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venom and viral expression products of the endoparasitic wasp campoletis sonorensis share epitopes and related sequences.endoparasitic wasps of lepidopteran insects must induce changes in host immunity and development to survive. depending on the species, this may require wasp venom proteins and/or a polydnavirus. we describe an immunological and genetic relationship between the campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus and the wasp's venom gland. monoclonal antibodies raised against venom glands recognized epitopes conserved on several polydnavirus proteins and on multiple wasp oviduct and venom proteins. the viral enve ...19901695005
polydnavirus dna is integrated in the dna of its parasitoid wasp host.the polydnavirus campoletis sonorensis virus (csv) is present in the oviducts of all adult c. sonorensis female wasps and appears to be required for these wasps to parasitize hosts successfully. physical mapping, southern blot analysis, and nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrate that the viral dna b-specific sequences in cloned wasp dna are colinear with viral genomic segment dna b from nucleocapsids and are covalently linked to nonviral wasp sequences. integrated dna b terminates in 59-nucleo ...19911946402
segment w of campoletis sonorensis virus: expression, gene products, and organization.campoletis sonorensis virus (csv, polydnaviridae) is a segmented double-stranded dna virus which has an apparently symbiotic relationship with the parasitic wasp, campoletis sonorensis. csv replicates in the oviducts of the parasitic wasp and is injected into the wasp's host, heliothis virescens (lepidoptera; noctuiidae), during oviposition. in the parasitized lepidopteran host, the virus has a dramatic effect on host physiology and viral gene products are believed to play an essential role in t ...19892922929
identification and comparison of campoletis sonorensis virus transcripts expressed from four genomic segments in the insect hosts campoletis sonorensis and heliothis virescens.the campoletis sonorensis virus (csv; polydnaviridae) genome consists of at least 28 closed circular superhelical (sh) dnas. in this study we used complete clones of four sh dnas to analyze viral transcription both in the adult parasitic wasp host campoletis sonorensis (ichneumonidae) and in the lepidopteran host, heliothis virescens (noctuidae). csv genes are expressed in parasitized h. virescens, but no viral transcripts had been characterized from c. sonorensis until this study. the clones of ...19883201745
two related viral genes are located on a single superhelical dna segment of the multipartite campoletis sonorensis virus genome.campoletis sonorensis virus (csv) (polydnaviridae) is a large eucaryotic dna virus with a structurally complex genome consisting of 28 or more superhelical (sh) dna segments. little is known of the relationship between different sh dnas, but some sh dnas do cross hybridize, indicating a relatedness between certain sh dnas. in a previous study of viral expression in parasitized heliothis virescens larvae, several partially homologous viral mrnas were also identified (g. w. blissard, s. b. vinson, ...19873629971
molecular analysis of campoletis sonorensis virus dna in the lepidopteran host heliothis virescens.nucleic acid hybridization techniques were used to analyse the fate of campoletis sonorensis virus (csv) dnas in naturally parasitized and virus-injected heliothis virescens larvae. viral dna persisted in injected h. virescens larvae from 0 to 10 days post-injection but no increase in the amount of viral dna could be detected. similarly, no increase in the amount of viral dna was detected in naturally parasitized h. virescens larvae before the development of the c. sonorensis pupae. however, a d ...19863746255
apparent functional role for a cysteine-rich polydnavirus protein in suppression of the insect cellular immune response.polydnaviruses suppress the cellular immune response and inhibit growth and development in their lepidopteran host, allowing survival of their endoparasitic hymenopteran host. characterization of genes disrupting insect physiological systems is a major objective in the study of polydnaviruses. recently, a cysteine-rich gene family encoding a motif composed of invariable cysteine residues flanking hypervariable intercysteine amino acids was described (s.d. dib-hajj, b.a. webb, and m.d. summers, p ...19947933131
polydnavirus infection inhibits synthesis of an insect plasma protein, arylphorin.the wasp campoletis sonorensis injects a segmented, double-stranded dna polydnavirus (cspdv) along with its egg during parasitization of heliothis virescens larvae. after parasitization, cspdv protects the wasp egg and larva by selectively disabling the host's cellular immune response. other host physiological systems including growth and development are affected to the apparent benefit of the parasite. to begin the characterization of the biochemical effects and mode of action of cspdv on host ...19948077926
structure and evolutionary implications of a "cysteine-rich" campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus gene family.for successful parasitization, the female campoletis sonorensis endoparasitic wasp injects a polydnavirus into its host, heliothis virescens, during oviposition. viral gene expression induces immunosuppression and alters development of the host. we report here that three abundantly expressed genes, vhv1.1, whv1.0, and whv1.6, describes a polydnavirus "cysteine-rich" gene family which may be important in inducing these host manifestations. these genes have a similar primary gene structure and the ...19938475127
isolation and characterization of a member of the cysteine-rich gene family from campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus.the endoparasitic wasp campoletis sonorensis injects a symbiotic polydnavirus into its host heliothis virescens. viral gene expression protects the wasp egg and larva from encapsulation by host haemocytes. three related c. sonorensis polydnavirus (cspdv) genes, which are expressed in parasitized h. virescens, have been previously isolated and grouped into a cysteine-rich gene family. in this report, a cspdv gene encoding an abundant 1.4 kb mrna expressed in parasitized insects was isolated and m ...19968627269
interaction of a wasp ovarian protein and polydnavirus in host immune suppression.during parasitization of heliothis virescens, campoletis sonorensis deposits an egg along with venom, polydnavirus particles (cspdv), and ovarian proteins (ops). oviposited eggs are not encapsulated, while washed eggs are encapsulated rapidly by h. virescens. early protection from encapsulation is afforded by a group of 29-36 kd op glycoforms. these glycoforms are endocytosed by host hemocytes within 30 min post-parasitization (pp) and disrupt hemocyte spreading behavior and egg encapsulation th ...19968738933
expression of polydnavirus genes under polydnavirus promoter regulation in insect larvae infected with baculovirus recombinants.we have evaluated the use of baculoviruses to deliver campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (cspdv) genomic dna into lepidopteran larvae to facilitate the identification of functional cspdv genes. genomic fragments consisting of regulatory (promoter) and coding sequences for two cspdv genes (vhv1.1 and whv1.6) were used to generate cspdv-baculovirus recombinants and evaluate the expression of genes under the regulation of the cspdv promoters. northern blot and primer extension studies established t ...19968757977
promoter analysis of a cysteine-rich campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus gene.promoter activity of the campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus (cspdv) whv1.6 gene was analysed by transient transfection assays in insect cell culture using constructs expressing the cat gene. deletions of the whv1.6 gene promoter were used to define promoter regions important for expression. progressive deletion of the regions upstream of the tata box reduced the promoter activity, whereas deletions eliminating the tata box abolished promoter activity. cis-activating elements were detected up to ...19979225060
homologous sequences in the campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus genome are implicated in replication and nesting of the w segment family.polydnaviruses (pdvs) are double-stranded dna viruses with segmented genomes that replicate only in the oviducts of some species of parasitic wasps and are required for the successful parasitization of lepidopteran insects. pdv dna segments are integrated in the genomes of their associated wasp hosts, and some are nested; i.e., smaller segments are produced from and largely colinear with larger segments. to determine the internal structure of nested viral segments, the first complete nucleotide ...19979343208
expression and hemocyte-targeting of a campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus cysteine-rich gene in heliothis virescens larvae.the polydnavirus associated with the parasitic wasp campoletis sonorensis is injected into the lepidopteran insect, heliothis virescens, during parasitization, after which viral gene products suppress the cellular immune system of the hosts. four related cysteine-rich polydnavirus gene have been identified in parasitized h. virescens larvae and grouped into a family. in this study, we investigated the expression and hemocyte targeting of the cysteine-rich vhv1.4 protein. full-length and truncate ...19979366011
cloning and expression of a gene encoding a campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus structural protein.polydnaviruses are the only known group of mutualistic viruses. they are required for successful parasitization in many braconid and ichneumonid parasitoids. the intimacy of this mutualistic association is indicated by the integration and vertical transmission of polydnaviruses in wasp genomes and by their asymptomatic, developmentally regulated replication. the evolution of this mutualism raises several interesting issues that require a better understanding of the viral genome and viral replica ...19999987819
a gene encoding a polydnavirus structural polypeptide is not encapsidated.polydnaviruses are symbiotic viruses associated with some parasitic hymenoptera that are vertically transmitted as proviruses within wasp genomes. to study this symbiotic association a gene encoding an abundant campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus virion protein was characterized. this gene is not encapsidated but resides in the wasp genome where it is expressed only during virus replication. immunolocalization studies detected the encoded 44-kda protein only in oviduct tissue with ultrastructural ...200010753722
characterization of campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus segment i genes as members of the repeat element gene family.campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) is a symbiotic virus associated with the endoparasitic wasp c. sonorensis. the virus is injected into the wasp's host, heliothis virescens, during oviposition. one csiv gene has been identified as a repeat element (rep) gene and encodes a ubiquitous imperfectly conserved 540 bp sequence. we report the sequencing and mapping of a rep-containing segment, segment i, that hybridizes to a known rep sequence from segment o(1). analysis of this 8.6 kbp segment id ...200212237420
evidence for a conserved polydnavirus gene family: ichnovirus homologs of the csiv repeat element genes.in campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv), the repeat element genes constitute a gene family of 28 members. in the present work, we document the presence of members of this gene family in two additional ichnoviruses, hyposoter didymator ichnovirus (hdiv) and tranosema rostrale ichnovirus (triv). two repeat element genes, representing at least one functional gene, were identified in triv, whereas hdiv was found to contain at least three such genes. in both hdiv and triv, the known repeat element ...200212350362
polydnavirus-mediated suppression of insect immunity.polydnaviruses are symbiotic proviruses of some ichneumonid and braconid wasps that modify the physiology, growth and development of host lepidopteran larvae. polydnavirus infection targets neuroendocrine and immune systems, altering behavior, stunting growth, and immobilizing immune responses to wasp eggs and larvae. polydnavirus-mediated disruption of cellular and humoral immunity renders parasitized lepidopteran larvae suitable for development of wasp larvae as well as more susceptible to opp ...199912770335
origin and evolution of polydnaviruses by symbiogenesis of insect dna viruses in endoparasitic wasps.during oviposition, many endoparasitic wasps inject virus-like particles into their insect hosts that enable these parasitoids to evade or directly suppress their hosts' immune system, especially encapsulation by hemocytes. these particles are defined as virions that belong to viruses of the two genera that comprise the family polydnaviridae, bracoviruses (genus bracovirus) transmitted by braconid wasps, and ichnoviruses (genus ichnovirus) transmitted by ichneumonid wasps. structurally, bracovir ...200312770621
characterization of campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus unique segment b and excision locus structure.polydnaviruses (pdvs) are segmented, symbiotic, double-stranded dna viruses that are vertically transmitted as proviruses within the genomes of some parasitoid hymenoptera. the pdv associated with the ichneumonid wasp campoletis sonorensis (csiv) consists of 24 non-redundant dna segments varying in size from approximately 6 to 20 kbp. csiv segment b, one of the smallest genome segments, was sequenced and the excision sites of the proviral segment were characterized. the segment b sequence was 83 ...200312770631
diversifying selection in a parasitoid's symbiotic virus among genes involved in inhibiting host immunity.during parasitization of their hosts some insect parasitoids deliver resident viruses which encode genes that must be expressed in the host for successful parasitization. among these viruses the campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus has been well studied and encodes a cys-motif gene family implicated in disruption of host immunity and other physiological systems. members of this gene family encode one or more intercystine-knot structural motifs in which the non-cysteine residues of the motif are vari ...200312942210
a teratocyte gene from a parasitic wasp that is associated with inhibition of insect growth and development inhibits host protein synthesis.after parasitization, some wasps induce hosts prematurely to initiate metamorphic development that is then suspended in a postwandering, prepupal state. following egression of the parasite larva, the host remains in this developmentally arrested state until death. teratocytes, cells released at egg hatch from extra-embryonic serosal membranes of some wasp parasites, inhibit growth and development when injected into host larvae independent of other parasite factors (e.g. venom, polydnavirus). syn ...200312974958
quantitative analysis of hemocyte morphological abnormalities associated with campoletis sonorensis parasitization.endoparasitoids of arthropods evoke host cellular immune responses that result in hemocytic encapsulation of the endoparasitoid, unless these responses are disrupted by the parasite. our interest has focused on mutualistic viruses found in some hymenopteran endoparasitoids that disrupt hemocyte function and prevent encapsulation. specifically, the campoletis sonorensis polydnavirus interacts with wasp factors to suppress immunity via expression of intracellular and secreted viral proteins. to st ...200415861227
ikappabeta-related vankyrin genes in the campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus: temporal and tissue-specific patterns of expression in parasitized heliothis virescens lepidopteran hosts.polydnaviruses (pdvs) are unusual insect viruses that occur in obligate symbiotic associations with parasitic ichneumonid (ichnoviruses, or ivs) and braconid (bracoviruses, or bvs) wasps. pdvs are injected with eggs, ovarian proteins, and venom during parasitization. following infection of cells in host tissues, viral genes are expressed and their products function to alter lepidopteran host physiology, enabling endoparasitoid development. here we describe the campoletis sonorensis iv viral anky ...200515919914
identification of host translation inhibitory factor of campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus on the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens.parasitization of a wasp, campoletis sonorensis, against the larvae of heliothis virescens depresses synthesis of specific host proteins related to growth and immunity. it has been suggested that the inhibition of host gene expression is targeted at a posttranscriptional level. this study aimed to verify the identity of host translation inhibitory factor (htif) derived from wasp parasitization. to identify htif, the proteins in the parasitized host were fractionated using different protein purif ...200516034985
polydnavirus genomes reflect their dual roles as mutualists and pathogens.symbionts often exhibit significant reductions in genome complexity while pathogens often exhibit increased complexity through acquisition and diversification of virulence determinants. a few organisms have evolved complex life cycles in which they interact as symbionts with one host and pathogens with another. how the predicted and opposing influences of symbiosis and pathogenesis affect genome evolution in such instances, however, is unclear. the polydnaviridae is a family of double-stranded ( ...200616380146
unfolding the evolutionary story of polydnaviruses.polydnaviruses (pdvs) are fascinating viruses. described in thousands of parasitoid wasp species they are unique viruses having both a segmented dna genome in viral particles and an integrated form that persists as a provirus in the wasp genome. parasitoid wasps inject their eggs in another insect host typically a lepidopteran. in these host-parasitoid interactions, the virus particles are co-injected along with the eggs and are essential to ensure wasp parasitism success. pdvs do not replicate ...200616460826
effect of campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus cys-motif proteins on heliothis virescens larval development.polydnaviruses are obligate symbionts of some parasitic hymenopteran wasps responsible for modifying the physiology of their host lepidopteran larvae to benefit the endoparasite. injection of campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) into heliothis virescens larvae alters larval growth, development and immunity but genes responsible for alterations of host physiology are not well described. recent studies of polydnavirus genomes establish that these genomes encode families of related genes express ...200616580679
expression of campoletis sonorensis virus in the parasitized host, heliothis virescens.polyadenylated mrna transcripts of the virus of campoletis sonorensis were detected in heliothis virescens host larvae 2 h after the larvae had been parasitized by c. sonorensis females and continued to be present in host larvae through 9 days postparasitization while c. sonorensis developed endoparasitically. cdnas of viral transcripts present in h. virescens hybridized with only certain c. sonorensis viral dnas.198316789245
identification, mapping, and in vitro translation of campoletis sonorensis virus mrnas from parasitized heliothis virescens larvae.expression of campoletis sonorensis virus (csv) in parasitized heliothis virescens larvae was investigated by northern blot analysis of poly(a)(+) mrnas isolated from h. virescens larvae at various times after parasitization by c. sonorensis. at least 12 csv mrnas were detected in parasitized h. virescens larvae. injection of nonparasitized h. virescens larvae with purified csv resulted in a pattern of viral mrnas similar to that observed in naturally parasitized larvae. with csv dna restriction ...198616789254
campoletis sonorensis endoparasitic wasps contain forms of c. sonorensis virus dna suggestive of integrated and extrachromosomal polydnavirus dnas.campoletis sonorensis virus (csv) (polydnaviridae) previously was detected only in the calyx epithelial cells and lumen of the oviducts from female c. sonorensis (ichneumonidae) endoparasitic wasps (norton et al., cell tissue res. 162:195-208, 1975). using dot-blot hybridizations, we detected low amounts of csv dna in male and female wasp head and thorax tissues and in male abdominal tissues. low amounts of extrachromosomal viral dna were detected in southern blots of undigested male wasp dna an ...198616789255
physical analysis of the campoletis sonorensis virus multipartite genome and identification of a family of tandemly repeated elements.this report is an analysis of cross-hybridizing sequences found within the 28 superhelical (sh) dnas of the multipartite genome of the polydnavirus campoletis sonorensis virus (csv). a southern cross-blot hybridization analysis showed that the majority of csv ecori restriction fragments cross-hybridize to multiple ecori fragments. these sequence homologies were analyzed by hybridizing recombinant clones of the csv sh dnas b, h, m, and o(1) to southern blots of undigested csv dna, using different ...198716789266
polydnavirus genes that enhance the baculovirus expression vector system.the baculovirus expression vector system (bevs) is a powerful and versatile system for protein expression, which has many advantages. however, a limitation of any lytic viral expression system, including bevs, is that death and lysis of infected insect cells terminates protein production. this results in interruption of protein production and higher production costs due to the need to set up new infections, maintain uninfected cells, and produce pure viral stocks. genetic methods to slow or prev ...200616997009
divergences in protein activity and cellular localization within the campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus vankyrin family.ichnoviruses (ivs) occur in obligate symbiotic associations with endoparasitic ichneumonid wasps. ivs are injected with eggs during parasitization, where viral infection and gene expression alter host physiology to ensure endoparasitoid survival. the seven campoletis sonorensis iv (csiv) vankyrin genes encode proteins that possess ankyrin repeat domains resembling the inhibitory domains of nf-kappab transcription factor inhibitors (ikappabs). the csiv vankyrins are divided into two subclasses: t ...200617005654
shared and species-specific features among ichnovirus genomes.during egg-laying, some endoparasitic wasps transmit a polydnavirus to their caterpillar host, causing physiological disturbances that benefit the wasp larva. members of the two recognized polydnavirus taxa, ichnovirus (iv) and bracovirus (bv), have large, segmented, dsdna genomes containing virulence genes expanded into families. a recent comparison of iv and bv genomes revealed taxon-specific features, but the iv database consisted primarily of the genome sequence of a single species, the camp ...200717306851
the campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus vankyrin protein p-vank-1 inhibits apoptosis in insect sf9 cells.the campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) vankyrin genes encode proteins containing truncated ankyrin repeat domains with sequence homology to the inhibitory domains of nf-kappab transcription factor inhibitors, ikappabs. the csiv vankyrin proteins are thought to be involved in the suppression of nf-kappab activity during immune response and/or developmental events in the parasitized host. here we report that when p-vank-1 was expressed stably from sf9 cells, prolonged survival of these cells ...200919453763
functional interactions between polydnavirus and host cellular innexins.polydnaviruses are double-stranded dna viruses associated with some subfamilies of ichneumonoid parasitoid wasps. polydnavirus virions are delivered during wasp parasitization of a host, and virus gene expression in the host induces alterations of host physiology. infection of susceptible host caterpillars by the polydnavirus campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) leads to expression of virus genes, resulting in immune and developmental disruptions. csiv encodes four homologues of insect gap ju ...201121813607
analysis of gene transcription and relative abundance of the cys-motif gene family from campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) and further characterization of the most abundant cys-motif protein, whv1.6.the cys-motif gene family associated with campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus contains 10 members, whv1.6, whv1.0, vhv1.1, vhv1.4, ahv1.0, a'hv0.8, fhv1.4, lhv2.8, uhv0.8, and uhv0.8a. the results of this study indicated that, within the encapsidated virion, whv1.6 is the most abundant cys-motif gene, while the combined ahv genes are the least abundant. during parasitization of heliothis virescens by campoletis sonorenis, whv1.6 transcripts were the mostly highly expressed, while the combined uhv g ...201323614457
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