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artiodactylan phylogeny: an immunogenetic study based on comparative determinant analysis.the phylogenetic relationships of major artiodactylan taxa were investigated by means of comparative determinant analysis (cda). monospecific antisera against taurine cattle albumin, transferrin, c3 and igm were used to derive determinant formulas of their homologues in 21 species (plus 12 other mammals for outgroup comparison). fifteen accepted mutations could be demonstrated in artiodactyla, permitting recognition of nine immunologically defined species groups. results with phylogenetically re ...19901707286
detection of antibodies to mycoplasmas in south american camelids.indirect haemagglutination tests on sera from 757 south american camelids (alpacas, llamas and vicunas) carried out in the andean region of peru, revealed evidence of exposure mainly to mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides lc. the incidence of detectable antibodies to this mycoplasma in 554 alpacas was 5.0 per cent and in 141 llamas 15.6 per cent. antibody to mycoplasma capricolum and the f38 biotype was detected in 0.9 per cent and 0.2 per cent of alpacas, respectively. in a group of 62 vicu ...19911780576
[cryptorchism in vicunas (lama vicugna)].in 1986 three cases of cryptorchidism were found in 60 vicugnas kept in zoological gardens. the castration of one male and the histology of the testicles are described. the importance of considering hereditary defects in breeding zoo animals is pointed out.19901979890
ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids.the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ...19892482825
[strategies of adaptation of oxygen transport systems in mammals to life at high altitude].like many mammalian species, man responds to exposure to high altitude with an increasing hemoglobin concentration and a decreasing blood o2-affinity. the lama vicugna of the andes does not show this kind of adaptation to altitude. even at high altitude its hematocrit is unusually low and its o2-affinity is the highest known among mammals. additionally, it is characterized by a high capillary density of the muscles and a large relative heart weight. the consequences of these different strategies ...19892812030
oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids.the oxygen binding properties of the blood of the camelid species vicuna, llama, alpaca and dromedary camel were measured and evaluated with respect to interspecific differences. the highest blood oxygen affinity, not only among camelids but of all mammals investigated so far, was found in the vicuna (p50 = 17.6 torr compared to 20.3-21.6 torr in the other species). low hematocrits (23-34%) and small red blood cells (21-30 microns 3) are common features of all camelids, but the lowest values are ...19883220989
dependence of o2 transfer conductance of red blood cells on cellular dimensions.to estimate the significance of the dimensions of rbc on o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 release from rbc into medium containing dithionite (40 mmol/l) was measured, by a stopped-flow technique, for nine different species with varying rbc size (man, llama, vicuna, alpaca, dromedary camel, pygmy goat, domestic hen, muscovy duck and turtle). the observed o2 transfer kinetics were found to be size-dependent, i.e. the o2 transfer conductance of the single rbc, gst, was lower, whereas the specific o2 ...19883364283
dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions.the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ...19873505882
oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat.to estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (rbc) of high-altitude camelids for o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 uptake into and release from the rbc obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees c with a stopped-flow technique. o2 transfer conductance of rbc (g) was estimated from the rate of o2 saturation change and the corresponding o2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. for comparison, o2 kinetics for the rbc of a low-altitude camelid (dromed ...19873571563
interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos).polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ...19863964445
mammalian cytogenetics. iv. the chromosomes of two male camelidae: camelus bactrianus and lama vicugna. 19715163286
mycobacterium microti infection in a zoo-llama: lama vicugna (molina). 19705527701
erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña). 19685635776
[on the genus nematodirus ransom 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea)].n. roscidus railliet, 1911, from dama dama (italy); n. abnormalis may, 1920, from ovis aries, capra hircus and rupicapra rupicapra (france, italy, australia); n. lanceolatus ault, 1944, from ovis aries (iran); n. europaeus jansen, 1972, from capreolus caperolus and ovis musimon (first record) (france); n. davtiani alpinus biocca, balbo & costantini, 1974, from rupicapra rupicapra (italy); n. rupicaprae biocca, balbo & costantini, 1983, from rupicapra rupicapra (france); n. ibicis biocca, balbo & ...19836673643
[biodiversity and similarity between the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants].the analysis of the bibliografical information concerning to the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants, permitted to obtein the following values of maximum diversity index, bovidae: 4.88 bits; cervidae: 4.33 bits and cameliae: 3.69 bits. the highest values of this index within each family of host wee 5.75 bits. 5.49 bits and 4.32 bits for ovis aries (bovidae), capreolus capreolus (cervidae), lama pacos and camelus dromedarius (camelidae), respectively. the families of para ...19937483967
an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons.tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ...19947737889
[cause of diseases and death in new world camelids].over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ...19958585067
fasciola hepatica in semi-captive vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) in north west argentina. 19968843645
presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos).attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ...19979415451
distribution of keratins, vimentin, and actin in the testis of two south american camelids: vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama). an immunohistochemical study.the purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of cytokeratins, vimentin and muscular actin in the testis of vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama) two species of camelids native of the andean high plateau of south america. testicular biopsies of four vicunas and five llamas were used. animals were healthy breeders. the tissues were processed by standard immunohistochemistry with antipancytokeratinae1/ae3, antikeratin 18 (k 18), cam 5.2 (antikeratin 5, 1 ...199910096664
recovery of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from camelids (lama glama and vicugna vicugna) in argentina.a survey of whipworms was conducted in llamas and vicuñas in northwestern argentina. fecal examinations of a group of 14 llamas (april 1995-march 1996) and 69 vicuñas (november 1996) indicated a high prevalence (usually >50%) of trichuris sp. in these hosts. prevalence was highest during july-november 1995 that also coincided with the highest mean fecal egg count. during postmortem examinations of 1 llama and 1 vicuña, specimens of trichuris tenuis were recovered from the cecum/large intestine o ...199910577735
modification of vicuña carcasses in high-altitude deserts. 200010702148
characterization of a sine species from vicuna and its distribution in animal species including the family camelidae.twenty-six sequences of a short interspersed repetitive element (sine) with a size of approximately 150 base pairs (bp) were isolated from the genomic dna of vicugna vicugna (vicuna). rna polymerase iii split promoter sequence was observed in most of them, and many had direct repeats flanking to sines as well as a poly(a)-like structure. the sine sequences were designated as "vic-1" sequences. comparison of the vic-1 consensus sequence with sequences registered in the dna database (ddbj/ embl/ge ...200111309663
genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca.the origins of south america's domestic alpaca and llama remain controversial due to hybridization, near extirpation during the spanish conquest and difficulties in archaeological interpretation. traditionally, the ancestry of both forms is attributed to the guanaco, while the vicuña is assumed never to have been domesticated. recent research has, however, linked the alpaca to the vicuña, dating domestication to 6000-7000 years before present in the peruvian andes. here, we examine in detail the ...200111749713
molecular analysis of an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile.dna was extracted from an 11,700-year-old rodent midden from the atacama desert, chile and the chloroplast and animal mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene sequences were analysed to investigate the floral environment surrounding the midden, and the identity of the midden agent. the plant sequences, together with the macroscopic identifications, suggest the presence of 13 plant families and three orders that no longer exist today at the midden locality, and thus point to a much more diverse and humid c ...200211975707
assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids.the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ...200111999316
cataracts in new world camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos).cataracts are the most frequently seen lens diseases in new world camelids. the causes of cataracts are unknown in many animals, but cataracts secondary to intraocular inflammation seem to be common. congenital or juvenile-onset cataracts, if another cause is not apparent, should be considered as possibly caused by heredity, and the affected animals should not be bred. persistent hyaloid vascular anomalies may also have an important role in cataract formation and could be heritable or caused by ...200212170638
fetal mortality diagnosis by ultrasound in the vicuña (vicugna vicugna).ultrasonography is widely used in domestic species of camelids, but there is no information about the use of this technique for pregnancy diagnosis and determination of embryonic or fetal losses in the vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the study was performed in 202 vicuñas (3-year-old females, n = 31; adult females, n = 171) mated during the summer months (january through march 2001) at the abra pampa experimental farm of altitude in north-west argentina. transrectal ultrasound examination was performe ...200312895409
[hematologic studies on alpacas and vicuñas]. 195213104974
lamanema chavezi gen. n., sp. n. and nematodirus lamae sp. n. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the alpaca, lama pacos, and the vicu na, vicugna vicugna, in peru. 196314084183
follicular activity and hormonal secretory profile in vicuna (vicugna vicugna).the objective of the present study was to characterize ovarian activity in non-mated vicunas, relating ovarian structures (evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, daily for 30 days) to changes in plasma concentrations of estradiol-17beta and progesterone. ovarian follicular activity occurred in waves, characterized by the follicle emergence, growth and regression. the mean duration of follicular waves was 7.2+/-0.5 days (mean+/-s.e.m.), with a range of 4-11 days. the follicular growth phase av ...200414698056
first report of neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama).neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian that mainly affects bovines, although neospora infection has also been described in other domestic and wild ruminant species. serum samples from 78 alpacas (vicugna pacos) and 73 llamas (lama glama) at a unique dilution of 1:50 tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) were further analyzed serologically by ifat and western blot in both ruminant species to avoid cross-reactions with closely related coccidian parasites and to confirm the exis ...200415357084
neospora species-associated abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (llama glama). 200415623090
effect of exogenous progesterone and ecg treatment on ovarian follicular dynamics in vicunas (vicugna vicugna).the aim of the present study was two-fold. first, to evaluate the effect of exogenous progesterone on ovarian follicular dynamics in order to assess its ability to synchronize ovarian activity in the vicuna. secondly, to evaluate the ovarian response to the treatment with ecg through the observation of the structures developed in the ovaries. follicular dynamics was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography in 12 adult, non-pregnant vicunas. plasma progesterone and estradiol-17beta concentr ...200515721666
detection of specific antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (lama pacos), llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (lama vicugna) from peru and germany.sera of an experimentally neospora caninum infected llama and a non-infected control llama were used to establish an immunoblot, an elisa and an ifat to detect antibodies against n. caninum tachyzoites. subsequently, serum samples collected from a total of 871 south american camelids (sac: lama glama, lama pacos, lama vicugna) of two farms in peru and from 32 sac of a farm in central germany were examined for antibodies against n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii. based on the recognition of specif ...200515893073
toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugnavicugna) in the peruvian andean region.the present study was designed to investigate toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugna vicugna) in the peruvian andean region, for which to date no information has been available. serum samples from 43 llamas (l. glama) and 200 vicunas were tested by ifat detecting titres of 1:50 or higher in 55.8% (33.9-70.9%) and 5.5% (2.8-9.6%), respectively. ifat titres ranged from 1:50 to 1:6400. in order to avoid cross reactions with closely related coccidian parasites ...200515893075
plasma and fecal progestagen evaluations during and after the breeding season of the female vicuna (vicuna vicuna ).plasma and fecal progestagen patterns of female (n = 10) vicunas (vicuna vicuna ) were determined about 1 to 2 mo before and until 4 mo after breeding. the vicunas were caught wild and were penned at the lauca national park (chile, 4470 m above sea level) for 7 mo (december to june). plasma and fecal samples before and during the mating period (january to march) were collected 4 to 5 times weekly, and once or twice weekly thereafter. the samples were analyzed by enzymeimmunoassays (eia) using an ...199516727654
production and characterization of anti-(mucin muc1) single-domain antibody in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cultivar xanthi).members of the camelidae (camels, dromedaries, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas) are known to produce igs (immunoglobulins) devoid of light chains and ch1s (constant heavy-chain domains). the antigen-specific binding fragments of these heavy-chain antibodies therefore comprise one single domain (the so-called 'vhh') and are of great importance in biotechnological applications. to evaluate the expression and biological activity of sdabs (single-domain antibodies) in plants, which, on account ...200717073735
biological sustainability of live shearing of vicuña in peru.the vicuña's (vicugna vicugna) fiber is highly valued as an export product that is made into luxury fabric and clothing. the price of fiber in 2004 was 566/kg dollars, which makes the fiber a potentially important source of income for andean agropastoral communities and serves as an incentive to allow vicuña grazing on high-elevation andean landscapes. it is presumed that a shorn vicuña has little value for poachers, so shearing vicuñas could serve as a disincentive to poaching. thus, the supply ...200717298515
mitochondrial phylogeography and demographic history of the vicuña: implications for conservation.the vicuña (vicugna vicugna; miller, 1924) is a conservation success story, having recovered from near extinction in the 1960s to current population levels estimated at 275,000. however, lack of information about its demographic history and genetic diversity has limited both our understanding of its recovery and the development of science-based conservation measures. to examine the evolution and recent demographic history of the vicuña across its current range and to assess its genetic variation ...200717426731
coccidiosis in british alpacas (vicugna pacos). 200717558030
bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (vicugna pacos) in the uk.three alpacas (vicugna pacos) aged two to 22 months with a history of illthrift and diarrhoea were examined postmortem, and tissues were collected for histology, including immunohistochemical labelling for pestivirus antigen, virus isolation and taqman reverse transcriptase-pcr assay. blood samples from two clinical cases and the remaining herd members were tested for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) antibody by serum neutralisation, antigen detection and pcr assay. the three affected alpacas ...200717652435
cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm: a comparison of citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents and pellets and straws.epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from male alpacas and frozen after extension and cooling to 4 degrees c in citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents (experiment 1) and as pellets in 0.25- and 0.5-ml straws on either dry ice or over liquid nitrogen vapour (experiment 2) to determine the effects diluents and packaging on their motility and acrosome integrity. in experiment 1, sperm motility was higher after cooling to 4 degrees c and after freeze-thawing (0 but not 3 h post-thaw) for sperma ...200717897581
evaluation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) aborted foetuses from peru.the aim of this study was to investigate the participation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in abortion cases of peruvian llamas and alpacas. fifteen aborted foetuses were recovered from two main rearing areas of camelids in peru (central or south andean region). foetal histopathology was used to detect the presence of protozoal-associated lesions in target organs. n. caninum and t. gondii infections were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (ihc) combined with pcr and by pcr alone, respec ...200717931783
legalizing markets and the consequences for poaching of wildlife species: the vicuña as a case study.vicuña provide an excellent case study for examining the sustainable use of wildlife outside protected areas: the community-based conservation approach. vicuña populations in the high andes of argentina, bolivia, chile, ecuador and perú fell to a critically low level, but a convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (cites) ban on trade in their fiber has seen numbers recover dramatically, and now live shearing of vicuña for a high-value international market ...200918082928
parentage testing in alpacas (vicugna pacos) using semi-automated fluorescent multiplex pcrs with 10 microsatellite markers.the aim of this study was to assess and apply a microsatellite multiplex system for parentage determination in alpacas. an approach for parentage testing based on 10 microsatellites was evaluated in a population of 329 unrelated alpacas from different geographical zones in perú. all microsatellite markers, which amplified in two multiplex reactions, were highly polymorphic with a mean of 14.5 alleles per locus (six to 28 alleles per locus) and an average expected heterozygosity (h(e)) of 0.8185 ...200818261186
intracranial teratoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) in new zealand. 200818263921
naturally occurring intestinal lesions in three alpacas (vicugna pacos) caused by attaching and effacing escherichia coli. 200818326846
prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens in a population of zoo animals.faecal prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens, including campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, as well as arcobacter, were examined in 317 faecal specimens from 44 animal species in belfast zoological gardens, during july-september 2006. thermophilic campylobacters including campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and campylobacter lari, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, where members of this genus were isolated from 11 animal species (1 ...200818331520
an assessment of acute biomarker responses in the demersal catfish cathorops spixii after the vicuña oil spill in a harbour estuarine area in southern brazil.the vicuña oil tanker exploded in paranaguá bay (south of brazil), during methanol unloading operations in front of paranaguá harbour, on november 15th, 2004, releasing a large amount of bunker oil and methanol. two weeks after the accident, the acute effects of the vicuña oil spill (vos) were evaluated in the demersal catfish cathorops spixii, comparing a contaminated (at the spill site) and a reference site inside the bay. data were compared to previous measurements, taken before the accident, ...200918478347
quantification of the dna difference, and separation of x- and y-bearing sperm in alpacas (vicugna pacos).sperm sexing is an emerging reproductive technology which has been successfully used to produce offspring of a pre-determined sex in domestic and wildlife species but has yet to be applied to new world camelids. the aims of the present study were to (i) optimize the hoescht 33342 (h33342) staining concentration for the flow cytometric separation of x and y chromosome-bearing alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm nuclei, (ii) separate alpaca sperm nuclei into high purity (>90%) populations bearing the x- ...200818484960
demodex spp. infestation and suspected demodicosis of alpacas ( vicugna pacos ) in new zealand. 200818536775
laryngeal abscessation due to mannheimia haemolytica in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. 200818660524
outbreak of sarcoptic mange in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and control with repeated subcutaneous ivermectin injections.an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in an alpaca herd. clinical disease occurred 2 months after the introduction of four alpacas with dry seborrhoeic skin lesions, the cause of which was not investigated. initially a group of females was affected, despite repeated topical treatment with ivermectin at a dose of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight. one female died and post-mortem examination indicated sarcoptic mange as the cause of death. infection with sarcoptes scabiei was also demonstrated on micr ...200919019545
metastatic malignant melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos).a case of malignant melanoma in a 7-year-old, intact, black, male huacaya alpaca with a history of a chronic, nonhealing wound involving the left external nostril, weight loss, and inappetence is described. malignant melanoma was diagnosed by histology of punch biopsy specimens from a mass on the maxilla associated with the nonhealing wound and from a mass in the submandibular region. the alpaca was humanely euthanized 10 days after the diagnosis on the basis of the poor prognosis and rapid clin ...200919139517
disseminated bovine viral diarrhea virus in a persistently infected alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an emerging infectious pathogen of concern to the alpaca industry. a 4-month-old, intact, male alpaca cria was diagnosed as persistently infected with bvdv on the basis of repeated positive antemortem polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and virus isolation (vi) assays and negative serologic titers to bvdv. immunohistochemistry, real-time reverse transcription pcr, and vi performed on tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated disseminated bvdv-1b infection. viru ...200919139518
cerebral injury from intracarotid injection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos).a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and butorphanol was inadvertently injected into the right carotid artery of a 1-year-old alpaca. injection was followed by a brief period of recumbency and seizure activity. the alpaca recovered, but was euthanatized 72 hr later because of development of progressive neurologic deficits. pathologic findings were confined to the right cerebrum, meninges, thalamus, and hippocampus. cerebrocortical edema with astrocytic reaction, perivascular hemorrhage and neutrophi ...200919139519
osteogenic intraocular melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos).a 10-year-old, female, pregnant alpaca (vicugna pacos) presented with a discolored, swollen right eye. the eye did not respond to treatment and was enucleated. sectioning of the fixed eye revealed an ocular mass replacing the aqueous and vitreous humors, with multiple regions of bone formation. histopathological, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the tumor was an intraocular melanoma with bone formation. osteogenic melanoma is a rare variant of melanoma not repo ...200919139525
quality parameters for alpaca (vicugna pacos) semen are affected by semen collection procedure.artificial insemination (ai) is poorly developed in camelids owing to the difficulty in collecting high quality semen and the highly viscous nature of the semen. semen collected by artificial vagina (av) is often of low quality and must be improved before any further development of ai technology can occur. the present study investigated the effects of adding a cervix-like stricture to the av, presence of females, collecting semen into androhep, skim-milk or tris diluents, and catalase supplement ...201019144029
prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis and eimeria ivitaensis in south american camelids of northwest argentina.faecal samples from mostly adult llamas (n=626), vicuñas (n=161) and guanacos (n=4) were obtained between december 2004 and july 2008 in three provinces of northwest argentina in order to study the prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis and eimeria ivitaensis. faeces were examined by a flotation technique using a cl(2)zn+clna solution (specific gravity=1.59). oocysts of e. macusaniensis occurred in 88.3% of 77 llama herds and in 50.3% of 626 llamas sampled whereas oocysts of e. ivitaensis occurred ...200919349120
lamanema chavezi (nematoda: molineidae): epidemiological data of the infection in south american camelids of northwest argentina.faecal samples from llamas (n=708), vicuñas (n=171) and guanacos (n=4) were obtained between december 2004 and may 2009 in three provinces of northwest argentina (jujuy, salta and catamarca) to know the distribution, prevalence and intensity of lamanema chavezi infection in these south american camelid species (sacs). faeces were examined by a sedimentation-flotation technique using a cl(2)zn+clna solution (specific gravity=1.59). eggs of l. chavezi occurred in 30.3% of 89 llama herds and in 18. ...200919819627
a one-step exclusion-binding procedure for the purification of functional heavy-chain and mammalian-type gamma-globulins from camelid sera.a new approach has recently been proposed for the purification of 'mammalian-type' igg, consisting of exclusion binding. the technique uses a gel ('melon gel'; pierce) that binds to all plasma proteins, but not to iggs, thus allowing iggs to be recovered in the ft (flow-through) fraction. here, the technique was applied to camelid iggs, which are known to be composed of not only classic mammalian-type iggs (igg1) but also hc-iggs (heavy chain iggs). both mammalian type and hc-iggs can be purifie ...200919824883
evaluation of a commercial bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine in nonpregnant female alpacas (vicugna pacos).bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an emerging pathogen in alpacas and many questions still persist regarding disease mechanisms and control strategies. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercial bvdv vaccine for safety and efficacy in alpacas. five nonpregnant alpacas were vaccinated with a modified-live bvdv vaccine and challenged 25 days post-immunization by nasal and ocular inoculation with a bvdv type 1b strain isolated from a confirmed bvdv persistently infected alpaca. two ...201019857453
eimeria macusaniensis associated lesions in neonate alpacas dying from enterotoxemia.histopathological analysis of 108 intestine samples (103 grossly affected ileum and 5 jejunum) taken from clostridium-induced neonatal alpaca (vicugna pacos) enterotoxemia mortalities collected in the departments of arequipa, puno and cusco of southern peru during the 2005-2008 birth seasons (january-march), revealed the presence of large numbers of both asexual and sexual stages of eimeria macusaniensis in 33/108 (30.55%) of the samples with moderate to severe necrotized and/or hemorrhagic ente ...201019926224
identification of a novel coronavirus possibly associated with acute respiratory syndrome in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in california, 2007.alpaca respiratory syndrome (ars) was first recognized in california in october 2007. this syndrome is characterized by acute respiratory signs, high fever, and occasional sudden death, and has mostly been observed in pregnant alpacas (vicugna pacos), although all signalments have been affected. a similarity in clinical signs to cases located on the east coast of the united states was observed; however, a causative agent had not been identified. preliminary diagnostic submissions to the californ ...201020093692
fatal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) in california.in october 2008, a 15-year-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) housed at a breeding farm in northern california died after a brief illness characterized by sudden onset of weakness, recumbency, and respiratory distress. postmortem examination revealed severe hydrothorax and hydropericardium, marked pulmonary edema, and acute superficial myocardial hemorrhage affecting the left ventricle. bluetongue virus (btv) was detected in the spleen by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase ch ...201020093703
acute renal failure and anuria associated with vitamin d intoxication in two alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. 201020102501
cutaneous tb caused by mycobacterium bovis in a veterinary surgeon following exposure to a tuberculous alpaca (vicugna pacos). 201020139381
effect of glycerol concentration, equex stm supplementation and liquid storage prior to freezing on the motility and acrosome integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm.two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glycerol concentration and equex stm paste on the post-thaw motility and acrosome integrity of epididymal alpaca sperm. in experiment 1, epididymal sperm were harvested from male alpacas, diluted, and cooled to 4 degrees c in a lactose cooling extender, and pellet-frozen in a lactose cryodiluent containing final glycerol concentrations of 2, 3, or 4%. in experiment 2, epididymal sperm were diluted in biladyl, cooled to 4 degrees c, store ...201020416935
urinary bladder agenesis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria.a 10-day-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria with a history of urinary straining and dribbling was presented for evaluation. the animal had markedly elevated blood fibrinogen (800 mg/dl), mildly elevated phosphorus (9.3 mg/dl), and minimally elevated blood urea nitrogen (38 mg/dl) concentrations. the total protein (5.0 g/dl) concentration was mildly decreased. these findings were suggestive of mild renal disease. an abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter, and n ...201020453232
successful management of severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) with short-term mechanical ventilation.objective: to describe the successful management of an alpaca with severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia, suspected to be secondary to an anesthesia-related event. case summary: a 3-year-old, female alpaca underwent a routine eye enucleation under general anesthesia after traumatic globe perforation. severe hypoventilation and associated hypercapnia developed postoperatively resulting in a severe primary respiratory acidosis. the awake alpaca was supported with positive-pressure ventilation for ...201020487255
the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the guanaco (lama guanicoe): comparative analysis with the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) genome.south american camelids comprise the guanaco (lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (vicugna vicugna), which are wild species, and the domestic llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). this paper presents the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the guanaco and the mt coding sequence of the vicuña. the guanaco mtdna is 16,649 nt long and its composition and organization are similar to the mitochondrial genome of other mammals. excluding the control region, comparison of the complete guanaco an ...201020524143
multiple congenital anomalies in an alpaca cria (vicugna pacos). 201020543169
fleece variation in alpaca (vicugna pacos): a two-locus model for the suri/huacaya phenotype.genetic improvement of fibre-producing animal species has often induced transition from double coated to single coated fleece, accompanied by dramatic changes in skin follicles and hair composition, likely implying variation at multiple loci. huacaya, the more common fleece phenotype in alpaca (vicugna pacos), is characterized by a thick dense coat growing perpendicularly from the body, whereas the alternative rare and more prized single-coated suri phenotype is distinguished by long silky fibre ...201020646304
antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in the argentinean andean altiplano.serum samples from 128 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) were tested for antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv-1), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bluetongue virus (btv), equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1), and influenza a virus equine (eiv). samples were collected in cieneguillas province of jujuy, in northern argentina. feces from 44 vicuñas were also collected to investigate rv shedding. llamas (la ...201020688660
the microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (vicugna pacos).the microanatomy of healthy skin from 12 different body sites was investigated in 14 alpacas (vicugna pacos). the microanatomy of alpaca skin is typical of domestic animal skin in general, and closely resembles that from llamas.201020807926
skin diseases in the alpaca (vicugna pacos): a literature review and retrospective analysis of 68 cases (cornell university 1997-2006).this retrospective study describes 68 alpacas with skin diseases investigated from 1997 through 2006 at cornell university. during this time period, 40 of 715 (5.6%) alpacas presented to the university hospital had dermatological diseases. in addition, skin-biopsy specimens accounted for 86 of 353 (24.4%) of alpaca biopsy specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory, and of these 86 specimens, follow-up was available for 28 cases. the following diseases were most common: bacterial infections ...201120825592
campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos). 201020862815
ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos).ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ...201020875933
multiple follicular cysts in four alpacas (vicugna pacos).follicular cysts are non-neoplastic skin lesions lined by follicular epithelium. the pathogenesis of these lesions is unclear. multiple follicular cysts occur sporadically in dogs, horses and humans and are common in sheep. here we report multiple follicular cysts in four aged alpacas (vicugna pacos). based on their histological features, they are most consistent with hybrid cysts. this is the first report of multiple follicular cysts in alpacas.201021129052
osmoregulation of the resident estuarine fish atherinella brasiliensis was still affected by an oil spill (vicuña tanker, paranaguá bay, brazil), 7 months after the accident.an oil tanker loaded with methanol and bunker oil has exploded in november 2004 in paranaguá bay, in front of paranaguá harbor, southern brazil. in order to investigate the chronic effects of an oil spill on a resident estuarine fish, the brazilian silverside atherinella brasiliensis was sampled 1, 4, and 7 months after the spill, from 2 sites inside paranaguá bay, and also from a reference site inside nearby guaratuba bay, non-affected by the spill. increases in plasma osmolality (reaching ~525 ...201121247616
neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (vicugna pacos).diaphragmatic paralysis is a relatively uncommon medical condition in animals not reported in alpacas.201121281346
cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana in a huacaya alpaca (vicugnapacos).cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, caused by cladophialophora bantiana, was diagnosed in a huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). an 8-year-old, intact male huacaya alpaca from a farm in indiana was found dead at pasture and submitted to the animal disease diagnostic laboratory at purdue university for necropsy examination. gross lesions were limited to the cerebrum, which had a 2×2.5×5cm, well-demarcated, firm, mottled, pale grey to brown-red mass with a granular texture, centered on the left and right cingu ...201121511274
characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama).from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ...201121551426
cerebral hirano-like bodies in an alpaca (vicugna pacos): histologic and ultrastructural characterization.a 14-year-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) was presented with a 1-week history of lethargy and anorexia and a 2-day history of recumbency, trembling, and hypothermia. there were no significant gross findings on postmortem examination. hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of brain demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic crystalline eosinophilic rod-shaped inclusions, mainly in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. immunohistochemical staining for synuclein, tau protein, ubiquitin, and smooth ...201121555525
diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges.in spite of great efforts for its control and eradication, tuberculosis remains one of the most important zoonosis worldwide. its causative agents, the members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, have a wide host range that complicates the epidemiology of this disease. among susceptible species to these pathogens, camelids from the new world (llama, alpaca and vicuña) and old world (bactrian camel and dromedary) are acquiring an increasing importance in several european countries because ...201121635699
treatment of a periradicular lesion in an alpaca (vicugna pacos).this case report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a cyst-like periradicular lesion in an alpaca.201121696124
Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8.Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Since 1998, BT has been emerging throughout Europe, threatening not only the naïve ruminant population. Historically, South American camelids (SAC) were considered to be resistant to BT disease. However, recent fatalities related to BTV in captive SAC have raised questions about their role in BTV epidemiology. Data on the sus ...201221862245
south american camelid illegal traffic detection by means of molecular markers.south american camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. the aim of the present study was to determine by dna analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal dna markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes ...201121982877
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor gene are linked with lightness of fibre colour in Peruvian Alpaca (Vicugna pacos).Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R) is a gene-controlling melanogenesis in mammals. However, it is not well characterized in alpacas and its association with colour is not known. The aim of this study was to look for polymorphisms in the MC1R gene in Peruvian Huacaya alpacas and to analyse the relationship between MC1R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the variations in the instrumental measurement of colour of alpaca fibre. Sixty alpaca fibre ...201122035014
reference intervals for hematologic and coagulation tests in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos).species-specific reference intervals are needed for interpretation of laboratory tests. reference interval studies of alpacas have been limited by low numbers and use of outdated methods.201122092869
Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos).Species-specific reference intervals for laboratory tests are required for diagnosis and management of disease. Few reports of reference intervals for biochemical analytes and protein fractions are available for alpacas.201122092930
presence and molecular characterisation of giardia and cryptosporidium in alpacas (vicugna pacos) from peru.the presence of giardia and cryptosporidium was investigated in 274 faecal samples of alpacas (vicugna pacos) from 12 herds from peru by immunofluorescence microscopy and pcr amplification and sequencing of fragments of the ssu-rrna and β-giardin genes from giardia spp., as well as the ssu-rrna gene from cryptosporidium spp. a total of 137 samples (50.0%) were positive for giardia spp., and 12 samples (4.4%) for cryptosporidium spp. in ten samples (3.6%), co-infection by both pathogens was found ...201222341616
relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in south american camelids.hair fibre is regarded as a unique mammalian feature with an important role for endothermy. artificial selection for hair characteristics resulted in marked changes with regard to follicle number, type, distribution, growth and natural shedding. this review focuses on the fine fibre-producing south american camelids (sacs) and the relationship between their hair coat and thermoregulation. sacs have developed several special integumental characteristics. while the hair coat of the wild lamoids vi ...201022444692
analysis of mitochondrial dna in bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the south american camelids.the objectives of this work were to assess the mtdna diversity of bolivian south american camelid (sac) populations and to shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the bolivian camelids and other populations of sacs. we have analysed two different mtdna regions: the complete coding region of the mt-cyb gene and 513 bp of the d-loop region. the populations sampled included bolivian llamas, alpacas and vicunas, and chilean guanacos. high levels of genetic diversity were observed in the ...201322640259
enteritis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) associated with a potentially novel adenovirus.adenovirus-associated enteritis was diagnosed by histopathology of small intestine in a 2-year-old alpaca (vicugna pacos). electron microscopy confirmed intracytoplasmic and intranuclear adenoviral particles within enterocytes. nucleic acid was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and a pan-adenovirus nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was employed to target a partial sequence of the polymerase gene. the pcr product (321 bp) was cloned and sequenced. comparison of the nucl ...201222786976
[urban reform and social hygiene in santiago de chile. the liberal techno-utopianism of benjamín vicuña mackenna (1872-1875)].this paper analyzes the main features of the urban reforms by benjamin vicuña mackenna in santiago de chile between 1872 and 1875. we pay special attention to the origin of the objectives of modernization, closely related to the political agenda of latin american elites to create an urban culture (civilization). we also analyze the strategies of social defence that these reforms implied. the influence of french positivism and the haussmann project in paris was very important in the vicuña macken ...201222849214
progesterone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (vicugna pacos) and their application in pregnancy diagnosis.the pregnancy-associated hormones, progesterone (p4), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg), relaxin (rln) and oestrone sulphate (e1s) in plasma, saliva, milk and urine of alpacas were measured in order to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. samples were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). the hormone concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. milk samples were also tested using a com ...201222859412
discovery and molecular characterization of a group a rotavirus strain detected in an argentinean vicuña (vicugna vicugna).the wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) is one of the four species of native south american camelids (sacs) in addition to the wild guanaco, and their domesticated counterparts, alpaca and llama, respectively. serological data have indicated the presence of group a rotaviruses (rva) specific antibodies in all 4 members of the sac, and so far, rva has been detected from alpacas, llamas and guanacos. a total of 59 fecal samples from healthy wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas, raised in captivity in jujuy ...201322877519
presence, distribution and steroidogenic effect of the peptides orexin a and receptor 1 for orexins in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).the orexins a (oxa) and b are peptides discovered in the rat hypothalamus and successively found in some peripheral organs of the mammalian body. they binds two protein g-coupled receptors defined receptor 1 (ox1r) and 2 for orexins, the first of which is highly specific for oxa while the second binds both the peptides with equal affinity. this work aimed to detect the presence of oxa and ox1r in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) and investigate the role played by t ...201222909972
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