| behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate. | a goal of the present study was to document the behavioral changes observed in a model of painful neuropathy in the primate (macaca fascicularis). a neuropathic state was induced by tight ligation of the l7 spinal nerve, just distal to the l7 dorsal root ganglion. sensory testing was done on the ventral surface of the foot, a region that includes the l7 dermatome. within 1 week following surgery, all monkeys (n = 3) developed a marked sensitivity to mechanical stimulation (with a camel hair brus ... | 1994 | 8008406 |
| the racing camel (camelus dromedarius). physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. general materials and methods. | | 1994 | 8010121 |
| haematology in the racing camel at rest: seasonal and training variations. | | 1994 | 8010122 |
| some physiological responses to incremental treadmill exercise in the racing camel. | | 1994 | 8010124 |
| oxygen uptake in the racing camel at rest and during treadmill exercise. | | 1994 | 8010125 |
| metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in the racing camel. | | 1994 | 8010126 |
| metabolic responses to maximal intensity exercise in the racing camel. | | 1994 | 8010127 |
| adaptations to training in the racing camel. | | 1994 | 8010128 |
| some comparative aspects on the camel as a racing animal. | | 1994 | 8010129 |
| the racing camel (camelus dromedarius). physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. background and general introduction. | | 1994 | 8010130 |
| dromedary pancreatic lipase: purification and structural properties. | dromedary pancreatic lipase was purified from delipidated pancreases. pure dromedary pancreatic lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase, ec 3.1.1.3) was obtained after ammonium sulfate fractionation, sephadex g-100 gel filtration, anion-exchange (mono q sepharose) and size exclusion column using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the pure lipase is a monomer and has a molecular mass of about 45 kd and a pi of around 4.8. a specific activity of 5900 u/mg was measured on tributyrin as substra ... | 1994 | 8025121 |
| electrophoretic karyotyping is a sensitive epidemiological tool for studying trypanosoma evansi infections. | thirty-six isolates of trypanozoon trypanosomes collected from camels in northern kenya during the dry season sporadic infections of 1986 and during the wet season epidemic infections of 1987 were identified as trypanosoma evansi by the homogeneity of their kinetoplast dna minicircles. although the minicircles of all the isolates were indistinguishable, polymorphism in chromosome-sized dna molecules detected by electrophoresis was extensive. the isolates could be grouped into eight distinct elec ... | 1994 | 8030187 |
| the anatomy of the atrioventricular bundle in the heart of camels (camelus dromedarius). | the anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular bundle (avb) was studied in the heart of six camels (camelus dromedarius). the trunk of the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) was a direct continuation of the atrioventricular (av) node with no sharp line of demarcation between the node and the bundle. the atrioventricular bundle ran through the fibrous trigone and entered the lower part of the interventricular membranous septum, beneath the right endocardium, then lay over or slightly to t ... | 1993 | 8030194 |
| [the art of veterinary medicine and traditional pharmacopoeia in sub-saharan africa]. | the author describes the principal diseases of animals occurring in sub-saharan africa, and the traditional procedures used to prevent and treat these diseases, particularly those employed by fulani shepherds. first, consideration is given to the diseases of infectious, traumatic or nutritional origin which may affect various species of animals. next, accounts are presented of diseases principally affecting young and adult cattle, small ruminants and other domestic animals (horses, dromedaries, ... | 1994 | 8038439 |
| [biological function of morphologic peculiarities of the dromedary]. | the dromedary is very well adapted to arid areas. it is able to survive for many days without drinking; the loss of water is negligible. morphological characteristics hitherto interpreted as adaptations to dry areas now seem to have other reasons. in the natural habitat of the dromedary mostly thorny plants occur. long eyelashes, eyebrows, lockable nostrils, caudal orifice of the prepuce and a relatively small vulva protect the animals against injury, especially during feeding. | 1994 | 8048041 |
| metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 by camel liver microsomes. | the ability of camel liver microsomes to metabolise a range of common environmental carcinogens including benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 has been investigated. the camel liver has shown the ability to metabolise benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene and aflatoxin b1 to a number of metabolites. the major metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene produced by camel liver enzymes were identified as its mono-hydroxy derivatives and suggest that the metabolic detoxification pathways of c ... | 1994 | 8061945 |
| suratex: a simple latex agglutination antigen test for diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infections (surra). | a simple and rapid, field-oriented latex agglutination test for the detection of circulating invariant trypanosomal antigens in trypanosoma evansi infections (surra) is described. in an initial evaluation, the test, suratex, detected the antigens in 53 (88.3%) of 60 serial blood samples collected over a period of 11 weeks from 3 experimentally infected rabbits. by comparison, the buffy coat technique and wet blood film examination diagnosed the infection in 22 (36.7%) and 2 (3.3%) of the blood s ... | 1994 | 8066391 |
| [trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma evansi (steel 1885), balbiani 1888 in small ruminants in mauritania: results of experimental inoculation and field surveys]. | in order to define the eventual role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of t. evansi infection in southern mauritania, the following experiments were carried out: the intravenous inoculation of a ewe and a goat with a local strain of t. evansi isolated from a dairy camel; surveys of small ruminant flocks which graze with infected camels in the south of the trarza region. the experimental inoculation allowed to show that local sheep and goats are receptive. only the ewe showed a clinical epis ... | 1993 | 8073171 |
| presence of ketones in the serum of trypanosoma evansi infected camels (camelus dromedarius) in the sudan. | one hundred serum and two urine samples collected from camels (camelus dromedarius) were analysed at the eastern state veterinary research laboratory, kassala, sudan, for the presence of ketones. all fifty sera from trypanosome infected camels gave positive results. fourty five out of the fifty serum samples of trypanosome negative camels showed negative results. the five positive samples were also positive with the mercuric chloride test. | 1993 | 8073172 |
| comparison of cytochrome p-450 content and conjugative enzymes in livers of camels (camelus dromedarius), guinea-pigs (cavia porcellus) and rats (rattus norvegicus). | the activities of the conjugative enzymes, glutathione s-transferase and udp-glucuronyl-transferase, have been measured in vitro in the livers of camels, guinea-pigs and rats. some sex differences were observed in the levels of these conjugative enzymes. in rats and guinea-pigs, females had higher udp-glucuronyltransferase activity than males. in camels, females had higher glutathione s-transferase activity than males. in these species, the cytochrome p-450 isozymes observed between the 50,000 a ... | 1994 | 8081658 |
| prevalence and monthly variations of the second and third instars of cephalopina titillator (diptera: oestridae) infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) in the eastern province of saudi arabia. | nine hundred and twenty-three camels slaughtered at al-ahsa abattoir, eastern province, saudi arabia, were examined for infestation with second and third instars of cephalopina titillator during the period from december 1991 to november 1992. four hundred and eighty camels (52%) were infested with second and third instars, with an annual mean of 19.29 +/- 1.09 larvae per camel (l/c). the percentage of infested camels and the mean monthly total number of larvae per camel showed two peaks of abund ... | 1994 | 8091611 |
| experimental copper poisoning in the camel (camelus dromedarius). | copper sulphate was administered by the oral or intravenous route to five dromedary camels. two camels (1 and 2) receiving copper sulphate at 200 mg per kg per day by drench died within 8 days and camel 3, receiving 100 mg per kg per day by the same route, was slaughtered on day 172. intravenous injection of 2 mg per kg per day caused the death of camel 4 on day 95 and camel 5, treated similarly, was slaughtered on day 138. anorexia, dullness, diarrhoea, dehydration and recumbency in camels 1 an ... | 1993 | 8097211 |
| drug and xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in camel liver: multiple forms and species specific expression. | 1. previous studies have demonstrated the presence of phase i mixed-function oxidases (cytochrome p450-dependent) and phase ii conjugation (glutathione s-transferase) enzymes in camel liver. this study represents further characterisation of these drug metabolising enzyme systems in camel liver by comparing their catalytic and immunochemical properties with enzymes of rat and mouse liver. 2. using the specific p450 substrate aniline, the microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity of camel liver was ... | 1993 | 8097448 |
| molecular examination of the sympatry and distribution of sheep and camel strains of echinococcus granulosus in kenya. | previous studies have shown that camel and sheep strains of the cystic hydatid parasite echinococcus granulosus occur in kenya. we examined 208 larval isolates and 40 worm samples of e. granulosus from various hosts in kenya using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a segment of ribosomal dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. this was in an effort to determine whether additional strains of e. granulosus occur in kenya, to examine the level of genetic heterogeneity with ... | 1993 | 8097619 |
| investigation of the reversible inhibition of camel (camelus dromedarius) acetylcholinesterase by tetracaine. | 1. the camel erythrocyte membrane bound acetylcholinesterase (ache) was extracted with the non-ionic detergent triton x-100 and some of its kinetics parameters were studied. in addition the effect of tetracaine hydrochloride on ache was also investigated. 2. the michaelis-menten constant (km) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide was found to be 7 x 10(-5) m and the vmax was 21.2 mumol/hr/mg protein. 3. tetracaine (0.025-0.80 mm) reversibly inhibited the ache activity (25-82%) in a conc ... | 1993 | 8103734 |
| haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against african horse sickness virus in domestic animals in nigeria. | a sero-epidemiological survey of african horse sickness (ahs) virus in 261 animals which included 96 camels, 81 horses, 80 dogs and 4 donkeys was carried out in nigeria. the animals had no history of vaccination against ahs. sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test for the presence of antibody against ahs virus. of these, 77 (95.1%) horse, 4 (100%) donkey, 10 (10.4%) camel and 28 (35%) dog sera samples tested were recorded as positive. the prevalence of antibody in samples ... | 1993 | 8111431 |
| 'camelising' human antibody fragments: nmr studies on vh domains. | a human heavy chain variable domain (vh) was expressed in bacteria for structural analysis by nmr spectroscopy. nmr analysis was initially impossible due to the short transverse proton relaxation time of the vh, probably caused by aggregation through the exposed interface naturally in contact with the light chain. the relaxation time was improved to normal values when this interface was mutated to mimic heavy chains of camel antibodies naturally devoid of light chains and through the use of the ... | 1994 | 8112468 |
| establishment of camel isolates of haemonchus longistipes and trichostrongylus colubriformis in goats. | two main nematode parasites, haemonchus longistipes and trichostrongylus colubriformis, have been reported to cause morbidity and mortality in camels. although goats are usually reared with camels in the combined animal husbandry system prevailing in northern india, these parasites have not been reported in goats. therefore, it was planned to conduct an experimental cross-transmission study of h. longistipes and t. colubriformis isolated from camels and transferred to young goats. twelve healthy ... | 1993 | 8128589 |
| the epidemiology and control of camel dermatophilosis. | camel dermatophilosis was only recently described. it appears however that it is more widespread than originally thought. in kenya it has generally been found in the main semi-arid camel rearing areas of samburu and laikipia districts although it has not yet been found in the arid areas of turkana district. in an investigation of ticks on 200 camels, no amblyomma variegatum ticks were found although many other ticks were present. a. variegatum is suspected to transmit dermatophilosis in many dom ... | 1993 | 8134647 |
| phycomycosis of the abomasum in camelus dromedarius. | two cases of phycomycosis of the abomasum in dromedary camels are described. in one of the cases there is evidence of spread to the liver. the pathology and pathogenesis of the disease are discussed. we believe this is the first report of phycomycosis in camelidae. | 1993 | 8135073 |
| kinetic disposition of flunixin meglumine in the camel (camelus dromedarius). | the kinetic disposition of flunixin meglumine was investigated in 5 camels after a single intravenous administration (1.1 mg/kg bwt). the plasma clearance was 1.012 ml.min-1.kg-1, the steady-state volume of distribution 0.168 l/kg and the elimination half-life 2.51 h. the results are discussed and compared with those reported in cattle and horses. | 1994 | 8142960 |
| dermatophytes and other associated fungi isolated from ringworm lesions of camels. | among 75 camels showing skin lesions, 48% were positive for fungal infection. the younger individuals were more susceptible to this infection. sixteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from diseased camels. trichophyton, microsporum and chrysosporium were the most common genera. t. verrucosum appeared to be the main cause of ringworm in small camels while t. mentagrophytes infected older ones. camel skin presents a suitable habita ... | 1993 | 8150398 |
| stimulation of attachment in a camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae): the unintended result of sublethal exposure to permethrin-impregnated fabric. | the susceptibility of a camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (koch), to permethrin-impregnated military uniform fabric was studied to determine the effects of laundering and contact time. separate contact toxicity tests were conducted with laboratory-colonized male and female ticks of uniform age. unfed, unmated ticks were exposed for periods of 5, 10, 30, and 60 min to each of five fabrics: unwashed-untreated, unwashed-treated, and 1, 2, or 3 times washed after treatment (1-, 2-, 3-wash-treated). tr ... | 1994 | 8158625 |
| the camel jockey's tibial fracture. | an isolated fracture of the middle and lower third of the tibia occurred with marked regularity in a large number of camel-racing jockeys. the mechanism of this fracture was analysed. it was concluded that the compression-rotation of the leg below the knee between the trunks of adjacent racing camels produced this injury, but the sparing of the fibula could not be explained. simple measures are described such that the incidence of these and other injuries sustained by the jockeys can be markedly ... | 1994 | 8168885 |
| an ultrastructural study of the erythrocytes associated with haematochemical data of the camel camelus dromedarius. | the aims of the present study were to characterize by electron microscopy the morphological features of the erythrocytes of normal adult and young camels camelus dromedarius in a renal blood vessel and in a smear. these cells are thin and elliptical, with a slight central elevation. they are slightly larger, but thinner than those reported by other authors. it is found that the renal blood vessels in adults have a thicker basal lamina with the presence of electron dense membranous bodies. these ... | 1993 | 8172757 |
| [a primitive study on the histological changes in the lungs of residents in the wind-sand area of gansu province]. | 395 residents in a wind-sand area were examined with chest radiographs. silicotic roentgeno- graphic changes were shown in 28 cases. the abnormal finding rate of the > 40 years old age group was 21%. the histological findings of lungs from a camel lived in that area for 20 years also confirmed that the cause of death was silicosis. | 1993 | 8174187 |
| [epidemiology of trypanosomiasis caused by t. evansi in camels in mali: results of parasitological and clinical survey]. | an epidemiological study of trypanosomiasis was conducted in the rearing areas of dromedary camels in mali. according to the parasitological and clinical surveys performed, the overall infection rates were 9.5% (29/305) in western sahel (region i) and 4.5% (28/627) in the areas of tombouctou and gao (region ii). the proportion of contaminated herds was 55% in region i and 68% in region ii and in some herds the infection rate exceeded 50%. the surveys showed a trend for increasing parasitological ... | 1993 | 8190982 |
| [effect of a nutrition factor on neonatal pathology: results of a retrospective survey on the mangrove supply to dromedary calves in the republic of djibouti]. | the authors present a retrospective survey carried out in 23 camps of nomadic afars from obock area (djibouti) and concerning the traditional utilization of different types of forage from lagoon (mangrove) in relation with some of the diseases observed, particularly on calves. four types of mangrove running are described: supply of mangrove twigs to calves less than one year old in camps and mangrove grazing for the adults; permanent feeding of mangrove associated with complementation; occasiona ... | 1993 | 8190983 |
| pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel. | the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were determined in six healthy camels (camelus dromedarius) following the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of single doses of tobramycin sulphate (40 mg/ml). the half-life to tobramycin was 189 +/- 21 min and the mean residence time was 254 +/- 26 min. the apparent volume of distribution (area method) was 245 +/- 21 ml/kg, while volume of the central compartment of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was 110 +/- 12 ml/kg. the cle ... | 1994 | 8196094 |
| granulomatous enteritis in a dromedary (camelus dromedarius) due to green algal infection. | | 1993 | 8212459 |
| morphology of blastocystis sp. isolated from circus animals. | blastocystis sp. is reported for the first time from faecal samples collected from a camel, a llama, a highland bull and a lion in a travelling circus. fresh faecal specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and vacuolar and cyst forms of similar morphology were present in all three ungulates. these cells were smaller than cultured vacuolar cells of blastocystis hominis isolated from humans and contained only a single vacuole in comparison to the multivacuolar cell found in fresh ... | 1993 | 8225774 |
| swelling-stimulated passive potassium transport in camel erythrocytes: inhibitory effects of furosemide and sodium fluoride. | the inhibitory effects of furosemide, sodium fluoride, and age on volume-dependent, ouabain-resistant k+ influx were investigated in camel red blood cells. swelling of young camel erythrocytes hypotonically stimulates ouabain-resistant potassium influx, a response that was lacking in old camel erythrocytes. the swelling-stimulated influx was partially inhibited by 1 mm furosemide and by 10 and 20 mm sodium fluoride. the inhibitory effect of furosemide was significantly increased if rubidium was ... | 1993 | 8231901 |
| prevalence of camel brucellosis in libya. | sera of 967 camels of both sexes were tested for antibodies to brucella using the rose bengal plate test, serum agglutination test and the complement fixation test. the prevalence of positive sera was 4.1 per cent. samples collected for cultural examination revealed 9 isolates. five isolates were from milk samples, 3 from aborted foetuses and one from a vaginal swab. all isolates were identified and biotyped as brucella melitensis biovar 1. | 1993 | 8236486 |
| symptoms and clinical pathology of rabies in the camel. | | 1993 | 8236729 |
| the isolation and characterization of camel (camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. | immunoglobulins g and m were prepared from camel sera by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatography (ion exchange). heavy and light chains were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. igg subclasses were isolated by deae ion exchange chromatography and shown to have different electrophoretic motilities. no molecules corresponding to iga were detected. rabbit anti-serum against camel igg was generated and its specificity s ... | 1993 | 8245233 |
| a comparison of the antigen detection elisa and parasite detection for diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. | two herds of 60 camels each, living in trypanosoma evansi endemic areas, were selected and studied for a period of 18 months. animals in one herd were treated prophylactically with quinapyramine prosalt (may and baker, dagenham, uk), while those in the other herd were treated individually with quinapyramine dimethylsulphate (may and baker, dagenham, uk) when proven parasitaemic. the herd on prophylaxis was sampled for antigen and patent infection monthly. the other herd was sampled weekly for pa ... | 1993 | 8249241 |
| a reassortant h1n1 influenza a virus caused fatal epizootics among camels in mongolia. | in the autumn of 1979 a severe influenza epizootic started among camels in mongolia (lvov et al., 1982; viprosi virusol. 27, 401-405.) between 1980 and 1983 13 independent isolates of h1n1 viruses were obtained from diseased camels, which were virtually indistinguishable from the human a/ussr/90/77 strain by serological means. two hundred and seventy-one samples of camel sera collected between 1978 and 1983 contained antibodies against the human a/ussr/90/77 isolate. after experimental infection ... | 1993 | 8249279 |
| uterine activity after ovariectomy in the camel (camelus dromedarius): effect of exogenous administration of oestrogen and progesterone. | during oestrous cycles of the camel, spontaneous uterine contractions were correlated significantly with plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentration. ovariectomy in the camel resulted in a decreased plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (< 15 pg ml-1) and progesterone (< 0.1 ng ml-1) and caused complete cessation of uterine activity. daily administration of oestradiol benzoate (5 mg, intramuscularly) increased the plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (> 45 pg ml-1) and increased the frequ ... | 1993 | 8284506 |
| coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. in camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. the left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. the ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates of very quickly in cattle. the ramus collateralis dis ... | 1993 | 8284892 |
| camel bite injury: an unusual report of left shoulder mutilation with major vascular and bony injuries. | | 1993 | 8288366 |
| seasonal prevalence of cephalopina titillator myiasis in camels (camelus dromedarius) in sokoto state, nigeria. | | 1993 | 8291193 |
| a study of siliceous pneumoconiosis in a desert area of sunan county, gansu province, china. | three hundred and ninety five residents in a desert area were examined with chest radiographs and 28 cases with siliceous pneumoconiosis were found. the prevalence of siliceous pneumoconiosis was 7.09%, and that over 40 years of age was 21%. the histological findings of lungs from a camel living in that area for 20 years also confirmed to have siliceous pneumoconiosis. | 1993 | 8292266 |
| composition and characteristics of camel milk. | | 1993 | 8294611 |
| heat-shock response in camel (camelus dromedarius) blood cells and adaptation to hyperthermia. | 1. we demonstrate the difference between the reactions of camel (camelus dromedarius) lymphocytes and erythrocytes to heat-shock treatment. 2. lymphocytes of this organism characteristically have a higher resistance of general protein synthesis to elevated temperature in comparison with human lymphocytes. 3. camel lymphocytes exhibited strong induction of constitutively expressed 73 kda heat-shock protein (hsp 73) after heat-shock but failed to synthesize an inducible member of the same family ( ... | 1993 | 8299349 |
| purification and some properties of low molecular weight crystallins from camel lens (camelus dromedarius). | 1. the use of an ultrogel aca 54 gel-filtration column separates camel lens cortex low molecular weight proteins into four peaks containing beta s-, gamma 1-, gamma 2- and gamma 3-crystallins. 2. the molecular weight of beta s-crystallin corresponded to 29 kda on sds-page and showed three major bands between ph 5.85 and 8.45 on isoelectric focusing. in addition, as compared to gamma-crystallins it has a lower degree of homology in amino acid composition, a low sulfhydryl content and a blocked n- ... | 1993 | 8299357 |
| purification and characterization of three proteins isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk. | three major proteins from the proteose peptone of bovine milk were purified by sephadex g-75 gel chromatography, q-sepharose ion-exchange and additional sephadex g-75 gel chromatography in the presence of urea. from their mobility in a gradient sds-page, the proteins were found to have molecular masses of 17, 28 and 60 kda. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the 17 kda protein was found to be homologous with a camel whey protein. this protein has not previously been described in bovine milk. ... | 1993 | 8320368 |
| band 3 mobility in camelid elliptocytes: implications for erythrocyte shape. | measurements of time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy were used to monitor the rotational diffusion of eosin-labeled band 3 in membranes of the elliptocytic erythrocytes of alpacas and camels. the rotational freedom of camelid band 3 was more restricted than for human band 3. removal of the peripheral membrane proteins from human erythrocyte membranes, by high-ph treatment, increased the band 3 rotational freedom. the same high-ph treatment of alpaca and camel erythrocyte membranes failed to ... | 1993 | 8329396 |
| hormonal control of water and sodium in plasma and urine of camels during dehydration and rehydration. | eight dromedary camels were studied for 24 days under control conditions (3 days), and during water deprivation (14 days) and rehydration (7 days) in tadla (morocco), during the summer. during dehydration, food intake gradually fell and was zero on the last day and animals lost about 30% of their body weight. however, most of this reduction in weight was attributed to water loss, since body weight of the animals returned to control values following rehydration. dehydration was associated with a ... | 1993 | 8335227 |
| pathogenesis of trypanosoma (brucei) evansi in small east african goats. | trypanosoma evansi is the cause of surra, a camel disease which is the most important single cause of economic losses in camel rearing areas. sheep and goats herded with camels are the most likely hosts for t evansi. upon intravenous infections goats developed erratic parasitaemia, lost weight and their packed cell volume dropped significantly (p < 0.001). trypanosomes were demonstrated by direct microscopy in extravascular locations such as synovial, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids and also ... | 1993 | 8337477 |
| primary aromatic amines from side-stream cigarette smoke are common contaminants of indoor air. | a very sensitive mass-spectrometry method has been developed for the analysis of aromatic amines in tobacco smoke and in indoor air. cigarettes were smoked with a smoking machine; the amines from the smoke were trapped in a 5% hcl water solution containing internal standards and detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected-ion-monitoring (sim) mode. the amines measured were the following: aniline, 2-toluidine, 3-toluidine, 4-toluidine, 2-ethylaniline, 3-ethylaniline, 4-ethyla ... | 1993 | 8367883 |
| the camel, camelus dromedarius, as a host of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | | 1993 | 8368973 |
| volume-dependent potassium transport in camel red blood cells. | in this study the volume-dependent, ouabain-resistant k+ influx and efflux in camel red blood cells were measured with the tracer 86rb+. the results showed that the camel erythrocytes do not have the na(+)-k+ cotransport. the cell swelling increases a ouabain-resistant k+ influx and shrinkage decreases it nearly two-fold. the swelling-stimulated k+ influx and efflux were chloride dependent. the anion dependence of k+ influx in swollen cells was as follows: br- > cl- > no3. the ph-dependent curve ... | 1993 | 8395642 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the epidemiological survey of dermatophilus congolensis infection in camels (camelus dromedarius). | the breeding of camels (camelus dromedarius) is especially important in arid and semi-arid areas of africa, where drought and famine frequently occur. a number of diseases which impair camel production have recently been described, including dermatophilosis (caused by dermatophilus congolensis). however, it is not possible to determine the prevalence of infection from clinical cases alone. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has therefore been developed to determine the epidemiological prevalen ... | 1993 | 8400399 |
| use of antigen capture tube enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infections in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | parasitological diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infection in camels is hampered by the small number of parasites in blood circulation, coupled with the tendency of this trypanosome to invade tissues. to overcome this, a more sensitive assay, an antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), was developed, capable of detecting trypanosome antigens released into the bloodstream by dying parasites. to evaluate the usefulness of this assay in assisting chemotherapy, an experiment was designed to ... | 1993 | 8400400 |
| kicking butts--ama, joe camel, and the 'black-flag' war on tobacco. | | 1993 | 8411558 |
| renal function and water metabolism in the dromedary. | | 1993 | 8416180 |
| trypanozoon-like epimastigotes in the larvae of cephalopina titillator (diptera: oestridae) infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) infected with trypanosoma evansi. | | 1993 | 8447075 |
| [domestic animals and veterinary medicine in the old and new testaments of the bible and the apocrypha]. | referring to an 1865 edition of the bible, the article deals with domestic animals and veterinary matters in the sacred book of christianity, singling out donkey, camel, horse, sheep, goat, pig, dog and cat. comments on early aspects of animal welfare and food hygiene round off the picture. | 1993 | 8457188 |
| an outbreak of cameline filariasis in the sudan. | sheathed microfilariae (mean length 278 +/- 10 microns sem; mean width 7.2 +/- 0.8 microns) were detected in the blood of 7/14 housed camels (camelus dromedarius). microfilaraemic camels of either sex were inappetent, lethargic, reluctant to move and exhibited weakness in the hind limbs; some remained in sternal recumbency. cardiac disorders, orchitis and skin nodules were conspicuously absent. the microfilariae showed a biphasic pattern in the blood that peaked at 20:00 and plateaued between 04 ... | 1993 | 8485644 |
| carbonyl-metabolizing enzymes and their relatives recruited as structural proteins in the eye lens. | the refractive properties of the eye lens are determined by abundant soluble structural proteins known as crystallins. while some crystallins are common to most vertebrates, others are abundant only in groups of related species. these taxon-specific crystallins all turn out to be enzymes, apparently recruited by modification of gene expression without prior gene duplication. they include eta-crystallin, accounting for up to 25% of protein in elephant shrew lenses and apparently identical to cyto ... | 1993 | 8493894 |
| naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. | random association of vl and vh repertoires contributes considerably to antibody diversity. the diversity and the affinity are then increased by hypermutation in b cells located in germinal centres. except in the case of 'heavy chain' disease, naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies have not been described, although antigen binding has been demonstrated for separated heavy chains or cloned vh domains. here we investigate the presence of considerable amounts of igg-like material of m(r) 100k i ... | 1993 | 8502296 |
| mammalian erythrocytes as physiological carriers of fluorescent exogenous agents: a comparative study of bovine and camel red blood cells. | recently attention has been focused on the investigation of new and effective routes for drug administration in order to avoid their side effects in the human body. red blood cells (rbcs) exhibit many advantages, i.e., they are naturally occurring, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic. their use as drug carriers has many potential applications, including slow drug delivery to the body tissue and drug targeting to a specific site. in this work, the fluorescent exogenous agent sodium fluorescein (ur ... | 1995 | 8526795 |
| effect of storage on some constituents of camel serum. | effects of storage at room temperature (23-25 degrees c) and refrigeration (4-5 degrees c) on various biochemical constituents of camel serum were investigated. albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alkaline phosphatase (ap) and gamma glutamyltransferase (ggt) did not change over 9 days when stored at 4-5 degree c. at 4-5 degree c, creatinine, iron and glucose in camel sera remained stable for 6 days; total protein for 7 days; and blood urea nitro ... | 1995 | 8526813 |
| isolation of tissue cysts of toxoplasma, isospora, hammondia and sarcocystis from camel (camelus dromedarius) meat in saudi arabia. | meat samples were collected from the oesophagus and tongue of 38 camels slaughtered at the main abattoir of al-ahsa city, saudi arabia. five cats and three dogs, conventionally reared and coccidia-free, were caged individually in steel cages. camel meat was pooled, minced and fed to four cats and two dogs. one cat and one dog were not fed meat and were kept as noninfected controls. faecal samples from infected and control animals were examined daily for a period of 2 months after feeding the mea ... | 1995 | 8533274 |
| studies on the haemolytic complement of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). ii. alternate complement pathway haemolytic activity in serum. | fresh camel serum caused lysis of unsensitised red blood cells (rbc) of chicken, rabbit and guinea pig. homologous rbc were resistant to lysis. there was only minimal lysis of goat, sheep, rat and cattle rbc. lysis of heterologous rbc was attributed to the presence of alternate complement activity (acp) in the serum as adsorption with respective rbc and addition of 10 mm ethylene glycol-bistetraacetate (egta) in the svbs diluent did not abrogate the haemolytic activity. guinea pig rbc were the m ... | 1995 | 8533311 |
| lama glama (the south american camelid, llama): a unique model for evaluation of xenogenic islet transplants in a cerebral spinal fluid driven artificial organ. | | 1995 | 8539964 |
| a probable outbreak of rabies in a group of camels in niger. | seven camels in a herd of approximately 40 camels belonging to nomadic people in niger died over a short period. no diagnostic samples were obtained. brain was obtained from the eighth camel in the group, which died after a clinical illness manifested by unusual behaviour, aggression, pica, ptyalism and terminal paralysis. rabies virus was demonstrated in the brain of this camel by immunofluorescent staining. before the deaths of the camels a feral dog had joined the nomadic encampment and died ... | 1995 | 8545966 |
| senile plaques in an aged two-humped (bactrian) camel (camelus bactrianus). | senile plaques with beta-protein as a major constituent are a conspicuous feature in the brains of aged humans, monkeys, dogs, and bears. we found cerebral senile plaques of the diffuse and primitive type, but not the classical type, in an aged female camel of more than 20 years old. the senile plaques and a few cortical capillaries were immunoreactive with anti-beta-protein serum. congophilic amyloid deposition was detected in a small number of the capillaries, but not in the senile plaques. we ... | 1995 | 8546033 |
| characterization of the camel skin cell line dubca. | a skin fibroblast cell culture was established from a 2-month-old dromedary foetus. the cells were transformed by infection with sv40 and cloned in soft agar. the established cell line is now designated dubca cells (dubai camel) and has been in permanent culture for 95 passages. the cell culture was examined morphologically, chromosome preparations made and dna fingerprinting performed by hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe (gtg)5. sv40 large t antigen was detected by western blotting. ... | 1995 | 8556315 |
| a historical analysis of tobacco marketing and the uptake of smoking by youth in the united states: 1890-1977. | this article presents evidence for sex-specific temporal associations between major cigarette marketing campaigns and increases in youth smoking initiation using national survey data for 1910-1977 (n = 165,876). considerable smoking initiation occurred in males under 18 and born before 1890 when marketing focused only on males. initiation in male youth increased greatly during 1910-1919; in 1912, r.j. reynolds launched its unprecedented campaign for camel brand. initiation in female youth began ... | 1995 | 8565924 |
| characterization of zeta-crystallin inhibition by juglone. | guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin showed hyperbolic saturation curves with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (paq). 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone) and nadph. whereas camel lens zeta-crystallin showed hyperbolic saturation curves only with paq and nadph, but slightly segmoidal with juglone. for both enzymes paq was the preferred substrate. the catalytic center activity (kcat) values indicated that camel zeta-crystallin catalyzed the reduction of paq more efficiently than the guinea pig lens zeta-cry ... | 1996 | 8579568 |
| studies on chrysomyia albiceps (wiedemann) one of the most important carrion flies in egypt. | chrysomyia albiceps often feeds to repletion and then regurgitates a portion of the food, a behaviour that heightens its importance as a mechanical vector of enteric pathogens. pupae of this fly are susceptible to the attack of the parasitic wasp, nasonia vitripennis in the laboratory as well as in nature at different underground depths where they pupate. the fly needs to feed on proteinaceous meals to start and complete its ovarian development. liver, beef, camel, chicken, rabbit and fish meat ... | 1995 | 8586857 |
| effect of water deprivation on the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in camels. | concentrations of enrofloxacin equivalent activity were determined (by microbiological assay) in the serum of normal camels and camels at the end of a 14-day water-deprivation period following single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations at 2.5 mg/kg. also, normal camels were given an oral drench of the drug at 5 mg/kg. pharmacokinetic variables were determined using compartmental and non-compartmental analytical methods. camels lost on average 12.5% of ... | 1995 | 8587150 |
| fine structure of nerve endings and junctions in the superior cervical ganglion of the camel (camelus dromedarius). | the superior cervical ganglion of the one humped camel was studied using an electron microscope. the ganglion contained presumptive cholinergic endings, presumptive aminergic endings, and presumptive sensory endings. presumptive cholinergic endings contained numerous small clear vesicles, a few large dense-cored vesicles, and mitochondria. they frequently made synaptic junctions with dendritic processes and, occasionally, with axons in transit. there were few presumptive aminergic endings and th ... | 1995 | 8588702 |
| control of brucella melitensis infection in a large camel herd in saudi arabia using antibiotherapy and vaccination with rev. 1 vaccine. | the authors describe an attempt to control brucella melitensis infection in a large camel herd in saudi arabia. sera from the entire herd (2,536) were examined by the rose bengal and standard united states of america buffered plate agglutination tests. the overall brucella seroprevalence was 8%. milk samples from the 120 seropositive milking camels were cultured on brucella-selective media. b. melitensis biovars 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from 41 camels (34%). seropositive camels (202) were treate ... | 1995 | 8593404 |
| influence of injection site on the absorption of benzylpenicillin sodium in the dromedary. | benzylpenicillin absorption was compared in four dromedaries following injection subcutaneously and at three different intramuscular sites (neck, semitendinous and gluteal muscles). the rate of absorption (t1/2ab and tmax) was slower after subcutaneous compared to intramuscular injection, but the extent of absorption (auc) was similar for both routes of administration. following intramuscular injection, the data suggest that the extent of absorption was highest from the semitendinous site and lo ... | 1995 | 8594836 |
| evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) and immunofluorescent antibody (fa) test kits for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts of species other than cryptosporidium parvum. | a commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) (prospect rapid assay), a direct immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) test for stool testing (merifluor cryptosporidium/giardia), and an indirect ifa test for environmental testing (hydrofluor-combo cryptosporidium/giardia) were evaluated for detection of low public health risk cryptosporidium oocyst isolates, and for c. parvum oocyst isolates from human and bovine feces that represent a high public health risk. there was no cross-reactivity of eia with ova of ... | 1996 | 8600765 |
| immune responses of the camel (camelus dromedarius) to contagious ecthyma (orf) virus infection. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed together with a western blotting technique for the detection of total and specific igg and igm antibodies to the contagious ecthyma (orf) virus in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. an outbreak of generalised contagious ecthyma in camels was diagnosed for the first time in libya; the seropositivity rate in a herd with clinically affected camels was 37.9% (and was related to clinic ... | 1995 | 8604544 |
| involvement of a disulfide bridge in catalytic activity of camel lens xi-crystallin. | chemical modification studies were performed to elucidate the role of cysteine residues in the catalytic activity of camel lens xi-crystallin. 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (dtnb) titration of the camel lens xi-crystallin revealed that it contained 3 sh-groups and a disulfide bridge per subunit. one of the three sh-groups was readily accessible, whereas the other two were buried. inactivation of xi-crystallin by dtnb was caused by a modification of one cysteine residue per subunit. the re ... | 1996 | 8619838 |
| occupational asthma due to deer dander. | the literature on allergy to deer is limited. the allergenic component remains to be identified. | 1996 | 8630715 |
| anatomy of the sinus node of camels (camelus dromedarius). | anatomy of the sinus node was studied in six camel hearts (camelus dromedarius) with serial histologic sectioning. the sinus node in this species of animal was located 0.5 mm beneath the epicardium, near the junction between the cranial vena cava and the right atrium at the sulcus terminalis. its shape was elongated, bent oblong with 28.25 mm length, 5.75 mm width and 5.38 mm thickness. the maximum section area was 101.66 mm2. the central artery of the node originated from the circumflexus branc ... | 1996 | 8644932 |
| serology of orthopoxvirus cameli infection in dromedary camels: analysis by elisa and western blotting. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed, together with a western blotting technique, for the detection of total and igg and igm antibodies to camelpox virus (orthopoxvirus cameli) in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. a total of 520 camels from different regions in libya were tested. the overall seropositivity rate in the examined herds was 9.8%, and varied between herds from 0 to 30%. two viral antigenic determinants ( ... | 1996 | 8654047 |
| relations between udder infection and somatic cells in camel (camelus dromedarius) milk. | quarter milk samples (n = 391) from 101 camels were examined to study the occurrence and causes of mastitis in traditionally managed camels in eastern sudan and to evaluate the value of the california mastitis test (cmt), somatic cell count (scc) and adenosine triphosphate (atp) in the detection of subclinical mastitis in the camel. one hundred and seventy (43.5%) of the quarter milk samples yielded pathogenic bacteria. streptococcus agalactiae, other streptococcus spp., staphylococcus aureus, c ... | 1995 | 8669370 |
| rearrangement of the former vl interface in the solution structure of a camelised, single antibody vh domain. | the solution structure of the isolated antibody heavy chain variable domain (vh)-p8 was determined by nmr spectroscopy. the vh had previously been modified (camelised) at three positions in its former antibody light chain variable domain (vl) interface to reduce hydrophobicity by mimicking camelid heavy chains naturally devoid of light chains. the architecture of two pleated beta-sheets and the conformation of the h1 and h2 loops in vh-p8 are very similar to those in non-camelised, vl-associated ... | 1996 | 8683598 |
| prevalence of sarcocystis in camels (camelus dromedarius) from al-ahsa, saudi arabia. | the oesophagus, diaphragm and heart of 103 camels slaughtered at al-ahsa abattoir were investigated for infection with sarcocysts. sarcocystis cysts were found in 91 camels (88.35%): in the diaphragm of 79.6%, oesophagus of 72.8% and heart of 71.8%. two morphologically distinct sarcocysts were found. thin-walled cysts (141-400 x 70.5-188 microns) were in all the three indicator organs while the thick-walled cysts (170-194 x 117.5-188 microns) were only found in the oesophagus. experimental feedi ... | 1996 | 8686170 |
| the detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and california mastitis test. | milk samples (n = 160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. the samples were assessed by the californian mastitis test (cmt) and somatic cell count (scc). bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) were the main organisms found. infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the scc (p < 0.01) and cmt (p < 0.001) than non-infected quarters. all ... | 1996 | 8693705 |
| the ovarian follicular wave pattern and induction of ovulation in the mated and non-mated one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | ovarian follicular wave patterns were studied ultrasonographically in three groups of dromedary. group 1 camels (n = 20) were teased daily with a vasectomized male but mating was prevented; group 2 camels (n = 8) ran freely with a vasectomized male camel for 10 h each day and group 3 camels (n = 8) were kept completely separate from any males. in a second experiment (n = 63), when the diameter of the dominant follicle reached 0.5-0.9 cm, 1.0-1.9 cm, 2.0-2.9 cm or > 3 cm, the camel was given one ... | 1996 | 8699400 |
| characterization of camel leukocytes by flow cytometry and microscopic evaluation of granulocyte phagocytosis of fluorescent bacteria. | peripheral blood was obtained from four lactating camels (camelus bactrianus) and flow cytometry was used to characterize cell populations. the ability of the granulocytes to engulf fluorescent bacteria was studied in vitro using fluorescence microscopy. three clusters of blood cells (mononuclear cells, neutrophils and eosinophils) were identified by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. milk, on the other hand, was dominated by cell fragments and no distinct cluster formation was found. th ... | 1996 | 8701632 |
| the keyboard and the camel. | | 1996 | 8719293 |
| the sterilizing effect of pour-on flumethrin on the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae). | the relationship between the efficacy of 1% flumethrin in pour-on formulation on the fertility of engorged female hyalomma dromedarii and exposure time was investigated. using a contact method, ticks were exposed in vitro to 87 micrograms active ingredient for 1, 5, 10, 30 or 720 min. fertility inhibition was related to the exposure time. no significant effect was obtained after 1 min exposure, but 5 or 10 min exposure reduced the percentage of females ovipositing, egg mass weight, number of egg ... | 1996 | 8720571 |