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analysis of the systemic and intrathecal humoral immune response in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a subacute viral infection of oligodendrocytes by jc virus occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients. by use of partially purified recombinant vp1 as antigen, the igg response was analyzed by a quantitative elisa of paired cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum samples. an intrathecal immune response to vp1, defined as an antibody-specificity index of csf to serum antibody titers > or =1.5, was found in 76% of pml patients (47/62) ...19979207375
detection of jc and bk viral genome in specimens of hiv-1 infected subjects.human polyomaviruses jc and bk are ubiquitous in healthy human adults, persist as latent viruses and can be reactivated in the immunodeficient host giving different pathologies. due to the experimental evidence of their potential oncogenicity and neurotropism, as well as to the enhanced viral production induced by co-infection with hiv-1, a possible role of these polyomaviruses has been suggested in aids-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (pml) and kaposi's sarcoma. jcv and bk ...19979208421
comprehensive investigation of the presence of jc virus in aids patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), a viral-induced demyelinating disease, is becoming relatively common, while many diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects remain to be clarified. a study was therefore undertaken in 64 aids patients suffering from various neurological disorders, including pml (12 subjects), with the specific objective of searching for jc virus (jcv) dna by nested pcr (n-pcr) in cerebrospinal fluid (csf), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs), and urine collected ...19979210030
detection of archetype and rearranged variants of jc virus in multiple tissues from a pediatric pml patient.jc virus (jcv) establishes persistent infections in its human host, and in some immunocompromised individuals, the virus causes the fatal brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). two forms of the virus, archetype and rearranged, have been isolated, with the latter being derived from the archetype form by deletion and duplication of sequences within the viral transcriptional control region (tcr). we have used the pcr technique to amplify jcv tcr sequences present within mul ...19979210031
incidence of jc viruria is higher than that of bk viruria in taiwan.to investigate the prevalence of human polyomaviruses in taiwan, urine samples from immunocompetent (healthy), transient immunocompromised (pregnant), and prolonged immunosuppressed (autoimmune disease) individuals were collected throughout the island. the viral dna in the urine was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot. the viral genotypes were determined by dna sequencing within the regulatory region. the overall results, including cases reported previously, show th ...19979210032
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the evolution of a disease once considered rare.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a formerly rare disease that chiefly occurred in persons with underlying lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, is now seen with increasing frequency in the era of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is currently estimated to arise in 5% of all human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. the clinical features of the disorder in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome do not appear to be sig ...19959222338
evaluation of the role of cytokine activation in the multiplication of jc virus (jcv) in human fetal glial cells.the human polyomavirus, jcv, is the etiologic agent of the fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy occurs most frequently in patients with underlying immunosuppressive disorders and is the direct result of virus multiplication in oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cell in the central nervous system. in this report we test the ability of cellular activation signals to modulate expression of the ...19959222341
capsid protein vp1 deletions in jc virus from two aids patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.pcr on 52 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens and 33 brain biopsies obtained from hiv-1 positive patients utilized pairs of primers from both the early region (jtp) and late region (jlp). in these patients, in whom progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) was suspected on the basis of clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) studies, eight csfs (15%) and 14 brain biopsy specimens (42%) contained jcv dna sequences. in two patients' samples, the csfs were positive for jcv dna ...19959222357
identification of three new jc virus proteins generated by alternative splicing of the early viral mrna.the genome of the human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv) encodes two regulatory proteins, large and small t antigen which are expressed early in a lytic infection, and three structural proteins, vp1, vp2, vp3, which are produced late in an infection. a fourth late protein, agnoprotein, may contribute to the assembly of the virion. in this study, we demonstrate the presence of three additional early proteins, t'135, t'136, and t'165, which are expressed in lytically-infected cells; t'135 is also readi ...19959222358
isolation and characterization of a type ii jc virus from a brain biopsy of a patient with pml.brain tissue of a patient with multiple myeloma suffering from neurological disorders similar to those seen in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) patients was evaluated for the presence of the papovavirus, jcv. results from polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed the presence of jcv with structural organization at the control region which is distinct from well-characterized isolates, ie mad-1 and mad-4. the control region of the new isolate, named jcvphila-1' contains a 22 nucleot ...19959222369
amplification of the complete polyomavirus jc genome from brain, cerebrospinal fluid and urine using pre-pcr restriction enzyme digestion.a method is described for amplification of the complete genome of the human polyomavirus jc (jcv) from progressive multifocal leukuencephalopathy (pml) brain, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of pml patients, and from the urine of controls without neurological disease. efficient amplification with the 'long pcr' method is achieved with primers overlapping the single bamhi or ecori site following digestion of the dna sample with the restriction enzyme bamhi or ecori, respectively. cutting of the superco ...19959222370
new aspects in the pathogenesis of polyomavirus-induced disease. 19979233434
serologic evidence of jamestown canyon virus infection in white-tailed deer populations from connecticut.we determined the prevalence and distribution of jamestown canyon (jc) virus antibody in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) populations in connecticut, usa. sera were collected from hunter-killed deer during 1993. antibody to jc virus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in 92 (21%) of 446 deer sera, and was uniformly distributed among geographic sites. twenty-one elisa-positive sera were tested and confirmed positive by plaque reduction neutralization testing. this ...19979249710
typing of urinary jc virus dna offers a novel means of tracing human migrations.although polyomavirus jc (jcv) is the proven pathogen of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the fatal demyelinating disease, this virus is ubiquitous as a usually harmless symbiote among human beings. jcv propagates in the adult kidney and excretes its progeny in urine, from which jcv dna can readily be recovered. the main mode of transmission of jcv is from parents to children through long cohabitation. in this study, we collected a substantial number of urine samples from native inhab ...19979256458
genomic cloning and sequence analysis of taiwan-3 human polyomavirus jc virus.four different-strains of human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv), cy, taiwan-1, taiwan-2, and taiwan-3, have been found in pregnant women and autoimmune disease patients in taiwan. in this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of the taiwan-3 jcv, virus isolated from the urine of an immunosuppressed patient with rheumatoid arthritis. the viral genome was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then cloned into a prokaryotic replicative plasmid, pgem-7zf(-). the genomic dna was sequenced and ...19979262055
latency and reactivation of jc virus in peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.jc virus (jcv) acts as an opportunistic virus in immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected patients. the role of peripheral blood cells in central nervous system invasion, before the onset of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), remains controversial. in order to clarify jcv latency or reactivation status in peripheral blood, 72 hiv-1-infected patients were studied, together with 7 hiv-1-positive pml patients and 50 blood donors. blood leukocytes, plasma ...19979276404
systemic infection by jc virus in non-hiv induced immunodeficiency without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.reactivation of latent jc virus in immunodeficient subjects can lead to a demyelinating disease following lytic oligodendrocyte infection. it is known as idiopathic cd4+ lymphocytopenia and rarely occurs in immunosuppressed patients who are not infected by hiv. we describe a case of persistent idiopathic cd4+ lymphocytopenia in an hiv-negative 65-year-old woman. at autopsy, polymerase chain reaction analysis evidenced jc virus dna in kidney, brain and liver although there were no signs of progre ...19979284596
detection of jc virus by anti-vp1 immunohistochemistry in brains with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.we have assessed the diagnostic efficacy of a novel polyclonal rabbit antiserum directed to the recombinant major capsid protein vp1 of jc virus (jcv). immunohistochemistry for vp1 was compared to non-radioactive jcv dna in situ hybridization (ish) in ten cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). tissue sections from postmortem brains were studied from pml patients suffering from immunodeficient conditions of various causes: immunodeficiency syndrome (aids, n = 7), severe combin ...19979292691
[the isolation of the polyomavirus (bk-jc) in specimens from immunodepressed patients]. 19979304144
a cell-free replication system for human polyomavirus jc dna.the human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv) establishes persistent infections in most individuals and is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. in this report, we describe the establishment of a soluble cell-free system that is capable of replicating exogenous plasmid dna containing the jcv origin of replication. replication in this system is completely dependent on the addition of jcv large t antigen (tag). to prepare jcv tag for replication analysis, a recombinant baculov ...19979311820
role of cell cycle regulators in tumor formation in transgenic mice expressing the human neurotropic virus, jcv, early protein.transgenic mice harboring the early genome from the human neurotropic jc virus, jcv, develop massive abdominal tumors of neural crest origin during 6-8 months after birth and succumb to death a few weeks later. the viral early protein, t-antigen, which possesses the ability to transform cells of neural origin, is highly expressed in the tumor cells. immunoblot analysis of protein extract from tumor tissue shows high level expression of the tumor suppressor protein, p53, in complex with t-antigen ...19979328827
characterization of jc virus dna amplified from urine of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients.thirty-seven chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (ms) patients, 20 of whom were taking cyclosporine, were examined for excretion of jc virus (jcv) in the urine. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of dna in urinary cell extracts detected jcv in 30% of the ms urines. in the cyclosporine treated group four of 20 (20%) excreted jcv, whereas in the untreated group seven of 17 (41%) excreted jcv. thus, cyclosporine treatment did not enhance urinary excretion of the virus. a control group ...19969345433
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation.six weeks after liver transplantation, a 51-year-old man developed a slowly progressive hemiparesis with deteriorating mental status and seizures. successive computed tomography (ct) scans of the brain revealed unilateral nonenhancing white matter lucencies that gradually coalesced and progressed to both hemispheres. brain biopsy results were consistent with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). we believe this is the first antemortem description of pml after liver transplantation. h ...19959346614
[analysis of the cellular tropism of jc virus with archetypal regulatory region].jc virus (jcv) with an archetypal regulatory region (archetype) has been cloned from urines of a healthy individual. it has been suggested that the regulatory region of prototype jc virus (pml type) isolated from brain of pml patient was derived from that of the archetype by deletion and duplication. biological characteristics of archetypal jcv, however, have not been fully studied. in the present study we examined the infectivity of archetypal jcv (cy), pml-type jcv (mad-1) and chimera jcv (mad ...19979378460
[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: virological and neuropathological aspects].progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a subacute demyelinating disease of the central nervous system due to an opportunistic infection by a polyomavirus, most often jc virus, which predominantly infects oligodendrocytes. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy used to be a rare condition, usually complicating lymphoproliferative diseases. since the onset of the aids epidemic, its incidence has considerably increased and hiv infection has become, by far, the main risk factor for the di ...19979382604
fine needle aspiration biopsy of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with aids. a case report.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is one of the most common opportunistic infections, with a range of 4-7% in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients. clinical diagnosis is often difficult, and the specific pathologic agent requires cytologic and pathologic confirmation.19979390149
review: jc virus infection of lymphocytes--revisited.jc virus (jcv), the causative agent of the fatal human demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), is an opportunistic papovavirus that infects and destroys oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system. since its isolation from the brain of a pml patient, jcv has long been classed as a neurotropic virus. many studies, however, have demonstrated that jcv can infect various other cell types, including immune system cells. moreover, several ...19979395374
investigation of human urine for genomic sequences of the primate polyomaviruses simian virus 40, bk virus, and jc virus.recent reports of the detection of simian virus 40 (sv40) nucleotide sequences in ependymomas, choroid plexus tumors, osteosarcomas, and mesotheliomas have raised the possibility that sv40, which naturally infects asian macaques, is circulating among humans. this possibility was examined by performing polymerase chain reaction assays on urine samples of 166 homosexual men, 88 of them human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive, for genomic sequences of sv40 as well as of human polyomaviruses ...19979395377
molecular detection of jc virus in embalmed, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue.embalmed tissues are adequate for the detection of jc virus in lesions of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) by immunohistologic and molecular methods. jc virus was readily detected in embalmed brain tissue using immunohistochemistry (ihc), in situ hybridization (ish), and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). two brains were removed from bodies that had been embalmed at least 24 h prior to autopsy. they were subsequently post fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 10-14 days before dis ...19979397562
asian genotypes of jc virus in native americans and in a pacific island population: markers of viral evolution and human migration.the human polyomavirus jc (jcv) causes the central nervous system demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. previously, we showed that 40% of caucasians in the united states excrete jcv in the urine as detected by pcr. we have now studied 68 navaho from new mexico, 25 flathead from montana, and 29 chamorro from guam. by using pcr amplification of a fragment of the vp1 gene, jcv dna was detected in the urine of 45 (66%) navaho, 14 (56%) flathead, and 20 (69%) chamorro. gen ...19979405649
successful treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with low-dose interleukin-2.a patient with low-grade lymphoma presented 8 months after autologous marrow transplantation with dizziness, aphasia and hemiparesis. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) showed an abnormal t2 signal in the frontoparietal region unilaterally. biopsy of the area demonstrated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy positive for jc virus and p53. treatment with interleukin-2 at 0.5 mu/m2/day i.v. continuous infusion resulted in near complete resolution of symptoms and mri abnormalities. the absolute ...19979422479
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: molecular biology, pathogenesis and clinical impact.the human polyomaviruses jc virus (jcv) and bk virus (bkv) have long been known as onco- and neurooncogenic. interest in their oncogenic potential has reemerged with the discovery of simian virus 40 dna in human brain tumors including the pituitary as well as in bone tumors and mesotheliomas. the only human disease caused by an infection with the human polyomavirus jcv is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) characterized by a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes with consecutive demy ...19979450227
regulation of murine myelin proteolipid protein gene expression.to identify putative sequences that direct cell type-specific expression and/or enhance proteolipid protein (plp) gene expression, glial or nonglial cells were transfected with various plp-luciferase constructs that collectively span the entire mouse plp-specific dna present in a transgene known to direct cell type specificity in transgenic mice. these constructs were transfected into murine oligodendrocyte cell lines that transcribe the plp gene and, hence, should contain the requisite trans-ac ...19979452006
polymerase chain reaction for detection of jc virus dna in cerebrospinal fluid: a quality control study. european union concerted action on viral meningitis and encephalitis.the sensitivity and specificity of pcr of csf for the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leuko encephalopathy is estimated at 75 and 98.5%, respectively. however, inter-laboratory and inter-technique variations have been shown to produce wide variations. a 10-fold dilution series of jc virus in cerebrospinal fluid was prepared and circulated for 'blind' evaluation in laboratories participating in a european union concerted action on virus meningitis and encephalitis. six of seven laboratories r ...19979504768
nucleic acid detection as a diagnostic tool in polyomavirus jc induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.procedures involved in the diagnosis of jc virus central nervous system infection range from detection of virus specific products in biopsy material to demonstration of viral dna in cerebrospinal fluid by pcr. despite the fact that pcr is the most sensitive method for the detection of virus in clinical specimens, diagnostic evaluation is increasingly difficult in view of the possible subclinical activation of persistent jcv infection in the central nervous system of high risk patients. therefore ...19989515769
absence of polyomavirus jc in glial brain tumors and glioma-derived cell lines.the human neurotropic papovavirus jc, a close relative of simian virus 40, has been associated with the formation of brain tumors in humans because of its ability to induce such tumors in other primates under experimental conditions. here we have analyzed 30 brain tumors classified as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma and 22 cell lines derived from human gliomas for the presence of jc viral sequences using polymerase chain reaction with two different sets of primers. none of the tumors or ...19989517574
bk and jc human polyomaviruses and simian virus 40: natural history of infection in humans, experimental oncogenicity, and association with human tumors. 19989520997
the human polyomavirus, jcv, does not share receptor specificity with sv40 on human glial cells.the initial event in the life cycle of a virus is its interaction with specific receptors present on the surface of a cell. understanding these interactions is important to our understanding of viral tropism and tissue specific pathology associated with viral disease. the human polyomavirus, jcv, is the etiological agent of the fatal central nervous system (cns) demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). pml is the direct result of jcv infection of oligodendrocytes, ...19989531011
amplification of jc virus regulatory dna sequences from cerebrospinal fluid: diagnostic value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a fatal demyelinating disease in the central nervous system caused by a ubiquitous human polyomavirus designated as jc virus (jcv). pml affects individuals with decreased immune competence and is now one of the common opportunistic infections in patients with aids. jcv dnas in the brain of pml patients contain various pml-type regulatory regions that were generated from the archetypal regulatory region during persistence. recently, many studies ...19989541611
detection of jc virus in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy but not in csf samples from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis, enteroviral meningitis, or multiple sclerosis.jc virus (jcv) dna was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) but not in csf samples from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis, enteroviral meningitis, or multiple sclerosis. this suggests that inflammatory processes in the brain do not necessarily reactivate jcv, which further supports the proposal that the presence of jcv dna in the csf is diagnostic for pml.19989542955
human polyomavirus jc control region variants in persistently infected cns and kidney tissue.the question of a possible role for jc virus (jcv) genomic rearrangements in the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) was addressed by analysis of the genomic complexity and the transcriptional control region (tcr) of the jcv dna population in persistently infected cns and kidney tissue. after cloning of full-length viral dna, no extensive changes were detected in the coding regions of the jcv genome by restriction analysis suggesting an intact jcv dna population. for ...19989568974
jc virus type 1 has multiple subtypes: three new complete genomes.the complete genomes of three new type 1 strains of jc virus (jcv) from urine have been analysed. these were subtype 1a, subtype 1b and type 4 as assigned from a short typing fragment in the vp1 gene. they differ from mad1 (subtype 1a) by less than 1.0% of the dna sequence. based on its complete genome, the jcv type 4 strain falls into a type 1 subgroup. type 4, with several type 3-like sites in the short typing fragment, is a possible recombinant strain. the consensus of type 1 dna sequences is ...19989568975
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy--progress made and lessons relearned. 19989571261
infection of glial cells by the human polyomavirus jc is mediated by an n-linked glycoprotein containing terminal alpha(2-6)-linked sialic acids.the human jc polyomavirus (jcv) is the etiologic agent of the fatal central nervous system (cns) demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). pml typically occurs in immunosuppressed patients and is the direct result of jcv infection of oligodendrocytes. the initial event in infection of cells by jcv is attachment of the virus to receptors present on the surface of a susceptible cell. our laboratory has been studying this critical event in the life cycle of jcv, and we ...19989573227
measurement of viral sequences in cerebrospinal fluid of aids patients with cerebral white-matter lesions using polymerase chain reaction.to optimize the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on cerebrospinal fluid (csf) for the evaluation of central nervous system (cns) white-matter lesions that along with clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) can allow a definite diagnosis to be made; also to evaluate treatment with zidovudine plus foscarnet.19989583597
tumor pathogenesis of human neurotropic jc virus in the cns.in the last several years, studies have reported the detection of sequences similar to the polyomavirus, simian virus 40 (sv40) in human tumors including choroid plexus papillomas and ependymomas. taken together with well-established evidence that sv40, as well as the human polyomaviruses jc virus (jcv) and bk virus (bkv), are oncogenic in several animal models, new interest has resurfaced regarding a possible role for these viruses in human tumors. in particular, a strong case can be made for r ...19989584954
pcr detection of jc virus dna in the brain tissue of a 9-year-old child with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (pxa) is a rare cerebral tumor of young adults with a slow growth and a good prognosis. due to its peculiar histopathological findings, the tumor resemble to the lytic phase of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), a jc virus (jcv) induced disease. for these reasons, the presence of jcv genoma and viral particles were searched for by means of nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) and electron microscopy (em) in a 9-year-old child with pxa. although em ...19989584961
[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). report of a case diagnosed by amplification of jc virus dna from cerebrospinal fluid (csf)].we report a 54-year-old japanese man who was diagnosed as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). he had been maintained on regular hemodialysis for 10 years. he was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of visual disturbance and disorientation. on neurological examination, he was somnolent, and showed mild weakness in the right upper and lower limbs. deep tendon reflexes were brisk on the right upper and bilateral lower limbs. sensory examination revealed no abnormal findings ...19989597910
jc virus excreted by multiple sclerosis patients and paired controls from hungary.jc virus (jcv), a human polyomavirus, is the agent of the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). jcv exists in four main genotypes in the usa. type 1, including subtypes type 1a and type 1b, makes up about 64% of strains in the usa and is thought to be of european origin. type 2 is found in asia, and type 3 in africa. a fourth type is found only in the usa. in general, these genotypes differ in 1-2.5% of their dna sequence. thirty ms patients and 30 paired contro ...19989599332
detection of jc virus dna in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients.jc virus (jcv), the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), has been proposed as a possible aetiopathogenic factor in multiple sclerosis (ms). we performed a study to search the lt region of jcv genome by nested pcr in cerebrospinal fluid (csf), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) and urine samples collected from 121 ms patients, 24 patients with other neurological disorders (ond), 30 non neurological patients (nnd) and in pbmcs and urine of 40 healthy subjects. ...19989599333
overexpression of ki-67 and cyclins a and b1 in jc virus-infected cells of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.both sv40 and jc virus (jcv) appropriate the host cell replicative machinery to attend to their own reproductive needs. sv40 large t antigen is able to induce the expression of cyclins a, b1, and e (but not of cylin d1) in transfected diploid cells. whether jcv infection influences cyclin expression in a similar fashion in the setting of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) remains unknown. brain lesions from 7 pml cases (4 autopsies and 3 biopsies) were immunohistochemically investi ...19989600214
jc virustype 2: definition of subtypes based on dna sequence analysis of ten complete genomes.five major genotypes of jc virus (jcv) have been defined based on nucleotide differences in the vp1 gene of the dna sequence. these types are probably a result of virus evolution in geographically isolated population groups. one of the first genotypes identified, type 2, was found to represent strains of asian origin. in order to further define the spectrum within type 2 strains, the entire 5.1 kb genome of nine urinary strains of jcv was amplified by pcr with one pair of primers. these urine sa ...19989603329
jc virus remains latent in peripheral blood b lymphocytes but replicates actively in urine from aids patients.jc virus (jcv) is thought to reach the central nervous system by a vascular route. to determine whether jcv is conveyed in peripheral blood as latent or reactivated virus, blood leukocytes, plasma, and urine from 50 aids patients and plasma and b lymphocytes from 60 aids patients were investigated. peripheral blood from 88 human immunodeficiency virus-negative blood donors was studied. nested polymerase chain reaction assays allowed the identification of jcv t dna and vp1 mrnas. the latter indic ...19989607826
sv40-like dna sequences in pleural mesothelioma, bronchopulmonary carcinoma, and non-malignant pulmonary diseases.pleural and pulmonary malignancies are usually associated with well-known carcinogen exposure. recently, the presence of simian virus 40 (sv40)-like dna sequences has been detected in brain and bone-related human cancers and in pleural mesothelioma. in order to determine whether sv40-like dna sequences are also present in bronchopulmonary carcinoma and non-malignant lung samples, 125 frozen pleural and pulmonary samples (including 21 mesotheliomas, 63 bronchopulmonary carcinomas, 8 other tumours ...19989614376
neurological disorders during hiv-1 infection correlate with viral load in cerebrospinal fluid but not with virus phenotype.to verify the compartmentalization of hiv-1 within the central nervous system (cns) and to define whether viral phenotype of hiv-1 isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples and csf viral load correlate with the presence and type of neurological disorders.19989619805
archetype jc virus efficiently replicates in cos-7 cells, simian cells constitutively expressing simian virus 40 t antigen.jc polyomavirus (jcv), the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), is ubiquitous in humans, infecting children asymptomatically and then persisting in the kidney. renal jcv is not latent but replicates to excrete progeny in the urine. the renal-urinary jcv dnas carry the archetype regulatory region that generates various rearranged regulatory regions occurring in jcvs derived from the brains of pml patients. tissue cultures that support the efficient growth of archet ...19989620986
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy resembling central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus.a 21-year-old woman with a 6-year history of sle presented with a speech disturbance and right hand clumsiness along with manifestations of active disease suggesting central nervous system sle. despite aggressive treatment for sle, her neurological condition worsened. mri demonstrated low intensity in t1-weighted images and high intensity in t2-weighted images in the white matter of the bilateral cerebrum and cerebellum, compatible with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). intraspin ...19989631757
cytologic and genetic study of polyomavirus-infected or polyomavirus-activated cells in human urine.to carry out a morphologic and genetic study of human polyomavirus infection or activation in child and adult urine specimens.19989648901
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia.we describe a child with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia that was diagnosed at 13 months of age. when he was 4 years old, gait disturbances began. the main neurological manifestations were progressive spastic tetraparesis and intellectual and speech deterioration. no infectious agent was identified. a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the central nervous system revealed periventricular demyelinating areas in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes with cortical atrophy. stereotactic brain bi ...19989675474
highly active antiretroviral therapy significantly improves the prognosis of patients with hiv-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.to evaluate the impact of different antiretroviral therapies on the prognosis of aids patients affected by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml).19989677163
an association, in adult japanese, between the occurrence of rogue cells among cultured lymphocytes (jc virus activity) and the frequency of "simple" chromosomal damage among the lymphocytes of persons exhibiting these rogue cells.data from a previous study of the cytogenetic effects, in cultured lymphocytes, of exposure to the atomic bomb in hiroshima have been reanalyzed to determine the relationship between the occurrence of "rogue" cells in an individual and the frequency of "simple" chromosomal damage in the nonrogue cells of the same individual. rogue cells are cells with complex chromosomal damage, currently believed to be a manifestation of the activity of a human polyoma virus termed "jc." among a total of 1,835 ...19989683586
in vivo validation of tissue segmentation based on a 3d feature map using both a hamster brain tumor model and stereotactically guided biopsy of brain tumors in man.the purpose of this study was to validate our mr tissue segmentation technique using a hamster brain tumor model and malignant brain tumors in man. we used a multispectral tissue segmentation analysis. three sets of mri data were included: proton density, t2-weighted fast spin echo, and t1-weighted spin echo, as inputs. three image preprocessing steps included correcting image nonuniformity, application of an anisotropic diffusion type filter, and data point selection by a qualified observer. we ...19989702882
rearrangements of archetypal regulatory regions in jc virus genomes from urine.the regulatory region of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-type jc virus (jcv) is rearranged in each host by a process of deletion and duplication. of the more than 40 that have been examined, no two regulatory regions have been rearranged identically in the brain. the substrate for this rearrangement appears to be a highly stable archetypal regulatory region excreted in the urine. its role as the transmissible form of the virus, although inferred, has never been proven. we have now amp ...19989711540
identification of sv40 in brain, kidney and urine of healthy and siv-infected rhesus monkeys.recent reports of simian virus 40 (sv40) sequences in human tumors have prompted investigations into the poorly understood association of this polyomavirus with its primate host, the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). in the present study we have used pcr to analyze tissues from 20 monkeys for the presence of sv40. five of the animals, which were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), were found to exhibit sv40-induced lesions and to have sv40 sequences present in their kidney and brain ...19989718131
the efficacy of nucleoside analogs against jc virus multiplication in a persistently infected human fetal brain cell line.the effectiveness of nucleoside analogs in blocking viral multiplication was evaluated using an immortalized human neuroglial cell line capable of sustaining a persistent jcv infection, svg-jc. results from in situ dna hybridization and hemagglutination assays performed on drug treated cultures were used as a measure of viral dna replication and multiplication, respectively. of the three drugs tested, ara-c (cytosine arabinoside), azt (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine), and cidofovir (s)-1-[3-hydroxy- ...19989718138
t-antigen-dependent transcriptional initiation and its role in the regulation of human neurotropic jc virus late gene expression.the multifunctional protein of papovaviruses, t-antigen, regulates the virus lytic cycle partly by exerting transcriptional control over viral and cellular gene expression. in this study, the ability of the t-antigen of human neurotropic jc virus (jcv) to enhance expression from the virus late promoter has been further examined. by deletion analysis, a t-antigen-responsive region was mapped within the jcv 98 bp enhancer/promoter between nucleotides 139 and 168. interestingly, t-antigen appears t ...19989747723
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, hiv, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. 19989750081
reappraisal of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to simian virus 40.several cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) have been associated with simian virus 40 (sv40), rather than with jc virus (jcv), the polyomavirus originally isolated from pml tissue. pml has, therefore, been defined as a demyelinating syndrome with possible multiple viral etiologies. tissues from three of the cases thought to be associated with sv40 were available for reexamination. monoclonal antibodies specific for sv40 capsid antigen vpi, virus-specific biotinylated dna pr ...19989754960
molecular biology and pathogenesis of human polyomavirus infections.the two human polyomaviruses jc and bk are ubiquitous in the human population. primary infection leads to lifelong persistence in the kidney, the cns and in lymphoid cells. virus is shed into the urine and is transmitted at least in part by the oral route. under limited changes of the immunological state persistent polyomavirus infection is activated to an asymptomatic virus production. however, in severe long-lasting immunosuppression, highly effective virus multiplication can be accompanied by ...19989776228
oncogenic potential of human neurotropic papovavirus, jcv, in cns.the human polyomavirus, jcv, is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), a fatal human demyelinating disease. pml results from the cytolytic destruction of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the nervous system. jcv has also been shown to be tumorigenic in several animal models. transgenic mice expressing the jcv early protein, t-antigen, develop poorly differentiated neural crest origin tumours. intracerebral inoculation of jcv into newborn hamsters i ...19989776230
rearranged and chimaeric primate polyomavirus genomes.recombination between different primate polyomavirus genomes (sv40, jcv, bkv) or within the genome of the same species (e.g. archetype to rearranged type virus) might contribute to the establishment of sv40-like viruses within the human population. alternatively, it is possible that these polyomaviruses might, upon co-infection of human cells, complement each other's growth through direct virus-virus interactions or by indirect effects on host cell permissiveness. our laboratory has investigated ...19989776231
jc virus infection in cells from lymphoid tissue.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a demyelinating disease characterized by infection of oligodendrocytes by jc virus. the exact nature of the pathogenesis of pml is not known. the nature of the primary infection, the site of viral latency, and the route by which jcv enters the brain remain to be elucidated. different laboratories have shown the presence of jcv in peripheral lymphocytes from immunosuppressed individuals, suggesting these cells as possible carriers of jcv to the ...19989776232
detection of sv40-like dna sequences in pleural mesothelioma, bronchopulmonary carcinoma and other pulmonary diseases.mesotheliomas are pleural-based tumours mainly associated with asbestos exposure (70% of cases) and the incidence is still raising. recently, a possible viral connection was reported and 60% of mesotheliomas were demonstrated to contain and express sv40-like dna sequences. in this study, the presence of sv40-like dna sequences were investigated in mesotheliomas (15 tissue samples and six cell lines) and in 63 additional bronchopulmonary carcinomas, one parietal osteosarcoma and non-malignant lun ...19989776236
cytotoxic t lymphocyte recognition sequences as markers for distinguishing among tumour antigens encoded by sv40, bkv and jcv.simian virus 40 (sv40) has been shown to be associated with a number of human tumours. two other human papova viruses, bkv and jcv, infect humans at a relatively high frequency and are activated upon immune suppression. the t antigens of both of these viruses share considerable homologies with the transforming protein t antigen of sv40. we have used sv40 t antigen specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) clones to discriminate among the t antigens of sv40, bkv and jcv. these ctl clones directed to ...19989776254
retinoblastoma-related protein prb2/p130 and suppression of tumor growth in vivo.the rb/p105 and p107 genes of the retinoblastoma family are tumor suppressor genes whose proteins are inactivated by interaction with t-antigen proteins encoded by polyomaviruses (e.g., simian virus 40 and human jc virus), which have been found to be highly tumorigenic in animals. a variety of indirect evidence suggests that another member of the retinoblastoma gene family, rb2/p130, is also a tumor suppressor gene. to investigate the putative tumor suppressor activity of rb2/p130 more directly, ...19989776410
phylogenetic analysis of 22 complete genomes of the human polyomavirus jc virus.the polyomavirus jc (jcv) establishes a persistent infection in the kidneys, and is the virus agent that causes the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. pcr and dna sequence analyses of partial jcv genomes have shown that there are at least four main jcv types, each associated with a specific geographical region. type 1 is of european origin, type 2 is asian, type 3 is found in individuals of african decent and type 4 is a potential recombinant of types 1 and 3, and ...19989780056
four geographically distinct genotypes of jc virus are prevalent in china and mongolia: implications for the racial composition of modern china.jc polyomavirus (jcv) is ubiquitous in humans, persisting in renal tissue and excreting progeny in urine. it has been shown that the genotyping of urinary jcv offers a novel means of tracing human migrations. this approach was used to elucidate the racial composition of modern china. jcv isolates in the old world were previously classified into nine distinct genotypes. one of them (b1) has a wide domain, encompassing part of europe and the entirety of asia. by constructing a neighbour-joining ph ...19989780057
[disturbance of the normal cell cycle by t antigens of sv40 viruses and jc cause some tumors].the mechanism that may lead to tumor formation in sv40 or jcv infected tissues based on previously reported interactions between t antigens and two factors (p53 and prb) controlling cell cycle has been discussed. p53 is a known tumor suppressor protein that delays s phase entry causing cell arrest in g1 phase or apoptosis when the dna damage occurs. phosphorylation of prb releases e2f family proteins that activate genes encoding s phase promoting factors. binding of t antigens to prb induces tum ...19989789434
detection of jc virus dna in human tonsil tissue: evidence for site of initial viral infection.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system that results from lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by the polyomavirus jc (jcv). originally, jcv was thought to replicate exclusively in human glial cells, specifically oligodendrocytes. however, we have recently shown that jcv can replicate in cells of lymphoid origin such as hematopoietic precursor cells, b lymphocytes, and tonsillar stromal cells. to determine whether tonsils harbor jc ...19989811728
prognostic value of jc virus load in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.jc virus (jcv) load was determined by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of 12 patients with aids-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) and compared with clinical outcome. jcv loads varied widely (3-7 log10 jcv equivalents/ml of csf) and were apparently not related to absolute cd4 cell counts or csf and plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 loads. a significant correlation was observed between jcv load and survival time (spearman' ...19989815242
[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a female patient after kidney transplantation].the authors describe the case of a 66-year-old female patient after transplantation of the kidney where a rare complication of immunosuppressive treatment was diagnosed--progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. the disease was manifested by gradually developing hemiparesis of the lower extremity five months after transplantation. examination of the brain by computed tomography and examination of cerebrospinal fluid were normal. subsequently the neurological finding developed into quadruparesi ...19989820086
transplacental transmission of human polyomavirus bk.the presence of bk virus (bkv) and jc virus (jcv) in autopsy materials (placenta, brain, and kidney) of aborted fetuses was investigated by pcr using two sets of primers, specific for the regulatory region (rr) and for the capsid protein vp1, respectively. the rr of bkv was detected in 12 samples of placenta and brain and in nine samples of kidney obtained from 15 fetuses. out of the 12 positive cases, four placentas, one brain, and three kidney samples also showed the presence of bkv dna in the ...19989829644
interaction of the single-stranded dna-binding protein puralpha with the human polyomavirus jc virus early protein t-antigen.large t-antigen, the major regulatory protein encoded by polyomaviruses, including simian virus 40 (sv40) and jc virus (jcv), is a multifunctional phosphoprotein that is involved in many viral and cellular events. in addition to its integral role in viral replication and cellular transformation, t-antigen also regulates transcription of both viral and cellular genes. in particular, the viral late promoter has been used as a model for the analysis of t-antigen-mediated transcriptional activation. ...19989830007
molecular epidemiology of human polyomavirus jc in the biaka pygmies and bantu of central africa.polyomavirus jc (jcv) is ubiquitous in humans and causes a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy which is common in aids. jcv is excreted in urine of 30-70% of adults worldwide. based on sequence analysis of jcv complete genomes or fragments thereof, jcv can be classified into geographically derived genotypes. types 1 and 2 are of european and asian origin respectively while types 3 and 6 are african in origin. type 4, a possible ...19989830527
prevalence of jc virus viraemia in hiv-infected patients with or without neurological disorders: a prospective study.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a severe demyelinating disease, which is rapidly fatal and is due to jc virus (jcv) infection, which especially occurs in hiv-infected patients. to investigate jcv pathophysiology and to evaluate the predictive value of jcv detection in blood, we looked for jcv dna in leukocytes and plasma of 96 patients without any neurological symptoms and 109 patients with neurological diseases, among whom 19 were suffering from pml. jcv genome was detected ...19989839651
the human polyomavirus, jcv, and neurological diseases (review).jc virus, a human neurotropic polyomavirus, is the established etiologic agent of the fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which usually affects individuals with defects in cell-mediated immunity. cytolytic destruction of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system is attributed as the mechanism by which jcv induces demyelination. pml was at one time a rare complication however it is now a much more common disease affecting patie ...19989852278
[advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by herpesvirus and jc virus].during the last two years important advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease have occurred. several studies have suggested that biologic markers of cmv viremia (pcr, branched dna and pp65 antigenemia) might be useful both to stratify the risk of developing cmv disease and to follow the response of cmv retinitis to therapy. it has been shown that patients who are plasma cmv pcr positive have a risk of developing cmv disease three times higher than patients who are ...19989859615
[progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency].this is a report of a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who presented acutely ill with severe progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) as the first manifestation of aids. pml was diagnosed in the brain after gross and microscopical examination as well as by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against jc virus.19989859703
the jc and bk human polyoma viruses appear to be recent introductions to some south american indian tribes: there is no serological evidence of cross-reactivity with the simian polyoma virus sv40.in an effort to understand the unusual cytogenetic damage earlier encountered in the yanomama indians, plasma samples from 425 amerindians representing 14 tribes have been tested for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human jc polyoma virus and from 369 amerinds from 13 tribes for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human bk polyoma virus. there is for both viruses highly significant heterogeneity between tribes for the prevalence of serum antibody titers >/=1/40, the patter ...19989861002
clinical utility of pcr on cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis and management of hiv neurological complications. 19989863880
treatment of aids-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with highly active antiretroviral therapy.to evaluate the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in 12 patients with aids-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml).19989875585
detection of jc virus in two african cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy including identification of jcv type 3 in a gambian aids patient.progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) is a fatal demyelinating central nervous system (cns) infection, affecting mainly oligodendrocytes, but also occasional astrocytes. in the usa, europe and asia, pml is caused by the human polyomavirus jc virus (jcv) and in autopsy series occurs in about 4-7% of aids patients. in africa, the prevalence of pml in aids patients is uncertain and the causative agent is unknown. this study reports immunocytochemical and pcr confirmation of pml in the cn ...19989877195
identification and characterization of a jc virus pentanucleotide repeat element binding protein: cellular nucleic acid binding protein.the jc virus (jcv) control region contains agggaaggga, the tandem pentanucleotide repeat element (pnt2). several proteins specifically interacted via pnt2 to regulate the expression of jcv early promoter-enhancer (jcv(e)) or late promoter-enhancer (jcv(l)). in this study, a jcv pnt2 oligonucleotide probe was used to screen a cdna expression library from glial p19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. a cdna clone was isolated by southwestern blot assay and it produced a protein that reproducibly and ...19989879764
the large t antigen of simian virus 40 binds and inactivates p53 but not p73.the p73 proteins alpha and beta were identified based on their similarity to the tumour suppressor gene product p53. p53 and the p73 proteins activate transcription from p53-responsive promoters. the large t antigen of simian virus 40 (sv40) forms a specific complex with p53 and inhibits p53-mediated transcription. here we show that the large t antigens from sv40 and jc virus strongly reduce the transcriptional activity of p53 but do not detectably affect the ability of the p73 proteins to trans ...19989880025
human polyoma virus-associated interstitial nephritis in the allograft kidney.asymptomatic polyoma virus infection documented by urine cytology or serology is well known, but the clinical course of biopsy-proven interstitial nephritis is not well defined.19999921805
isolated, chronic, epilepsia partialis continua in an hiv-infected patient.the characteristic clinical feature of epilepsia partialis continua (epc) is chronic focal myoclonus, usually involving the distal part of one extremity. a variety of pathogenetic factors have been implicated in epc. in children, the most common cause is rasmussen encephalitis; in adults, it is vascular disease or tumor involving the sensorimotor cortex. epileptic seizures are a relatively common manifestation of central nervous system involvement in patients infected with human immunodeficiency ...19999923770
jc virus and chronic lymphocyte leukemia. 19999924705
human ubiquitous jcv(cy) t-antigen gene induces brain tumors in experimental animals.jcv is a papovavirus which is widespread in the human population. the prototype mad-1 variant of jcv induces a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (cns) called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) in immunosuppressed individuals. the unique tropism of jcv (mad-1) to the cns is attributed to the tissue-specific regulation of the viral early promoter which is responsible for the production of the viral regulatory protein, t-antigen. the archetype form of this viru ...19999926918
jc virus dna load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.to determine the clinical value of jc virus (jcv) detection in various anatomic compartments for the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml).19999932940
the major capsid protein, vp1, of human jc virus expressed in escherichia coli is able to self-assemble into a capsid-like particle and deliver exogenous dna into human kidney cells.the full-length major capsid protein, vp1, of the human polyomavirus jc virus was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. vp1 protein expressed in e. coli self-assembled into capsid-like particles and caused haemagglutination of human o-type red blood cells. caesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation analysis revealed that the capsid-like particles consisted of virion-like pseudovirion and empty capsid-like pseudocapsid populations. the morphology of pseudo-virion and pseudocapsid partic ...19999934681
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