| detecting inter-cusp and inter-tooth wear patterns in rhinocerotids. | extant rhinos are the largest extant herbivores exhibiting dietary specialisations for both browse and grass. however, the adaptive value of the wear-induced tooth morphology in rhinos has not been widely studied, and data on individual cusp and tooth positions have rarely been published. we evaluated upper cheek dentition of browsing diceros bicornis and rhinoceros sondaicus, mixed-feeding r. unicornis and grazing ceratotherium simum using an extended mesowear method adapted for rhinos. we incl ... | 2013 | 24312507 |
| diversity of methanogens in the hindgut of captive white rhinoceroses, ceratotherium simum. | the white rhinoceros is on the verge of extinction with less than 20,200 animals remaining in the wild. in order to better protect these endangered animals, it is necessary to better understand their digestive physiology and nutritional requirements. the gut microbiota is nutritionally important for herbivorous animals. however, little is known about the microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal tract (git) of the white rhinoceros. methanogen diversity in the git may be host species-specific a ... | 2013 | 24228793 |
| the seminiferous cycle of the rhinoceros. | the seminiferous cycle of the rhinoceros was investigated for the first time using testicular tissue from captive white (ceratotherium simum, n=2) and black (diceros bicornis, n=1) rhinoceroses. stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle were characterised using the tubular morphology method and relative frequencies of each stage determined. this method allowed for the identification of eight stages of cellular associations characteristic of the seminiferous cycle in white and black rhinocerose ... | 2012 | 23182465 |
| review of laboratory and necropsy evidence for iron storage disease acquired by browser rhinoceroses. | necropsies of two browser rhinoceroses, african black (diceros bicornis) and sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis), often reveal extensive iron-pigment deposition in various tissues. this condition (hemosiderosis) has not been observed in species that are natural grazers, african white (ceratotherium simum) and asian greater one-horned (indian; rhinoceros unicornis), nor in any species free ranging in the wild. the causes, clinical significance, and consequences of captivity-acquired hemosiderosis ... | 2012 | 23156711 |
| serum iron and selected biochemical values in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) from south africa. | serum samples collected from 20 black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) were analyzed for iron values from six different areas in south africa. in addition, biochemical profiles were performed on individual samples. comparisons of iron values from free-ranging black rhinoceros and from 28 free-ranging white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) were conducted by location and age. among the free-ranging black rhinoceros, samples were compared from different regions to a set of samples from black rhinocero ... | 2012 | 23156706 |
| biochemical values in free-ranging white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) in kruger national park, south africa. | biochemical panels were analyzed on 181 individual free-ranging white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) from kruger national park, south africa. these animals were immobilized between july 2006 and may 2010 for management purposes. serum and heparinized plasma samples were analyzed using an in-house chemistry analyser (abaxis vetscan2). the objectives of this study were to establish biochemical references ranges for kruger national park's population of white rhinoceros; to assess differences in v ... | 2012 | 23082517 |
| putative filariosis outbreak in white and black rhinoceros at meru national park in kenya. | habitat and food supply loss and disruption, together with man's pursuit of the animal's unique horn pose significant threats to the charismatic rhinoceros. filarial worms have been thought to cause cutaneous lesions in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in kenya and south africa, but never in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) in the wild, despite the fact that the two species live often in close proximity. stephanofilaria dinniki has been implicated in the past as the causal agents for su ... | 2012 | 22992297 |
| iron overload syndrome in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): microscopical lesions and comparison with other rhinoceros species. | the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) has adapted to a low iron diet during evolution and is thus prone to iron overload in captivity, which is associated with a number of serious disorders. a s88t polymorphism in the hfe gene has been suggested as a potential genetic basis of increased iron uptake in the black rhinoceros, while the indian rhinoceros is thought to be unaffected by iron overload in captivity. in the present study, the histopathology and distribution of iron accumulation ... | 2012 | 22935088 |
| estrus induction in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | the estrous cycle length in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) is either 4 or 10 wk. the cause(s) for this variation as well as the poor fertility rate in captivity remains under debate in this species. most captive adult white rhinoceros undergo long anovulatory periods without luteal activity which are considered a major reason for their low reproductive rate. in this study, the synthetic progestin chlormadinone acetate (cma) was tested in combination with hcg or the gnrh analogue desl ... | 2012 | 22898017 |
| vesiculobullous skin reaction temporally related to firocoxib treatment in a white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | a 40 yr-old female white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) suffered from chronic nail-bed abscesses. due to worsening of clinical signs, the animal's nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment was switched to firocoxib. approximately 7 days after this change, the animal developed multifocal vesicles and bullae along the lateral aspects of the thorax and abdomen, the dorsum, and the proximal limbs. cytology and culture did not identify an infectious etiology. histologically, the lesions consisted of ... | 2012 | 22448531 |
| social and spatial relationships in captive southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | although critical to the conservation of white rhinoceros, captive breeding has proven challenging because of the poor and irregular reproductive health of many captive rhinos, and social interactions may play a significant role. this research investigated the social and spatial relationships of two captive groups of southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) by examining the frequency of companion changes, the number of space maintenance vocalizations made per hour by each reproducti ... | 2007 | 19360596 |
| incidence of ryegrass staggers in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) at auckland zoo. | | 2004 | 15768084 |
| comparative investigations on digestion in grazing (ceratotherium simum) and browsing (diceros bicornis) rhinoceroses. | rhinoceroses represent the largest extant herbivores with extensive dietary specialization for plant groups like browse (black rhino diceros bicornis) or grass (white rhino ceratotherium simum). however, it is not clear to what extent such diet selection patterns are reflected in adaptations of digestive physiology of the respective feeding types. in this study, feeding trials with four black and five white rhinos were conducted in four zoos. the animals had ad libitum access to the same batch o ... | 2010 | 20227512 |
| anaesthetic management of a 10-month-old white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) calf for emergency exploratory celiotomy. | a 10-month-old, 580 kg, hand-reared white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) calf was presented for emergency exploratory celiotomy. anaesthesia was safely induced with three successive intravenous (iv) boluses of diazepam (10 mg) and ketamine (100 mg) until the trachea could be intubated. anaesthesia was adequately maintained with isoflurane-inoxygen (mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.1% ± 0.2%) on a circle anaesthetic machine with carbon dioxide absorption and an intravenous infusion ... | 2012 | 23327149 |
| feasibility of sex-sorting sperm from the white and the black rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis). | the objective of these studies was to investigate the practicality of flow cytometric sex-sorting for spermatozoa from the white and the black rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis). in experiment 1, four semen extenders were tested regarding their suitability for liquid preservation of spermatozoa before sorting. dilution in mes-hepes-based semen extender followed by incubation generated best sperm quality parameters (motility, viability, and acrosome integrity). in experiment 2, th ... | 2009 | 19411099 |
| effects of sociosexual environment on serum testosterone in captive male african rhinoceros. | the relationships between testosterone concentrations in male african rhinoceros and the presence of conspecific males and females were investigated. serum testosterone concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) in 37 male black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and 21 male white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) housed at 37 institutions in the usa. testosterone concentrations in both black (n=37) and white (n=21) rhinoceros males rose with increasing numbers of females prese ... | 2009 | 19167747 |
| first successful artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in rhinoceros. | the first successful artificial insemination (ai) in a rhinoceros was reported in 2007 using fresh semen. following that success, we decided to evaluate the possibility of using frozen-thawed semen for artificial insemination. semen, collected from a 35-36 year old southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) in the uk was frozen using the directional freezing technique. this frozen semen was used in two intrauterine ai attempts on a 30 years old female rhinoceros in hungary. the first ... | 2009 | 19007979 |
| split-sample comparison of directional and liquid nitrogen vapour freezing method on post-thaw semen quality in white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum simum and ceratotherium simum cottoni). | to increase the quality of cryopreserved sperm in white rhinoceros, the liquid nitrogen vapour (ln vapour) freezing and the multi-thermal gradient directional freezing methods were compared. sixteen white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum sp.) were electro-ejaculated. semen samples were diluted with cryoextender (tris, lactose, egg-yolk, dmso) and aliquoted into straws for ln vapour freezing, and glass hollow tubes for directional freezing. the sperm quality was evaluated before and after freezing ... | 2009 | 18775559 |
| corticosteroid-induced suppression of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are unusually susceptible to several diseases not commonly observed in any of the other three rhinoceros species maintained in captivity. the potential role of corticosteroids (either endogenously produced or exogenously administered) in the development of these sometimes fatal diseases has been questioned. in this study, the suppressive effects of two therapeutic corticosteroids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone) on in vitro lymphocyte proli ... | 2007 | 18229856 |
| reference cardiopulmonary physiologic parameters for standing, unrestrained white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum). | chemical restraint is an important tool for the management and medical care of both captive and free-ranging rhinoceroses. current anesthetic protocols for the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) are reported to cause varying degrees of hypertension, tachycardia, muscular stiffness and fasciculation, acidosis, and, most importantly, respiratory depression with resulting hypoventilation, hypoxia, and hypercapnea. to assist in the assessment and development of new and improved anesthetic techni ... | 2007 | 17939345 |
| serial chemical restraint for treatment of decubitus ulcers in two neonatal white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum). | two neonatal white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum) at two zoological institutions were medically managed for wounds characterized by extensive multifocal necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, associated with decubitus ulcers throughout the body. wounds resulted from prolonged recumbency due to inability to stand in one case and causes unconfirmed in the other. both calves were born in cement stalls during winter. using either butorphanol (i.v. or i.m.) alone or in combination with det ... | 2006 | 17319140 |
| the relationship between vaginal electrical impedence and hormone profiles during pregnancy and parturition of a white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | in this study, an attempt was made to use vaginal electrical impedance to predict calving in a female white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) and to determine the relationship between vaginal electrical impedance and hormonal profiles during pregnancy. the principle behind vaginal electrical impedance is that a change in the ionic balance of vaginal and cervical mucus occurs in response to changes in reproductive hormones. three times weekly vaginal electrical impedance readings and fecal s ... | 2005 | 17312764 |
| semen collection in rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis, diceros bicornis, ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe. | electroejaculation in rhinoceroses has historically yielded inconsistent results, with the collection of high-quality, sperm-rich samples rare. the goal of this study was to develop a reliable method of electroejaculation in the rhinoceros by designing a rectal probe that appropriately fits the anatomy of this taxon and refining the procedure. a curved probe handle ending in an oblate, ellipsoid head was built using readily available supplies. a combination of rectal massage, penile massage, and ... | 2005 | 17312718 |
| absence of hypomethylation and line-1 amplification in a white x black rhinoceros hybrid. | genomic stress resulting from the interspecific hybridization of marsupials has been shown to lead to hypomethylation and transposable element over-amplification. here we investigated both methylation status and transposable element (line-1) activity in an f1 hybrid between the black (diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). our data show that in this instance the hybrid genome was not characterised by gross hypomethylation and line-1 over-amplification thus extending previo ... | 2006 | 16850215 |
| structure of white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) horn investigated by x-ray computed tomography and histology with implications for growth and external form. | the nasal and frontal horns of two individuals of ceratotherium simum were examined by x-ray computed tomography (ct scanning), gross observation of sectioned horn, and light microscopy of histological sections of the horn tissue. ct scans of both sets of horns reveal a periodic banding pattern that is evident upon gross observation of sections as darker bands of tissue. the overlap of these bands in both histological and ct slices suggests the presence of both a photoabsorbent component (melani ... | 2006 | 16823809 |
| seminoma in a southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | | 2005 | 16258138 |
| the effect of long non-reproductive periods on the genital health in captive female white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum simum, c.s. cottoni). | white rhinoceroses suffer from a low reproductive rate in captivity. intensive efforts to propagate specifically the northern white rhinoceros have been very limited. the dismal outlook for this subspecies in the wild makes successful ex situ breeding programs paramount. in this context, this study examined 48 southern and 6 northern white rhinoceroses using ultrasound and faecal hormone analysis to elucidate causes for female reproductive failure and to determine whether long non-reproductive p ... | 2006 | 16213012 |
| activation of southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) estrogen receptors by phytoestrogens: potential role in the reproductive failure of captive-born females? | the captive southern white rhinoceros (swr; ceratotherium simum simum) population serves as an important genetic reservoir critical to the conservation of this vulnerable species. unfortunately, captive populations are declining due to the poor reproductive success of captive-born females. captive female swr exhibit reproductive problems suggested to result from continual ovarian follicular activity and prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen. however, we investigated the potential role of exo ... | 2012 | 22253418 |
| induced pluripotent stem cells from highly endangered species. | for some highly endangered species there are too few reproductively capable animals to maintain adequate genetic diversity, and extraordinary measures are necessary to prevent extinction. we report generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) from two endangered species: a primate, the drill, mandrillus leucophaeus and the nearly extinct northern white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum cottoni. ipscs may eventually facilitate reintroduction of genetic material into breeding populations. | 2011 | 21892153 |
| reproductive soundness of captive southern and northern white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum simum, c.s. cottoni): evaluation of male genital tract morphology and semen quality before and after cryopreservation. | white rhinoceroses suffer from a low rate of reproduction in captivity. this study examines the role of male reproductive function as a contributing factor. we used ultrasonography to image accessory sex glands, testis and epididymis. electroejaculation provided 36 ejaculates from 21 rhinoceroses. based on the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, semen was categorized in three groups, high (i: >75%), intermediate (ii: 50-70%) or low (iii: <50%) quality. only 52% of the males showed hi ... | 2005 | 15589286 |
| blood chemical parameters in free-living white rhinoceros ceratotherium simum. | serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase were determined in free-living white rhinoceroses ceratotherium simum (n = 20). single serum cortisol (n = 20), oestradiol-17 beta (n = 14) and progesterone (n = 14) concentrations are also presented. low serum sodium (129.6 +/- 4.2 mmol/l) chloride (94.2 +/- 3.05 mmol/l) and albumi ... | 1985 | 3836304 |
| [volvulus in a white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum)]. | | 1975 | 1223293 |
| the cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine, azaperone, detomidine, and butorphanol in field-anesthetized white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum). | white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum) anesthetized with etorphine combinations develop severe pathophysiologic changes, including hypoventilation, hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of butorphanol to the immobilizing mixture on the cardiopulmonary effects in free-ranging white rhinoceroses darted from the helicopter. in the control group (n=15), the rhinoceroses were anesthetized with etorphine, azaperone, detomidine, and hyaluronidase adminis ... | 2007 | 17939346 |
| fecal corticosterone concentrations and reproductive success in captive female southern white rhinoceros. | prolonged or frequent secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids in response to aversive stimuli can negatively impact reproduction. because female southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) reproduce poorly in captivity, we compared fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations among parous, nulliparous, and adolescent females and examined social and physical aspects of the captive environment that might be related to differences in corticosterone metabolite concentrations. aggression, do ... | 2011 | 21354160 |
| territoriality in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) burchell. | | 1971 | 4930978 |
| immobilization and translocation of the white (square-lipped) rhinoceros. | | 1966 | 22413192 |
| capture of the white (square-lipped) rhinoceros ceratotherium simum simum (burchell) with the use of drug immobilization technique. | the capture of the white (square-lipped) rhinoceros ceratotherium simum simum (burchell) by the drug immobilization method is described. details are given of the drug doses and the reactions of the twelve animals immobilized. the value of this method of capture is discussed, especially in relation to the preservation of rhinoceros by moving from contested areas. | 1962 | 17649392 |
| epidermal structures in a rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | | 1958 | 13566243 |
| serosurvey for selected viral agents in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) in kruger national park, 2007. | one hundred serum samples collected from free-ranging white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) in kruger national park (knp) during the 2007 capture season were selected for measurement of antibody levels to several different vector-borne viral agents. these infectious diseases were chosen to compare with an earlier serosurvey that had been conducted in knp in rhinos during 1987-1997. positive antibody titers were found against epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) of deer (8%), bluetongue (bt) (1%) ... | 2011 | 22946366 |
| a case of metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma in a southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | a 39-yr-old, acyclic, uniparous, female white rhinoceros with a history of recurrent vaginal bleeding was euthanized following a period of respiratory distress and ill-thrift. the rhinoceros' uterus had previously been evaluated by ultrasound and diffuse endometrial hyperplasia and two benign uterine leiomyomas had been diagnosed. at necropsy examination, a large, infiltrative, metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma was found multifocally throughout the uterus, scattered within the peritoneal cavity, ... | 2010 | 20722262 |
| alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. | the objective was to determine if seminal alkaline phosphatase (alp) can serve as an indicator of true ejaculation in the rhinoceros. concentrations of alp activity were determined in seminal fractions collected from african black rhinos (diceros bicornis), an african white rhino (ceratotherium simum), and an indian rhino (rhinoceros unicornis) during electroejaculation. in addition, seminal fractions collected during penile massage of a sumatran rhino (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) were assessed. c ... | 2010 | 20615535 |
| anesthetic management of a white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) undergoing an emergency exploratory celiotomy for colic. | a 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 2000 kg was anesthetized for an exploratory celiotomy. sedation was achieved with intramuscular butorphanol (0.04 mg kg(-1)) and detomidine (0.025 mg kg(-1)) and induction of anesthesia with intravenous glyceryl guaiacolate (50 g) and three intravenous boluses of ketamine (200 mg, each); the trachea was then intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a circle breathing system. positioning i ... | 2010 | 20456115 |
| the sixth rhino: a taxonomic re-assessment of the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros. | the two forms of white rhinoceros; northern and southern, have had contrasting conservation histories. the northern form, once fairly numerous is now critically endangered, while the southern form has recovered from a few individuals to a population of a few thousand. since their last taxonomic assessment over three decades ago, new material and analytical techniques have become available, necessitating a review of available information and re-assessment of the taxonomy. | 2010 | 20383328 |
| relationship between androgens, environmental factors and reproductive behavior in male white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | we conducted a longitudinal study of the endocrine activity of free-range male white rhinos. an enzyme immunoassay to measure androgens in the feces was developed and validated to show that it can be used to study testicular activity. we identified two fecal metabolites similar to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. several lines of evidence suggest that these metabolites clearly reflect testicular activity. firstly, the stimulation of testicular activity with synthetic gnrh caused a 156% incr ... | 2004 | 14733886 |
| detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species. | general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ... | 2017 | 28920785 |
| diagnosis and management of a patent urachus in a white rhinoceros calf (ceratotherium simum simum). | a 10-day-old female southern white rhinoceros calf (ceratotherium simum simum) was diagnosed with a patent urachus after urine was observed dribbling from the umbilicus. after being separated from its mother, the animal was sedated with i.m. butorphanol and anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen for surgical correction of the patent urachus. mild postoperative complications involved seroma formation and partial skin incision dehiscence, which necessitated three follow-up immobilizations for reev ... | 2001 | 12790407 |
| clinical implications of rhinoceros reproductive tract anatomy and histology. | reproductive tracts or tissues from five male black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), two male white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum), two male one-horned asian rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis), seven female black rhinoceroses, and six female white rhinoceroses from multiple institutions were examined to characterize their anatomy and histology. some observations and measurements were obtained from in situ tracts of intact animals before or during necropsy. formalin-fixed tissues were dissec ... | 2001 | 12790392 |
| remote assessment of stress in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) by measurement of adrenal steroids in feces. | this study monitored fecal cortisol and corticosterone levels in 14 black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) and in seven white rhinoceroses (certotherium simum) under various conditions of captivity, including translocation. free cortisol and free corticosterone were measured in methylene chloride extracts of feces, using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the extraction-assay method was validated for quantitative measurement of these hormones by mass spectroscopy analysis, chemical de ... | 2002 | 12462487 |
| evaluation of blood gas values in anesthetized southern white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum) ventilated with a novel demand ventilator in a zoological park setting. | rhinoceros conservation efforts are essential to the survival of the species. one such effort is focused on using advanced reproductive technologies to produce viable northern white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum cottoni) embryos for implantation into southern white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum simum) surrogates. anesthesia may be required to facilitate necessary procedures in these surrogate rhinoceros, but commonly reported side effects including hypercapnia and hypoxemia limit anestheti ... | 2017 | 29297798 |
| phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (rhinocerotidae, perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rrna genes. | a major question in rhinocerotid phylogenetics concerns the position of the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) with regard to the other extant asian (rhinoceros unicornis and r. sondaicus) and african (diceros bicornis and ceratotherium simum) species. we have examined this particular question through the phylogenetic analysis of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial 12s rrna and cytochrome b genes. three additional perissodactyls (one tapir and two equids) plus several outgrou ... | 2001 | 11286489 |
| standing laparoscopic-guided uterine biopsy in a southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum). | transrectal ultrasonography of a 35-yr-old captive female southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) with a history of chronic mucohemorrhagic vulvar discharge revealed right transmural uterine horn enlargement. abdominal laparoscopic surgery, although extremely difficult because of inadequate instrumentation, permitted uterine visualization and biopsy. standing anesthesia, incorporating butorphanol and azaperone together with local anesthetic infiltration, facilitated the laparoscopy ... | 2000 | 10982133 |
| morphology of rhinoceros platelets. | basic hematological information about rhinoceros species is limited. in this study, we have determined the platelet counts and described the platelet morphology of free-living white (ceratotherium simum) and black (diceros bicornis) rhinoceros using light and electron microscopy. the platelet counts of the two species were similar, but there were significant differences in platelet size as well as morphology between the species. the presence of large, nondiscoid platelet forms, resembling propla ... | 1999 | 10081152 |
| ultrasonographic monitoring of artificially stimulated ejaculation in three rhinoceros species (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis, rhinoceros unicornus). | manual massage of the penis and rectal electroejaculation methods have been minimally effective for collecting semen from the rhinoceros. these two methods for stimulating ejaculation were evaluated by rectal ultrasonography. one individual each of three rhinoceros species (ceratotherium simum simum, rhinoceros unicornis and diceros bicornis) was stimulated by manual massage of the penis and two black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were electroejaculated. on ultrasonography, neither manual mass ... | 1998 | 10065845 |
| faecal progesterone metabolite analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive function in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | the two subspecies of white rhinoceros, southern (ceratotherium simum simum) and northern (ceratotherium simum cottoni), breed poorly in captivity, and estimates of oestrous cycle length vary considerably (range, 25-90 days). to characterise reproductive patterns, faecal samples were collected 2-3 times/week for up to 56 months from non-pregnant animals (n=21) of both subspecies. immununoreactive pregnanes containing a 20-oxo-group (20-oxo-p) were analysed in a group-specific enzyme immunoassay ... | 1998 | 9835375 |
| dermal anesthesia in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) using a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. | various methods have been used to obtain blood samples from unrestrained rhinoceros. without extensive prior training, the results are generally poor due to pain avoidance reactions. however a new dermal anesthesia technique previously used in humans, an eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine, made it possible to obtain blood samples from the ear veins of one male and two female white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) and five full-thickness skin punch biopsies and subsequent suturing ... | 1998 | 9809602 |
| duplication of the southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene. | luteotropic glycoprotein hormones (lgh) include luteinizing hormone (lh) and chorionic gonadotropin (cg). the order primates is the only phylogenetic clad known to exhibit more than one lghbeta subunit gene per haploid genome. in the present study, we report the discovery of a second case of lghbeta gene replication, in the white (w) rhinoceros (r or rhino). the presence of more than one gene was strongly suggested by a complex banding pattern observed on southern blots of dna prepared from two ... | 1998 | 9723860 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum, and comparison with the mtdna sequence of the indian rhinoceros, rhinoceros unicornis. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum, was determined. the length of the reported sequence is 16,832 nucleotides. this length can vary, however, due to pronounced heteroplasmy caused by differing numbers of a repetitive motif (5'-cg-catataca-3') in the control region. the 16,832 nucleotide sequence presented here is the longest version of the molecule and contains 35 copies of this motif. comparison between the complete mitochon ... | 1997 | 9126560 |
| molecular evolution of the mitochondrial 12s rrna in ungulata (mammalia). | the complete 12s rrna gene has been sequenced in 4 ungulata (hoofed eutherians) and 1 marsupial and compared to 38 available mammalian sequences in order to investigate the molecular evolution of the mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal rna molecule. ungulata were represented by one artiodactyl (the collared peccary, tayassu tajacu, suborder suiformes), two perissodactyls (the grevy's zebra, equus grevyi, suborder hippomorpha; the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum, suborder ceratomorpha), a ... | 1995 | 7490777 |
| diploid chromosome number and chromosomal variation in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | chromosomal studies were conducted on 38 white rhinoceroses representing both the northern and southern subspecies and one subspecies hybrid. improvements in tissue culture methods and harvesting techniques have made it possible to obtain a highly repeatable diploid number of 82 chromosomes for both subspecies. comparison of g-banded karyotypes from the two subspecies failed to indicate a difference in banding pattern, but did reveal size polymorphisms involving short arm additions in five indiv ... | 2008 | 8120356 |
| measurement of urinary oestrogens and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone during ovarian cycles of black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses. | the development of a sensitive enzyme-immunoassay for 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-dhp) and its use in determining reproductive status in black and white rhinoceroses is reported. 20 alpha-dhp in hydrolysed urine diluted in parallel to standards, and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) confirmed the presence of 20 alpha-dhp and the absence of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (pdg) in urine collected from rhinoceroses after oestrus. conjugated oestrone was identified by hplc a ... | 1992 | 1552485 |
| allozyme variation and differentiation in african and indian rhinoceroses. | we studied variation at 25 to 31 allozymic loci in african and asian rhinoceroses. four taxa in three genera were examined: african ceratotherium simum simum (northern white rhinoceros), c. s. cottoni (southern white rhinoceros), diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros), and rhinoceros unicornis (indian rhinoceros). extremely small amounts of intraspecific variation were observed in sample sizes of 2 to 10 presumably unrelated individuals per taxon: p = .00-.10, h = 0.00-0.02. we examined demographic ... | 2010 | 2794471 |
| [trichophytosis in broad-mouthed rhinos (ceratotherium simum, burchell)]. | | 1974 | 4850046 |
| [study of the kidney of the sumatra rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis cuv.) and of the white or blunt-nose rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) as well as a note on the kidney of some other mammals and on older corrosion-preparations of kidneys of mammals]. | | 1974 | 4463143 |
| experimental mycobacterium bovis infection in three white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum): susceptibility, clinical and anatomical pathology. | tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is endemic in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) population in the kruger national park and other conservation areas in south africa. the disease has been diagnosed in a total of 21 free ranging or semi-free ranging wildlife species in the country with highly variable presentations in terms of clinical signs as well as severity and distribution of tuberculous lesions. most species are spillover or dead-end hosts without significant role in the epidem ... | 2017 | 28686714 |
| artificial insemination in the anoestrous and the postpartum white rhinoceros using gnrh analogue to induce ovulation. | the objective of this study was to develop ai and to achieve first time pregnancy in a nulliparous rhinoceros. for this, one 24-year-old irregular cycling female white rhinoceros was selected, which had never been mated. the endocrine function was monitored by faecal and serum pregnane analysis. ultrasound determined the optimal day for ai by measuring follicle sizes of 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2 cm on days -6, -4, -1, 0 of the induced oestrous cycle, respectively. ai was performed and ovulation induced ... | 2007 | 17451805 |
| the kinetics of the humoral and interferon-gamma immune responses to experimentalmycobacterium bovisinfection in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | mycobacterium bovisis the cause of tuberculosis (tb) in a wide range of species, including white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum). control of the disease relies on the indirect detection of infection by measuring pathogen-specific responses of the host. these are poorly described in the white rhinoceros and this study aimed to characterize the kinetics of immune responses tom. bovisinfection in this species. three white rhinoceroses were infected withm. bovisand their immune sensitization to t ... | 2017 | 29312328 |
| butorphanol and azaperone as a safe alternative for repeated chemical restraint in captive white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | anesthesia in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) has routinely involved potent narcotic anesthetic agents such as etorphine or carfentanil with their associated adverse side effects. in captive rhinoceroses conditioned to routine handling, a combination of butorphanol and azaperone at mean (+/- sd) doses of 69.3 +/- 18.0 mg and 103.1 +/- 20.9 mg, respectively, was used to produce levels of neuroleptanalgesia ranging from light "standing" sedation to deeper planes of anesthesia producing ... | 2000 | 10982132 |
| oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin from the white rhinoceros (beta 2-glu) and the tapir. | the beta-chain of rhinoceros hemoglobin contains glutamic acid at position beta 2, and important site for the binding of organic phosphates. we have investigated the oxygen binding properties of this hemoglobin and its interaction with atp, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, co2 and chloride. the results show that the presence of glu at position beta 2 nearly abolishes the effect of organic phosphates and co2, whereas the oxygen-linked binding of chloride is not affected. thus rhinoceros hemoglobin has onl ... | 1984 | 6429805 |
| q-bands of some chromosomes of the white rhinoceros (diceros simus). | | 1976 | 947874 |
| perissodactyla (rhinocerotidae and equidae) from kanapoi. | the kanapoi collection of rhinocerotidae, first studied by hooijer and patterson (1972), now consists of 25 specimens and substantial reinterpretation of their affinities is made here. kanapoi post-dates the extinction of brachypotherium and the whole collection belongs to the dicerotini. it is important because it includes the type-specimen of diceros praecox, a species that remains poorly known, but looks slightly larger and more primitive than the modern 'black' rhino, diceros bicornis. a sec ... | 2017 | 28966048 |
| a potential link between lateral semicircular canal orientation, head posture, and dietary habits in extant rhinos (perissodactyla, rhinocerotidae). | extant rhinoceroses share the characteristic nasal horn, although the number and size of horns varies among the five species. although all species are herbivores, their dietary preferences, occipital shapes, and common head postures vary. traditionally, to predict the "usual" head posture (the most used head posture of animals during normal unstressed activities, i.e., standing) of rhinos, the occipital shape was used. while a backward inclined occiput implies a downward hanging head (often foun ... | 2018 | 28948643 |
| the brain of the black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) african rhinoceroses: morphology and volumetrics from magnetic resonance imaging. | the morphology and volumetrics of the understudied brains of two iconic large terrestrial african mammals: the black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses are described. the black rhinoceros is typically solitary whereas the white rhinoceros is social, and both are members of the perissodactyl order. here, we provide descriptions of the surface of the brain of each rhinoceros. for both species, we use magnetic resonance images (mri) to develop a description of the inter ... | 2017 | 28912691 |
| histological study of white rhinoceros integument. | in this study, we report findings from a microscopic analysis of the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) integumentary ultrastructure. skin samples from the cheek, shoulder, flank and rump were taken from a 46-year-old female southern white rhinoceros and examined using h&e and elastic histological stains. the epidermis was thickest in the flank (1.003 mm) followed by the rump, cheek and shoulder. the stratum corneum comprised more than half the epidermal thickness. numerous melanin granules ... | 2017 | 28441468 |
| method comparison and generation of plasma biochemistry ris for the white rhinoceros on a point-of-care and wet chemistry analyzer. | plasma biochemistry analysis may aid the management of white rhinoceros with poaching or other injuries. analyzer- and species-specific ris are necessary to evaluate health status and identify abnormalities. | 2017 | 28419525 |
| middle pleistocene protein sequences from the rhinoceros genusstephanorhinusand the phylogeny of extant and extinct middle/late pleistocene rhinocerotidae. | ancient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. here, we apply these recent developments to middle pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genusstephanorhinus. no biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. furthermore, recent phylogenies based on rhinocerotidae (partial or ... | 2017 | 28316883 |
| a rapid chemical odour profiling method for the identification of rhinoceros horns. | illegal poaching causes great harm to species diversity and conservation. a vast amount of money is involved in the trade of illegal or forged animal parts worldwide. in many cases, the suspected animal part is unidentifiable and requires costly and invasive laboratory analysis such as isotopic fingerprinting or dna testing. the lack of rapid and accurate methods to identify wildlife parts at the point of detection represents a major hindrance in the enforcement and prosecution of wildlife traff ... | 2016 | 27240958 |
| estrogenicity of captive southern white rhinoceros diets and their association with fertility. | the captive southern white rhinoceros (swr) population is not currently self-sustaining, primarily due to poor or absent reproduction of captive-born (f1+) females. in this study, we investigate the role of dietary phytoestrogens in this reproductive phenomenon by characterizing activation of swr estrogen receptors (esrs) 1 and 2 by diet items from nine north american institutions and comparing female swr fertility to total diet estrogenicity. of the diet items tested, alfalfa hay and soy and al ... | 2016 | 27167501 |
| factors impacting the success of post-mortem sperm rescue in the rhinoceros. | the goal of this study was to identify factors that influenced the ability to successfully rescue sperm post-mortem from rhinoceroses maintained in north american zoos. factors considered included procedural technicalities, individual rhinoceros characteristics and timing. gross testicular pathology was noted in 17.4% of males (4/23) but did not impact sperm recovery except in one case of azoospermia (4.3%). of the males in which sperm recovery was attempted (n=21), 62% yielded quality samples c ... | 2016 | 26879096 |
| "use it or lose it": characterization, implications, and mitigation of female infertility in captive wildlife. | zoos and other ex situ wildlife institutions can play an important role in species conservation by maintaining populations for education and research, as sources for potential re-introduction or reinforcement, and as ambassadors for financial support of in situ conservation. however, many regional zoo associations are realizing that current captive populations are unsustainable, with many programs failing to meet demographic and genetic goals to ensure long-term viability. constraints on populat ... | 2014 | 24375838 |
| one small step for rhinos, one giant leap for wildlife management--imaging diagnosis of bone pathology in distal limb. | chronic foot disease poses a threat to the general health, represents a tremendous clinical challenge, and often is a reason for euthanasia in captive megaherbivores, among them the elephant and rhinoceros. nevertheless, apart from the elephant, foot pathology is handled as being confined only to soft tissues whereas bone pathology is often overlooked. as a case in point, the authors selected the second largest mammal on land, the rhinoceros. we performed a computed tomographic (ct) study using ... | 2013 | 23874643 |
| anthropogenic influences on conservation values of white rhinoceros. | white rhinoceros (rhinos) is a keystone conservation species and also provides revenue for protection agencies. restoring or mimicking the outcomes of impeded ecological processes allows reconciliation of biodiversity and financial objectives. we evaluate the consequences of white rhino management removal, and in recent times, poaching, on population persistence, regional conservation outcomes and opportunities for revenue generation. in kruger national park, white rhinos increased from 1998 to ... | 2012 | 23029354 |
| evaluation of serum ferritin and serum iron in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) as a tool to understand factors affecting iron-overload disorder. | iron overload disorder (iod) is a significant health issue for captive black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ). measurement of serum ferritin with a validated rhinoceros ferritin elisa has been used extensively to detect animals in u.s. zoos that are at risk of developing iod. however, there is limited information on serum ferritin levels in free-ranging black rhinoceros using this same assay. serum ferritin, iron, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) were determined in 194 black rhinoceros fro ... | 2016 | 27691960 |
| tannin-binding salivary proteins in three captive rhinoceros species. | tannin-binding salivary proteins (tbsp) are considered to be counter-defences acquired in the course of evolution by animals whose natural forage contains such tannins. as tannins mostly occur in browse material but not in grasses, it is assumed that grazers do not have a need for tbsp. whereas it has been shown in several non-ungulate species that tbsp can be induced by dietary tannins, their presence or absence in ungulates has, so far, been shown to be a species-specific characteristic indepe ... | 2005 | 15664314 |
| identification of a series of c(21)o(2) pregnanes from fecal extracts of a pregnant black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | fecal extracts from a pregnant black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, hplc, and by gc-mass spectrometry. from 40 g of dried feces a total of 33 pregnanes in the c(21)o(2) series, including a number of novel 17 alpha epimers were identified. no progesterone was recovered. the principal progesterone metabolite by mass was 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,20 alpha-diol (44.5%), which did not cross react with the antibody used in our ria. the antibody recognized progesterone an ... | 2001 | 11711115 |
| new species of kiluluma skrjabin, 1916 (nematoda: strongylida) from the white rhinoceros ceratotherium simium (burchell), with a redescription of k. solitaria thapar, 1924. | three species of kiluluma skrjabin, 1916 were identified in ceratotherium simium (burchell) from a captive population in new south wales, australia, based on analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of ribosomal dna. one species was identified as k. solitaria thapar, 1924 and is redescribed. a second species is new and is described here as k. ceratotherii n. sp. the third species is new but was represented by two individuals only and is described but is not named. | 2013 | 23673692 |
| isoflurane anesthesia in a rhinoceros. | during surgical exploration of the reproductive tract of a 15-year-old female white rhinoceros, anesthesia was maintained by administration of isoflurane in oxygen. anesthesia was induced with im administration of etorphine, and, to facilitate endotracheal intubation, muscle relaxation was achieved by iv administration of additional etorphine, acepromazine maleate, guaifenesin, and thiamylal sodium. minor complications encountered during the anesthetic monitoring period included hypoventilation ... | 1995 | 7768703 |
| evolution of the mc5r gene in placental mammals with evidence for its inactivation in multiple lineages that lack sebaceous glands. | mc5r is one of five melanocortin receptor genes found in placental mammals. mc5r plays an important role in energy homeostasis and is also expressed in the terminal differentiation of sebaceous glands. among placental mammals there are multiple lineages that either lack or have degenerative sebaceous glands including cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses), sirenia (manatees and dugongs), proboscidea (elephants), rhinocerotidae (rhinos), and heterocephalus glab ... | 2017 | 29277542 |
| assessment of a portable lactate meter for field use in the white rhinoceros (<i>ceratotherium simum</i>). | blood lactate is a predictor of mortality in critically ill humans and animals. handheld lactate meters have the potential to be used in the field to evaluate the condition of severely injured rhinoceroses but have not been compared with laboratory-based methods. agreement between a handheld lactate meter and a laboratory method was assessed, as was the stability of rhino blood lactate in the anticoagulant sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (fluoride/oxalate). blood samples were obtained from 53 ... | 2017 | 29227129 |
| are there phylogenetic differences in salivary tannin-binding proteins between browsers and grazers, and ruminants and hindgut fermenters? | while feeding, mammalian browsers (primarily eat woody plants) encounter secondary metabolites such as tannins. browsers may bind these tannins using salivary proteins, whereas mammalian grazers (primarily eat grasses that generally lack tannins) likely would not. ruminant browsers rechew their food (ruminate) to increase the effectiveness of digestion, which may make them more effective at binding tannins than nonruminants. few studies have included a sufficient number of species to consider po ... | 2020 | 33072270 |
| robust forensic matching of confiscated horns to individual poached african rhinoceros. | black and white rhinoceros (diceros bicornis and ceratotherium simum) are iconic african species that are classified by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) as critically endangered and near threatened (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), respectively [1]. at the end of the 19thcentury, southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) numbers had declined to fewer than 50 animals in the hluhluwe-imfolozi region of the kwazulu-natal (kzn) province of south africa, mainly d ... | 2018 | 29316411 |
| the structure and mechanical design of rhinoceros dermal armour. | the collagenous dermis of the white rhinoceros forms a thick, protective armour that is highly specialized in its structure and material properties compared with other mammalian skin. rhinoceros skin is three times thicker than predicted allometrically, and it contains a dense and highly ordered three-dimensional array of relatively straight and highly crosslinked collagen fibres. the skin of the back and flanks exhibits a steep stress-strain curve with very little 'toe' region, a high elastic m ... | 1992 | 1359589 |
| postinduction butorphanol administration alters oxygen consumption to improve blood gases in etorphine-immobilized white rhinoceros. | to investigate the effects of postinduction butorphanol administration in etorphine-immobilized white rhinoceros on respiration and blood gases. | 2018 | 29242121 |
| reproductive performance parameters in a large population of game-ranched white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum simum). | the population of free-roaming white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum) is under serious threat. captive breeding of this species is therefore becoming more important, but this is challenging and often not successful. obtaining reproductive reference values is a crucial aspect of improving these breeding results. in this study performed between 2008 and 2016, reproductive performance was analysed in 1,354 animals kept in a 8000 hectares game-ranched environment. descriptive statistics of this ca ... | 2017 | 29236723 |
| temporal variation of white rhino dung odours. | in order for an olfactory signal to be effective, it must persist in the environment for an extended period. white rhino dung odours transmit information about sex, age, territorial and oestrous states. as these odours relay important information, temporal changes in the odour emission rate and/or composition may be critical in order for other individuals to obtain this information. here, we examine how the dung odours of adult white rhinos (male: territorial and non-territorial; female: oestrou ... | 2017 | 28983753 |
| differential detection of tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria by qpcr in lavage fluids of tuberculosis-suspicious white rhinoceros. | tuberculosis (tb) occurs in a wide range of mammalian species and thus poses a health risk to humans living or working in close proximity with tb infected animals. despite a high incidence of m. bovis infections in domestic or wildlife species tuberculosis infections in rhinoceros have so far been very limited. over the past 53 years, tuberculosis of the respiratory tract has been confirmed in just 22 rhinoceros, most of those infected not by m. bovis but m. tuberculosis. however, because of the ... | 2018 | 30485372 |
| exposure to toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in spain. | a serosurvey was performed to assess exposure to toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in some zoo species over time. sera from 393 zoo animals belonging to 91 species were collected in eight zoos in spain between 2007 and 2019. additionally, 39 of the 393 animals from five of the analyzed zoos were longitudinally sampled during the same study period. antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 165 (42.0 %; ci95 %: 37.1-46.9) of 393 animals by the ... | 2020 | 32109781 |
| bias between two methods of albumin measurement in the white rhinoceros, ceratotherium simum. | the bromocresol green (bcg) method has been reported to overestimate serum albumin concentration in several species due to non-specific binding to globulins. as the white rhinoceros has high concentrations of serum globulins, significant differences in albumin measured by the bcg method, and the field method of agarose gel serum protein electrophoresis (spe) are expected. | 2020 | 31925822 |
| odd haemoglobins in odd-toed ungulates: impact of selected haemoglobin characteristics of the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) on the monitoring of the arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. | due to the current poaching crisis in africa, increasing numbers of white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum) require opioid immobilisation for medical interventions or management procedures. alarmingly, the results of both blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry regularly indicate severe hypoxaemia. yet, the recovery of the animals is uneventful. thus, neither of the techniques seems to represent the real oxygenation level. we hypothesized that unusual haemoglobin characteristics of this species i ... | 2019 | 31887165 |
| independent erosion of conserved transcription factor binding sites points to shared hindlimb, vision and external testes loss in different mammals. | genetic variation in cis-regulatory elements is thought to be a major driving force in morphological and physiological changes. however, identifying transcription factor binding events that code for complex traits remains a challenge, motivating novel means of detecting putatively important binding events. using a curated set of 1154 high-quality transcription factor motifs, we demonstrate that independently eroded binding sites are enriched for independently lost traits in three distinct pairs ... | 2018 | 30137416 |
| pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of flunixin meglumine in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). | flunixin meglumine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, has been used in rhinoceros species at doses extrapolated from domestic animals. there is increasing evidence to suggest significant variations exist in metabolism of drugs in exotic species. due to the differences in drug metabolism, dose extrapolation from domestic animals may not be appropriate for exotic species. the objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in five white rhinoceroses ... | 2019 | 31260196 |