Publications

parents' genetic dissimilarity and offspring sex in a polygynous mammal.	offspring quality may benefit from genetic dissimilarity between parents. however, genetic dissimilarity may trade-off with additive genetic benefits. we hypothesized that when sexual selection produces sex-specific selective scenarios, the relative benefits of additive genetic vs. dissimilarity may differ for sons and daughters. here we study a sample of 666 red deer (cervus elaphus) microsatellite genotypes, including males, females and their foetuses, from 20 wild populations in spain (the ma ...	2009	19863722
17beta-estradiol inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 transcription via map kinase in fibroblasts.	female sex and sex hormones contribute to cardiac remodelling. 17beta-estradiol (e2) is involved in the modulation of extracellular matrix composition and function. here, we analysed the effect of e2 on matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-2 gene expression and studied the underlying molecular mechanisms in rat cardiac fibroblasts and in a human fibroblast cell line.	2010	19861308
can iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) discriminate among essential minerals in their diet?	optimal foraging predicts that animals should be able to assess the content of important nutrients in food. ungulates discriminate salt and p, but discrimination of other minerals is controversial even though they are also essential and often limiting. animal scientists have explained this taste through palatability, which predicts the same pattern of discrimination for calves and hinds and greater consumption by the latter. social learning may also be involved, predicting a correlation between ...	2010	19860987
[an attempt of experimental infection of fishes and chickens with invasive larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda, protostrongylidae)].	elaphostrongylus cervi is a parasite of skeletal muscles and central nervous system of wild and farm red deer in europe and asia. numerous species of terrestrial snails can be its intermediate hosts. considering the fact that invasive larvae of e. cervi are released by deer to the external environment in huge numbers, fishes and birds can be accidentally infect by them. in this study the development of larvae e. cervi in those nonspecific hosts was discussed. it was determined that invasive larv ...	2009	19856837
intracellular metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5) activates signaling cascades distinct from cell surface counterparts.	g-protein-coupled receptors are thought to transmit extracellular signals to the cytoplasm from their position on the cell surface. some receptors, including the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5), are also highly expressed on intracellular membranes where they serve unknown functions. here, we show that activation of cell surface versus intracellular mglur5 results in unique ca(2+) signatures leading to unique cellular responses. specifically, activation of either cell surface or intrac ...	2009	19840937
female-biased dispersal under conditions of low male mating competition in a polygynous mammal.	sex-biased dispersal is a common phenomenon in birds and mammals. competition for mates has been argued to be an important selective pressure favouring dispersal. sexual differences in the level of intrasexual competition may produce asymmetries in the costs-benefits balance of dispersal and philopatry for males and females, which may favour male-biased dispersal in polygynous species such as most mammals. this being the case, condition-dependent dispersal predicts that male-bias should decrease ...	2009	19840261
can compensatory culling offset undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting?	1. there is growing concern about the evolutionary consequences of human harvesting on phenotypic trait quality in wild populations. undesirable consequences are especially likely with trophy hunting because of its strong bias for specific phenotypic trait values, such as large antlers in cervids and horns in bovids. selective hunting can cause a decline in a trophy trait over time if it is heritable, thereby reducing the long-term sustainability of the activity itself. 2. how can we build a sus ...	2010	19840171
aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 signalling in suicide brain: role of erk kinase 1 (mek1).	extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 signalling plays a critical role in synaptic and structural plasticity. recent preclinical and human brain studies suggest that depression and suicidal behaviour are associated with aberrant erk1/2 signalling. mek, is a dual-specificity kinase, which is the immediate upstream regulator of erk1/2. two isoforms of mek (mek1 and mek2) exist. by phosphorylating at ser and thr residues, mek activates erk1/2, which then phosphorylates cytoplasmic and nucl ...	2009	19835659
epigenetic mechanisms in the dentate gyrus act as a molecular switch in hippocampus-associated memory formation.	we make strong memories of significant events in our lives which may serve to increase our resilience and adaptation capacity to deal with future challenges. it is well established that the neurotransmitter glutamate and the erk mapk intracellular signaling pathway play a principal role in memory formation. in addition, stress-associated hormones like glucocorticoids released during such events are known to strengthen formation of memories. but, how do these hormones work? do they interact with ...	2009	19829071
comments on "concentration of selected metals in liver, kidney, and muscle of red deer (cervus elaphus)".		2009	19827498
characteristics of x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin gene and a pcr-based method for sex identification in red deer (cervus elaphus).	the present study attempts to analyse sequences of the x- and y-chromosome specific regions of the amelogenin (amel) gene in red deer. to this end, primers specific for each form of the gene (amelx and amely) were designed based on bovine genomic sequences and the homologous regions of the genes were sequenced. the obtained sequence of amelx gene showed high similarity with the corresponding region in cattle (91%) and humans (77%), but this similarity was slightly lower among amely genes and sho ...	2010	19809889
triptolide is an inhibitor of rna polymerase i and ii-dependent transcription leading predominantly to down-regulation of short-lived mrna.	triptolide, a natural product extracted from the chinese plant tripterygium wilfordii, possesses antitumor properties. despite numerous reports showing the proapoptotic capacity and the inhibition of nf-kappab-mediated transcription by triptolide, the identity of its cellular target is still unknown. to clarify its mechanism of action, we further investigated the effect of triptolide on rna synthesis in the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line a549. triptolide inhibited both total rna and ...	2009	19808979
downstream of fgf during mesoderm formation in xenopus: the roles of elk-1 and egr-1.	signalling by members of the fgf family is required for induction and maintenance of the mesoderm during amphibian development. one of the downstream effectors of fgf is the srf-interacting ets family member elk-1, which, after phosphorylation by map kinase, activates the expression of immediate-early genes. here, we show that xenopus elk-1 is phosphorylated in response to fgf signalling in a dynamic pattern throughout the embryo. loss of xelk-1 function causes reduced expression of xbra at neur ...	2009	19799892
sensitive diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in a farmed cervid herd with use of an mpb70 protein fluorescence polarization assay.	after histopathological examination of a lesion found in a herd member returned a diagnosis of mycobacteriosis, a farmed herd (n = 47) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and red deer (c. elaphus elaphus) was investigated for bovine tuberculosis with a battery of antemortem and postmortem diagnostic tests. every animal was tested with the mid-cervical tuberculin skin test; all 47 had negative results. all of the 16 adult animals and 15 of the 31 calves (approximately 2-years-old) were blood-tested w ...	2009	19794887
overlapping promoter targeting by elk-1 and other divergent ets-domain transcription factor family members.	ets-domain transcription factors play important roles in controlling gene expression in a variety of different contexts; however, these proteins bind to very similar sites and it is unclear how in vivo specificity is achieved. in silico analysis is unlikely to reveal specific targets for individual family members and direct experimental approaches are therefore required. here, we take advantage of an inducible dominant-negative expression system to identify a group of novel target genes for the ...	2009	19789270
susceptibilities of nonhuman primates to chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, or prion disease, that affects deer, elk, and moose. human susceptibility to cwd remains unproven despite likely exposure to cwd-infected cervids. we used 2 nonhuman primate species, cynomolgus macaques and squirrel monkeys, as human models for cwd susceptibility. cwd was inoculated into these 2 species by intracerebral and oral routes. after intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys, 7 of 8 cwd isolates induced a cl ...	2009	19788803
predatory senescence in ageing wolves.	it is well established that ageing handicaps the ability of prey to escape predators, yet surprisingly little is known about how ageing affects the ability of predators to catch prey. research into long-lived predators has assumed that adults have uniform impacts on prey regardless of age. here we use longitudinal data from repeated observations of individually-known wolves (canis lupus) hunting elk (cervus elaphus) in yellowstone national park to demonstrate that adult predatory performance dec ...	2009	19780789
wolf presence and increased willow consumption by yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades.	recent increases in the height and growth ring width of willow (salix spp.) and other woody plants in the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye) have been attributed to a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade from wolves (canis lupus) to elk (cervus elaphus) to willows. this hypothesis predicts that individual elk consume less willow in response to the presence of wolves, but this prediction has not been directly tested with data from elk. we collected 727 fecal samples from elk in the gallatin can ...	2009	19769124
climate alters response of an endemic island plant to removal of invasive herbivores.	islands experience higher rates of species extinction than mainland ecosystems, with biological invasions among the leading causes; they also serve as important model systems for testing ideas in basic and applied ecology. invasive removal programs on islands are conservation efforts that can also be viewed as powerful manipulative experiments, but few data are available to evaluate their effects. we collected demographic and herbivore damage data for castilleja mollis pennell, an endangered pla ...	2009	19769104
evaluation of management variables to advance conception and calving date of red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand venison production systems.	the ability to shift the supply of new zealand chilled venison from farmed yearling red deer stags to obtain premium prices in seasonal european markets necessitates early calving of hinds combined with high growth rates of their calves. two studies over a three-year period evaluated three management variables that offer potential to advance calving date. under the conditions of the studies there was no consistent evidence that the management practices of early stag introduction, early weaning a ...	2010	19766413
transcription factors down-stream of ras as molecular indicators for targeting malignancies with oncolytic herpes virus.	overactivation in ras signaling has been under intensive study as the molecular basis for development of cancer. such overactivation can occur in the presence or absence of mutations in ras gene resulting in activation of a series of down-stream effectors such as transcription factors. different studies have shown the activation of ras down-stream effectors in non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl) although mutations in ras are not prevalent in this malignancy. since overactivation in ras signaling also inc ...	2009	19766068
erk activation and cell growth require cam kinases in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.	previous studies on mcf-7 breast cancer cells have shown that the g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) agonist carbachol increases intracellular calcium levels and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk). calcium and calmodulin regulate the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (cam kinase) family of proteins that have been proposed to regulate erk and gene transcription. our results suggest that both estrogen (e2) and carbachol treatment of mcf-7 breast cancer cells trigger pho ...	2010	19763792
transcriptional regulation of human mucin gene muc4 in pancreatic cancer cells.	the human mucin gene muc4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and cancer cell lines, while remaining undetectable in the normal pancreas, indicating its important role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of muc4 gene expression are not fully understood. in this report, we used pancreatic cancer cell line (bxpc-3) to explore the potential transcription factors regulating muc4 transcriptional activity. through promoter screening, overexpressing ...	2010	19757157
washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa.	the effects of routine sperm work are often overlooked. we assessed the effect of washing cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus, helzheimer 1909). after thawing, epididymal samples (four stags) were diluted in talp-hepes. a split was left untouched, another was centrifuged (300 x g, 5 min) and resuspended, and a third was centrifuged and the supernatant substituted by fresh talp-hepes (washing). each split was supplemented either with nothing, 1mm of the a ...	2009	19733389
egr-1 is necessary for fibroblast growth factor-2-induced transcriptional activation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in murine astrocytes.	glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) promotes neurite outgrowth and survival of neuronal cells, but its transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. here, we sought to investigate the mechanism underlying fibroblast growth factor-2 (fgf2) induction of gdnf expression in astrocytes. we found that fgf2 stimulation of rat astrocytes induced expression of egr-1 at a high level. sequence analysis of the rat gdnf gene identified three overlapping egr-1-binding sites between positions ...	2009	19721135
brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects cementoblasts from serum starvation-induced cell death.	our previous studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) enhances bone/cementum-related protein gene expression through the trkb-c-raf-erk1/2-elk-1 signaling pathway in cementoblasts, which play a critical role in the establishment of a functional periodontal ligament. to clarify how bdnf regulates survival in cementoblasts, we examined its effects on cell death induced by serum starvation in immortalized human cementoblast-like (hcem) cells. bdnf inhibited the death of hcem ...	2009	19711359
influence of prion strain on prion protein adsorption to soil in a competitive matrix.	it is likely that the soil environment serves as a stable reservoir of infectious chronic wasting disease (cwd) and scrapie prions, as well as a potential reservoir of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse, or "mad cow" disease). prion adsorption to soil may play an important role in prion mobility, proteolysis, and infectivity. differences in prp environmental fate are possible due to the strain- and species-dependent structure of prp(sc). kinetic and isothermal studies of prp adsorption to san ...	2009	19708348
epidermal-growth-factor-induced proliferation of astrocytes requires egr transcription factors.	stimulation of astrocytes with epidermal growth factor (egf) induced proliferation and triggered the biosynthesis of the transcription factor egr-1, involving the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) signaling pathway. no differences in the proliferation rate of astrocytes prepared from wild-type or egr-1-deficient mice were detected. however, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of egr-1 that interfered with dna-binding of all egr proteins prevented egf-indu ...	2009	19706684
chronic wasting disease (cwd) potential economic impact on cervid farming in alberta.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) was found in wild deer populations in the province of alberta, canada, in 2005, and there is concern that this finding could create significant costs related to the farmed elk and deer industry. these potential costs or "values at risk" can be used to assess the economic returns from cwd containment and eradication programs. cost estimates of cwd to cervid farms range from $12 million for additional farm fencing to hundreds of millions of dollars in payments by gove ...	2009	19697234
prionet canada: a network of centres of excellence for research into prions and prion diseases.	prionet canada's strength in basic, applied, and social research is helping to solve the food, health safety, and socioeconomic problems associated with prion diseases. prion diseases are transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. examples of prion diseases include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse, commonly known as "mad cow" disease), creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. as of march 31, 2008, prionet's interdisc ...	2009	19697232
p53-independent upregulation of mir-34a during oncogene-induced senescence represses myc.	aberrant oncogene activation induces cellular senescence, an irreversible growth arrest that acts as a barrier against tumorigenesis. to identify micrornas (mirnas) involved in oncogene-induced senescence, we examined the expression of mirnas in primary human tig3 fibroblasts after constitutive activation of b-raf. among the regulated mirnas, both mir-34a and mir-146a were strongly induced during senescence. although members of the mir-34 family are known to be transcriptionally regulated by p53 ...	2010	19696787
distribution of lesions in red and fallow deer naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis.	wild deer have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb). the aims of this study were (1) to compare the pattern of lesions present in wild red (cervus elaphus) and fallow (dama dama) deer that were naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis, and (2) to use this information to develop a sampling strategy for the isolation of m. bovis from the lymphoid tissues of the head of these animals. culture of head lymphoid tissues demonstrated that 28 of 95 red deer and 22 of 100 ...	2010	19691968
fecal chlorophyll describes the link between primary production and consumption in a terrestrial herbivore.	spatiotemporal variation in primary productivity is known to have strong and far-reaching effects on herbivore ecology, but this relationship is often studied indirectly at broad scales, in part due to the difficulty in measuring selection for green biomass by individual animals. in aquatic systems, the concentration of chlorophyll in herbivore feces has been used as a direct measure of the consumption of photosynthetic primary production, but this method has not been applied to terrestrial syst ...	2009	19688938
elucidation of the elk1 target gene network reveals a role in the coordinate regulation of core components of the gene regulation machinery.	transcription factors play an important role in orchestrating the activation of specific networks of genes through targeting their proximal promoter and distal enhancer regions. however, it is unclear how the specificity of downstream responses is maintained by individual members of transcription-factor families and, in most cases, what their target repertoire is. we have used chip-chip analysis to identify the target genes of the ets-domain transcription factor elk1. two distinct modes of elk1 ...	2009	19687146
impact of major histocompatibility complex class ii polymorphisms on iberian red deer parasitism and life history traits.	host genetic diversity plays an important role in buffering populations against pathogens. we characterized the allelic diversity at the second exon of the b (drb-2) chain of the major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) locus in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its impact on parasitism by macroparasites, on a microparasite causing tuberculosis, and on relevant life history traits (spleen size and body condition). no drb-2 haplotype conferred general resi ...	2009	19664721
evaluation of the cervidtb stat-pak for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in wild deer in great britain.	deer are acknowledged as hosts of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of btb in the united kingdom. this study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of btb in samples from wild deer species in the united kingdom. fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), ...	2009	19656989
effect of milk minerals on calf gains and sex differences in mineral composition of milk from iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	milk mineral content has received little attention in studies focusing on milk nutrient effects on offspring growth. this study examines calf growth in iberian deer and compares the influence of milk minerals, other nutrients, and lactation variables relevant for growth to discern the relative weight of each factor. in addition, because iberian deer hinds are the first mammal found to produce different milk for sons and daughters, the present study examines whether there are also sex differences ...	2009	19656958
inter- and intrasexual variation in aging patterns across reproductive traits in a wild red deer population.	in polygynous species, adult mortality is generally higher in males than in females, and theory predicts that this should result in the evolution of faster rates of senescence in males. detailed investigations of sex differences in patterns of aging across the many and varied phenotypic characteristics associated with successful reproduction in wild populations of polygynous vertebrates are currently lacking. here, we use longitudinal data collected from a wild red deer population to compare agi ...	2009	19653847
utilizing ras signaling pathway to direct selective replication of herpes simplex virus-1.	re-engineering the tropism of viruses is an attractive translational strategy for targeting cancer cells. the ras signal transduction pathway is a central hub for a variety of pro-oncogenic events with a fundamental role in normal and neoplastic physiology. in this work we were interested in linking ras activation to hsv-1 replication in a direct manner in order to generate a novel oncolytic herpes virus which can target cancer cells. to establish such link, we developed a mutant hsv-1 in which ...	2009	19652721
congenital nutritional myodegeneration (white muscle disease) in a red deer (cervus elaphus) calf.	a 5-day-old red deer calf was submitted with tachypnoea and dyspnoea, and was reluctant to move.	2009	19649021
abomasal parasite syndrome in north american elk (cervus elaphus canadensis).	an 18-month clinical course of chronic ill-thrift, weight loss and emaciation, and eventual death occurred in a group of 520 translocated elk of mixed age and sex. translocation was carried out without regard to animal welfare or health risks associated with the translocation. mortality was approximately 84% (436/520) despite supportive nutritional and medical treatment. pathological findings: general clinical and postmortem examinations indicated only se and cu imbalances and nutritional inadeq ...	2009	19649019
to what extent might deep venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency share a common etiology?	according to the valve cusp hypoxia hypothesis (vchh), deep venous thrombosis is caused by sustained non-pulsatile (streamline) venous blood flow. this leads to hypoxemia in the valve pockets; hypoxic injury to the inner (parietalis) endothelium of the cusp leaflets activates the elk-1/egr-1 pathway, leading to leukocyte and platelet swarming at the site of injury and, potentially, blood coagulation. here, we propose an extension of the vchh to account for chronic venous insufficiency. first, sh ...	2009	19648868
community structure and seasonal dynamics of dactylogyrus spp. (monogenea) on the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas ) from the salt valley watershed, lancaster county, nebraska.	the gill monogene communities of pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) in 3 distinct sites on converging streams were investigated from 2004 to 2006 in 3 different seasons. thirty collections of p. promelas were made in southeastern nebraska along 3 converging tributaries: elk creek (40.88534°n, 96.83366°w), west oak creek (40.9082°n, 96.81432°w), and oak creek (40.91402°n, 96.770583°w), lancaster county, nebraska. in all, 103 p. promelas were collected from elk creek, 115 from west oak creek, an ...	2009	19642810
extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields activate the erk cascade, increase hsp70 protein levels and promote regeneration in planaria.	to use regenerating planaria dugesia dorotocethala as a model to determine whether an intermittent modulated extremely low frequency electro-magnetic field (elf-emf) produces elevated levels of the heat shock protein hsp70 and stimulates intracellular pathways known to be involved in injury and repair. we focused on serum response element (sre) binding through the extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade.	2009	19639507
immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of bse and cwd in experimentally infected european red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	the cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the united kingdom (uk) was the inclusion of contaminated meat and bone meal in the protein rations fed to cattle. those rations were not restricted to cattle but were also fed to other livestock including farmed and free living deer. although there are no reported cases to date of natural bse in european deer, bse has been shown to be naturally or experimentally transmissible to a wide range of different ungulate species. moreo ...	2009	19635142
the jnks differentially regulate rna polymerase iii transcription by coordinately modulating the expression of all tfiiib subunits.	rna polymerase (pol) iii-dependent transcription is subject to stringent regulation by tumor suppressors and oncogenic proteins and enhanced rna pol iii transcription is essential for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. since the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) display both oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties, the roles of these proteins in regulating rna pol iii transcription were examined. in both mouse and human cells, loss or reduction in jnk1 expression represses rna pol iii tr ...	2009	19620725
successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted sika (cervus nippon) sperm in wapiti (cervus elaphus).	the purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in wapiti (cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed sika (cervus nippon) semen. semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into x- and y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. wapiti hinds (n=81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 x 10(6) (x1 and y1 ...	2010	19619965
glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction.	predators affect prey demography through direct predation and through the costs of antipredator behavioral responses, or risk effects. experiments have shown that risk effects can comprise a substantial proportion of a predator's total effect on prey dynamics, but we know little about their strength in wild populations, or the physiological mechanisms that mediate them. when wolves are present, elk alter their grouping patterns, vigilance, foraging behavior, habitat selection, and diet. these re ...	2009	19617549
babesia capreoli infections in alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra), roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from switzerland.	five cases of fatal babesiosis in free-ranging chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra) attributed to infections with babesia capreoli were recently recorded in two regions of the swiss alps. to investigate the ecologic factors that possibly lead to those fatal b. capreoli infections in chamois, blood, ticks, and demographic data of 46 roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus), 48 chamois, and nine red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected in 2006 and 2007 in both affected regions. whereas no parasitic inclusion ...	2009	19617485
granulomatous inflammation in retropharyngeal lymph nodes of wild cervids in saskatchewan.	a portion of retropharyngeal lymph nodes from 6,824 wild cervids, comprising 1,458 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 5,345 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), 11 unidentified deer (odocoileus spp.), and 10 elk (cervus elaphus), were examined histologically for evidence of inflammation. focal granulomatous lymphadenitis was detected in 0.3% of white-tailed deer, 1.3% of mule deer, and in one of 10 elk. material consistent with splendore-hoeppli phenomenon was present in 70 (93%) of 75 case ...	2009	19617472
cervids with different vocal behavior demonstrate different viscoelastic properties of their vocal folds.	the authors test the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and biomechanical properties covary with species-specific vocal function. they investigate mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) vocal folds, building on, and extending data on a related cervid, the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the mule deer, in contrast to the elk, is a species with relatively little vocal activity in adult animals. mule deer and elk vocal folds show the typical three components of the mammalian vocal fold (ep ...	2010	19603411
radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the central rhineland sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg, germany.	the late glacial open-air sites of gönnersdorf and andernach-martinsberg in the german central rhineland are well known for their magdalenian occupation and activities. the latter site also produced evidence for a younger, final palaeolithic occupation of the locality by people of the federmessergruppen. both sites are particularly well preserved, largely due to their burial beneath volcanic deposits of the late glacial laacher see eruption. we conducted a program of ams radiocarbon dating and s ...	2009	19589558
papillomavirus-associated fibropapillomas of red deer ( cervus elaphus ).	oval, firm, cutaneous tumours with a rough, hairless, pigmented surface, exhibiting a moderately pronounced papillary structure were detected on the abdominal skin of two young red deer ( cervus elaphus ). one animal was shot in lower austria in 2004, the other at a deer farm in hungary in 2007. histological examination of both samples classified the tumours as fibropapillomas, showing marked proliferation of fibroblasts and connective tissue, accompanied by hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and aca ...	2009	19584046
heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein r enhances transcription from the naturally configured c-fos promoter in vitro.	transcription of a proto-oncogene c-fos is induced rapidly to high levels by various extracellular stimuli. to explore the molecular mechanism of c-fos gene induction, we established a defined in vitro transcription system for the c-fos promoter that consists of purified activators (srf, elk-1, camp-responsive element-binding protein, and atf1), general transcription factors, and rna polymerase ii. in this reconstituted transcription system, activation of c-fos transcription was highly dependent ...	2009	19581295
mir-145 and mir-143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity.	micrornas (mirnas) are regulators of myriad cellular events, but evidence for a single mirna that can efficiently differentiate multipotent stem cells into a specific lineage or regulate direct reprogramming of cells into an alternative cell fate has been elusive. here we show that mir-145 and mir-143 are co-transcribed in multipotent murine cardiac progenitors before becoming localized to smooth muscle cells, including neural crest stem-cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells. mir-145 and mir ...	2009	19578358
identification and characterization of a novel 5 bp deletion in a putative insulin response element in the lipoprotein lipase gene.	our aim was to identify an insulin response element (ire) in the lipoprotein lipase (lpl) gene. we identified a 19 bp sequence as a putative ire in lpl non-coding exon 10 using bioinformatics. upon sequencing the ire region, a novel 5 bp deletion was identified in hispanics (n=406) with a carrier frequency of 4.2% but not in non-hispanic whites (n=604) or africans. electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed binding sites for regulatory factor(s) in muscle cell nuclear extracts with putative i ...	2009	19563912
chorionic gonadotropin regulates prostaglandin e synthase via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-extracellular regulatory kinase pathway in a human endometrial epithelial cell line: implications for endometrial responses for embryo implantation.	successful implantation necessitates modulation of the uterine environment by the embryo for a specific period of time during the menstrual cycle. infusion of chorionic gonadotropin (cg) into the oviducts of baboons to mimic embryo transit induces a myriad of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the endometrium. endometrial epithelial cells from both baboons and humans when stimulated by cg in vitro, activates a camp-independent mapk pathway leading to prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) ...	2009	19556419
oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via pkc-delta/p42/p44 mapk/elk-1 cascade in brain astrocytes.	after ischemic injury to brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) raises the possibility of exposing the central nervous system (cns) to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxldl), a risk factor implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), especially mmp-9, contribute to extracellular matrix (ecm) remodeling during the cns diseases. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxldl-induced mmp-9 expression in astrocytes remained unclear. here, we reported ...	2010	19554388
density dependence and climate effects in rocky mountain elk: an application of regression with instrumental variables for population time series with sampling error.	1. sampling error in annual estimates of population size creates two widely recognized problems for the analysis of population growth. first, if sampling error is mistakenly treated as process error, one obtains inflated estimates of the variation in true population trajectories (staples, taper & dennis 2004). second, treating sampling error as process error is thought to overestimate the importance of density dependence in population growth (viljugrein et al. 2005; dennis et al. 2006). 2. in ec ...	2009	19549144
a common fads2 promoter polymorphism increases promoter activity and facilitates binding of transcription factor elk1.	fatty acid desaturases (fads) play an important role in the formation of omega-6 and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas). the composition of hufas in the human metabolome is important for membrane fluidity and for the modulation of essential physiological functions such as inflammation processes and brain development. several recent studies reported significant associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the human fads gene cluster with hufa levels and composition. the p ...	2010	19546342
transdisciplinary habitat models for elk and cattle as a proxy for bovine tuberculosis transmission risk.	zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (tb) that infect wildlife and livestock are particularly difficult to eradicate where wild animals make extensive use of agricultural landscapes. transmission of tb between cattle (bos taurus) and wild elk (cervus elaphus) in southwestern manitoba, canada remains poorly understood but there is a risk when commingling occurs on summer pasture. elk use of cattle summer pastures was assessed using ecological data (187 vhf and 25 gps collared elk monitor ...	2009	19541377
melanin-concentrating hormone induces neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells through p53 and mapkinase signaling pathways.	melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) peptide plays a major role in energy homeostasis regulation. little is known about cellular functions engaged by endogenous mch receptor (mch-r1). here, mch-r1 mrna and cognate protein were found expressed in human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells. electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that mch modulated k(+) currents, an effect depending upon the time of cellular growth. mch treatments induced a transient phosphorylation of mapkinases, abolished by pd98059 ...	2009	19540893
stable isotope ratio analysis to differentiate temporal diets of a free-ranging herbivore.	stable isotope ratio analysis (sira) of carbon (delta13c) and nitrogen (delta15n) in tissue samples of herbivores can identify photosynthetic pathways (c3 vs. c4) of plants consumed. we present results from free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) that highlight the ability to differentiate diets using tissue delta13c and delta15n. the signatures of delta13c and delta15n differed in tissues of varying metabolic activity: muscle, a short-term dietary indicator (i.e., 1-2 months) and hoof, ...	2009	19530151
comparison of concentrations of copper in plasma and serum from farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	to determine the relationship between the concentrations of cu in plasma and serum in red deer, and to compare this relationship with those previously reported in cattle and sheep.	2009	19521466
the kinase defective ephb6 receptor tyrosine kinase activates map kinase signaling in lung adenocarcinoma.	decreased expression levels of ephb6, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), are associated with an increased risk of metastasis development in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc). however, the signaling properties of the kinase-defective ephb6 receptor are not well-understood. here, we show that expression of ephb6 in a549 lung adenocarcinoma cells led to phosphorylation of the map kinase erk. conversely, sirna based knockdown of ephb6 reversed erk phosphorylation. intrigu ...	2009	19513565
synthesis and characterization of biologically active recombinant elk and horse fsh.	the objective of this investigation was to clone and express the elk and horse common alpha-subunit and fsh beta-subunit cdnas, and to produce recombinant fsh from both species in vitro. the rnas extracted from elk and horse pituitary glands were reverse-transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the cdnas corresponding to both subunits of elk and horse were cloned into the expression vector pbudce4.1 and transfected into crl-9096 cells. expression of both genes was determined in th ...	2010	19500922
population density of north american elk: effects on plant diversity.	large, herbivorous mammals have profound effects on ecosystem structure and function and often act as keystone species in ecosystems they inhabit. density-dependent processes associated with population structure of large mammals may interact with ecosystem functioning to increase or decrease biodiversity, depending on the relationship of herbivore populations relative to the carrying capacity (k) of the ecosystem. we tested for indirect effects of population density of large herbivores on plant ...	2009	19484268
increased pea3/e1af and decreased net/elk-3, both ets proteins, characterize human nsclc progression and regulate caveolin-1 transcription in calu-1 and nci-h23 nsclc cell lines.	caveolin-1 protein has been called a 'conditional tumor suppressor' because it can either suppress or enhance tumor progression depending on cellular context. caveolin-1 levels are dynamic in non-small-cell lung cancer, with increased levels in metastatic tumor cells. we have shown previously that transactivation of an erythroblastosis virus-transforming sequence (ets) cis-element enhances caveolin-1 expression in a murine lung epithelial cell line. based on high sequence homology between the mu ...	2009	19483189
identification of gene co-regulatory modules and associated cis-elements involved in degenerative heart disease.	cardiomyopathies, degenerative diseases of cardiac muscle, are among the leading causes of death in the developed world. microarray studies of cardiomyopathies have identified up to several hundred genes that significantly alter their expression patterns as the disease progresses. however, the regulatory mechanisms driving these changes, in particular the networks of transcription factors involved, remain poorly understood. our goals are (a) to identify modules of co-regulated genes that undergo ...	2009	19476647
histological studies of growing and mature antlers of red deer stags (cervus elaphus).	this study aims at presenting histology of growing and mature antlers in red deer stag (cervus elaphus). growing antlers constitute a model organ for examining regeneration processes of tissues because they are the only mammalian appendages capable of regeneration. histological study revealed that the tip of a growing antler consists of hairy skin, perichondrium, mesenchyme and chondroprogenitors area. by performing immunochistochemistry, we found that cell expressing ki-67 and pcna antigens wer ...	2009	19469766
genetic variability of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild ruminants from italy and scotland.	the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in several mammalian species. to determine the prnp gene variability in european red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), the prnp open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in red deer, snps were found in codons 15, ...	2009	19461206
mediator med23 links insulin signaling to the adipogenesis transcription cascade.	adipocyte differentiation is orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways and a temporally regulated transcriptional cascade. however, the mechanisms by which insulin signaling is linked to this cascade remain unclear. here we show that the med23 subunit of the mediator complex and its interacting transcription factor elk1 are critical regulators of adipogenesis. med23(-/-) embryonic fibroblast cells were refractory to hormone-induced adipogenesis. knockdown of either med23 or elk1, or overexpres ...	2009	19460352
cgrp stimulation of inos and no release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells involves mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.	clinical and basic science data support an integral role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint disorders. recently, we have shown that cgrp can stimulate the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (no) from trigeminal ganglion glial cells. the goal of this study was to determine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways in cgrp regulation of inos expression and no release from cultured trigeminal ganglion glial cel ...	2009	19457095
[a case of wegener's granulomatosis with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor].	an 80-year-old woman, who had been received steroid therapy to treat diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from july, 2007, was admitted because of fever, eye pain and exophthalmos on 23 july, 2008. myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (mpo-anca) was positive, but pulmonary involvement did not recur. 67ga scintigraphy revealed intense uptake in bilateral orbital walls and gd-enhanced mri indicated orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and hypertrophic pachymeningitis. although proteinase 3 (pr3) ...	2009	19455961
a new clue for the pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus infection: activation of the mapk/erk signaling initiated by envelope protein 2.	since cell signal transduction plays an important role in disclosing the nature of human diseases, the pathogenesis of viruses may result from the disturbance of intracellular signal cascades caused by viral proteins. hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a main causative agent of severe human liver disorders worldwide. so far, the mechanisms of hcv pathogenicity remain unclear. envelope protein 2 (e2) of hcv is thought to be responsible for initiating virus attachment to host cells, which is a prerequisit ...	2003	19448994
lipid-soluble cigarette smoking particles induce expression of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-related genes in rat cerebral arteries.	cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for stroke. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms that smoke leads to the pathogenesis of stroke are incompletely understood.	2009	19436652
thrombin induces egr-1 expression in fibroblasts involving elevation of the intracellular ca2+ concentration, phosphorylation of erk and activation of ternary complex factor.	the serine protease thrombin catalyzes fibrin clot formation by converting fibrinogen into fibrin. additionally, thrombin stimulation leads to an activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors in different cell types, indicating that the gene expression pattern is changed in thrombin-stimulated cells. the objective of this study was to analyze the signaling cascade leading to the expression of the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 in thrombin-stimulated lung fibroblasts.	2009	19432968
a beta integrin subunit regulates bacterial phagocytosis in medfly haemocytes.	we have recently reported that the activation of focal adhesion kinase (fak) and its downstream targets upon pathogen challenge regulate phagocytosis in medfly haemocytes. the goal of this study was to further explore the signalling pathway underlying the process of phagocytosis. in particular, in this report, we used flow cytometry, rna interference, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis to demonstrate the haemocyte surface receptor, through which the ...	2009	19428487
reduced sperm quality in relation to oxidative stress in red deer from a lead mining area.	we studied the effects of elevated heavy metal uptake on the sperm quality and the antioxidant mechanisms of sperm and testis of red deer from a pb mining area in spain. testis, liver and bone of red deer from mining (n = 21) and control (n = 20) areas were obtained from hunters and analyzed for pb, zn, cu, cd, as and se. testes were weighed and measured. motility, acrosome integrity and viability and functionality of membrane were evaluated in epididymal spermatozoa. lipid peroxidation, total g ...	2009	19427722
factors affecting red deer skin test responsiveness to bovine and avian tuberculin and to phytohaemagglutinin.	we studied the effect of management on the responsiveness of red deer (cervus elaphus) to skin testing with mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial antigens. we hypothesized that individuals from populations of the same species under different management conditions would have a different immune responsiveness. deer sampled in this study included 1041 adult animals from 6 spanish farms and 111 adult wild deer. we injected four sites of the neck with 0.1 ml bovine purified protein derivative (ppd), 0. ...	2009	19423178
ep(3) prostanoid receptor isoforms utilize distinct mechanisms to regulate erk 1/2 activation.	prostaglandin-e(2) (pge(2)) is a hormone derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid whose functions include regulation of platelet aggregation, fever and smooth muscle contraction/relaxation. pge(2) mediates its physiological and pathophysiological effects through its binding to four g-protein coupled receptor subtypes, named ep(1), ep(2), ep(3) and ep(4). the ep(3) prostanoid receptor is unique in that it has multiple isoforms generated by alternative mrna splicing. these splice variants d ...	2009	19416642
lead and cadmium in red deer and wild boar from different hunting grounds in croatia.	the concentration and relations of cd and pb as environmental risk factors were studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the liver, kidney and muscle of free ranging wild boar (n=94) and red deer (n=45) from hunting grounds in four counties of north-east croatia. in all four counties, the levels of cd found in the kidney of red deer ranged from 2.28 to 5.91 mg/kg, and in wild boar from 3.47 to 21.10 mg/kg. the mean renal concentration of cd was significantly higher in wild boar than in ...	2009	19411089
chronic wasting disease prions in elk antler velvet.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, fatal prion disease of deer and elk that continues to emerge in new locations. to explore the means by which prions are transmitted with high efficiency among cervids, we examined prion infectivity in the apical skin layer covering the growing antler (antler velvet) by using cwd-susceptible transgenic mice and protein misfolding cyclic amplification. our finding of prions in antler velvet of cwd-affected elk suggests that this tissue may play a role ...	2009	19402954
endocytosis controls glutamate-induced nuclear accumulation of erk.	nuclear translocation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) in neurons is critical for gene regulations underlying long-term neuronal adaptation and memory formation. however, it is unknown how activated erk travel from the post-synaptic elements where their activation occurs, to the nucleus where they translocate to exert their transcriptional roles. in cultured neurons, we identified endocytosis as a prime event in glutamate-induced nuclear trafficking of erk2. we show that ...	2009	19398002
investigation of the role of austrian ruminant wildlife in the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever viruses.	malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an ubiquitous disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), which is endemic in sheep and transmitted from healthy carriers. further viruses of the mcf group are also able to induce mcf in ruminants. as alpine pasturing is very common in austria, possible contact with ruminant wildlife carrying and excreting mcf viruses might be suspected as an infection source. to investigate the epidemiologic role of austrian deer and chamois, ...	2009	19395762
dermoid cysts in caribou.	subcutaneous dermoid cysts were identified in eight wild caribou (rangifer tarandus) from widely dispersed locations in northern canada and in one wild caribou from alaska. the dermoid cysts from canadian caribou were found among 557 diagnostic specimens that had been detected by hunters and submitted by resource officers and biologists between 1 january 1966 and 15 may 2007. all of the cysts were located in the cervical region, and five of nine cysts were found in the throat area. all of the an ...	2009	19395761
effects of management, behavior, and scavenging on risk of brucellosis transmission in elk of western wyoming.	brucellosis is endemic in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using winter feedgrounds of western wyoming, usa presumably because of increased animal density, duration of attendance, and subsequent contact with aborted fetuses. however, previous research addressed antibody prevalence rather than more direct measures of transmission and did not account for elk behavior or scavenging in transmission risk. throughout march and early april 2005-07, we monitored 48 sets of culture-negative, pseudoaborted el ...	2009	19395749
short-term striatal gene expression responses to brain-derived neurotrophic factor are dependent on mek and erk activation.	brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) is believed to be an important regulator of striatal neuron survival, differentiation, and plasticity. moreover, reduction of bdnf delivery to the striatum has been implicated in the pathophysiology of huntington's disease. nevertheless, many essential aspects of bdnf responses in striatal neurons remain to be elucidated.	2009	19390590
follicle-stimulating hormone increases cholangiocyte proliferation by an autocrine mechanism via camp-dependent phosphorylation of erk1/2 and elk-1.	sex hormones regulate cholangiocyte hyperplasia in bile duct-ligated (bdl) rats. we studied whether follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) regulates cholangiocyte proliferation. fsh receptor (fshr) and fsh expression was evaluated in liver sections, purified cholangiocytes, and cholangiocyte cultures (nricc). in vivo, normal female and male rats were treated with fsh or immediately after bdl with antide (a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist blocking fsh secretion) or a neutralizing fsh antibo ...	2009	19389804
maturation trends in red deer females over 39 years in harvested populations.	1. there is increasing awareness that heavy harvesting can lead to rapid evolution towards earlier sexual maturation. with increased harvest pressure, individuals that begin reproduction at light weights have a greater chance of reproducing at least once compared with individuals that begin reproduction at heavier weights and hence later in life. although well documented in fish, this has not been empirically tested for harvested populations of mammals in terrestrial ecosystems differing in many ...	2009	19379140
physiologic effects of nasal oxygen or medical air administered prior to and during carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in north american elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis).	this study compared the physiologic effects of carfentanil-xylazine anesthesia in elk administered nasal oxygen or medical air. eight female 5 +/- 2-yr-old (mean +/- sd) captive elk (cervus canadensis manitobensis) weighing 245 +/- 20 kg and habituated to chute restraint were studied in a randomized crossover. nasal insufflation of oxygen or medical air (10 l/min) was provided prior to and throughout anesthesia. baseline data were collected before i.m. injection of carfentanil (10 microg/kg) and ...	2009	19368239
negative density-dependent emigration of males in an increasing red deer population.	in species with polygynous mating systems, females are regarded as food-limited, while males are limited by access to mates. when local density increases, forage availability declines, while mate access for males may increase due to an increasingly female-biased sex ratio. density dependence in emigration rates may consequently differ between sexes. here, we investigate emigration using mark-recovery data from 468 young red deer cervus elaphus marked in snillfjord, norway over a 20-year period w ...	2009	19364736
prion protein library of recombinant constructs for structural biology.	a survey of plasmids for 51 prion protein constructs from bank vole, cat, cattle, chicken, dog, elk, ferret, frog, fugu, horse, human, pig, sheep, turtle, and wallaby, and for 113 mouse prion protein constructs and variants thereof, is presented. this includes information on the biochemistry of the recombinant proteins, in particular on successful and unsuccessful expression attempts. the plasmid library was generated during the past 12 years in the context of nmr structure determination and bio ...	2009	19348007
systematic review of the management of canine osteoarthritis.	this review assesses the evidence for the efficacy of therapies used in the management of osteoarthritis in dogs on the basis of papers published in peer-reviewed journals in english between 1985 and july 2007. sixty-eight papers were identified and evaluated. they considered four alternative therapies, one use of functional food, two intra-articular agents, six nutraceutical agents, 21 pharmacological agents, two physical therapies, three surgical techniques and two combinations of weight contr ...	2009	19346540
fcgammariia and fcgammariiib mediate nuclear factor activation through separate signaling pathways in human neutrophils.	receptors for igg abs (fcgamma receptors) are capable of triggering diverse cell responses in leukocytes. in neutrophils, two fcgamma receptors, namely fcgammariia and fcgammariiib, are constitutively expressed. the signaling pathways that regulate fcgammariia-mediated phagocytosis have been relatively well described. however, the different signaling pathways that lead to nf activation after engagement of each fcgamma receptor have only been partially described. to address this problem, neutroph ...	2009	19342628
temporal scales, trade-offs, and functional responses in red deer habitat selection.	animals selecting habitats often have to consider many factors, e.g., food and cover for safety. however, each habitat type often lacks an adequate mixture of these factors. analyses of habitat selection using resource selection functions (rsfs) for animal radiotelemetry data typically ignore trade-offs, and the fact that these may change during an animal's daily foraging and resting rhythm on a short-term basis. this may lead to changes in the relative use of habitat types if availability diffe ...	2009	19341140
role of p38 and early growth response factor 1 in the macrophage response to group b streptococcus.	group b streptococcus (gbs), the most frequent single isolate in neonatal sepsis and meningitis, potently activates inflammatory macrophage genes via myeloid differentiation antigen 88 (myd88). however, events parallel to and downstream of myd88 that instruct the macrophage response are incompletely understood. in this study, we found that only myd88, not the toll-like receptor (tlr) adapter proteins mal/tirap, trif, and tram, essentially mediates the cytokine (tumor necrosis factor [tnf] and in ...	2009	19332535
feeding patterns of biting midges of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups on selected farms in brandenburg, germany.	host feeding patterns of engorged sibling species of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris groups captured during three nights on two selected farms maintaining either cattle, sheep, horses, and pigs (seedorf, brandenburg) or cattle, sheep, moufflons, and red and fallow deer (paulinenaue, brandenburg) were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification using conserved primers and sets of species-specific primers derived from vertebrates mitochondrial cytochrome b. out of a tot ...	2009	19308450
up-regulation of car expression through elk-1 in hepg2 and sw480 cells by serum starvation stress.	constitutive androstane receptor (car) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of several genes related to drug metabolism. car expression was elevated in human hepg2 and sw480 cells by serum starvation. from reporter gene assays, mutagenesis, rna interference, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we identified the serum response element at -142/-139 in the car gene transactivated by elk-1. whereas treatment with u0126 (erk inhibitor) enhanced car expression, sp600125 (stress-ac ...	2009	19302787
polygyny can increase rather than decrease genetic diversity contributed by males relative to females: evidence from red deer.	polygyny is expected to erode genetic variability by reducing the diversity of genetic contribution of males to the next generation, although empirical evidence shows that genetic variability in polygynous populations is not lost as rapidly as expected. we used microsatellite markers to study the genetic variability transmitted by mothers and fathers to offspring during a reproductive season in wild populations of a polygynous mammal, the red deer. contrary to expectations, we found that males c ...	2009	19302345