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pathogenicity of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 1 in mice and specific pathogen-free foals.both intranasal (i.n.) and intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of mice with wild-type equine herpesvirus type 1 (wt ehv-1) caused clinical signs and mortality. virus could be recovered from target organs (turbinates, lungs and blood) for several days. by contrast, the thymidine kinase (tk)-deficient deletion mutant pr1 produced markedly less clinical disease following both i.n. and i.c. inoculation, and, in particular, no mortality occurred. pr1 did, however, establish productive infections followi ...19938388018
the identification of equid herpesvirus 1 in paraffin-embedded tissues from aborted fetuses by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.paraffin-embedded organ samples from 28 aborted fetuses and three foals, partly archival and partly sampled in 1991, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and immunohistochemistry for the presence of dna and antigens, respectively, specific for equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1). virologic examination had been performed on 23 of the aborted fetuses. dna fragments specific for ehv-1 were identified by pcr, and ehv-1 antigens were identified in situ by immunohistochemistry, with an agreement ...19938389598
equine herpesvirus type 1 neurological disease and enterocolitis in mature standardbred horses. 19938389601
characterization of the myristylated polypeptide encoded by the ul1 gene that is conserved in the genome of defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus 1.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1, kentucky a strain) preparations enriched for defective interfering particles (dips) can readily establish persistent infection. the ul1 gene, which is conserved in the genome of dips that mediate persistent infection, maps between nucleotides 1418 and 2192 (258 amino acids) from the l (long) terminus. ul1 has no homology with any known gene encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 but has limited homology to open reading frame 2 of varicella-zoster virus and the "circ" ...19938389920
development of a dna probe for identification of bovine herpesvirus 4.a sensitive and specific dna probe for detection and identification of bovine herpesvirus 4 (bhv-4) was developed. cloned fragments from a library of hindiii fragments of the bhv-4 (dn-599) genome were labeled with 32p or digoxigenin and were tested for sensitivity and specificity in detecting viral dna by dot-blot hybridization. two probes were identified that detected 10 pg of purified viral dna, and detected viral dna in 0.001 micrograms of total dna extracted from bhv-4-infected cells. both ...19938391228
responses of ponies to equid herpesvirus-1 iscom vaccination and challenge with virus of the homologous strain.an experimental (iscom) vaccine previously shown to protect hamsters from lethal challenge with equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), was tested in horses. vaccination with ehv-1 iscoms induced serum antibodies to the major virus glycoproteins gp10, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 21/22a, whereas antibody responses to gp2 were weak or absent. high levels of virus neutralising antibody of long duration were induced, but did not prevent challenge infection with virus of the homologous strain. however, in the vaccinated ...19938393207
processing of the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein alpha 22 mediated by the ul13 protein kinase determines the accumulation of a subset of alpha and gamma mrnas and proteins in infected cells.we reported previously that the posttranslational processing associated with phosphorylation of the herpes simplex virus 1 infected-cell protein 22 (icp22), a regulatory protein, is encoded by ul13, a gene encoding a structural protein of the virion. we now report the following. (i) in cells infected with a mutant lacking ul13 (delta ul13), restricted infected cells accumulate reduced levels of the regulatory protein icp0 and several late viral proteins. identical reductions have been observed i ...19938393574
modulation of the serological response of specific pathogen-free (ehv-free) foals to ehv-1 by previous infection with ehv-4 or a tk-deletion mutant of ehv-1.ehv-1 was inoculated into specific pathogen-free (spf) foals in order to study uncomplicated primary responses. infection resulted in a strong serological response recognizing ehv-1-specific antigens; this contrasts with a previous publication where a weak response was recorded in spf animals. antibodies to ehv-1 were readily detected by four techniques (virus neutralization, complement fixation, western blots and immune precipitation), yet there was comparatively little cross-reaction to ehv-4 ...19938394686
identification and nucleotide sequence of a gene in feline herpesvirus type 1 homologous to the herpes simplex virus gene encoding the glycoprotein h.a gene encoding the glycoprotein h (gh) homologue of feline herpesvirus type 1 was identified and sequenced. it was located immediately downstream of the thymidine kinase gene within an ecori 6.6 kbp fragment. in addition, a partial ul21 homologous gene was located downstream of the gh homologous gene. the primary translation product of the gh homologous gene is predicted to consist of 821 amino acids with a molecular weight of 92.5 kda. it possesses several characteristics typical of transmembr ...19938394688
the equine herpesviruses.two viruses, ehv-1 and ehv-4, are now known to be responsible for disease conditions formerly considered caused by "equine rhinopneumonitis virus." although these viruses share several laboratory and clinical features, they differ in epidemiology and pathogenic potential. ehv-4 is primarily associated with clinical respiratory disease, whereas ehv-1 is more frequently isolated from aborted fetuses, sickly foals, and neurologic cases. both viruses frequently establish latent infections, but the r ...19938395324
the dna sequence of the equine herpesvirus 4 gene encoding glycoprotein gp17/18, the homologue of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gd.the nucleotide sequence of the gene to the left of the gi gene of equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) was determined. the gene encodes a peptide of 402 amino acids with an unprocessed m(r) of 45,323. the predicted polypeptide has several features of a glycoprotein including a hydrophobic signal sequence, a membrane spanning domain and four potential n-linked glycosylation sites within the proposed external domain. the predicted amino acid sequence of ehv-4 gd shows 83% identity with that of equine herp ...19938397286
[equine rhinopneumonitis: molecular epidemiology and diagnosis by molecular probes prepared from organs].the authors briefly review the clinical forms of equine rhinopneumonitis and indicate changes in the nomenclature of equine herpesviral infections. the value of restriction profiles for epidemiological studies is described, taking as an example the strains of virus isolated in france. a technique is given for preparing molecular probes, as well as the application of these probes in direct diagnosis from biological specimens.19938400389
expression of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein d by using a recombinant baculovirus.glycoprotein d (gd) of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) was expressed at the surface of insect cells infected by a recombinant baculovirus. ehv-1 gd was detected as multiple forms (56, 52, and 48 kda) from 18 to 96 h postinfection. laboratory animals inoculated with the recombinant ehv-1 gd developed neutralizing antibody responses against both ehv-1 and ehv-4.19938411384
the effect of ehv-1 infection upon circulating leucocyte populations in the natural equine host.it has been suggested that ehv-1 infection may perturb immune responsiveness in the natural equine host. the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear, but disturbances of circulating leucocyte populations could contribute. in order to objectively assess the nature of the haematological changes provoked by ehv-1 infection, two groups of conventionally-maintained welsh mountain ponies were challenge-infected intra-nasally with the ab4 isolate of ehv-1. these groups were controlled by simi ...19938296444
ehv-1 infection in twin equine fetuses. 19938303812
the horserace betting levy board's code of practice for equine viral arteritis for the 1994 breeding season.the horserace betting levy board formulates codes of practice for the control of contagious equine metritis and other equine bacterial venereal diseases, and equine viral arteritis and equid herpesvirus 1. this year's codes have just been published and the code of practice for eva, reproduced below, has been substantially amended following the recent outbreak in the uk. the code is intended for use by veterinary surgeons and breeders of thoroughbred and non-thoroughbred horses. the hblb states t ...19938310626
analysis of the nucleotide sequence of five genes at the left end of the unique short region of the equine herpesvirus 4 genome.eco ri fragment g of equine herpesvirus 4 strain 405/76 (ehv 4.405/76) is located at the left end of the unique short region close to or extending into the internal repeat region of the prototypic arrangement of the genome. the nucleotide sequence of two subclones designated hs and g 19, contiguous within eco ri fragment g, was determined for each strand by obtaining a nested set of deletion clones of these double-stranded dna plasmids. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed that the two s ...19938380320
the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) ul3 gene, an icp27 homolog, is necessary for full activation of gene expression directed by an ehv-1 late promoter.we have previously reported that the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) xbai g restriction fragment (nucleotides 1436 to 7943 relative to the left terminus of the ehv-1 genome [kentucky a strain]) is required in combination with the ehv-1 immediate-early (ie) gene to achieve significant activation of two representative ehv-1 late promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) recombinants in transient expression assays. in this report, we demonstrate that the xbai g-encoded ul3 gene (an icp27 homolo ...19938380457
an immunohistological study of the uterus of mares following experimental infection by equid herpesvirus 1.twelve welsh mountain pony mares in late gestation were infected intranasally with ehv-1 (ab4 isolate) at dose rates from 10(3) to 10(7.3) tcid50. this resulted in 3 cases of paresis, at days 9, 10 and 12 after inoculation, and 5 abortions, at days 6, 9, 18, 19 and 20. euthanasia was performed between days 6 and 21, with collection of uterine specimens for histopathology, virus isolation and immunoperoxidase staining from the pregnant horn, non-pregnant horn and body. ehv-1 replication in endome ...19938380768
prevalence of antibodies against some equine viruses in zebra (zebra burchelli) in the kruger national park, 1991-1992.the presence of antibodies against equine encephalosis virus (eev) and equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 in zebra in the kruger national park (knp) was demonstrated. the ability of zebra to maintain immunity against eev is illustrated by the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in most zebra foals within months of losing their maternal immunity. this occurs in every month of the year, even in winter. the high proportion of serologically positive foals in winter is ascribed to the presence of large numb ...19937970572
a novel arrangement of zinc-binding residues and secondary structure in the c3hc4 motif of an alpha herpes virus protein family.a highly conserved, cysteine-rich region plays a crucial role in the function of a family of regulatory proteins encoded by alpha herpes viruses. the so-called c3hc4 motif spans approximately 60 residues and has been predicted to bind zinc. this motif occurs in a number of other viral and cellular proteins, many of which appear to be involved in some aspect of the regulation of gene expression. we have cloned and expressed in bacteria a portion of immediate-early protein vmw110 of herpes simplex ...19938263911
herpesvirus icp18.5 and dna-binding protein genes are conserved in equine herpesvirus-1.the genome of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) contained three open reading frames (orfs) in a 3.9 kbp bamhi-smai fragment at 0.38-0.41 map units in the long unique region. the most 5' orf encoded the carboxy terminus of a protein with 45-55 percent amino acid homology to the dna-binding proteins (icp8-dbp) of four other alpha-herpesviruses. the middle orf translated to a polypeptide of 775 residues with 43-55% homology to the icp18.5 proteins. the most 3' orf encoded the ehv-1 glycoprotein b (gb) g ...19938279122
comparison of the restriction patterns of equine herpesvirus (ehv-1) strains isolated for eight years in france.the equine herpes viruses strains (ehv) isolated from organs of aborted foetuses or from nasal swabs have been analysed by comparison of their restriction endonucleases patterns using two enzymes, bam hi and pst i. the majority of the clinical samples came from the west part of france ("normandie") after abortions or respiratory disorders. all the viruses isolated were ehv-1 strains whose patterns show considerable homogeneity although some differences can be described. the genomic dnas of the s ...19938284964
[vaccination against rhinopneumonia]. 19948291048
a comparison of the polymerase chain reaction with standard laboratory methods for the detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in archival tissue samples.a detection system incorporating the polymerase chain reaction was compared with the use of histopathology and virus isolation to determine the presence of equid herpesvirus type 1 or equid herpesvirus type 4 in equine tissues submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. when the polymerase chain reaction was performed, these tissues had been stored for up to 3 years. thirty-eight tissues representing 14 cases had been stored embedded in paraffin wax. analysis of these tissues using the pcr gave predic ...199416031754
inter- and intra-strain genomic variation in equine herpesvirus type 1 isolates.restriction enzyme digests of dna from 22 unselected isolates of ehv-1 were analysed by hybridization with cloned dna fragments covering the genome. in addition to a small amount of inter-strain variation, heterogeneity within strains was observed, caused by loss of specific restriction endonuclease sites in the dna of a proportion of the virus particles of any one stock. fifteen strains demonstrated the same intra-strain variation involving loss of the bamhi l-m site which was shown to lie with ...19948279952
cloning and expression of an equine herpesvirus 1 origin-binding protein.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is an important pathogen of horses and is closely related to several important human pathogens, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) and varicella-zoster virus. the ehv-1 genome contains open reading frames similar in sequence to the hsv-1 replication genes. pcr was used to clone ehv-1 gene 53, which is similar in sequence to the hsv-1 ul9 gene. the gene 53 product has regions of striking similarity to the hsv-1 ul9 and vzv gene 51 products. in vitro ...19948189505
helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus type 1: a mutation in the ul52 subunit abolishes primase activity.the ul52 gene product of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) comprises one subunit of a 3-protein helicase-primase complex that is essential for replication of viral dna. the functions of the individual subunits of the complex are not known with certainty, although it is clear that the ul8 subunit is not required for either helicase or primase activity. examination of the predicted amino acid sequence of the ul5 gene reveals the existence of conserved helicase motifs; it seems likely, therefore, ...19948189507
unusual phosphorylation sequence in the gpiv (gi) component of the varicella-zoster virus gpi-gpiv glycoprotein complex (vzv ge-gi complex).varicella-zoster virus (vzv) glycoprotein gpiv, to be renamed vzv gi, forms a heterodimer with glycoprotein gpi (ge) which functions as an fc receptor in virus-infected cells. like vzv gpi (ge), this viral glycoprotein is phosphorylated in cell culture during biosynthesis. in this report, we investigated the nature and specificity of the phosphorylation event involving vzv gpiv (gi). phosphoamino acid analysis indicated that gpiv (gi) was modified mainly on serine residues. to identify the preci ...19948207795
identification and characterization of the icp22 protein of equine herpesvirus 1.the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) homolog of herpes simplex virus type 1 icp22 is differently expressed from the fourth open reading frame of the inverted repeat (ir4) as a 1.4-kb early mrna and a 1.7-kb late mrna which are 3' coterminal (v. r. holden, r. r. yalamanchili, r. n. harty, and d. j. o'callaghan, j. virol. 66:664-673, 1992). to extend the characterization of ir4 at the protein level, the synthesis and intracellular localization of the ir4 protein were investigated. antiserum raised aga ...19948207808
equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 encode functional homologs of the herpes simplex virus type 1 virion transactivator protein, vp16.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tegument protein vp16 is a potent transcriptional inducer of immediate-early gene expression, comprising an n-terminal domain involved in binding dna linked to an acidic transactivating c-terminal domain. the gene encoding the counterpart of this protein in equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) was sequenced. comparisons with vp16 and the homologous proteins of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) showed that a region in the n-terminal domai ...19948259676
molecular evolution of herpesviruses: genomic and protein sequence comparisons.phylogenetic reconstruction of herpesvirus evolution is generally founded on amino acid sequence comparisons of specific proteins. these are relevant to the evolution of the specific gene (or set of genes), but the resulting phylogeny may vary depending on the particular sequence chosen for analysis (or comparison). in the first part of this report, we compare 13 herpesvirus genomes by using a new multidimensional methodology based on distance measures and partial orderings of dinucleotide relat ...19948107249
the equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein homologous to herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein m is a major constituent of the virus particle.glycoprotein 45 is a major envelope glycoprotein of equine herpesvirus type 1. the gene encoding this protein is located between map units 0.615 and 0.636 on the virus genome and evidence has suggested that it is encoded by gene 52, one of four genes within this region. using pcr we have amplified gene 52 and subsequently cloned it into a mammalian expression vector under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter. the gene was expressed in cos-7 cells and its product ...19948113768
the complete dna sequence and the genetic organization of the short unique region (us) of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (st strain).the dna sequence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) st strain (bhv-1.2 subtype) entire unique short (us) region and part of adjacent flanking sequences of the inverted repeats was determined. the bhv-1 st us region is 9745 bp in size and has a 70.5% g + c content. eight potential open reading frames (orfs) longer than 100 amino acids and designated orf1 to orf8 were identified on this sequence. seven of these had counterparts in the us of herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1), pseudorabies virus (prv) ...19948122370
the open reading frames 1, 2, 71, and 75 are nonessential for the replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 in vitro.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) strain ab4 has five genes, 1, 2, 67, 71, and 75, which have no homologues in any of the herpesviruses sequenced to date; i.e., they are unique to ehv-1. the functions of these unique genes are not known. to study their role in the virus life cycle, we have constructed four independent mutants in which the majority of the coding sequences of genes 1, 2, 71, and 75 has been deleted and replaced by the escherichia coli lacz gene. mutant ed1 has a deletion of 508 bp ...19948122373
identification of a dimerization domain in the c-terminal segment of the ie110 transactivator protein from herpes simplex virus.the 775-amino-acid ie110 (or icp0) phosphoprotein of herpes simplex virus (hsv) functions as an accessory transcription factor during the lytic cycle and plays a critical role in reactivation from latent infection. by immunofluorescence analysis, ie110 localizes in a novel pattern consisting of several dozen spherical punctate granules in the nuclei of dna-transfected cells. we constructed a hybrid version of ie110 that contained an epitope-tagged domain from the n terminus of the hsv ie175 prot ...19948151788
the prevalence of latent equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses.equid herpesviruses 1 or 4 (ehv-1 or -4) were isolated by cocultivation from 60% of 40 horses examined at slaughter. the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract were the most common source of virus. ehv-1 or ehv-4 was never isolated from the trigeminal ganglia (slg). the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected virus in 87.5% of bronchial lymph nodes and a similar level in the trigeminal ganglia that were examined. by both assays approximately one third of the positive animals harboured both ...19948575377
the dna sequence coding for the 5' untranslated region of herpes simplex virus type 1 icp22 mrna mediates a high level of gene expression.the sequence coding for the 5' untranslated region (utr) of icp22 mrna of herpes simplex virus type 1 has been tested for its ability to regulate gene expression. this sequence was placed in frame with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) coding sequence and under the control of the simian virus 40 early promoter-enhancer. under these conditions, the sequence coding for the 5'utr led to an increase of about 13-fold in cat activity, measured during transient expression. the use of mutants ...19948021598
characterization of immune responses to baculovirus-expressed equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoproteins d and h in a murine model.a murine intranasal infection model for equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) was used to evaluate immune responses following immunization with insect cells infected by baculoviruses that express ehv-1 glycoproteins. baculovirus recombinant glycoprotein d (gd) and gh both induced serum antibodies to ehv-1 when measured by elisa. the gd recombinant also produced a neutralizing antibody response. protective immunity, determined by accelerated clearance of virus from the target organs in the respirator ...19948021602
a gd homologous gene of feline herpesvirus type 1 encodes a hemagglutinin (gp60).a gene-encoding glycoprotein d (gd) homologue of feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) was identified and sequenced. it was located within an ecori 4.3-kbp fragment in the middle of the unique short region. the primary translation product of the gd homologous gene is predicted to consist of 374 amino acids with a molecular weight (mw) of 43.2 kda. comparative analysis among gd counterparts of other herpesviruses revealed that six cysteine residues which correlate with disulfide bond structure were c ...19948030205
the equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate-early gene product contains an acidic transcriptional activation domain.the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) immediate-early (ie) gene product, an icp4 homolog, is the major regulatory protein encoded by ehv-1 during cytolytic infection. the ie gene product has been demonstrated to induce reporter gene expression directed by both homologous and heterologous viral promoters, including the ehv-1 thymidine kinase (tk) promoter, the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) tk and icp4 promoters, and the simian virus 40 early promoter. in this report, the transcriptional act ...19948030239
the extreme carboxyl terminus of the equine herpesvirus 1 homolog of herpes simplex virus vp16 is essential for immediate-early gene activation.gene 12 of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), the homolog of herpes simplex virus (hsv) vp16 (alpha tif, vmw65), was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector by pcr and used in transactivation studies of both the ehv-1 and hsv-1 ie1 promoters. results demonstrated that the product of gene 12 is a potent transactivator of immediate-early gene expression of both viruses, which requires sequences in the upstream hsv-1 promoter for activity. mutational analysis of the gene 12 open reading frame indicat ...19948035487
in-situ hybridization for demonstration of equine herpesvirus type 1 dna in paraffin wax-embedded tissues and its use in horses with disseminated necrotizing myeloencephalitis.the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in infected cell cultures, and in tissues taken at necropsy, by the in-situ hybridization technique is described. a 4.9 kb bam hi fragment of ehv-1 vaccine strain rach was used as a probe after labelling with [alpha-32p] thymidine 5'-triphosphate ([32p]ttp) or digoxigenin-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dutp). both probes specifically detected ehv-1 dna in either cytospin or paraffin wax-embedded preparations of infected cells. the digoxigenin-lab ...19948040387
the trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse.four specific pathogen-free ponies were infected intranasally with equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and two were similarly infected with an ehv-1 thymidine kinase deletion mutant. the primary infections were characterized by a transient fever accompanied by virus shedding into nasal mucus and viraemia. no virus was detected in clinical specimens after 15 days post-infection. two months later a reactivation stimulus was administered to all six ponies and only the four that had been previously inocula ...19948046404
expression of equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein gp14 in escherichia coli and in insect cells: a comparative study on protein processing and humoral immune responses.the extracellular portion (amino acids 1 to 844) of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein gp14, the homologue of gb of herpes simplex virus, was expressed in escherichia coli and in insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus. immunoblot analysis revealed that the recombinant e. coli expressed a fusion protein of m(r) 135k which was composed of the truncated gp14 and the maltose-binding protein (mbp) provided by the vector and a 90k protein lacking the mbp moiety. both proteins wer ...19948046406
rapid, single-step differentiation of equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 from clinical material using the polymerase chain reaction and virus-specific primers.sets of primers were designed which enabled specific amplification of homologous regions of the glycoprotein c and gene 76 genetic loci of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4). the resultant virus-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products arising from each loci could be discriminated easily on the basis of size on an agarose gel, allowing rapid differentiation of the two equine herpesviruses. specificity of the amplifications were confirmed by southern hybridization and restric ...19948051234
identification and initial characterization of the ir6 protein of equine herpesvirus 1.the ir6 gene of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a novel gene that maps within each inverted repeat (ir), encodes a potential protein of 272 amino acids, and is expressed as a 1.2-kb rna whose synthesis begins at very early times (1.5 h) after infection and continues throughout the infection cycle (c. a. breeden, r. r. yalamanchili, c.f. colle, and d.j. o'callaghan, virology 191:649-660,1992). to identify the ir6 protein and ascertain its properties, we generated an ir6-specific polyclonal antise ...19948057419
large and small subunits of the aujeszky's disease virus ribonucleotide reductase: nucleotide sequence and putative structure.we determined the entire dna sequence of two adjacent open reading frames of aujeszky's disease virus encoding ribonucleotide reductase genes with the intergenic sequence of 9 bp. from the sequence analysis we deduce that orfs encode large and small subunits, with sizes of 835 and 303 amino acids, respectively. amino acid sequence comparison of adv rr2 with that of equine herpesvirus type 1, bovine herpesvirus type 1, hsv-1 and varicella zoster virus revealed that 48% of amino acids represent cl ...19948086454
nucleotide sequence and characterization of the feline herpesvirus type 1 immediate early gene.we report the nucleotide sequence of feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) immediate early (ie) gene encoding a homologue to the icp4 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 and its flanking sequences. when we examined the regulatory function of the fhv-1 ie gene product by using the transient transfection assay with an effector plasmid expressing the fhv-1 ie gene in combination with chimeric various promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs, the product was able to transactivat ...19948091674
comparison of the genomes of attenuated equine herpesvirus-1 strains with their parent virulent strain.to elucidate the virulence factors of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), we compared the genomic architecture of the hh1 strain, a japanese isolate of ehv-1, with that of its four descendant strains obtained by serial passage in bovine kidney (bk) cells, i.e. bk77, bk161, bk271, and bk343. in preliminary studies high-passaged bk271 and bk343 lost virulence in colts, and in the present study digestion with restriction endonuclease bamhl showed that the dnas of bk271 and bk343 differed markedly from th ...19947909970
inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus gene expression and replication by alphaherpesvirus icp4 homologues.we investigated the effects of pseudorabies virus (prv), herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), and equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) icp4 homologues on feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) long terminal repeat (ltr)-directed gene expression. this was done by using the transient expression chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay in crandell feline kidney (crfk) and felis catus whole fetus 4 cells transfected with a chimeric fiv ltr-cat reporter construct in combination with effector plasmids ...19947931167
expression and characterisation of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein h using a recombinant baculovirus.a recombinant baculovirus capable of expressing the glycoprotein h (gh) gene of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) was constructed. ehv-1 gh gene products in recombinant baculovirus infected insect cells were identified as 105 kda and 110 kda species compared with a 115 kda product detected in ehv-1 infected mammalian cells. the extent of n-glycosylation of ehv-1 gh in both insect and mammalian cells was indicated by a shift in apparent molecular weights after pngase f treatment to 90 kda and 95 kda f ...19947944958
update on llama medicine. ophthalmology.review of the limited literature on camelid eyes suggests they are anatomically similar to those of domestic livestock species, except they lack meibomian glands and have iridial folds (rather than corpora nigra). the microbial flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac also appears to be similar to those of domestic livestock and pets, except that no mycoplasma have been isolated from camelids. ocular diseases for which camelids are presented to veterinarians are numerous and varied. the mos ...19947953968
mapping, cloning and sequencing of a glycoprotein-encoding gene from bovine herpesvirus type 1 homologous to the ge gene from hsv-1.in order to map and identify the glycoprotein-encoding gene from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), homologous to the ge glycoprotein from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a region of the unique short sequence from the bhv-1 genome has been sequenced. the sequenced region contains an orf coding for a polypeptide of 575 amino acids (aa). the aa sequence presents substantial similarity to that of the glycoprotein ge from hsv-1 and to homologous proteins of related viruses such as pseudorabies ...19947958994
the gene downstream of the gc homologue in feline herpes virus type 1 is involved in the expression of virulence.feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) mutants were constructed, carrying a beta-galactosidase marker gene integrated into the region downstream of the gene encoding the homologue of glycoprotein c (gc) of herpes simplex virus type 1. in cell culture, no differences in replication were observed between mutants and the parent fhv-1 strain. however, in experimentally infected cats, mutants caused fewer clinical signs after oronasal administration although they replicated to the same extent as the paren ...19947964620
sequences of the ribonucleotide reductase-encoding genes of equine herpesvirus 4.the equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) genes encoding the two subunits of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (rr) were cloned and their nucleotide (nt) sequences determined. the large subunit (rr1) is predicted to comprise 789 amino acids (aa), which compares with lengths of 790, 775 and 1137 aa for the rr1 proteins encoded by equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) gene 21, varicella zoster virus (vzv) gene 19 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) ul39, respectively. in common with vzv rr1, the ehv-4 rr1 pro ...19948206376
identification and characterization of the protein product of gene 71 in equine herpesvirus 1.equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) strain ab4 gene 71 is predicted to encode a primary product with a m(r) of 80.1k. we have previously constructed a deletion/lacz insertion mutant, ed71, and demonstrated that gene 71 is dispensable for growth of virus in cell culture. we have now constructed a gene 71 revertant, re71. to identify and characterize the product of gene 71, we produced a specific antiserum, anti-71, against a beta-galactosidase fusion protein containing the carboxy terminus of the gene 7 ...19947964621
equine herpesvirus-1: a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus. 19947801451
amplification of strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 by use of polymerase chain reaction with primers in the thymidine kinase region.a primer pair was designed from the published nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene for use in detection of the virus by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of 12 bhv-1 strains (3 atcc and 9 local isolates). a tk deletion mutant bhv-1, and 2 bhv-4 strains from atcc were used as negative controls. one strain each of feline herpes-virus, equine herpesvirus, and bovine adenovirus, and 2 noninoculated bovine cultured ...19947802385
an improved cosmid vector for the cloning of equine herpesvirus dna.we have modified the commercial cosmid vector, triple helix vector (thv), such that i-sce-i restriction endonuclease sites flank the cloning site. i-sce-i is a rare-cutting endonuclease which recognizes an 18-bp sequence. it does not restrict the genome of either of the equine herpesvirus 1 or 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) strains we have cosmid cloned. thus, cosmid-cloned ehv fragments can be excised intact from the vector by i-sce-i digestion, facilitating production of large overlapping ehv fragments f ...19947821817
serological relationship between a donkey alphaherpesvirus (isolate m7/91) and equid herpesvirus type 1 and 4.rabbit hyperimmune serum prepared against a donkey alphaherpesvirus isolate (m7/91), and against ehv-1 and ehv-4 was used to characterise the antigenic relationship between these 3 viruses. serum from immunised rabbits was always more specific for homologous virus and showed different cross reactivity for heterologous virus. it was concluded that the immunologic relationship between the m7/91 isolate and ehv-1, was closer than that between this isolate and ehv-4. a serological survey of donkeys ...19947776336
equine herpesviruses 1 and 4: amplification and differentiation by polymerase chain reaction. 19947847200
disseminated equine herpesvirus-1 infection in a two-year-old filly. 19947858033
another fence jumped in the ehv-1 stakes. 19947889915
distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) in the respiratory tract of ponies: implications for vaccination strategies.twelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed to 10(6.6) tcid50 of equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), strain ab4 and samples of respiratory tract tissues were recovered. infectious virus in tissue homogenates was detected using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry of paraffin sections. the results illustrated the rapid dissemination of ehv-1 throughout the respiratory tract, with early replication in the l ...19947889920
distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue: implications for cellular immunity.twelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed intranasally to ehv-1, strain ab4 (tcid50 10(-6.6) and samples of respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissues were recovered between 12 h and 13 days after infection. infectious virus was detected in tissue homogenates using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry on paraffin sections. the results showed both infectious ehv-1 and viral antigens in respirat ...19947889921
abortion due to equine herpesvirus in southern brazil.we report an outbreak of abortion due to equine herpesvirus (ehv) in 5 mares between 9 and 11 months of gestation, from a herd of 22 thoroughbred mares. equine herpesvirus was isolated from extracts of the liver, spleen and thymus but not from the lungs of a 9-month fetus grown in rabbit kidney (rk13) cells. the virus was identified by electron microscopy, where virus particles could be seen in the nucleus of infected cells, and by the fluorescent antibody technique with polyclonal antibodies ag ...19947894345
zinc mining for protein domains. 19947664042
use of lambda gt11 to identify antigenic components of equine herpesvirus 4.a library of the equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) genome was constructed in the lambda gt11 expression vector. recombinant bacteriophage expressing ehv-4 antigens as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins were detected with rabbit antiserum raised against ehv-4 virions and convalescent horse serum. ehv-4 dna sequences contained in the immunopositive recombinants were used as hybridization probes for mapping the genes encoding the antigens on the viral genome. the dna sequence of the probes was determine ...19947521096
a touchdown pcr for the differentiation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) field strains from the modified live vaccine strain rach.more than 50 reference strains and field isolates of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) were examined by a touchdown pcr. primers for specific amplification of ehv-1 dna were chosen from the terminal and internal repeat regions of the ehv-1 genome where the high-passaged live vaccine strain rach displays symmetric 850 bp deletions. the positive strand and one negative strand primer were designed to encompass the deletions present in rach, and the second negative strand primer was designed to hybr ...19947714035
response of ponies to adjuvanted ehv-1 whole virus vaccine and challenge with virus of the homologous strain.five yearling ponies were vaccinated with inactivated equid herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in freund's complete adjuvant as a double emulsion and revaccinated 6 weeks later with ehv-1 in freund's incomplete adjuvant. these ponies and three age-matched controls were challenged intra-nasally after a further 6 weeks with homologous live virus and monitored clinically, biologically and serologically. after challenge, clinical signs were mild in both groups. no cell-associated viraemias were detected in ...19957735868
nuclear localization and transcriptional activation activities of truncated versions of the immediate-early gene product of equine herpesvirus 1.the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) immediate-early (ie) gene product encodes a nuclear regulatory protein capable of negatively autoregulating its own promoter, transactivating representative ehv-1 early promoters, and acting in a concerted fashion with accessory ehv-1 regulatory factors to transactivate ehv-1 late promoters. to identify ie amino acid sequences involved in nuclear localization and to examine the contribution of c-terminal portions of the ie polypeptide to transactivation, vectors ...19957745735
protection against ehv-1 challenge infection in the murine model after vaccination with various formulations of recombinant glycoprotein gp14 (gb).four formulations of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein gp 14 (gb), were tested for their ability to protect mice against intranasal (inas) ehv-1 challenge infection. the preparations tested included (i) a truncated gp14 produced in escherichia coli or (ii) a truncated gp14 expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus, (iii) truncated gp14 coexpressed with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag virus-like particles (vlp) in insect cells, and (iv) a gp14-dna vac ...19957747423
transcriptional analysis of the short segment of the feline herpesvirus type 1 genome and insertional mutagenesis of a unique reading frame.transcription mapping was performed in the short region of the feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) genome as a first approach to the functional analysis of open reading frames encoding the homologs of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) gd, gl, ge, us9, and probably also us8.5. all reading frames appeared to be transcribed. transcripts were grouped into two nested rna sets; namely, the coterminal transcripts of gd and gl and the coterminal transcripts of ge, us8.5, and us9. this situation was ...19957747442
the dna sequence of human herpesvirus-6: structure, coding content, and genome evolution.the complete dna sequence was determined for strain u1102 of human herpesvirus-6, a cd4+ t-lymphotropic virus with disease associations in immunodeficient settings and a possible complicating factor in aids. the genome is 159,321 bp in size, has a base composition of 43% g + c, and contains 119 open reading frames. the overall structure is 143 kb bounded by 8 kb of direct repeats, drl (left) and drr (right), containing 0.35 kb of terminal and junctional arrays of human telomere-like simple repea ...19957747482
expression of membrane-bound and secreted forms of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein d by recombinant baculovirus.analyses of the synthesis and processing of recombinant full-length glycoprotein d of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1; gd392) or recombinant truncated gd (gd352) expressed in baculovirus-infected sf9 cells revealed the following: (1) gd polypeptides encoded by both recombinant baculoviruses react with gd-specific antibodies including peptide-specific antiserum that neutralizes ehv-1 in a plaque reduction assay, (2) both the full-length recombinant gd392 and the truncated gd352 are expressed pre ...19957754672
[neurological form of rhinopneumonitis in horses]. 19957761973
development of pcr assays to detect genetic variation amongst equine herpesvirus-1 isolates as an aid to epidemiological investigation.a search for variable restriction sites has been carried out for equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) in an attempt to develop markers which can be used to group epidemiologically related viruses into groups, and to learn more about the dynamics of ehv-1 disease. crude viral dna extracts of ehv-1, prepared by hirt extraction, were digested with alui, haeiii, or rsai, and southern blotted following electrophoresis. dna fingerprints, produced by probing the southern blots with the ehv-1 ecor1-i fragment, ...19957769032
replication of equid herpesvirus 4 in endothelial cells and synovia of a field case of viral pneumonia and synovitis in a foal.equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) infection was diagnosed as the cause of interstitial pneumonia in a 6-week-old conventionally reared welsh pony foal, by cocultivation and immunolabelling with specific monoclonal antibodies, ehv-4 specific amplification of viral dna, and immunohistological examination of infected tissues. the case was novel in that replication of the ehv-4 isolate in endothelial cells and in the synovial epithelium was a feature. restriction digests of this isolate were compared with ...19957769144
cellular and antibody responses to equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 following vaccination of horses with modified-live and inactivated viruses.the ability of monovalent and bivalent equine herpesvirus (ehv) vaccines to stimulate cellular and antibody responses to ehv-1 and ehv-4 was compared in healthy horses. comparison of data from lymphocyte blastogenesis tests in which live viruses were used as antigens and that were conducted prior to vaccination and after 2 vaccinations revealed that horses given modified-live ehv-1 had significant increases in proliferative responses to ehv-1 (p = 0.03) and ehv-4 (p = 0.04). responses to ehv-1 a ...19957538990
a mouse model for testing the pathogenicity of equine herpes virus-1 strains.a mouse model was developed for testing the pathogenicity of equine herpes virus-1 (ehv-1) strains. the model was validated with ehv-1 strains that are known to be of a low or high pathogenicity in horses. from all parameters tested, the safety index, which was calculated from the body weights of the mice after infection, proved to be the best predictive parameter. when this parameter was used, good and reliable correlations were found with the pathogenicity of the ehv-1 strains in horses. this ...19957559856
the equine herpesvirus 1 gene 63 ring finger protein partially complements vmw110, its herpes simplex virus type 1 counterpart.all alpha herpesviruses of known dna sequence have been found to encode a protein with similarities to immediate early protein vmw110 (icp0) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). the conserved portion of this family of proteins is a characteristic zinc binding module, known as a ring finger or c3hc4 domain. examples of ring finger domains occur in many other proteins of diverse evolutionary origin and function. recently, the solution structure of the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) ring finger pr ...19957561779
application of an equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) type-specific elisa to the management of an outbreak of ehv1 abortion.sera from 33 australian thoroughbred mares were tested during an outbreak of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) abortion with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa) for the presence of ehv1-specific antibodies. the elisa used a recombinant ehv1 antigen derived from glycoprotein g (gg) and distinguished antibodies to ehv1 from those of the antigenically related and widespread herpesvirus ehv4. sera were obtained from most of the mares on three occasions, three, 13 and 67 days after the first abort ...19957571249
sequence characteristics of a gene in infectious laryngotracheitis virus homologous to glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus.an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) gene homologous to glycoprotein d of herpes simplex virus (hsv) was identified and characterized by its nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence. the iltv gd gene is located in the unique short region (u(s)) and contains an open reading frame capable of specifying a polypeptide of 380 amino acids, including n- and c- terminal hydrophobic domains consistent with signal and anchor regions respectively, and no potential sites for ...19957612933
role of the virion host shutoff (vhs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 in latency and pathogenesis.the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) ul41 gene product, virion host shutoff (vhs), has homologs among five alphaherpesviruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, pseudorabies virus, varicella-zoster virus, and equine herpesvirus 1), suggesting a role for this protein in neurotropism. a mutant virus, termed ul41nhb, which carries a nonsense linker in the ul41 open reading frame at amino acid position 238 was generated. ul41nhb and a marker-rescued virus, ul41nhb-r, were characterized in vitro and tested for their ...19957474089
the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) open reading frame 47 (orf47) protein kinase is dispensable for viral replication and is not required for phosphorylation of orf63 protein, the vzv homolog of herpes simplex virus icp22.to investigate the role of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) open reading frame 47 (orf47) protein kinase during infection, a vzv mutant was generated in which two contiguous stop codons were introduced into orf47, thus eliminating expression of the orf47 kinase. orf47 kinase was not essential for the growth of vzv in cultured cells, and the growth rate of the vzv mutant lacking orf47 protein was indistinguishable from that of parental vzv. nuclear extracts from cells infected with parental vzv conta ...19957474171
equine herpesvirus 1 gene 12, the functional homologue of herpes simplex virus vp16, transactivates via octamer sequences in the equine herpesvirus ie gene promoter.the hsv-1 transactivator of immediate-early (ie) gene expression, vp16, has several functional homologues among the alphaherpesviruses which have not yet been extensively studied in relation to their modes of action. to date, nothing is known of the exact sites or mechanism of interaction of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) homologue, the gene 12 protein, with the ehv-1 ie promoter. we show that the gene 12 protein utilises the promoter proximal region of the ie gene to induce activation an ...19957483272
identification and transcriptional analysis of a 3'-coterminal gene cluster containing ul1, ul2, ul3, and ul3.5 open reading frames of bovine herpesvirus-1.we have identified and sequenced 3113 nucleotides located at the right end of the hindiii l fragment of the bovine herpesvirus-1 genome from map units 0.712 to 0.734. analysis of the sequence identified four open reading frames (orfs) which are designated ul1, ul2, ul3, and ul3.5 based on their homology with proteins of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1), pseudorabies virus (prv), equine herpesvirus-1, and varicella-zoster virus. the ul1 orf of 158 amino acids exhibits limited homology with ul1 (gly ...19957483276
characterization of dna binding properties of the immediate-early gene product of equine herpesvirus type 1.the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) immediate-early (ie) gene encodes a phosphoprotein that is essential for the activation of transcription from viral early and late promoters and that regulates the transcription from its own promoter. employment of ehv-1 ie promoter dna probes and glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins harboring truncated portions of the ie gene product in gel shift assays, super shift assays with anti-ie monoclonal antibodies, and dnase i footprinting analyses revealed: ...19957483278
gp13 (ehv-gc): a complement receptor induced by equine herpesviruses.equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) induce a complement receptor protein on the surface of infected cells capable of binding to the third component of complement (c3). the protein mediating the binding to the c3 component of complement was identified as glycoprotein 13 (gp13, ehv-gc), as expression of the cloned viral gene under the control of a cmv promoter induced c3 binding activity at the transfected cell surface. comparable to glycoprotein c (gc) from herpes simplex virus ...19957483825
guidelines for vaccination of horses. the american association of equine practitioners' vaccination guidelines subcommittee of the avma council on biologic and therapeutic agents. 19957591939
transcriptional analyses of the unique short segment of ehv-1 strain kentucky a.the unique short (us) segment of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) strain kya is comprised of six open reading frames (orfs) that encode: a) a homolog of the us2 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1); b) a serine threonine protein kinase that is a homolog of the hsv-1 us3 protein; c) a homolog of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gx and hsv-2 gg; d) a novel glycoprotein, eus4, not encoded by other herpesviruses sequenced to date; e) a homolog of hsv-1 gd; and f) a homolog of ...19957597804
equine herpesvirus 1 hvs25a isolated from an aborted foetus produces disease in balb/c mice. 19957779039
characterization of the regulatory function of the icp22 protein of equine herpesvirus type 1.the ir4 gene (inverted repeat gene 4) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-), the homolog of the herpes simplex virus type 1 icp22 gene, is differentially expressed as a 1.4-kb early transcript and a 1.7-kb late transcript that encode a series of proteins that migrate between 42 to 47 kda, localize to the nucleus of ehv-1-infected cells, and become packaged within ehv-1 virions (v. r. holden, g. b. caughman, y. zhao, r. n. harty, and d. j. o'callaghan, j. virol. 68, 4329-4340, 1994). to assess the ...19957618267
herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein icp22 is required for viral modification of host rna polymerase ii and establishment of the normal viral transcription program.infection of cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) results in a rapid alteration of phosphorylation on the large subunit of cellular rna polymerase ii (rnap ii), most likely on its c-terminal domain (s. a. rice, m. c. long, v. lam, c. a. spencer, j. virol. 68:988-1001, 1994). this phosphorylation modification generates a novel form of the large subunit which we have designed iii. in this study, we examine roles that hsv-1 gene products play in this process. an hsv-1 mutant defective in ...19957637000
immunization with glycoprotein c of equine herpesvirus-1 is associated with accelerated virus clearance in a murine model.the glycoprotein c (gc) gene of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) was expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus as several products with apparent molecular weights of 66 kda-80 kda. the baculovirus ehv-1 gc products were recognised by monoclonal antibody and by ehv-1 convalescent equine sera, indicating conservation of antigenic determinants and confirming this glycoprotein as a target for the equine immune system. mice immunized with recombinant ehv-1 gc showed accelerated clearance of ...19957794119
pseudorabies virus and equine herpesvirus 1 share a nonessential gene which is absent in other herpesviruses and located adjacent to a highly conserved gene cluster.we have determined the nucleotide sequence and transcriptional pattern of a group of open reading frames in the pseudorabies virus (prv) genome located near the left end of the unique long region within bamhi 5' fragment at map positions 0.01 to 0.06. the 7,412-bp bamhi 5' fragment was found to contain five complete open reading frames and part of a sixth whose deduced amino acid sequences showed homology to the ul50 (partial), ul51, ul52, ul53, and ul54 gene products of herpes simplex virus typ ...19957637001
equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses.in a search of viral agents in pulmonary macrophages of horses with chronic pulmonary disease, equine herpesvirus 2 was found to be unique. in 8 of 9 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, antigens of equine herpesvirus 2 were detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining of scattered foamy macrophages immediately after harvesting by bronchoalveolar lavage and fractionation on metrizamide gradients. in a healthy horse, antigens were not found. after 1 week of cultivation of bronchoalveolar la ...19957653883
cellular and antibody responses to equine herpesviruses 1 and 4. 19957657564
identification and characterization of the protein product of gene 67 in equine herpesvirus type 1 strain ab4.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) strain ab4 gene 67 has no counterpart in any herpesvirus sequenced to date. to identify and characterize the product of ehv-1 gene 67, we have expressed the putative amino acids 11 to 260 encoded by gene 67 as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein in escherichia coli. the expressed fusion protein has been used to generate an antiserum raised against the gene 67 product. immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments have revealed that the anti-67 serum specifi ...19957897346
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