in venezuela. most ge ...200919763776
incidence of rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea in northeast brazil following the introduction of a national vaccination program.rotavirus vaccines were introduced in brazil in 2006; we evaluated their effects in the state of sergipe, brazil.200919632228
acute infectious diarrhea in children.acute infectious enteritis is one of the more common childhood diseases worldwide, especially in the first three years of life. every year, in germany, one in six children under age 5 is taken to a physician at least once because of infectious diarrheal disease. 10% of the children presenting with rotavirus infection are admitted to hospital. the existing national and international recommendations for the treatment of acute infectious diarrheal disease are inadequately followed, despite the high ...200919738921
safety and efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine during the first 2 years of life in asian infants: randomised, double-blind, controlled study.this study evaluates the safety and efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis of the oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix) during the first 2 years of life in asian infants from high-income countries. healthy infants were enrolled to receive 2 doses of rix4414 (n=5,359) or placebo (n=5,349). from 2 weeks post-dose 2 to 2 years of age, vaccine efficacy was 96.1% (95%ci:85.1%; 99.5%) against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, 100% (95%ci:80.8%; 100%) against wild-ty ...200919679216
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