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purifying selection, density blocking and unnoticed mitochondrial dna diversity in the red deer, cervus elaphus.the trajectories of postglacial range expansions, the occurrence of lineage patches and the formation and maintenance of secondary contact between lineages may mostly reflect neutral demographic processes, including density blocking, that may leave long-lasting genetic signatures. however, a few studies have recently shown that climate may also play a role. we used red deer, a large, mobile herbivore that is assumed to be sensitive to climate change, to test hypotheses of possible selection on t ...201627649313
morphological and molecular identification of nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae infesting red deer (cervus elaphus) in austria.nasopharyngeal myiases are caused by larvae of bot flies (diptera: oestridae), which have evolved a high specificity for their hosts. bot flies (n = 916) were collected from 137 (57.6 %) out of 238 red deer (cervus elaphus) hunted in vorarlberg and tyrol (western austria). after being stored in 75 % ethanol, larvae were identified to species level and developmental stage using morphological and morphometric keys. larvae were also molecularly characterized by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ampli ...201627492199
the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of early to middle miocene european deer (mammalia, cervidae) reveal their phylogeny.deer (cervidae) have a long evolutionary history dating back to the early miocene, around 19 million years ago. the best known fossils to document this history belong to european taxa, which all bear cranial appendages more or less similar to today's deer antlers. despite the good fossil record, relationships of the earliest stem deer and earliest crown deer are much debated. this hampers precise calibration against the independent evidence of the fossil record in molecular clock analyses. while ...201627460747
production of prostaglandins in placentae and corpus luteum in pregnant hinds of red deer (cervus elaphus).prostaglandins (pgs) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by prostaglandin synthase 2 (ptgs2) and specific terminal pg synthases such as pges and pgfs. the role of pgs in the reproductive processes of domestic ruminants is well recognized, whereas in cervidae, it is almost unknown, although it is noteworthy because some species of this family are valued in meat production and trophies. the aim of this study was to determine an effective marker of pregnancy and investigate the production and sec ...201626553568
parasite load and seasonal migration in red deer.northern deer populations are typically partially migratory, but the relationship between migratory movements and parasites has received little attention. migration often involves movement from a low-elevation winter range towards a summer range at higher elevation. in europe these movements may also involve a gradient in abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks, but whether tick loads on deer differ depending on migration tactic has not been quantified. based on the examination of ears from 49 red dee ...201626450650
genetic structure and effective population sizes in european red deer (cervus elaphus) at a continental scale: insights from microsatellite dna.we analyzed more than 600 red deer (cervus elaphus) from large parts of its european distribution range at 13 microsatellite loci, presenting the first continent-wide study of this species using nuclear markers. populations were clearly differentiated (overall f st = 0.166, jost's d est = 0.385), and the baps clustering algorithm yielded mainly geographically limited and adjacent genetic units. when forced into only 3 genetic clusters our data set produced a very similar geographic pattern as pr ...201626912909
a non-destructive method for distinguishing reindeer antler (rangifer tarandus) from red deer antler (cervus elaphus) using x-ray micro-tomography coupled with svm classifiers.over the last decade, biomedical 3d-imaging tools have gained widespread use in the analysis of prehistoric bone artefacts. while initial attempts to characterise the major categories used in osseous industry (i.e. bone, antler, and dentine/ivory) have been successful, the taxonomic determination of prehistoric artefacts remains to be investigated. the distinction between reindeer and red deer antler can be challenging, particularly in cases of anthropic and/or taphonomic modifications. in addit ...201626901355
population dynamics of a natural red deer population over 200 years detected via substantial changes of genetic variation.most large mammals have constantly been exposed to anthropogenic influence over decades or even centuries. because of their long generation times and lack of sampling material, inferences of past population genetic dynamics, including anthropogenic impacts, have only relied on the analysis of the structure of extant populations. here, we investigate for the first time the change in the genetic constitution of a natural red deer population over two centuries, using up to 200-year-old antlers (30 ...201627096075
mercury and selenium binding biomolecules in terrestrial mammals (cervus elaphus and sus scrofa) from a mercury exposed area.mercury (hg) is likely bound to large biomolecules (e.g. proteins) in living organisms, and in order to assess hg metabolic pathways and possible toxicological effects, it is essential to study these hg containing biomolecules. however, the exact nature of most metal binding biomolecules is unknown. such studies are still in their infancy and information on this topic is scarce because the analysis is challenging, mainly due to their lability upon digestion or extraction from the tissue. new ana ...201627093497
colonization of the scottish islands via long-distance neolithic transport of red deer (cervus elaphus).red deer (cervus elaphus) have played a key role in human societies throughout history, with important cultural significance and as a source of food and materials. this relationship can be traced back to the earliest human cultures and continues to the present day. humans are thought to be responsible for the movement of a considerable number of deer throughout history, although the majority of these movements are poorly described or understood. studying such translocations allows us to better u ...201627053752
tall grass invasion after grassland abandonment influences the availability of palatable plants for wild herbivores: insight into the conservation of the apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata.invasion of the tall grass brachypodium genuense was observed in an area of the central apennines (italy) where the population size of apennine chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) was in strong decline. since this dominant tall grass threatens biodiversity and forage quality, our hypothesis was that b. genuense abundance influenced that of palatable species for the chamois, depending on their functional traits and distribution patterns. our sampling design used plots of 10 × 10 m and 1 × 1 m to ...201626899738
characteristics of antioxidant systems of yellow fraction of red deer's (cervus elaphus l.) semen during the rutting period.the objective of this study was to make the preliminary characterization of the antioxidant defence systems of the yellow fraction (yf) of red deer's (cervus elaphus l.) semen during the rutting period. the semen was collected using artificial vagina (av). the studies included spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx). we also analysed the contents of low-molecular antioxidants such as l- ...201626854018
iberian red deer: paraphyletic nature at mtdna but nuclear markers support its genetic identity.red deer populations in the iberian glacial refugium were the main source for postglacial recolonization and subspecific radiation in north-western europe. however, the phylogenetic history of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its relationships with northern european populations remain uncertain. here, we study dna sequences at the mitochondrial control region along with str markers for over 680 specimens from all the main red deer populations in spain and other west european area ...201626843924
development and characterization of 15 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite markers for tule elk using hiseq3000.the tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) experienced a severe bottleneck in the 1800s, resulting in low genetic diversity. there is a need for high-resolution genetic assays that can be used to differentiate individual elk, including close relatives, with high confidence. an efficient assay requires multiple markers both polymorphic and that can be amplified in concert with other markers in multiplex reactions. to develop such markers, we employed 150-bp paired-end whole genome shotgun sequencing ...201627638816
changes in the rumen microbiome and metabolites reveal the effect of host genetics on hybrid crosses.the rumen microbiota plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and absorption of the host. however, it is poorly understood how host genetic variation shapes the community structure of the rumen microbiota and its metabolic phenotype. here, we used sika deer (cervus nippon) and elk (cervus elaphus) to produce the following two types of hybrid offspring: sika deer ♀ × elk ♂ (seh) and elk ♀ × sika deer ♂ (esh). then, we examined the rumen microbiome and metabolites in the parents and their hybr ...201627717170
[a rare zoonosis in hungary: cercarial dermatitis caused by schistosoma turkestanicum blood-fluke].several trematodes that parasitize vertebrate animals utilize swimming aquatic larvae to infect the host percutaneously. the most important ones among these parasites are the blood-flukes of birds and mammals comprising species that are also zoonotic. within this latter group are species that cause the bilharziasis or schistosomiasis of inhabitants of the tropical countries, and other trematode species that are able to penetrate human skin, but do not develop to an adult form of the worm in the ...201627690621
green wave tracking by large herbivores: an experimental approach.the forage maturation hypothesis (fmh) states that herbivores should follow the onset of growth in spring to obtain access to forage of higher quality and quantity, the so-called "green wave surfing." several studies have found correlative evidence in support of this by associating animal movement with plant phenology. however, experimental manipulation of vast natural systems determining causes of large herbivore movement is usually beyond reach. the unique management system involving winter en ...201627912000
linking landscape-scale differences in forage to ungulate nutritional ecology.understanding how habitat and nutritional condition affect ungulate populations is necessary for informing management, particularly in areas experiencing carnivore recovery and declining ungulate population trends. variations in forage species availability, plant phenological stage, and the abundance of forage make it challenging to understand landscape-level effects of nutrition on ungulates. we developed an integrated spatial modeling approach to estimate landscape-level elk (cervus elaphus) n ...201627755722
resolving the phylogenetic status and taxonomic relationships of the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) in the family cervidae.the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) is a "least concern" deer species, and it is the only survivor of the red deer group in the indian subcontinent. the phylogenetic status of the hangul relative to the other members of the family cervidae is not known because sequence data are not available in public databases. therefore, this study was carried out to determine the phylogenetic status and delineate the genetic boundaries of the hangul with respect to the other red deer subspecies on the basis of ...201627937071
endocranial volume is heritable and is associated with longevity and fitness in a wild mammal.research on relative brain size in mammals suggests that increases in brain size may generate benefits to survival and costs to fecundity: comparative studies of mammals have shown that interspecific differences in relative brain size are positively correlated with longevity and negatively with fecundity. however, as yet, no studies of mammals have investigated whether similar relationships exist within species, nor whether individual differences in brain size within a wild population are herita ...201628083105
[phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus): data of analysis of polymorphism of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b].analysis of polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome b (1140 bp) of 106 samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) of eurasia is carried out, and the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire geographic range, including north america, are reconstructed. in total, the paper describes 75 haplotypes, 33 of them for the european and 42 for the asian part of the geographic range. common haplotypes for these two parts of the range were not found. the genetic kinship of asian siberian stags a ...201622988755
identification of velvet antler by random amplified polymorphism dna combined with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis.mitochondrial dna of velvet antler was amplified with random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique and the pcr products were detected with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis to establish a rapd-hpce method used for identifying the authenticity of velvet antler or it counterfeits. factors that could affect the pcr amplification and capillary electrophoresis were optimized. under the optimized conditions, namely, 20 mmol l(-1) nah2po4-na2hpo4-2 mmol l(-1) edta buffer solution [0.8% (w/ ...201625103424
complete mitochondrial genome of cervus elaphus songaricus (cetartiodactyla: cervinae) and a phylogenetic analysis with related species.complete mitochondrial genome of tianshan wapiti, cervus elaphus songaricus, is 16,419 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region. the phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes using maximum parsimony (mp) and bayesian inference (bi) methods. mp and bi phylogenetic trees here showed an identical tree topology. the monopoly of red deer, wapiti and sika deer was well suppo ...201624725059
serological survey of avian influenza virus infection in non-avian wildlife in xinjiang, china.we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (aiv) in gazella subgutturosa, canis lupus, capreolus pygargus, sus scrofa, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, ovis ammon, bos grunniens and pseudois nayaur in xinjiang, china. two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against h5, h7 and h9 aivs using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests and a pan-influenza competitive elisa. across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored ...201626733295
the bioaccumulation of lead in the organs of roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), red deer (cervus elaphus l.), and wild boar (sus scrofa l.) from poland.the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of lead (pb) in the livers and kidneys of free-living animals from poland, with regard to the differences in tissue pb content between the species. the research material consisted of liver and kidney samples collected from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and wild boar (sus scrofa) that had been hunted in 16 voivodeships of poland. the concentration of lead had been measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emissio ...201627068893
simulation of potential habitat overlap between red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in northeastern china.background. understanding species distribution, especially areas of overlapping habitat between sympatric species, is essential for informing conservation through natural habitat protection. new protection strategies should simultaneously consider conservation efforts for multiple species that exist within the same landscape, which requires studies that include habitat overlap analysis. methods. we estimated the potential habitat of cervids, which are typical ungulates in northern china, using t ...201627019775
identification of host blood-meal sources and borrelia in field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks in north-western poland.forest animals play fundamental roles in the maintenance of ixodes ricinus and borrelia species in the forest biotope. to identify the forest vertebrate species that are host for i. ricinus and for the recognition of the reservoirs of borrelia species, the blood-meal of 325 i. ricinus ticks collected at two forest sites in north-western poland were analysed. nested pcr was used to detect polymorphisms in a fragment of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene for the identification of the hosts species. t ...201627007518
elemental composition of game meat from austria.concentrations of 26 elements (b, na, mg, p, s, k, ca, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, as, se, rb, sr, mo, cd, sb, ba, hg, pb, u) in wild game meat from austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. all investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (sus scrofa ...201626886253
rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 - a novel deltapapillomavirus inducing endemic papillomatosis in the endangered visayan spotted deer.we describe a novel papillomavirus - rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 (ralpv1) - which causes endemic fibropapillomatosis in the european conservation breeding population of the highly endangered visayan spotted deer (rusa alfredi). degenerated papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral dna. subsequently, the complete genomic dna was cloned and the sequence was determined. the ralpv1 genome has a length of 8029 bp, encodes the early proteins e6, e7, e1, e2 ...201626555294
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a hungarian red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) from high-throughput sequencing data and its phylogenetic position within the family cervidae.recently, there has been considerable interest in genetic differentiation in the cervidae family. a common tool used to determine genetic variation in different species, breeds and populations is mitochondrial dna analysis, which can be used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among animal taxa and for molecular phylogenetic evolution analysis. with the development of sequencing technology, more and more mitochondrial sequences have been made available in public databases, including whole mit ...201627165525
sarcocystosis in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in patagonia, argentina.sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites with a heteroxenous life cycle, which produce cysts in the muscle of herbivorous animals. in these animal species, sarcocystosis is frequently asymptomatic, although it may occur with high prevalence. seven sarcocystis spp. have been described in red deer (cervus elephus). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcocystosis, and to perform the morphological and molecular characterization of sarcocystis spp. found in wild red deer of the ...201626779923
rumen microbiota for wild boreal cervids living in the same habitat.knowledge about the factors shaping the rumen microbiota in wild animals is limited. therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the microbiota from the three cervid species moose (alces alces, n = 5), red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 4) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 12), sharing the same habitat. using deep 16s rrna gene sequencing, we found that the largest species moose had the highest number of unique operational taxonomic units. furthermore, red deer and moose shared more of the m ...201627737946
[reduction of plant fibers in the digestive tract of the moose and the red deer].a comparative study of the reduction of plant fibers moving in the digestive tract of nine red deer (cervus elaphus) and six moose (alces alces) was made. in the winter season, the character of fiber reduction in the moose and the red deer was similar. in the deer obtained in the early autumn, the relative concentration of small-sized fractions was significantly higher. a sharp decrease in the share oflarge-sized fibers was observed in the omasum as compared to the rumen and the reticulum. it wa ...201623136740
detection and characterisation of yersinia enterocolitica strains in cold-stored carcasses of large game animals in poland.yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen. the aim of the present study was to identify the bioserotypes and virulence markers of y.enterocolitica strains isolated from three different anatomical regions of cold-stored carcasses of large game animals intended for human consumption. y.enterocolitica strains were found in 12/20 (60%) of the roe deer carcasses examined, 7/16 (43.8%) of red deer carcasses and 11/20 (55%) of wild boar carcasses. of the 52 y.enterocolitica strains, 19 ...201626626093
spatially explicit modeling of animal tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock interface in ciudad real province, spain.eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) are the most important wildlife reservoirs for animal tuberculosis (tb) caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc), in mediterranean spain. these species are considered to play an important role in the transmission and persistence of mtc in cattle in some regions; however the factors contributing to the risk of transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface and the areas at highest risk for such transmission are largely ...201627237396
climate-mediated shifts in neandertal subsistence behaviors at pech de l'azé iv and roc de marsal (dordogne valley, france).neandertals disappeared from europe just after 40,000 years ago. some hypotheses ascribe this to numerous population crashes associated with glacial cycles in the late pleistocene. the goal of this paper is to test the hypothesis that glacial periods stressed neandertal populations. if cold climates stressed neandertals, their subsistence behaviors may have changed-requiring intensified use of prey through more extensive nutrient extraction from faunal carcasses. to test this, an analysis of nea ...201627343769
leave before it's too late: anthropogenic and environmental triggers of autumn migration in a hunted ungulate population.autumn has to a large extent been neglected in the climate effect literature, yet autumn events, e.g., plant senescence and animal migration, affect fitness of animals differently than spring events. understanding how variables including plant phenology influence timing of autumn migrations is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the full annual cycle of migratory species. here we use 13 yr of data from 60 male and 168 female red deer (cervus elaphus) to identify triggers of autumn ...201627220221
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis).the complete mitochondrial genome of the tarim red deer, cervus elaphus yarkandensis, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome was 16,351 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which were arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeast sika deer's mitochondrial genome was 33.3% of a, 24.4% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.4% of g. a termination-associated sequence an ...201624438284
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of northeastern red deer (cervus elaphus xanthopygus).the complete mitochondrial genome of the northeastern red deer, cervus elaphus xanthopygus, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome is 16,416 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which are arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeastern red deer's mitochondrial genome is 33.3% of a, 24.3% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.5% of g. a termination-associated sequenc ...201624708113
mercury species accumulation and trophic transfer in biological systems using the almadén mining district (ciudad real, spain) as a case of study.the impact of mercury (hg) pollution in the terrestrial environments and the terrestrial food chains including the impact on human food consumption is still greatly under-investigated. in particular, studies including hg speciation and detoxification strategies in terrestrial animals are almost non-existing, but these are key information with important implications for human beings. therefore, in this work, we report on hg species (inorganic mercury, ihg, and monomethylmercury, mehg) distributio ...201626160125
mhc, parasites and antler development in red deer: no support for the hamilton & zuk hypothesis.the hamilton-zuk hypothesis proposes that the genetic benefits of preferences for elaborated secondary sexual traits have their origins in the arms race between hosts and parasites, which maintains genetic variance in parasite resistance. infection, in turn, can be reflected in the expression of costly sexual ornaments. however, the link between immune genes, infection and the expression of secondary sexual traits has rarely been investigated. here, we explored whether the presence and identity ...201626687843
micness: genotyping microsatellite loci from a collection of (ngs) reads.microsatellites are widely used in population genetics to uncover recent evolutionary events. they are typically genotyped using capillary sequencer, which capacity is usually limited to 9, at most 12 loci for each run, and which analysis is a tedious task that is performed by hand. with the rise of next-generation sequencing (ngs), a much larger number of loci and individuals are available from sequencing: for example, on a single run of a gs junior, 28 loci from 96 individuals are sequenced wi ...201626400716
characteristics of pcr-sscp and rapd-hpce methods for identifying authentication of penis et testis cervi in traditional chinese medicine based on cytochrome b gene.the use of penis et testis cervi, as a kind of precious traditional chinese medicine (tcm), which is derived from dry deer's testis and penis, has been recorded for many years in china. there are abundant species of deer in china, the penis et testis from species of cervus nippon and cervus elaphusl were authentic, others species were defined as adulterant (different subspecies of deer) or counterfeits (different species). identification of their origins or authenticity becomes a key in controll ...201626309015
selective predation of a stalking predator on ungulate prey.prey selection is a key factor shaping animal populations and evolutionary dynamics. an optimal forager should target prey that offers the highest benefits in terms of energy content at the lowest costs. predators are therefore expected to select for prey of optimal size. stalking predators do not pursue their prey long, which may lead to a more random choice of prey individuals. due to difficulties in assessing the composition of available prey populations, data on prey selection of stalking ca ...201627548478
ixodes ricinus (ixodidae), an occasional phoront on necrophagous and coprophagous beetles in europe.for ticks, phoretic behaviour using insects associated with vertebrates might offer an alternative strategy to host-seeking. here we report for the first time the presence of immature stages of the most widespread tick species in western europe, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), on three beetle species belonging to families silphidae and geotrupidae (coleoptera). specimens were collected while performing fieldwork surveys on insect diversity during the peak of tick's questing behaviour, in july ...201525491290
admixture of eastern and western european red deer lineages as a result of postglacial recolonization of the czech republic (central europe).due to a restriction of the distributional range of european red deer (cervus elaphus l.) during the quaternary and subsequent recolonization of europe from different refugia, a clear phylogeographical pattern in genetic structure has been revealed using mitochondrial dna markers. in central europe, 2 distinct, eastern and western, lineages of european red deer are present; however, admixture between them has not yet been studied in detail. we used mitochondrial dna (control region and cytochrom ...201525918430
a comparison of food habits and prey preference of amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the russian far east.prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance. therefore, formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet. we used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the russian far east. we also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet. we collected 770 scats across the 3 sites. similar to previous stu ...201525939758
solar radiation determines site occupancy of coexisting tropical and temperate deer species introduced to new zealand forests.assemblages of introduced taxa provide an opportunity to understand how abiotic and biotic factors shape habitat use by coexisting species. we tested hypotheses about habitat selection by two deer species recently introduced to new zealand's temperate rainforests. we hypothesised that, due to different thermoregulatory abilities, rusa deer (cervus timorensis; a tropical species) would prefer warmer locations in winter than red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus; a temperate species). since adult male ...201526061426
contrary seasonal changes of rates of nutrient uptake, organ mass, and voluntary food intake in red deer (cervus elaphus).northern ungulates acclimatize to winter conditions with restricted food supply and unfavorable weather conditions by reducing energy expenditure and voluntary food intake. we investigated in a study on red deer whether rates of peptide and glucose transport in the small intestines are also reduced during winter as part of the thrifty phenotype of winter-acclimatized animals, or whether transport rates are increased during winter in order to exploit poor forage more efficiently. our results supp ...201526017492
the content of selected metals in muscles of the red deer (cervus elaphus) from poland.the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of pb, cu, zn, rb, cs, sr and ba in the muscles of red deer that were hunted in two regions of poland (south-western and north-eastern). the data obtained were evaluated with regards to benefits and potential risk to consumers' health. samples for the investigations were collected in 2008 and 2009 from 50 female red deer, and the metal concentrations were determined by using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (icp-ms) method ...201525548020
lead, cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern italy.the objectives of the present study were to assess heavy metal cadmium (cd), lead (pb) and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from nine hunting areas and to evaluate related risk factors for the host animal. over a period of 2 years, a total of 1055 and 210 masseters, 424 and 201 livers, 642 and 152 kidneys were collected from wild boar and red deer, respectively, and concentrations of cd, pb and organochlorine pesticides we ...201526365428
analysis of annual changes in the concentrations of selected macro- and microelements, thyroxine, and testosterone in the serum of red deer (cervus elaphus) stags.the aim of the study was to analyze seasonal changes in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and selenium as well as thyroxine and testosterone in adult red deer stags. the highest testosterone concentrations (mean 6.29±4.36 ng/ml) were observed from the end of august to november, confirming an increase in testicular secretory activity during the mating season. the changes in thyroxine concentration show circannual rhythms, most likely related to changes in the air temperature. ...201525998797
relationship between velvet antler ossification and pth and androgen serum levels in tarim red deer (cervus elaphus).ossification degree is one of the primary variables affecting the medicinal value of velvet antler. multiple factors regulate the calcification of velvet antler. we studied the relationship between the ossification of velvet antlers and the serum levels of parathyroid hormone (pth) and androgen (adg) in tarim red deer. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated that the changes in serum pth and adg levels nearly paralleled antler ossification durin ...201526351085
wear fast, die young: more worn teeth and shorter lives in iberian compared to scottish red deer.teeth in cervidae are permanent structures that are not replaceable or repairable; consequently their rate of wear, due to the grinding effect of food and dental attrition, affects their duration and can determine an animal's lifespan. tooth wear is also a useful indicator of accumulative life energy investment in intake and mastication and their interactions with diet. little is known regarding how natural and sexual selection operate on dental structures within a species in contrasting environ ...201526252380
effect of microsatellite selection on individual and population genetic inferences: an empirical study using cross-specific and species-specific amplifications.although whole-genome sequencing is becoming more accessible and feasible for nonmodel organisms, microsatellites have remained the markers of choice for various population and conservation genetic studies. however, the criteria for choosing microsatellites are still controversial due to ascertainment bias that may be introduced into the genetic inference. an empirical study of red deer (cervus elaphus) populations, in which cross-specific and species-specific microsatellites developed through p ...201525403329
circannual changes in serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in immature and mature red deer females (cervus elaphus).the aim of this study was to determine circannual changes in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in mature and immature red deer females. blood samples from 8 hinds were collected monthly for 26 months. secretions of thyroxine and calcitonin showed circannual rhythms with significantly higher levels in the immature hinds compared to the mature animals (p<0.05). for thyroxine, the concentration was higher in the winter/spring period than in summer/autumn (p<0.05), w ...201526618595
the larger mammal fauna from the lower paleolithic schöningen spear site and its contribution to hominin subsistence.the locality schöningen (germany) is an important source of knowledge about lower paleolithic hominin subsistence. the locality includes a series of sites dated to the late middle pleistocene with a holsteinian (mis 11) and reinsdorf interglacial (mis 9) age. one of the youngest sites is schöningen 13 ii-4, the spear horizon site also known as the horse butchery site. the organic remains excavated here are exceptionally well-preserved as they were embedded in anaerobic, waterlogged sediments in ...201526607346
[molecular identification of hairy antler by analysis of high resolution melting].high resolution melting (hrm) , an important technology for genotyping and mutation scanning, has broad prospects in the authenticity of traditional chinese medicine. this paper selected universal co i primers and used hrm to establish a new method for authenticity of hairy antler. pcr was conducted at the annealing temperature of 60 °c and 45 cycles. the range of the dna template concentration, the primer concentration and the mg2+ ion concentration were further optimized. the results showed th ...201526137679
assessing nutritional parameters of brown bear diets among ecosystems gives insight into differences among populations.food habit studies are among the first steps used to understand wildlife-habitat relationships. however, these studies are in themselves insufficient to understand differences in population productivity and life histories, because they do not provide a direct measure of the energetic value or nutritional composition of the complete diet. here, we developed a dynamic model integrating food habits and nutritional information to assess nutritional parameters of brown bear (ursus arctos) diets among ...201526083536
pragmatic perspective on conservation genetics and demographic history of the last surviving population of kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu) in india.the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) is of great conservation concern because it represents the easternmost and only hope for an asiatic survivor of the red deer species in the indian subcontinent. despite the rigorous conservation efforts of the department of wildlife protection in jammu & kashmir, the hangul population has experienced a severe decline in numbers and range contraction in the past few decades. the hangul population once abundant in the past has largely become confined to the dachi ...201525671567
vegetation changes associated with a population irruption by roosevelt elk.interactions between large herbivores and their food supply are central to the study of population dynamics. we assessed temporal and spatial patterns in meadow plant biomass over a 23-year period for meadow complexes that were spatially linked to three distinct populations of roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwestern california. our objectives were to determine whether the plant community exhibited a tolerant or resistant response when elk population growth became irruptive. pla ...201525628868
authenticity control of game meat products--a single method to detect and quantify adulteration of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon) by real-time pcr.this contribution presents a single real-time pcr assay allowing the determination of the deer content (the sum of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon)) in meat products to detect food adulteration. the pcr assay does not show cross-reactivity with 20 animal species and 43 botanical species potentially contained in game meat products. the limit of quantification is 0.5% for fallow deer and red deer and 0.1% for sika deer. the deer content in meat produ ...201525306377
increased chromatin fragmentation and reduced acrosome integrity in spermatozoa of red deer from lead polluted sites.vertebrates are constantly exposed to a diffuse pollution of heavy metals existing in the environment, but in some cases, the proximity to emission sources like mining activity increases the risk of developing adverse effects of these pollutants. here we have studied lead (pb) levels in spermatozoa and testis, and chromatin damage and levels of endogenous antioxidant activity in spermatozoa of red deer (cervus elaphus) from a pb mining area (n=37) and a control area (n=26). deer from the pb-poll ...201525306093
milk drop due to leptospirosis in dairy cows.leptospiral milk drop in dairy cows. pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a cow. systemic pasteurellosis in lambs. encephalopathy due to water deprivation/salt poisoning suspected in weaned lambs. biliary cystadenoma in a red deer hind. these are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for november 2014 from sac consulting: veterinary services (sac c vs).201525748187
report of theileria luwenshuni and theileria sp. rsr from cervids in gansu, china.theileria parasites are important tick-borne pathogens of animals and cause huge economic losses worldwide. here, we undertook to assess the prevalence of theileria spp. in cervids in gansu, china, based on pcr analysis and sequencing of the 18s rrna genes. molecular survey showed that theileria luwenshuni and theileria sp. rsr were frequently found in gansu cervids, and the prevalence of t. luwenshuni was 66.7% (n = 9, 6/9) in roe deer in zhengning county, 58.3% (n = 12, 7/12) in sika deer in n ...201525820647
factors affecting the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis in slovenia.recognition of factors that influence the formation of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) foci is important for assessing the risk of humans acquiring the viral infection and for establishing what can be done (within reasonable boundaries) to minimize that risk. in slovenia, the dynamics of the tbe vector, i.e. ixodes ricinus, was studied over a 4-year period and the prevalence of infection in ticks was established. two groups of tick hosts were investigated: deer and small mammals. red deer have bee ...201525918865
high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) carrying the mecc gene in a semi-extensive red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) farm in southern spain.the objective was to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in red deer of a semi-extensive farm and in humans in contact with the estate animals, and to characterize obtained isolates. nasal swabs of 65 deer and 15 humans were seeded on mannitol-salt-agar and oxacillin-resistance-screening-agar-base. isolates were identified by microbiological and molecular methods. antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined for 16 antibiotics by disk-diffusion and the presenc ...201525912021
correction: toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility. 201526517869
toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility [corrected].in contrast to the depth of knowledge on the pathological effects of parasitism in domestic animals, the impact of the vast majority of parasites on wildlife hosts is poorly understood and, besides, information from domestics is rarely usable to disclose the parasites' impact on free-ranging populations' dynamics. here we use toxoplasmosis as a study model since, until now, the infection process and the protozoan's effects in natural conditions has received little attention. we analysed 81 sera ...201526405785
dna left on browsed twigs uncovers bite-scale resource use patterns in european ungulates.fine-scale resource use by large herbivores is often difficult to quantify directly. this is particularly true for browsing ungulates due to the challenges in observing shy subjects in forested environments of low visibility. as a consequence we know relatively little about resource use by diverse browsing ungulates. when browsing, ungulates leave behind saliva on the browsed twig that includes their dna, which can be used to identify the species that was responsible for browsing the twig. we us ...201525543852
characteristics of spermatozoa and reproductive organs in relation to age and body weight in swedish moose (alces alces).knowledge of the reproductive biology of game species is vital for sustainable management. in moose (alces alces), research in reproductive characteristics has focused on the female, whereas there are few studies in male moose. the aim of the present study was to investigate sperm morphology and chromatin integrity (scsa), and their relationships with testicular and epididymal features, as well as temporal aspects with respect to the hunting season. in total, 143 male moose aged 1.5-11.5 years w ...201525576030
the region of difference four is a robust genetic marker for subtyping mycobacterium caprae isolates and is linked to spatial distribution of three subtypes.alpine mycobacterium caprae isolates found in cattle and red deer display at least three genetic variations in the region of difference four (rd4) that can be used for further differentiation of the isolates into the subtypes 'allgäu', 'karwendel' and 'lechtal'. each genomic subtype is thereby characterized by a specific nucleotide deletion pattern in the 12.7-kb rd4 region. even though m. caprae infections are frequently documented in cattle and red deer, little is known about the transmission ...201526518998
quality attributes and composition of meat from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle (bos taurus).the consumption of venison from deer species has increased in recent years owing to presumably positive health effects. therefore a comparison was made of the physical characteristics, chemical composition and sensory attributes of meat obtained from red deer, fallow deer and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle raised under conditions typical for commercial farming practice and slaughtered at similar ages.201525298298
recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade?to investigate the extent and causes of recent quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) recruitment in northern yellowstone national park, we measured browsing intensity and height of young aspen in 87 randomly selected aspen stands in 2012, and compared our results to similar data collected in 1997-1998. we also examined the relationship between aspen recovery and the distribution of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) on the yellowstone northern ungulate winter range, using ...201526236910
red deer as maintenance host for bovine tuberculosis, alpine region.to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the alpine region, we studied the epidemiology of mycobacterium caprae in wildlife during the 2009-2012 hunting seasons. free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) were a maintenance host in a hot-spot area, mainly located in austria.201525695273
protein tyrosine phosphorylation during capacitation in sperm of a rare red deer, tarim wapiti (cervus elaphus yarkandensis).high efficiency of in vitro capacitation of deer sperm has not yet been achieved as low sperm penetration rates were reported in in vitro fertilization studies. our main goal in this study was to identify the changes of frozen-thawed sperm of the rare red deer tarim wapiti (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) and detect the effect of bovine serum albumin (bsa), serum, and heparin on the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of frozen-thawed sperm. the frozen-thawed sperm of tarim wapiti was suspended in imp ...201525638741
patch-use dynamics by a large herbivore.an adaption of the optimal foraging theory suggests that herbivores deplete, depart, and finally return to foraging patches leaving time for regrowth [van moorter et al., oikos 118:641-652, 2009]. inter-patch movement and memory of patches then produce a periodic pattern of use that may define the bounds of a home range. the objective of this work was to evaluate the underlying movements within home ranges of elk (cervus elaphus) according to the predictions of this theory. using a spatial tempo ...201527408724
time-dependence of ¹³⁷cs activity concentration in wild game meat in knyszyn primeval forest (poland).wild game meat samples were analysed from the region of the podlasie province (knyszyn primeval forest). (137)cs content in meat was determined by gamma spectrometry in 2003 (33 samples), 2009 (22 samples) and 2012 (26 samples). the samples were collected in the autumn of 2003, 2009 and 2012 and were compared with data from 1996. mean concentrations of (137)cs in the respective years were as follow: 42.2 bq kg(-1), 33.7 bq kg(-1) and 30.5 bq kg(-1), respectively. on the basis of mean values of ( ...201525559242
sarcocystosis in cervus elaphus: comparison of diagnostic methods.red deer (cervus elaphus) from a national wildlife reserve near toledo in central spain were surveyed for sarcocystis infection. a total of 61 deer were examined. tissue compression and histology were used to examine samples from diaphragm and heart from each animal included in the study, and results from the two techniques and the two tissues were compared to determine the tissue and technique that provide the most accurate measure of prevalence and intensity. prevalence and intensity were then ...201526767167
genetic differentiation between red deer from different sample sites on the tianshan mountains (cervus elaphus), china.about 273 individuals were identified from 471 fecal samples from six different red deer populations in china. the genetic structure showed that the red deer from the western and eastern tianshan mountains was different. a total number of 12 haplotypes were defined by 97 variable sites by the control region (cr), and 10 haplotypes were defined by 34 variable sites by cytochrome b. there was no haplotype sharing between red deer populations from western and eastern tianshan mountains by the cr an ...201525431826
investment in constitutive immune function by north american elk experimentally maintained at two different population densities.natural selection favors individuals that respond with effective and appropriate immune responses to macro or microparasites. animals living in populations close to ecological carrying capacity experience increased intraspecific competition, and as a result are often in poor nutritional condition. nutritional condition, in turn, affects the amount of endogenous resources that are available for investment in immune function. our objective was to understand the relationship between immune function ...201525992627
sexual segregation in north american elk: the role of density dependence.we investigated how density-dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. during 1999-2001, we experimentally created two population densities of north american elk (cervus elaphus), a high-density population at 20 elk/km(2), and a low-density population at 4 elk/km(2) to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of re ...201525691992
[identification of antler powder components based on dna barcoding technology].in order to authenticate the components of antler powder in the market, dna barcoding technology coupled with cloning method were used. cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) sequences were obtained according to the dna barcoding standard operation procedure (sop). for antler powder with possible mixed components, the cloning method was used to get each coi sequence. 65 coi sequences were successfully obtained from commercial antler powders via sequencing pcr products. the results indicates that o ...201526837186
avoiding toxic levels of essential minerals: a forgotten factor in deer diet preferences.ungulates select diets with high energy, protein, and sodium contents. however, it is scarcely known the influence of essential minerals other than na in diet preferences. moreover, almost no information is available about the possible influence of toxic levels of essential minerals on avoidance of certain plant species. the aim of this research was to test the relative importance of mineral content of plants in diet selection by red deer (cervus elaphus) in an annual basis. we determined minera ...201525615596
vertical transmission of bartonella schoenbuchensis in lipoptena cervi.lipoptena cervi (diptera: hippoboscidae) is a hematophagous ectoparasite of cervids, which is considered to transmit pathogens between animals and occasionally to humans. the principal life stage that is able to parasitize new hosts is a winged ked that just emerged from a pupa. to facilitate efficient transmission of pathogens between hosts, vertical transmission from female deer keds to their offspring is necessary. we investigated vertical transmission of several vector-borne pathogens associ ...201525889985
susceptibility of european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) to alimentary challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy.european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, when challenged intracerebrally but their susceptibility to alimentary challenge, the presumed natural route of transmission, is unknown. to determine this, eighteen deer were challenged via stomach tube with a large dose of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent and clinical signs, gross and histological lesions, presence and dist ...201525615837
foraging ecology of three sympatric ungulate species - behavioural and resource maps indicate differences between chamois, ibex and red deer.the spatial distribution of forage resources is a major driver of animal movement patterns. understanding where animals forage is important for the conservation of multi-species communities, since interspecific competition can emerge if different species use the same depletable resources. however, determining forage resources in a spatially continuous fashion in alpine grasslands at high spatial resolution was challenging up to now, because terrain heterogeneity causes vegetation characteristics ...201526807258
anaplasma phagocytophilum prevalence in ticks and rodents in an urban and natural habitat in south-western slovakia.ixodes ricinus is the principal vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the ethiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in europe. anaplasmosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with a natural enzootic cycle. the reservoir competence of rodents is unclear. monitoring of a. phagocytophilum prevalence in i. ricinus and rodents in various habitat types of slovakia may contribute to the knowledge about the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in central europe.201525980768
sequence analysis of bitter taste receptor gene repertoires in different ruminant species.bitter taste has been extensively studied in mammalian species and is associated with sensitivity to toxins and with food choices that avoid dangerous substances in the diet. at the molecular level, bitter compounds are sensed by bitter taste receptor proteins (t2r) present at the surface of taste receptor cells in the gustatory papillae. our work aims at exploring the phylogenetic relationships of t2r gene sequences within different ruminant species. to accomplish this goal, we gathered a colle ...201526061084
the epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis in wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in new zealand wildlife.in new zealand, wild deer and feral pigs are assumed to be spillover hosts for mycobacterium bovis, and so are not targeted in efforts aimed at locally eradicating bovine tuberculosis (tb) from possums (trichosurus vulpecula), the main wildlife host. here we review the epidemiology of tb in deer and pigs, and assess whether new zealand's tb management programme could be undermined if these species sometimes achieve maintenance host status. in new zealand, tb prevalences of up to 47% have been re ...201525295713
country, cover or protection: what shapes the distribution of red deer and roe deer in the bohemian forest ecosystem?the bohemian forest ecosystem encompasses various wildlife management systems. two large, contiguous national parks (one in germany and one in the czech republic) form the centre of the area, are surrounded by private hunting grounds, and hunting regulations in each country differ. here we aimed at unravelling the influence of management-related and environmental factors on the distribution of red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in this ecosystem. we used the standing cr ...201525781942
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild boars, red deer and roe deer in poland.little is known about the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild life, particularly game animals in poland. meat juice collected during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 hunting seasons from 552 red deer (cervus elaphus), 367 wild boars (sus scrofa) and 92 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) was tested for t. gondii antibodies using the multi-species id screen toxoplasmosis indirect kit (idvet, montpellier, france). antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 24.1% of red deer (95% ci: 20.7%, 27.8%), 37.6% o ...201525993468
temporal dynamics of seed excretion by wild ungulates: implications for plant dispersal.dispersal is a key process in metapopulation dynamics as it conditions species' spatial responses to gradients of abiotic and biotic conditions and triggers individual and gene flows. in the numerous plants that are dispersed through seed consumption by herbivores (endozoochory), the distance and effectiveness of dispersal is determined by the combined effects of seed retention time in the vector's digestive system, the spatial extent of its movements, and the ability of the seeds to germinate o ...201526257875
prevalence and genetic diversity of rhodococcus equi in wild boars (sus scrofa), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in poland.rhodococcus equi is now considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen. sources and routes of human infection remain unclear but foodborne transmission seems to be the most probable way. strains of pig or bovine type are most often isolated from human cases and moreover r. equi is present in submaxillary lymph nodes of apparently healthy pigs and wild boars intended for human consumption. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of r. equi in submaxillary lymph nodes in wild boars, roe dee ...201525997952
long-term dynamics of coxiella burnetii in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).several aspects of the dynamics of coxiella burnetii that are relevant for the implementation of control strategies in ruminant herds with endemic q fever are unknown. we designed a longitudinal study to monitor the dynamics of exposure to c. burnetii in a red deer herd with endemic infection in order to allow the design of q fever-specific control approaches. other relevant aspects of the dynamics of c. burnetii - the effect of herd immune status, age, season, and early infection on exposure, t ...201526697437
patterns of mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex excretion and characterization of super-shedders in naturally-infected wild boar and red deer.wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) are the main maintenance hosts for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in continental europe. understanding mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) excretion routes is crucial to define strategies to control btb in free-ranging populations, nevertheless available information is scarce. aiming at filling this gap, four different mtc excretion routes (oronasal, bronchial-alveolar, fecal and urinary) were investigated by molecular methods in naturally inf ...201526518244
sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in wildlife in france: a scenario tree approach.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with an impact on animal and human health, and economic implications. infected wild animals have been detected in some european countries, and btb reservoirs in wildlife have been identified, potentially hindering the eradication of btb from cattle populations. however, the surveillance of btb in wildlife involves several practical difficulties and is not currently covered by eu legislation. we report here the first assessment ...201526517372
patterns of lynx predation at the interface between protected areas and multi-use landscapes in central europe.in central europe, protected areas are too small to ensure survival of populations of large carnivores. in the surrounding areas, these species are often persecuted due to competition with game hunters. therefore, understanding how predation intensity varies spatio-temporally across areas with different levels of protection is fundamental. we investigated the predation patterns of eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) on roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in both protected areas an ...201526379142
the power of oral and nasal calls to discriminate individual mothers and offspring in red deer, cervus elaphus.in most species, acoustical cues are crucial for mother-offspring recognition. studies of a few species of ungulates showed that potential for individual recognition may differ between nasal and oral contact calls.201525610491
a geographic cluster of malignant catarrhal fever in moose (alces alces) in norway.three cases of lethal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) in free-ranging moose (alces alces) were diagnosed in lesja, norway, december 2008-february 2010. the diagnosis was based on pcr identification of ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) dna (n = 3) and typical histopathologic lesions (n = 1). to study the possibility of subclinical or latent mcf virus (mcfv) infection in this moose population and in red deer (cervus elaphus), we examined clinically normal animals sampled during hunt ...201525574807
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