Publications

immobilization of coyotes with ketamine and propiomazine.		1995	42635
sarcocystis in feces of coyotes from montana: prevalence and experimental transmission to sheep and cattle.		1978	104939
brucella abortus in coyotes. i. a serologic and bacteriologic survey in eastern texas.	prevalence of brucella abortus serum antibodies in coyotes from east central texas was determined by the buffered brucella antigen (card test), rivanol, standard agglutination tube, and cold complement fixation tube tests. eighteen percent (9 of 51) of the coyotes were positive serologically. b. abortus biotype 1 was isolated from various tissues from 7 of 43 coyotes by bacteriologic culture. congenital transmission was found.	1979	116012
trichodectes canis: severe pediculosis in coyotes.		1978	249149
epidemiologic survey of sylvatic plague by serotesting coyote sentinels with enzyme immunoassay.	the geographic distribution and areas of high sylvatic plague activity in california were verified by using coyotes (canis latrans) as sentinel animals. antibody levels against yersinia pestis were tested using the enzyme-labelled antibody (ela) test and the microtiter passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. a survey using the ela test indicated that the overall antibody prevalence among 143 coyotes was 21%. by geographic regions, the highest antibody prevalence was 27% among c ...	1979	382839
sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (sp. n.) life cycle in mule deer and coyotes.	fifteen coyotes (canis latrans) shed sporulated sporocysts in their feces after eating freshly ground skeletal muscles from a mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) infected with microscopic-sized cysts of sarcocystis. sporocysts were shed intermittently from 12 to 36 days after ingestion of the infected meat. sporocyst size averaged 14.4 x 9.3 mum. eleven mule deer fawns orally inoculated with these sporocysts became infected and 9 of 11 died between post-inoculation days (pid) 27 and 63. cli ...	1977	402485
coccidia of coyotes in eastern colorado.	eighty-two coyote fecal samples were collected from eastern colorado and examined for coccidia. sporocysts of sarcocystis were observed in 17 of the samples and oocysts of isospora ohioensis were observed in two samples. ten fecal samples contained eimerian coccidia thought to be pseudoparasites of the coyote acquired while ingesting heavily infected rabbits.	1977	402487
parasites of the coyote (canis latrans) in central utah.	seventeen coyotes, canis latrans, from central utah were surveyed for parasites. five species of parasites not reported previously from coyotes in utah were detected: filaroides osleri, physaloptera sp., spirocerca sp., ancylostoma caninum, and cediopsylla simplex. in all, 11 genera of parasites were observed.	1978	418190
90sr and 137cs in coyote scats from the hanford reservation.		1979	422370
hematologic and serum chemistry values of pen-raised coyotes.	blood samples obtained from 48, eighteen-month-old pen-raised coyotes (canis latrans) were analyzed for 32 hematologic and serum chemistry parameters. mean, standard deviation, and range were established for each parameter. no differences attributable to sex were observed for any parameter. the reported hematologic and serum chemistry values establish non-fasting baseline values for pen-raised coyotes.	1979	459037
antibodies to clostridium botulinum toxins in free-living birds and mammals.	naturally-occuring antibodies against clostridium botulinum toxins were found in cathartes aura (turkey vultures), canis latrans (coyotes) and corvus brachyrhynchos (crows) by the passive hemagglutination (pha) test and verified by the serum neutralization (sn) test. the prevalence of iha antibodies was 18 of 20 vultures (90%), 5 of 12 crows (42%) and 25 to 110 coyotes (23%). vultures and coyotes were seropositive by the pha test against a, b, c, d, and f toxins. the highest antibody titer 1:819 ...	1979	459044
transmission of transmissible venereal tumor of the dog to the coyote.	three coyotes experimentally implanted with cells from a transmissible venereal tumor of a dog developed neoplasms. histopathologic appearances of the tumors in the coyotes were similar to those described in the dog. attempts to transmit the tumor to suckling mice, rats, hamsters, kittens, and opossums were not successful.	1979	475096
serologic survey for leptospirosis in coyotes in northcentral kansas.	during 1975 to 1977, serum samples were collected from 101 adult coyotes (canis latrans) captured in northcentral kansas. ten samples were seropositive by microagglutination testing and six of those samples were seropositive for multiple serovars. titers for leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa, pyrogenes, djasiman, butembo, and pomona were demonstrated.	1979	521368
dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in indiana.	between october 1976 and january 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis infection. three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (canis latrans) were infected with d immitis. an average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. worms from the coyote were o ...	1979	521369
epizootic streptococcal pneumonia in captive coyotes.	severe death loss was observed in captive coyotes, canis latrans. of 48 coyotes in one kennel, 22 (46%) died within a 7 day period. cause of death was determined to be acute fibrinopurulent (bacterial) broncho-pneumonia and pleuritis. streptococcus equisimilis was isolated from the lungs of two coyotes examined.	1979	522217
parasitic infection of filaroides osleri, capillaria aerophila and spirocera lupi in coyotes from the southwestern united states.	a total of 181 coyotes (canis latrans) was examined for helminth parasites filaroides osleri, capillari aerophila, and spirocerca lupi. coyote carcasses were obtained from kansas, western oklahoma-northern texas, colorado, new mexico, arizona and southern california. cysts of f. osleri were present in the trachea or bronchial division in 39 (22%) coyotes. c. aerophila were present in only 7 (4%) coyotes. s. lupi lesions were present in the aorta of 59 (33%) coyotes. esophageal infections of s. l ...	1979	522226
experimentally induced leptospirosis in coyotes (canis latrans).	infection of coyotes (canis latrans) with leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, canicola, and copenhageni was accomplished by percutaneous inoculation. bacteriologic, serologic, histopathologic, and fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the infections. leptospiremia was established with pomona. leptospiruria was demonstrated with the three serovars. serovar canicola was recovered from one coyote 134 days after it was inoculated.	1979	525917
microencapsulation and dissolution parameters of undecenovanillylamide: a potential coyote deterrent.	the microencapsulation and dissolution of undecenovanillylamide (i), a potential coyote-aversive agent for use on sheep, were studied. while i has been shown to protect sheep, its short duration of action makes it economically unfeasible. compound i microcapsules were prepared, and optimum conditions for encapsulation via complex coacervation were determined. microcapsules that were hardened for 0.5, 1, and 2 hr, as well as i powder, were characterized according to their dissolution. longer hard ...	1979	529056
the variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, canis latrans var.	the duration and stereotypy (in terms of duration) of three actions, stand-overs (so), generalbites (gb), and scruff-bites (sb), were measured during social play and agonistic interactions in infant eastern coyotes (canis latrans). the rate of biting was also calculated. we found: (1) so's and gb's lasted a significantly shorter time during play; (2) when performed during playful interactions, all three acts showed more stereotypy; (3) there was no significant difference between the rates of occ ...	1977	564149
effects of sodium cyanide and diphacinone in coyotes (canis latrans): applications as predacides in livestock toxic collars.		1979	583029
gastrointestinal parasitism of iowa coyotes in relation to age.	taenia sp., physaloptera sp., ancylostoma caninum, toxascaris leonina, and/or trichuris vulpis were recovered from gastrointestinal tracts of 141 and 144 (97.9%) coyotes ranging from 1/2 to 8 1/2 years of age. ancylostoma caninum exhibited a significant decline in both prevalence and mean number per coyote with increasing age of the host. taenia sp. appeared with consistently high prevalence in all age classes. physaloptera sp. and t. leonina showed general reductions in prevalence in all age cl ...	1978	641673
oral papillomatosis in coyotes (canis latrans) and wolves (canis lupus) of alberta.	twelve cases of oral papillomatosis were detected in wild carnivores of alberta, ten in coyotes (canis latrans) and two in wolves (canis lupus). lesions ranged from mild with a few small papillomas to severe with much of the surface of the lips, tongue and buccal cavity covered with papillomas. three of five coyotes with severe papillomatosis were in obvious poor health. the gross and histologic lesions are described and the significance of this disease in wild carnivores is discussed.	1978	650780
naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in a coyote.	schizonts of hepatozoon sp. were found in the myocardium of an adult cyote (canis latrans) collected from the aransas national wildlife refuge, austwell, texas. this constitutes the first time hepatozoonosis has been recorded in canidae in the western hemisphere.	1978	650792
visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with spirocerca lupi.	aortic lesions pathognomonic for spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, vulpes vulpes, examined in west texas. adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. in the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. the principal lesions was scarring o ...	1978	685080
lungworms in coyotes on the great plains.	a total of 395 coyotes (canis latrans) was examined in the field for lungworms (filaroides osleri and capillaria aerophila) with 60 trachea and bronchial trees returned to the laboratory for detailed examination. coyote carcasses were obtained from eight central states (oklahoma, colorado, wyoming, iowa, south dakota, nebraska, texas, and three regions of kansas). cysts of f. osleri were present in the trachea or first division of bronchi of 68 (17%) of the coyotes examined. c. aerophila infecti ...	1978	691122
osteoarthrosis in a coyote x dog hybrid from nebraska.	osteoarthrosis is described in a wild, 14-year-old coyote (canis latrans) x dog (c. familiaris) hybrid shot in southeastern nebraska. there was ankylosis of five vertebrae, the head of the left femur was absent, and periarticular osteophytes occurred throughout the skeleton. the age is significant because wild coyotes seldom live beyond 6 years and coyote x dog hybrids are considered to be less fit for survival in the wild than coyotes.	1978	691134
capillaria hepatica infection in coyotes of louisiana.	capillaria hepatica infection was diagnosed by histologic examination in 21 of 71 (30%) coyotes in louisiana. all infected coyotes were at least 1 year old, and most (19 of 21) were more than 2 year years old. capillaria hepatica was not found in any livers from 31 red foxes and 20 gray foxes examined.	1978	738939
anesthesia in the coyote using a combination of ketamine and xylazine.	ketamine and xylazine were combined to provide anesthesia for coyotes. the drugs were tested in eight adult animals divided equally by sex. a dosage combining 5.5 mg./kg. of each drug provided effective anesthesia for periods from 45 to 60 min.	1978	739590
helminths in coyotes (canis latrans say), wolves (canis lupus l.), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes l.) of southwestern manitoba.		1978	751709
sarcocystis fusiformis infection in the coyote (canis latrans).	of 150 fecal samples from coyotes from northern utah and southern idaho, 21 contained coccidian sporocysts. these were found singly, contained four sporozoites and a granular residuum, and averaged 16.9 x 10.9 mum in size. none of four lambs inoculated with these sporocysts showed clinical signs of disease, and no parasites were found in their tissues. one calf inoculated with 135,000 sporocysts and another inoculated with 720,000 sporocysts eventually became unable to rise from recumbency. one ...	1975	804020
experimentally induced sarcocystis infection in calves: pathology.	calves fed sporocysts of sarcocystis isolated from the feces of dogs and coyotes became anorectic, lost weight, and became anemic and prostrate, and died. the most severe pathologic changes occurred between 26 and 33 days after infection; schizonts were found throughout the body. schizonts were not found after this time. sarcocytis cysts were in skeletal and cardiac muscles between 33 and 54 days. necropsy revealed lymphadenopathy, paleness of the mucous membranes and visceral organs, ascites, h ...	1975	807136
oral infection of mammals with sarcocystis fusiformis bradyzoites from cattle and sporocysts from dogs and coyotes.	individual sporocysts containing 4 sporozoites were shed in the feces of dogs, foxes, and raccoons after ingestion of bovine tissue infected with sarcocystis fusiformis bradyzoites. no sporocysts were shed by cats, monkeys, swine, skunks, ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, or rabbits after ingestion of similar bovine tissue. the shedding of sporocysts by dogs that had ingested tissue from a bovine experimentally infected with sporocysts from coyotes indicated that both canids were definitive hosts for ...	1976	815528
possible species differences between sarcocystis from mule deer and cattle.	in preliminary studies with sarcocystis from bovine (bos taurus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), a coccidia-free laboratory dog (canis familiaris) and captive coyote (canis latrans) were fed flesh from a local sarcocystis-infected bovine and later flesh from an infected mule deer from eastern oregon. sporocysts were passed in the feces of both canine hosts 10-15 days after ingestion of infected meat. there was a statistical difference in the size of sporocysts derived from bovine a ...	1976	815572
a review of sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs.	the nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. the following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: s cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), s hirsuta (cat), s hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: s ovicanis (dog), s tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: s ...	1976	824260
blindness in a coyote, canis latrans, from the rolling plains of texas.	gross and histopathologic lesions in the eyes of a blind coyote, canis latrans, collected in king county, texas are discussed. the animal was in good condition and its age estimated at 7 years. the left globe presented with a superficial corneal erosion, a small punctate erosion, and an apparent lenticular opacity. histologically, there was a mild anterior uveitis and lenticular degeneration with thickening of the anterior lens capsule, cataractous cortex with morgagnian globules and bladder cel ...	1977	864849
measurement of the auditory sensitivity of the coyote.		1977	871502
agglutinins to coxiella burnetii and brucella spp, with particular reference to brucella canis, in wild animals of southern texas.	the prevalence of agglutinins to coxiella burnetii and brucella spp, particularly brucella canis, was determined in 269 wild animals (14 species) in southern texas. serologic evidence of coxiellosis and brucellosis, including b canis infection, was shown for coyotes, raccoons, opossums, badgers, jackrabbits, and feral hogs. using the microagglutination test, the seroprevalence of c burnetii, phases i and ii (titer greater than or equal to 4) was 4.1 and 27.9%, respectively. for brucella agglutin ...	1977	924870
dirofilariasis in iowa coyotes.	(dirofilaria immitis) were found in eight of 220 (3.6%) coyotes (canis latrans) collected from fur buyers in adams, carroll, cass, and warren counties in southwestern iowa. infections ranged from one to 23 worms per coyote.	1976	933306
prey-lithium aversions. i: coyotes and wolves.		1976	938412
species and hybrid differences in frequencies of play and agonistic actions in canids.	developmental changes in the frequency of occurrence of some 23 action patterns were studied in pairs of coyotes, wolves, dogs and their hybrids. over 4,300 entries were recorded from days 24--42 (85.5 h observations in toto). all subjects showed a decrease in contactual behaviors from 24--30 days, and a subsequent increase in play fighting and chasing. in all species, with the exception of the coyotes, the bite was inhibited and play behavior was recorded from 24 days onwards, but only after th ...	1976	944512
bubonic plague from direct exposure to a naturally infected wild coyote.	an 11-year-old boy developed axillary bubonic plague and plague meningitis 3 days after skinning a dead coyote near albuquerque, new mexico. the coyoto carcass was recovered 10 days later, and yersinia pestis was isolated from spleen and marrow of the animal. this is the first report of human plague from exposure to a coyote. a review of experimental and epidemiologic studies suggests that severe plague infection in members of the family canidae is unusual, and that the risk of acquiring plague ...	1976	961983
insensitivity of the coyote testis to orally administered cadmium.		1976	976586
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern california.	wild and domestic animals from 3 geographic-climatologic areas in northern california were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii. a total of 2,796 serum samples representing 37 species of wild mammals, 35 species of wild birds, and 5 species of domestic animals were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test. of 1,174 wild mammal serums tested, 10.8% were positive, which compared with 14.7% of the 1,221 domestic mammal serums. of 229 wild carnivores tested, 45% were seropositive, inc ...	1976	977457
tyzzer's disease in two coyotes.		1976	977465
coyote rib as an urethral dilator.		2004	987612
encephalitis in a confined coyote.		1976	988012
an investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild canidae: canis lupus, canis latrans, and canis familiaris.	this article describes an investigation of inter- and intraspecific variation in three small populations of wild canidae-wolf, coyote, and dingo. the products of 53 gene loci were examined. very little interspecies variation was observed, but the level of intraspecific variation was compatible with that found in man.	1976	1016229
paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern ontario: i. prevalence and gross pathologic features.	paragonimus kellicotti ward, 1908 was recovered from 16 of 105 mink (mustela vison), 14 of 244 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 10 of 446 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 1 of 31 coyotes (canis latrans), 0 of 326 raccoons (procyon lotor) and 0 of 8 weasels (mustela spp.) collected from southwestern ontario. the majority of carnivores harboring p. kellicotti was collected from two counties (huron and bruce) bordering the east shore of lake huron where 6.0% of the animals (excluding raccoons) were in ...	1975	1113433
toxoplasma antibodies among bobcats and other carnivores of norther california.	the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was investigated among five species of wild carnivores in norther ccalifornia. the highest prevalence was among bobcats (lynx rufus), with 15 of 21 tested being serologically positive. other results included serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in two of seven raccoons (procyon lotor), one of three badgers (taxidea taxus) and two of three coyotes (canis latrans). two gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were serologically negative. oone badger ...	1975	1142562
paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern ontario: ii. histopathologic features.	pulmonary lesions associated with naturally acquired paragonimus kellicotti infection were studied in mink (mustela vison), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and a coyote (canis latrans). in ,ink a fibrous capsule was formed around mature flukes in dilated bronchioles or bronchi, and there was mild focal interstitial pneumonitis adjacent to fluke eggs in alveoli and migrating parasites. a thick wall, infiltrated heavily with mononuclear cells and eosinophils, surroun ...	1975	1152176
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in a stray dog population in western new york.	in a survey in 1973 undertaken to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in 100 dogs from a public pound in western new york, 2 dogs were found to be positive. microfilariae of dipetalonema sp were not present. hearts and pulmonary blood vessels were dissected for adult worms, and blood samples were examined for microfilariae, using a modified knott technique. although adult heartworms and microfilariae have been recovered from wild foxes, coyotes, and wolves in new york, this is the fi ...	1975	1170797
a survey for toxoplasma gondii antibodies in deer and other wildlife on a sheep range.	blood samples were obtained from native mammals and birds on a sheep range (hopland field station) in northern california. serums were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the indirect hemagglutination test. of 382 deer that were tested from 1964 to 1973, 77 (20%) were seropositive for t gondii. among 36 serums representing 6 species of wild carnivores (badgers, bobcats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and skunks), 18 (50%) were seropositive. all of the 5 bobcats tested were seropositive, wit ...	1975	1176348
muscular cysticercosis from taenia ovis in feedlot lambs.	from a colorado enterprise annually fattening about 50,000 lambs, 3,664 animals were examined for muscular cysticercosis. of the total number, 406 (11.1%) were parasitized, wheras an estimated 0.1% of colorado lamb carcasses are infected. of the infected lambs, 60% had cardiac lesions. two types of cysticerci-viable and degenerated-were found. the lambs probably acquired infection from grazing summer ranges and pastures where coyotes or dogs infected with taenia ovis contaminated the forage.	1975	1184435
scotopic sensitivity in coyotes (canis latrans).	the absolute scotopic limen for light intensity was measured for three 10-mo-old female coyotes. the methodology was similar to that used by blough in determining psychophysical thresholds in pigeons. three coyotes were operantly conditioned to depress one of two foot treadles, left or right, depending on the condition of the stimulus light. scotopic adaptation curves for each coyote were generated. nonlinear regression curves were then fitted to the raw data. the mean scotopic thresholds did no ...	1975	1202101
dirofilaria immitis: a rare, increasing cause of pulmonary nodules.	dirofilariasis is an unusual but increasing cause of solitary pulmonary nodules. in this study, we reviewed the entire experience with dirofilariasis at our institution. five such patients were identified. in all patients, the dirofilaria immitis infection manifested as a solitary pulmonary nodule, and all patients underwent thoracotomy for diagnosis. none required systemic treatment. d. immitis is found in dog, cat, wolf, coyote, and fox populations throughout the united states, but the highest ...	1992	1434897
diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central georgia.	serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (canis latrans) in south-central georgia (usa). prevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (p = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in ...	1992	1474655
diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.	fifty-six red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained by the south carolina wildlife and marine resources department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in ohio (usa), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in indiana (usa). emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representi ...	1992	1474656
plague surveillance by serological testing of coyotes (canis latrans) in los angeles county, california.	sera from 19 (5.6%) of 338 coyotes (canis latrans) collected in los angeles county, california between 1986 and 1990 had antibodies against yersinia pestis using the passive hemagglutination test. coyotes were excellent sentinels of plague activity in los angeles county. enzootic plague declined dramatically in the county during the 5-yr period.	1992	1474660
traumatic, degenerative, and developmental lesions in wolves and coyotes from saskatchewan.	a retrospective review was done of traumatic and osseous lesions in 241 wolves (canis lupus) and 316 coyotes (canis latrans) necropsied at the university of saskatchewan between 1971 and 1990. most lesions were the result of interspecific conflict. the most frequently occurring lesion in wolves was fracture of one or more bones, primarily ribs. lesions were healed in most cases and appeared to be compatible with injuries caused by prey animals. one wolf, found dead, died as a result of thoracic ...	1992	1602579
prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus in wild coyotes in southeastern colorado.	serum from 72 wild coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado (usa) was collected and analyzed for prevalence of antibody to canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) from 1985 to 1988. the prevalence of antibodies to cpv and cdv was 71% and 57%, respectively, for the 4 yr of the study. prevalence of antibody to cpv did not differ among years, between sexes, or with age. prevalence of antibody to cdv did not differ among years or between sexes, but was significantly higher i ...	1991	1648628
an oral papillomavirus that infected one coyote and three dogs.		1991	1850182
comparison of results from five serologic methods used for detecting brucella abortus antibody activity in coyote sera.	a total of 423 serum samples representing 94 coyotes which were wild trapped in east texas were used to compare the serologic results from five different methods for detecting antibodies to brucella abortus. the sera were tested for brucella spp. antibody activity by the card (card), rivanol precipitation (riv), standard agglutination tube (sat), cold complement fixation test (cf), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) methods. each serum sample selected for this comparison demonstrated ...	1991	1949585
dirofilaria immitis in coyotes and foxes in missouri.	wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 trapping seasons in missouri. hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (canis latrans), 85 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for dirofilaria immitis. age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 d. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 d. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. this study indicates that heartwo ...	1991	2023319
body size and condition of coyotes in southern texas.	body size and condition of coyotes (canis latrans) from a high-density population in webb county, texas (usa) were analyzed for age, sex and seasonal differences during 1980 to 1986. mean body mass was progressively greater for juvenile, yearling and adult coyotes. males were heavier and longer than females in each age class. indices of intraperitoneal fat deposits were similar between sexes. juveniles continued growth from fall to spring. adults and yearlings both lost intraperitoneal fat overw ...	1991	2023327
carnivora: the primary structure of the hemoglobin from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae).	the primary structure determination of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains from the silver fox (vulpes vulpes var., canidae) is described. the separation of the chains could be achieved directly from the hemoglobin by rp-hplc as well as by column chromatography of the globin using carboxymethyl-cellulose. following tryptic digestion of the chains, the peptides were isolated by rp-hplc. amino-acid sequences were determined by edman degradation in liquid and gas phase sequencers. the peptides co ...	1991	2039604
food caching in captive coyotes: stereotypy of action sequence and spatial distribution of cache sites.	this paper describes some aspects of the food caching behaviour of four captive coyotes. detailed observations of the actions used by coyotes to cache food revealed them to be strikingly similar to those previously described for timber wolves. the similarities included the identity of the movements used, their temporal sequencing, and their susceptibility to interruption. this suggests that there exists a stereotypy across canids in the action sequences used in caching. second, an examination of ...	1991	2044024
analysis of coyote mitochondrial dna genotype frequencies: estimation of the effective number of alleles.	a restriction-site survey of 327 coyotes (canis latrans) from most parts of their north american range reveals 32 mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotypes. the genotypes are not strongly partitioned in space, suggesting that there is high gene flow among coyote subpopulations. consequently, each new geographic location added to the study has a decreasing probability of containing a mtdna genotype that had not been previously discovered. this being the case, by using monte carlo sampling experiments, ...	1991	2071019
vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and efficacy trials in canadian wildlife.	twenty-six meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), ten woodchucks (marmota monax), thirteen grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), thirteen ring-billed gulls (larus delawarensis), six red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and eight great horned owls (bubo virginianus) received vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (v-rg) by direct instillation into the oral cavity. each of ten coyotes (canis latrans) received the virus in two vaccine-laden baits. several voles and mo ...	1990	2249183
the influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (canis lupus).	although serum hormones varied seasonally in all adult animals, only dominant male and female wolves urine-marked. serum testosterone and urine-marking rates, which increased during the fall/winter breeding season, were positively correlated in both male and female dominant wolves. estradiol, which increased in conjunction with proestrus and estrus, was not correlated with female urine-marking. these findings suggest that hormonal influence on urine-marking in the wolf is modulated by social fac ...	1990	2286365
sarcocystis sp. in mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington: prevalence and search for the definitive host.	during october and november 1986, sarcocystis sp. was detected in 24 of 56 (43%) tongues from hunter-killed mountain goats (oreamnos americanus) in washington (usa). sarcocysts had an unusual sessile polyp-shaped branched wall. mean size of 154 sarcocysts was 71.3 x 37.8 microns (range, 20 to 248 x 10 to 120 microns), and the mean intensity was 2.3 (range, 1 to 28). in an attempt to identify the definitive host, infected tongues were fed to four coyotes (canis latrans), eight domestic dogs, four ...	1989	2509738
molecular characterization of sylvatic isolates of trichinella spiralis.	genetic relationships of 20 trichinella isolates from indiana wildlife were assessed and compared to trichinella isolated from an infected swine herd. trichinella larvae were isolated from coyotes, mink, raccoons, and red foxes. the larvae were maintained and amplified in white mice (icr) and wild mice (peromyscus leucopus). differences in phenotypic characters of sylvatic isolates in the 2 laboratory hosts included an approximately 10-30-fold increase in parasite fecundity in wild mice. dna for ...	1989	2542508
antibodies to borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from wisconsin and minnesota.	serum samples from 93 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) trapped in wisconsin and 23 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped in wisconsin and minnesota were tested for antibodies to borrelia sp. with an indirect fluorescent antibody test which used borrelia burgdorferi as the whole-cell antigen. seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:64. all the positive samples were from areas known to be endemic for human lyme dise ...	1989	2644451
borrelia sp. infection in coyotes, black-tailed jack rabbits and desert cottontails in southern texas.	coyotes (canis latrans) from southern texas were sampled for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 1980 to 1986; black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) and desert cottontails (sylvilagus audubonii) were sampled in 1986. coyote fetuses, adult coyote kidneys, and black-tailed jack rabbit and desert cottontail kidneys were cultured for b. burgdorferi in 1986. results of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) tests for b. burgdorferi in coyotes were as follows (number positive at a dilu ...	1989	2644452
canid scavenging/disarticulation sequence of human remains in the pacific northwest.	greater understanding of animal scavenging of human remains can assist forensic science investigators in locating and recovering dispersed skeletal elements, in recognizing damage produced by scavengers, and in making more informed estimates of the postmortem interval. the pattern of skeletal damage can indicate whether the body was scavenged while intact or at some time after other natural processes of disarticulation had begun. this study analyzed thirty partially to fully skeletonized human r ...	1989	2738562
mortality of harbor seal pups at different sites in the inland waters of washington.	we examined the mortality rates and causes of death of harbor seal (phoca vitulina) pups in three regions of the inland waters of washington (usa) in 1984. one hundred eight pups were collected during 239 searches of the shoreline areas near harbor seal haulout sites or through public reports. minimum neonatal (up to 1 mo after birth) mortality rates at these regions ranged from 12% to 26% of the pups born. neonatal mortality was highest in the strait of juan de fuca; 33 of the estimated 105 (31 ...	1989	2761005
spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium in a 16-year-old drug-abusing motorcyclist surrounded by a pack of coyotes.	numerous causes of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium have been described in the literature. the authors report a unique case in which one or more causes may have contributed to the patient's condition.	2009	2798277
investigation of zoonotically acquired campylobacter jejuni enteritis with serotyping and restriction endonuclease dna analysis.	five strains of campylobacter jejuni were isolated from asymptomatic coyotes being maintained in a vivarium. according to the results of serotyping with thermostable antigens and of bacterial chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis, one of the c. jejuni strains isolated from the coyotes was responsible for enteritis in a laboratory animal technician providing husbandry for the laboratory-maintained coyotes.	1989	2808666
the global spread and replacement of canine parvovirus strains.	canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) became widespread during 1978 and was reported in many countries during 1978 and 1979. earlier studies showed that cpv-2 was replaced in the u.s.a. around 1980 by an antigenically and genetically variant virus (cpv-2a). here we show that cpv-2 was present in the u.s.a., japan, belgium and australia prior to 1980, but that between 1979 and 1982 cpv-2 was replaced by cpv-2a in all of those countries as well as in france and denmark. examination of sera collected be ...	1988	2836554
growth stage dependent expression of mhc antigens on the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma.	canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (ctvs) is a naturally occurring contagious neoplasm which can be transplanted with intact viable cells across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers within the species and even to other members of the canine family, such as foxes, coyotes, and wolves. after 2 to 4 months of progressive growth the tumour regresses spontaneously in adults but metastasizes in immunosuppressed hosts and neonates. the mechanisms of how the tumour cells manage to overcome histoco ...	1987	2949770
isolation and identification of caliciviruses from dogs with enteric infections.	caliciviruses were isolated from 7 dogs and 1 captured coyote with enteritis. there was a high fatality rate in dogs 4 to 16 weeks of age. the occurrence in these dogs of concurrent infection with known enteric pathogens such as salmonella sp, canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, and canine rotavirus did not allow making any conclusions regarding the pathogenicity of this newly recognized calicivirus. the caliciviruses were characterized by electron microscopy and were further identified as be ...	1985	2982299
coyote control and taste aversion.	studies in which conditioned taste aversion was used as a non-lethal method to suppress coyote predation are reviewed in light of the controversy that surrounds such research. it is concluded that the negative results obtained to date may have been due to theoretical and methodological problems in the studies. uncritical acceptance of those results has slowed progress on an effective and inexpensive method of coyote management.	1985	3000293
research on forms of conditioned avoidance in coyotes.		1985	3000294
brief comments on "coyote control and taste aversion".		1985	3000295
coyote control and taste aversion: a predation problem or a people problem?	failures to suppress coyote predation on domestic livestock using the conditioned taste aversion paradigm may be due to such factors as poor livestock management procedures and overestimated coyote predation data, in addition to theoretical and methodological problems as indicated by forthman quick, gustavson and rusiniak.	2010	3000296
a comment on "coyote control and taste aversion".		2010	3000297
serologic survey of canine coronavirus in wild coyotes in the western united states, 1972-1982.		1985	3001373
arbovirus infections in several ontario mammals, 1975-1980.	serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (canis latrans), 277 red fox (vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely st. louis encephalitis and powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a ...	1986	3017527
interspecific transmission of brucella abortus from experimentally infected coyotes (canis latrans) to parturient cattle.	in four separate trials, 10 coyotes (canis latrans) which had been individually fed mascerated bovine placental tissue experimentally inoculated with brucella abortus strain 2308 were placed in a 1 ha isolation area with six parturient, non-b. abortus vaccinated, brucella spp. seronegative hereford heifers. during the second trial, three of the heifers became brucella spp. seroreactive (as determined by the card, standard agglutination tube, rivanol, complement fixation, and enzyme labeled immun ...	1988	3137371
fragile sites, telomeric dna sequences, b chromosomes, and dna content in raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides, with comparative notes on foxes, coyote, wolf, and raccoon.	earlier studies of the genus nyctereutes disclosed two subspecies of differing chromosome numbers accompanied by b chromosomes. to further define the relationship of these subspecies to each other, and to other carnivores, and to learn more about the structure and function of their chromosomes, we characterized and compared the genomes in terms of dna content by flow cytometry, fragile sites induced by aphidicolin, and telomere sequences using biotinylated dna probes detected with fluorescence. ...	1988	3150325
sylvatic trichinosis in canada.	pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western arctic and extended down into the rocky mountain and foothills regions of western canada. infections were demonstrated in arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog.	1988	3196978
microscopic effects of predator digestion on the surfaces of bones and teeth.	concentrations of small fossil mammals are frequently encountered in cenozoic deposits, but the causes for such accumulations have seldom been determined. in many cases the tooth, jaw, and limb fragments appear to be well-preserved under light microscopy, and it is difficult to differentiate damage due to predator digestion from breakage and abrasion due to physical agents. in order to find more specific evidence of predator digestion, we used a scanning electron microscope (sem) to examine the ...	2011	3201198
an aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks.	an aerial baiting system was developed to deliver oral rabies vaccines to wild carnivore vectors of rabies, e.g., red fox, striped skunk, and raccoon. the bait consists of a polyethylene bag that contains either a 30-g hamburger ball or a 25-ml cube of polyurethane sponge coated with a wax-beef tallow mixture containing 100-150 mg of tetracycline as a biomarker. attractants used with the sponge were added to the bag (e.g., liver slurry, cheeses, fish oils, or fruits). baits (greater than 80,000) ...	2006	3206077
immunobiology of a spontaneously regressive tumor, the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (review).	canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (ctvs) is a contagious neoplasm of dogs that can be transplanted with intact viable cells across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers among dogs and even other canine such as foxes, coyotes, and jackals. after two to four months of progressive growth, the tumor regresses in adults, but metastasizes in immunosuppressed dogs and neonatally inoculated pups. the mechanisms of how the tumor cells manage to overcome histocompatibility barriers so successfully f ...	1988	3282476
ixodid ticks on the coyote and gray fox at land between the lakes, kentucky-tennessee, and implications for tick dispersal.		1988	3357174
evaluation of praziquantel against induced nanophyetus salmincola infections in coyotes and dogs.	efficacy of praziquantel against nanophyetus salmincola, the trematode vector of salmon poisoning disease, was determined in coyotes (n = 29) and dogs (n = 25). the 10- to 14-week-old animals were fed fish or fish kidneys that contained metacercariae of n salmincola. to prevent salmon poisoning disease, all animals were treated with tetracycline on days 8 and 9 after they were fed fish. ten days after ingestion of infected fish, 19 coyotes and 12 dogs were treated once with praziquantel, adminis ...	1988	3377318
canine distemper in black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) from wyoming.	in september and october 1985, six black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) were captured from the only known population, located near meeteetse, wyoming for captive propagation. two days following capture an adult male showed signs of canine distemper and an adult female displayed similar signs 7 days postcapture; these infections were undoubtedly acquired prior to capture. subsequently the four remaining captive black-footed ferrets also developed canine distemper and all eventually died. clini ...	1988	3411697
preliminary evaluation of praziquantel against metacercariae of nanophyetus salmincola in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha).	praziquantel at dosages of 10, 20 or 100 mg/kg of body weight was evaluated against metacercariae of nanophyetus salmincola in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). ten salmon were used in each of four treated groups and 10 salmon were nontreated controls. three wk after treatment, viability of metacercariae was determined by histologic evaluation, and by feeding the salmon to coyotes and subsequently determining the numbers of trematode eggs/g of feces and numbers of n. salmincola recovere ...	1988	3411713
transmission of ancylostoma caninum and alaria marcianae in coyotes (canis latrans).	one of seven female coyotes (canis latrans) captured in webb county, texas during september 1986 and confined and mated in holding facilities at millville, utah whelped the following spring. the maternal female (greater than 5-yr-old) and her five neonates were killed at 22 days postparturition. all were infected with adult ancylostoma caninum and were passing eggs in their feces. also, the neonates and maternal female were infected with immature and adult alaria marcianae, respectively. these f ...	1988	3411716
hepatozoon sp. in wild carnivores in texas.	twelve coyotes (canis latrans), three bobcats (lynx rufus) and six ocelots (felis pardalis) from the gulf coast of texas were infected with hepatozoon sp. the geographic distribution of infected wild animals coincides with the highest prevalence of hepatozoon canis infection in domestic dogs for which the wild species may act as a reservoir.	1988	3411720
immobilization of coyotes with xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride and antagonism by yohimbine hydrochloride.		1986	3503155