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the effects of xylazine and fentanyl on various hormones and metabolites in karakul sheep and a blesbok.xylazine and fentanyl are commonly used in combinations for immobilisation of wild antelope. in order to ascertain the effects of the combination of these drugs on certain metabolites and hormones in ruminants, blood was sampled from 8 karakul sheep (4 experimental and 4 control) and one tame blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsii) for 30 min before and after immobilisation. the samples were assayed for glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, thyroxine, triidothyronine, progesterone and oestrogen. si ...19912051442
acute monensin toxicosis in stone sheep (ovis dalli stonei), blesbok (damaliscus dorcus phillipsi), and a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).accidental monensin toxicosis developed in 5 stone sheep (ovis dalli stonei), 5 blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), and a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) at the st louis zoological park. eight animals died acutely and 1 was euthanatized because of chronic hind limb paresis. all affected animals had clinicopathologic evidence of severe muscle necrosis, serum electrolyte disturbances, and hemoconcentration.19902295548
helminth and arthropod parasites of blesbok, damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, and of bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas.the helminth burdens of 8 blesbok shot in the north-eastern orange free state, 8 from the eastern cape province, 28 from the eastern transvaal and 3 from the central transvaal were determined. in addition, the arthropod burdens of 11 of these animals were ascertained. twenty-one nematode species, 2 cestode species, 6 ixodid ticks, 2 lice and the larvae of 5 oestrid flies were recovered. three of the nematode species, 2 of the oestrid flies and 4 of the tick species had apparently not previously ...19827177591
swayback in a blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and a black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou).ataxia associated with myelopathy and low liver copper concentrations is described in a blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) from the karoo nature reserve, graaff-reinet. this syndrome, which occurs in neonatal and delayed forms, has been described in sheep, goats, pigs and domesticated red deer, but reports in other ungulates, including antelope, are very rare and generally unconfirmed by histopathological examination. the 2 animals examined exhibited a ...19968765071
parasites of south african wildlife. xiii. helminths of grey rhebuck, pelea capreolus, and of bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in the bontebok national park.a total of 25 grey rhebuck, pelea capreolus, and 16 bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, were shot for parasite recovery at bi-monthly intervals in the bontebok national park, south-western cape province, from february 1983 to december 1983 and february 1983 to february 1984, respectively. the grey rhebuck and the bontebok each harboured 9 nematode species and the latter animals 1 cestode species. ostertagia hamata was most abundant and most prevalent in the grey rhebuck and longistrongylus curvi ...19921437019
identification of p and q arms of the blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, alcelaphinae) rbg-banded chromosomes with comparison to other wild and domestic bovids.the rbg banded karyotype (2n = 38) of the blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) comprises 8 pairs of metacentric, 3 pairs of submetacentric and 7 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. the x and y chromosomes are acrocentric. the 11 pairs of biarmed chromosomes correspond to robertsonian translocations involving the chromosomes equivalent to goat and cattle chromosomes: 1;10, 4;5, 8;17, 7;9, 6;14, 13;15, 12;16, 20;22, 3;19, 2;27 and 11;23. the comparison of blesbok karyotype with that of other species ...19957789187
haemonchus contortus from the vaal ribbok, pelea capreolus, and the bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in the bontebok national park.during a survey of the parasites of antelope in the bontebok national park, swellendam, cape province, specimens of haemonchus contortus with exceptionally long spicules were recovered from 5 out of 8 bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, and 3 out of 5 vaal ribbok, pelea capreolus, but not from 4 springbok, antidorcas marsupialis. typically, h. contortus has spicules 0,466 +/- 0,085 mm long, but those recovered from vaal ribbok had spicules 0,581 +/- 0,02 mm long and were recovered in large numbe ...19836646659
[comparative study of the chemical composition of excrement from some large african herbivorous mammals].in the course of an ecological and comparative study concerning the beetle and fly communities inhabiting the droppings of some large african grass-eating mammals, we analysed the chemical composition of fresh dung dropped in winter 1977-1978 and in spring 1978. the mammals concerned are : blesbok (damaliscus pygargus albifrons pallas), impala (aepyceros melampus licht.), bongo (boocerus euryceros ogilby), nyala (tragelaphus angasi angas), eland from cap (taurotragus oryx pallas), eland of lloyd ...19807258040
parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xxi. arthropod parasites of vaal ribbok, bontebok and scrub hares in the western cape province.vaal ribbok (pelea capreolus), bontebok (damaliscus dorcas dorcas) and scrub hares (lepus saxatilis) were slaughtered in the bontebok national park at regular intervals and examined for arthropod parasites. twelve species of ixodid ticks were recovered; the antelope each harboured 9 species and the hares 11. rhipicephalus nitens was the most prevalent and most abundant tick. the vaal ribbok also harboured large numbers of ixodes pilosus and the bontebok fairly large numbers of rhipicephalus glab ...19863796942
some avian and mammalian hosts of amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma marmoreum (acari: ixodidae).large numbers of birds, wild mammals and domestic stock from a variety of localities within the republic of south africa were examined for infestation with the ixodid ticks amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma marmoreum. every warthog (phacochoerus aethiopicus), burchell's zebra (equus burchelli), impala (aepyceros melampus) and kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros) from the kruger national park in the north-eastern transvaal lowveld was infested with a. hebraeum. in the eastern cape province every helmet ...19873329327
yersiniosis in captive exotic mammals.within a 2 1/2-month period, yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection occurred in 3 blesbok (damaliscus dorcas), 1 dik-dik (madoqua kirkii), and 1 giant anteater (myrmecophaga tridactyla) at the national zoological park, washington, dc. lesions consisted of fibrinonecrotic enteritis and peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and embolic pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, and lungs. feed contaminated with the feces of wild rats and pigeons was thought to be the source of infection.1977336591
effects of copper oxide wire particle bolus therapy on trichostrongyle fecal egg counts in exotic artiodactylids.four species of artiodactylids (scimitar-horned oryx [oryx dama]), roan antelope [hippotragus equinus], blackbuck [antilope cervicapra]), and blesbok [damaliscus pygargus phillipsi]) totaling 13 animals were treated with a one-time 12.5-g dose of copper oxide wire particles (cowps) in a bolus form. pretreatment, individual trichostrongyle fecal egg counts (fecs) were performed using the mcmaster technique. individual posttreatment fecs were performed every 7 days for 35 days beginning 7 days aft ...200819110710
effect of rooibos extract (aspalathus linearis) on lipid oxidation over time and the sensory analysis of blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) and springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) droëwors.the study objective was to investigate the addition of rooibos extract (rbe) in blesbok and springbok droëwors, a dried meat sausage with added beef fat, to improve oxidative stability. after a storage period of two weeks, inhibition of lipid oxidation showed to be successful with rbe 1.0% addition. no differences (p>0.05) in heme-iron results within the raw, dried or stored samples were seen. however, a positive correlation between lipid oxidation and heme-iron was noted. the fatty acid profile ...201525617707
the effect of acid drinking water on rumen protozoa in the blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi).rumen contents were collected from ten adult female blesbok, five from a mine area with only acid drinking water available and five from a control group consuming normal, non-polluted drinking water. the mean concentration of total protozoa in the normal water group was almost double that in the acid drinking water group, 24.9 x 10(3) versus 14.7 x 10(3). percent of entodinium was higher and diplodinium lower in those animals drinking the acid water. the number of different protozoa species pres ...201526701455
parasites of south african wildlife. xvi. helminths of some antelope species from the eastern and western cape provinces.the numbers and species of helminths recovered from one black wildebeest, connochaetes gnou, three eland, taurotragus oryx, 18 mountain reedbuck, redunca fulvorufula, one red hartebeest, aicelaphus buselaphus and two springbok, antidorcas marsupialis, in the mountain zebra national park, eastern cape province; two black wildebeest, two grey rhebuck, pelea capreolus, two mountain reedbuck and four springbok in the karoo national park, western cape province; two bontebok, damaliscus pygargus dorca ...200010843320
production of salami from beef, horse, mutton, blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) with bacteriocinogenic strains of lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus curvatus.lactobacillus plantarum 423, producer of bacteriocin 423, lactobacillus curvatus df38, producer of curvacin df38, and a bacteriocin-negative mutant of l. plantarum 423 (423m) were evaluated as starter cultures in the production of salami from beef, horse, mutton, blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) and springbok (antidorcas marsupialis). growth of l. plantarum 423 and l. curvatus df38 was best supported in blesbok salami, as revealed by the highest growth rate during sweating, cold smoking and ...200722061794
evaluation of lh-rh stimulation of testosterone as an index of reproductive status in rams and its application in wild antelope.in rams a positive correlation (p less than 0.001) existed between average testosterone levels from 30-min blood sampling for 18 h and average testosterone levels of samples taken 0, 1 and 2 h after injection of lh-rh administered 90 min after anaesthesia. attempts were therefore made to assess testosterone status by lh-rh challenge and limited blood sampling in animals immobilized in their natural habitat. in impala (aepyceros melampus) territorial males had higher plasma testosterone values th ...19836341575
allozyme divergence among four representatives of the subfamily alcelaphinae (family: bovidae).we used protein gel electrophoresis to study genetic diversity within and between blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus), black wildebeest (c. gnou), red hartebeest (alcelaphus buselaphus caama) and blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi). twenty-nine protein encoding loci were resolved, average heterozygosity ranged from 3.25-5.36% and between population gene diversity accounted for the major share of the total relative gene diversity (69.34%). genetic distance values ranged from 0.021 to 0.132 ...19957584860
where is the game? wild meat products authentication in south africa: a case study.wild animals' meat is extensively consumed in south africa, being obtained either from ranching, farming or hunting. to test the authenticity of the commercial labels of meat products in the local market, we obtained dna sequence information from 146 samples (14 beef and 132 game labels) for barcoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and partial cytochrome b and mitochondrial fragments. the reliability of species assignments were evaluated using blast searches in genbank, maximum likelihood phylog ...201323452350
trials with rafoxanide. 4. efficacy against the larvae of the oestrid fly gedoelstia hässleri in the blesbuck (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi harper, 1939). 19724656094
host-parasite list updating of ciliates and fermentation in the digestive tract of wild miscellaneous herbivores in south africa (rsa).this article is dedicated to the author, burk dehority, who became very ill with cancer. fortunately he confirmed or corrected all identifications on ciliates in this article. this paper was 80% finished when he became ill. he unfortunately passed away in february 2016.201728609902
postthaw evaluation of in vitro function of epididymal spermatozoa from four species of free-ranging african bovids.an improved understanding of reproductive physiology in nondomestic bovids is necessary for the development of assisted reproductive technologies (arts) for use in the conservation of endangered bovids. in this study, epididymal spermatozoa were recovered from blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), african buffalo (syncerus caffer), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis), and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) following organized culls in south africa. our objectives were 1) to characterize the qu ...200415151928
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi).a 4.5-yr-old female blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) was radiographed following the appearance of lameness and swelling of the right front fetlock. radiographic interpretation at that time was osteoarthritis caused by periosteal proliferation of the right metacarpus with periarticular osteophytes surrounding the fetlock. no treatment was initiated. gradual abdominal enlargement over several months was interpreted as evidence of pregnancy. six months after the initial lameness complaint, the ...19979365946
posterior paresis in a blesbok damaliscus dorcas phillipsi. 1977599537
further compounds from the pedal gland of the bontebok (damaliscus dorcas dorcas).the identification of four further major constituents of the pedal gland exudate of the bontebok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, viz. alpha-terpineol, 2-n-heptylpyridine, m-cresol and (a)-6-dodecen-4-olide and the investigation of the stereochemistry of the double bond in (z)-6-dodecen-4-olide by means of iterative computer analysis are described. an improved synthesis of this compound is outlined.2002139777
evaluation of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (bam) in captive blesbok immobilization (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).the fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (bam; 30, 12 and 12 mg ml-1, respectively) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).201829853414
impact of season on the chemical composition of male and female blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) muscles.the harvesting and consumption of game meat in south africa is not limited to season. the study was thus aimed at investigating the seasonal impact on the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash contents) of male and female blesbok muscles (n = 32; longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus and supraspinatus).201423794364
lead isotope ratios in bone ash of blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi): a means of screening for the accumulation of contaminants from uraniferous rocks.this study was done to determine whether blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) from the krugersdorp game reserve (kgr) in gauteng province, south africa have higher concentrations of (238)u and higher (206)pb/(204)pb and (207)pb/(204)pb ratios in their bone ash than blesbok from a nearby control reserve that is not exposed to mine water and has no outcrops of uraniferous rocks. eight blesbok females from the kgr and seven from the control site, all killed with a brain shot, were used. a thermo ...201424967558
impact of season on the fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) muscles.this study quantified the impact of season on fatty acid profiles of male and female blesbok muscles (longissimus thoracis et lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus). eight mature blesbok were harvested per season (winter and spring). gender and muscle type influenced (p<0.05) the fatty acid profiles of blesbok muscles, while season only influenced the c18:3ω3 (α-linolenic acid, ala) percentages and therefore the total omega-3 poly-unsaturated ...201425089783
insights into the skeletal muscle characteristics of three southern african antelope species.skeletal muscle fibre type, cross-sectional area (csa), maximum enzyme capacities and fibre oxidative capacities were investigated in three southern african antelope species. muscle samples from blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), mountain reedbuck (redunca fulvorufula) and greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros) were collected post mortem from the vastus lateralis and analysed for myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoform content, citrate synthase (cs), 3-hydroxyacyl co a dehydrogenase (3-had), pho ...201425326514
muscle-specific colour stability of blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) meat.the increasing demand for meat from alternative species, such as blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), gives rise to the need for characterizing the quality attributes of fresh meat from these species. while muscle-specific colour stability has been extensively studied in conventional livestock, limited information is available on this phenomenon in game meat. therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the colour stability of three major blesbok muscles, infraspinatus (is), longiss ...201627136392
quantitative evaluation of hybridization and the impact on biodiversity conservation.anthropogenic hybridization is an increasing conservation threat worldwide. in south africa, recent hybridization is threatening numerous ungulate taxa. for example, the genetic integrity of the near-threatened bontebok (damaliscus pygargus pygargus) is threatened by hybridization with the more common blesbok (d. p. phillipsi). identifying nonadmixed parental and admixed individuals is challenging based on the morphological traits alone; however, molecular analyses may allow for accurate detecti ...201728070295
characterization of major histocompatibility complex drb diversity in the endemic south african antelope damaliscus pygargus: a comparison in two subspecies with different demographic histories.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii locus drb was investigated by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (sscp) and sequence analysis in the endemic south african antelope, damaliscus pygargus, of which there are two subspecies. greater polymorphism was found in the blesbok (d. p. phillipsi) subspecies (n = 44; 22 alleles) than in the bontebok (d. p. pygargus) subspecies (n = 45; 6 alleles). erosion of allelic diversity in bontebok was most likely the result of two severe b ...200111472536
immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine-azaperone in blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).to evaluate the immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine-azaperone in blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).202032507718
changes in the physico-chemical attributes through processing of salami made from blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), eland (taurotragus oryx), fallow deer (dama dama), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in comparison to pork.drying kinetics and changes in proximate composition, ph, salt content, water activity (aw) and lipid oxidation through processing of salami made using five different game meat species were evaluated and compared to pork. eight batches of salami from each species were made and sampled for analysis throughout processing. processing time was a significant factor on all measured attributes whilst species affected (p ≤ .05) ph and moisture but not drying kinetics. black wildebeest meat exhibited hig ...201830138886
comparison of various extenders for freeze-preservation of semen from selective captive wild ungulates.semen collected by electroejaculation from selected captive wild ungulates was used to evaluate the cryoprotective ability of 4 semen diluents. three species of ungulates were used: blesbok (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), dorcas gazelle (gazella dorcas), and onager (equus hemionus onager). fresh semen was immediately evaluated for the percentage of motility and the progressive motility, and an aliquot was fixed for evaluation of the acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. the remaining volume of ejac ...19817327998
exposure to toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in spain.a serosurvey was performed to assess exposure to toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in some zoo species over time. sera from 393 zoo animals belonging to 91 species were collected in eight zoos in spain between 2007 and 2019. additionally, 39 of the 393 animals from five of the analyzed zoos were longitudinally sampled during the same study period. antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 165 (42.0 %; ci95 %: 37.1-46.9) of 393 animals by the ...202032109781
epitheliotropic lymphoma in a captive bontebok (damaliscus pygargus).a 16-yr-old, female, captive-bred bontebok (damaliscus pygargus) estimated to be 75 kg, was presented with a 1-mo history of chronic diarrhea and weight loss. a cause for the deteriorating condition was not found antemortem, and the bontebok was humanely euthanatized when it failed to respond to empirical therapy. on necropsy, numerous nodules were present on the pleural surfaces and within the lung parenchyma, the pancreas appeared inflamed and fibrotic. histologic examination revealed lymphoma ...200617319143
helminths recovered from the bontbok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas (pallas, 1776).a report is given on the helminths collected from 4 bontbok, damaliscus dorcas dorcas, which died following capture at the bontebok national park, swellendam, and transfer to the national zoological gardens, pretoria. seven of these helminths are new host records. lungworms submitted to the institute for identification over the last 2 years are also reported; these were all dictyocaulus magna. the various scientific and common names that have been applied to the bontbok in the past are reviewed.19751187094
dose-effect study of the serotonin agonist r-8-oh-dpat on opioid-induced respiratory depression in blesbok (damaliscus pygargus philipsi) and impala (aepyceros melampus).to determine whether the r-enantiomer of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (r-8-oh-dpat) alleviates respiratory depression in antelope species immobilized with etorphine. the experiment also aimed to establish the most clinically effective dose of this serotonin 5- ht1a receptor agonist.201931521514
do potent immobilising-opioids induce different physiological effects in impala and blesbok?potent opioids are known to cause negative alterations to the physiology of immobilised antelope. how these effects differ between species has not been studied. this study aimed to compare time to recumbence and effects of opioid-based immobilisation on the physiology of impala (aepyceros melampus) and blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). eight animals of each species were immobilised, with 0.09 mg/kg etorphine and 0.09 mg/kg thiafentanil respectively, in a randomised two-way cross-over stud ...202032787423
the effect of storage conditions on samples for the evaluation of copper status in blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).investigaltions to determine the effect of sample storage on the concentration of copper in liver tissue and on the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase were undertaken in preparation for a study of blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) that were suspected to be suffering from copper deficiency. two liver samples were collected from each of 20 culled blesbok in a manner that simulated the collection of biopsies from the live animal. these samples were stored either in 10% formalin or f ...200212515296
identification of myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle of four southern african wild ruminants.the aim was to separate and characterize the myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms of four southern african wild ruminants, namely blesbuck (damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) and blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus). longissimus dorsi muscle samples were subjected to sds-page and western blot analyses using antibodies raised against mhc isoforms. the specificity of these antibodies was assessed using immunohistochemistry combined w ...200717631404
prevalence and subtypes of blastocystis sp. infection in zoo animals in three cities in china.blastocystis is a highly prevalent eukaryotic parasite of many animals and humans worldwide. it can compromise the gastrointestinal tract and cause gastrointestinal symptoms, constituting a serious threat to human health and animal growth. many animals are potential sources of blastocystis infection in humans. however, limited data are available regarding the prevalence and subtype distribution of blastocystis infection among zoo animals in china. therefore, the present study examined the preval ...202031845021
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