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a scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the parabronchial unit in quail (coturnix coturnix) and town pigeons (columba livia).a combined scanning electron (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem) investigation was undertaken to gain insight into the complex structural pattern of the atrial compartment and the gas exchange tissue of parabronchial units in quail and town pigeons. the aim was also to depict the changes taking place in the parabronchial unit in the late prehatching and early posthatching periods in quail. the standard sem and tem investigation was carried out in 13 mature quail and 8 town pigeons. ...199910483882
pharmacology of sensory gating in the ascending auditory system of the pigeon (columba livia).whether the underlying neurochemical basis of sensori(motor) gating is exclusively the result of mammalian brain evolution is not known.199910494576
preserved negative patterning and impaired spatial learning in pigeons (columba livia) with lesions of the hippocampus.pigeons (columba livia) with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the hippocampus and area parahippocampalis were compared with control pigeons on 2 tasks: negative patterning and delayed spatial alternation. negative patterning demands configural stimulus representations for its successful solution. the only effect of hippocampal lesions on this task was an increased response rate to the rewarded stimuli. on the delayed spatial alternation task, hippocampal birds showed deficits relative to contro ...199910495077
cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to vasotocin and angiotensin ii in the pigeon.the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory effects of intrahypothalamically (preoptic/anterior hypothalamus) and intravenously injected arginine vasotocin (avt) and [val5]angiotensin ii (ang ii) were measured at 2 degrees c in the pigeon (columba livia). in addition, the effects of intrahypothalamic and intravenous injections of avt on respiratory rates were measured at 10-15 degrees c. intrahypothalamic and intravenous avt (500 ng and 20 micrograms/kg, respectively) reduced shivering and body temp ...199910501020
projections of purkinje cells in the translation and rotation zones of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeon (columba livia).previous electrophysiological studies have shown that the pigeon vestibulocerebellum (ventral uvula, nodulus, and flocculus) can be divided into two parasagittal zones based on responses to optic flow stimuli. the medial zone (ventral uvula and nodulus) responds best to optic flow resulting from self-translation, whereas the lateral zone (flocculus) responds best to optic flow resulting from self-rotation. in this study we investigated the projections of the purkinje cells in the translation and ...199910502253
reciprocal natural selection on host-parasite phenotypes.coevolution is evolution in one species in response to selection imposed by a second species, followed by evolution in the second species in response to reciprocal selection imposed by the first species. although reciprocal selection is a prerequisite of coevolution, it has seldom been documented in natural populations. we examined the feasibility of reciprocal selection in a simple host-parasite system consisting of feral pigeons (columba livia) and their ischnoceran feather lice (phthiraptera: ...199910506542
the molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals.to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cdnas of cat (felis catus), horse (equus caballus), gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (cavia porcellus). these opsins were expressed in cos1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. the purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531 ...199910511567
[the characteristics of the morphological structure of the endbrain in the hooded crow (corvus corone cornix l.) and in the rock dove (columba livia) in relation to their development of elementary reasoning activities].the number of neurons in the endbrain [correction of forebrain] of two avian species--carrion crows and rock pigeons--was assessed. it was shown that the higher development of reasoning activity of crows is associated with greater number of cells in evolutionary new fields of hyperstriatum and greater number of cell complexes than in pigeons.199910512030
heat stress induces ultrastructural changes in cutaneous capillary wall of heat-acclimated rock pigeon.in heat-acclimated rock pigeons, cutaneous water evaporation is the major cooling mechanism when exposed at rest to an extremely hot environment of 50-60 degrees c. this evaporative pathway is also activated in room temperature by a beta-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) or an alpha-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) and inhibited by a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol). in contrast, neither heat exposure nor drug administration activates cutaneous evaporation in cold-acclimated pigeons. to e ...199910516233
feral pigeons as carriers of cryptococcus laurentii, cryptococcus uniguttulatus and debaryomyces hansenii.we collected fresh droppings and cloaca samples from feral pigeons columba livia in the southern swedish city of malmö, and isolated the following fungi: debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii, cryptococcus laurentii and cryptococcus uniguttulatus. the first two species are known to be pathogenic to humans. no strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans were found. our results indicate that feral pigeons can be carriers of medically significant fungi other than cryptococcus neoformans var. n ...199910520162
reversible mechanical fixation of eye position in awake head-restrained pigeons (columba livia).here we describe a method to fix gaze positions and to significantly reduce saccadic oscillations in pigeons. the procedure consists of a mechanical immobilization of the eye through the use of an electromagnet that exerts a radial force upon a small metal rectangle glued to the dorsal part of the eye. the method can be used in avian visual neurophysiology in order to hold the eye immobilized for periods of time, long enough to map the properties of visual receptive fields and investigate the po ...199910522825
morphological study of the vas deferens of the pigeon (columba livia).a morphological study of the vas deferens of the pigeon was carried out in order to determine the electronmicroscopic features of its epithelial lining, and the expression of pancytokeratins. the results showed that the epithelium is columnar pseudostratified and consists of non-ciliated (principal) cells and basal cells. presence of a predominantly granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and well-developed golgi complexes bearing vesicles on their cis/trans surfaces were observed. in addit ...199910575825
morphologic study of the efferent ductules of the pigeon (columba livia).the efferent ductules of the pigeon are localized in the epididymal region and are topographically divided into proximal and distal, both portions being lined with stereociliated pseudostratified epithelium. transmission electron microscopy shows five distinct cell types: light, dark, and angular non-ciliated cells with possible apocrine secretory role cells and halo cells, possibly intraepithelial leucocytes. the proximal efferent ductules have the widest diameter among all ductules in the epid ...199910580263
genetic analyses of visual pigments of the pigeon (columba livia).we isolated five classes of retinal opsin genes rh1(cl), rh2(cl), sws1(cl), sws2(cl), and lws(cl) from the pigeon; these encode rh1(cl), rh2(cl), sws1(cl), sws2(cl), and lws(cl) opsins, respectively. upon binding to 11-cis-retinal, these opsins regenerate the corresponding photosensitive molecules, visual pigments. the absorbance spectra of visual pigments have a broad bell shape with the peak, being called lambdamax. previously, the sws1(cl) opsin cdna was isolated from the pigeon retinal rna, ...199910581289
experimental inoculation of domestic pigeons (columbia livia) and zebra finches (poephila guttata) with neospora caninum tachyzoites.dogs are a definitive host of neospora caninum and cattle are intermediate hosts. alternative life-cycles have not been investigated. foxes are frequently seropositive, but may not commonly prey upon cattle; therefore, other intermediate hosts may exist that are frequent prey of foxes. three domestic pigeons (columbia livia) and three zebra finches (poephila guttata) were inoculated with n. caninum tachyzoites, to determine if they could serve as intermediate hosts. tissue culture, pcr, serology ...199910608438
monocular deprivation alters the direction of functional and morphological asymmetries in the pigeon's (columba livia) visual system.one-day-old pigeons (columba livia) were monocularly deprived by occluding the left or the right eye for 10 days. up to 3 years later, degree and direction of functional and morphological asymmetries of deprived and control pigeons were analyzed. in control pigeons, the usual right-eye superiority was obtained in a visual discrimination task. in left-eye deprived pigeons, this behavioral asymmetry was strengthened, whereas the direction of lateralization was reversed in right-eye deprived birds. ...199910636304
a morphological study of the cochlear nuclei of the pigeon (columba livia).the pigeon cochlear nucleus angularis (na) and nucleus magnocellularis (nm) were analyzed with golgi and nissl techniques. na was divided into a medial nam and na proper, which could be subdivided further into an intermediate nai and lateral nal. nam contained a mostly homogeneous population of a unique multipolar cell type with very short dendrites and large somatic spines. na proper contained four cell types: large, medium, and small multipolars, and medium bipolar. the medium multipolar cells ...199910640788
kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the starling sturnis vulgaris and the quail coturnix coturnix.the mechanics of avian take-off are central to hypotheses about flight evolution, but have not been quantified in terms of whole-body movements for any species. in this study, i use a combination of high-speed video analysis and force plate recording to measure the kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the european starling sturnis vulgaris and the european migratory quail coturnix coturnix. counter to hypotheses based on the habits and morphology of each species, s. vulgaris and c. cot ...200010648214
spatiotemporal profile of synaptic activation produced by the electrical and visual stimulation of retinal inputs to the optic tectum: a current source density analysis in the pigeon (columba livia).the optic tectum of the pigeon is a highly organized, multilayered structure that receives a massive polystratified afference of at least five different populations of retinal ganglion cells and gives rise to various anatomically segregated efferent systems. the synaptic organization of retino-tectal circuitry is, at present, mostly unknown. to investigate the spatiotemporal profile of synaptic activation produced by differential (electrical and visual) stimulation of the retinal inputs, we perf ...200010651859
the pigeon tick (argas reflexus): its biology, ecology, and epidemiological aspects.the european pigeon tick, argas reflexus (f.), is in central europe predominantly an urban pest parasitizing wild and domesticated pigeons, columba livia. under certain circumstances, however, it also bites humans, occasionally causing an ige-mediated type-i allergy. control of a. reflexus is very difficult because of a number of remarkable morphological, physiological, and behavioural features of the tick. the present study aimed at elucidating the distribution and the frequency of occurrence o ...199910652727
head-bobbing in pigeons: how stable is the hold phase?the head movement of a walking pigeon columba livia is characterized by two alternating phases, a thrust phase and a hold phase. while the head is rapidly thrust forward during the thrust phase, it has been shown repeatedly that it remains virtually motionless with respect to translation along a horizontal axis (roll axis) during the hold phase. it has been shown that the stabilization during the hold phase is under visual control. this has led to the view that the pigeon's head-bobbing is an op ...200010667977
a comparative golgi study of chicken (gallus domesticus) and homing pigeon (columba livia) hippocampus.neurons and fibres in the chick and homing pigeon hippocampus were described following golgi impregnation. two principal classes of neurons were distinguished: projection neurons with distant projecting axons and spiny dendrites, and local circuit neurons. in the homing pigeon and chicken hippocampus there are three types of projection neurons: pyramidal, pyramidal-like and multipolar. the pyramidal and pyramidal-like neurons are only found in the central 'pyramidal' layer of the hippocampus whe ...200010672361
pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (p-group) as the cause of severe outbreaks in fancy columba livia in saudi arabia.an avian paramyxovirus-1, which was previously isolated from ailing fancy columba livia in saudi arabia, was characterized in this study using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the results indicate that although the virus belongs to the pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (ppmv-1) group 'p' still it shows some variation in its binding pattern to the mabs.199910676146
evidence for physiological asymmetries in the intertectal connections of the pigeon (columba livia) and their potential role in brain lateralisation.in pigeons, visual object processing is lateralised with a dominance of the left tectofugal system. to test the hypothesis, that avian visual lateralisation may arise, at least in part, from asymmetric interhemispheric inhibition, the intertectal modulation was quantified in 19 pigeons. field potentials were recorded from intratectal electrodes in response to a stroboscope flash to the contralateral eye. electrical stimulation of the contralateral tectum changed these flash-evoked potentials. th ...200010678768
role of peridomestic birds in the transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus in southern california.in response to the 1984 st. louis encephalitis (sle) epidemic in the los angeles basin of southern california (usa), an investigative program was initiated to evaluate the interactive components of the sle virus transmission cycle. from 1987 through 1996 (10 yr), 52,589 birds were bled and their sera tested for sle and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus antibodies by the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) test. eighty-three percent of the birds tested were house finches (carpodacus mexi ...200010682741
development and characterization of expressed sequence tags for the turkey (meleagris gallopavo) genome and comparative sequence analysis with other birds.twenty-one randomly selected clones from a turkey (meleagris gallopavo) pituitary complementary dna (cdna) library were sequenced to develop expressed sequence tags (ests) for this economically important avian species whose genome is among the least understood. primers specific for the ests were used to produce amplicons from the genomic dna of turkey, chicken (gallus gallus), guinea fowl (numidia meleagris), pigeon (columba domestica), and quail (corturnix japonica). the amplicons were sequence ...200010690363
further experiments on the relationship between hippocampus and orientation following phase-shift in homing pigeons.following a clock- or phase-shift of the light dark cycle, hippocampal lesioned pigeons (columba livia) consistently display a larger deviation in vanishing bearings away from the homeward direction compared to intact birds; an effect never seen in unshifted birds. in experiment 1, control and hippocampal lesioned pigeons oriented similarly after being held 1 week under artificial lighting in the absence of a phase-shift. housing under artificial light by itself does not result in between group ...200010701659
polymorphic dna microsatellites in the domestic pigeon, columba livia var. domestica. 200010736035
role of basal ganglia and ectostriatum in the context-dependent properties of the optocollic reflex (ocr) in the pigeon (columba livia): a lesion study.the possible participation of basal ganglia and associated structures [dorsal striato-pallidum, nucleus spiriformis lateralis (spl), ectostriatum] in the elaboration of the optocollic reflex (ocr) was investigated by making bilateral chemical lesions (ibotenic acid). previous data have shown that both the slow and fast phases of the ocr are dependent on the behavioural context. the slow phase velocity (spv) and the peak velocity of fast phases obtained in non-flying pigeons ('resting condition') ...200010762337
the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cutaneous water evaporation mechanism in the heat-acclimated pigeon (columba livia).the effects of selective and non-selective beta-adrenergic agents on cutaneous water evaporation (cwe) were studied in hand-reared rock pigeons (columba livia). cwe was measured by the vapor diffusive resistance method, using a transient porometer. intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) or a selective beta(2)-adrenergic antagonist (ici-118551) to heat-acclimated (hac) pigeons at ambient temperature (t(a)) of 24 degrees c resulted in ...200010779732
stimulus repetition effects on texture-based visual search by pigeons.four experiments investigated the effects of within-session stimulus repetition on texture discrimination. six pigeons (columba livia) searched for a contrasting target region (color or shape) randomly embedded within a larger distractor region for food reinforcement. experiment 1 found that repeating features of the distractors, but not those of the target, across trials increased the accuracy of target localization relative to baseline. experiment 2 found that subsequently switching the identi ...200010782436
the functional morphology of the avian flight muscle m. coracobrachialis posterior.the extensive range of movement of the avian glenohumeral joint makes functional interpretation of any muscle that crosses the joint difficult. multiple functional roles for the m. coracobrachialis posterior (cbp), an architecturally complex muscle that lies deep to the m. pectoralis, have been assigned on the basis of its anatomical position. the mechanical properties, neuromotor pattern during flight and the biochemical properties of the cbp in pigeons (columba livia) were studied by in situ l ...200010804166
helminth parasites of domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) in sebele, gaborone, botswana.twelve adult domestic pigeons from sebele, gaborone, botswana, were examined for the presence of helminth parasites. the cestode genus raillietina and two species of nematodes, dispharynx spiralis and ascaridia columbae were recovered. most pigeons (75 %) were infected with raillietina spp. often in concurrence with a. columbae.200010843326
fracture healing after stabilization with intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins: a study in pigeons.to investigate the effectiveness of intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins compared with stainless steel kirschner wire for the repair of a standardized avian humeral fracture.200010871225
mechanisms of the interaction of the angular and linear components of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in the pigeon.intact pigeons (columba livia, n = 30) were rotated in a horizontal plane in the dark at different orientations relative to the axis of rotation. a total of 24 birds showed different directions of changes in the duration of contrarotatory nystamus (on transition from central rotation to eccentric), along with displacement of the otolith membranes in both the frontal and sagittal planes. these pigeons showed a direct relationship between changes in the duration of the primary phase of nystagmus a ...200010872727
spinomedullary pathways in the pigeon (columba livia): differential involvement of lamina i cells.the lamina i (marginal zone) of the spinal cord dorsal horn is an important site for pain processing. in mammals, lamina i neurons have been shown to constitute a heterogeneous population made up of four morphological groups with particular neurochemical nature, supraspinal connection patterns, and nociceptive response properties. in order to obtain a comparative view of the mechanisms of nociceptive processing, the analysis of the structural morphology and supraspinal connectivity of lamina i n ...200010880993
partial experience with the arc of the sun is sufficient for all-day sun compass orientation in homing pigeons, columba livia.the ability of animals to learn to use the sun for orientation has been explored in numerous species. in birds, there is conflicting evidence about the experience needed for sun compass orientation to develop. the prevailing hypothesis is that birds need entire daytime exposure to the arc of the sun to use the sun as an orientation cue. however, there is also some evidence indicating that, even with limited exposure to the arc of the sun, birds, like insects, can use the sun to orient at any tim ...200010887072
summation of symbols by pigeons (columba livia): the importance of number and mass of reward items.in each of 3 experiments, different sets of 4 pigeons (columba livia) were trained to discriminate between 2 visual symbols that covered wells containing food items that varied in number, mass, or both. in experiment 1, the symbols were associated with 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 pieces of grain reward. the pigeons learned to choose the symbol corresponding to the larger reward, and on summation tests, they chose the pair of symbols that summed to the larger total reward. when number of food pellets was ...200010890587
circadian regulation of visually evoked potentials in the domestic pigeon, columba livia.the avian circadian and visual systems are integrally related and together influence many aspects of birds' behavior and physiology. certainly, light cycles and their visual perception are the major zeitgebers for circadian rhythms, but do circadian rhythms affect vision? to assess whether visual function is regulated on a circadian basis, flash-evoked electroretinograms (ergs) and vision-evoked potentials (veps) from the optic tectum (teo) were recorded simultaneously in domestic pigeons at dif ...200010942263
inspiratory aerodynamic valving in the avian lung: functional morphology of the extrapulmonary primary bronchus.the form, geometry and epithelial morphology of the extrapulmonary primary bronchi (eppb) of the domestic fowl (gallus gallus var. domesticus) and the rock dove (columba livia) were studied microscopically and by three-dimensional computer reconstruction to determine the structural features that may be involved in the rectification of the inspired air past the openings of the medioventral secondary bronchi (mvsb), i.e. the inspiratory aerodynamic valving (iav). in both species, the eppb were int ...200010952884
ultrasound therapy for the prevention and correction of contractures and bone mineral loss associated with wing bandaging in the domestic pigeon (columba livia).figure-of-eight wing bandaging is widely used to treat wing injuries, to immobilize wings before and after fracture repair, and during transient wing paralysis. however, prolonged bandaging can lead to bone loss and to contractures and reduced range of joint motion. studies evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound to reverse and prevent bandaging-associated contractures in pigeons (columba livia) showed a significant increase in elbow and carpal extension after 10 twice weekly ultrasoun ...200010982131
survival of escherichia coli o157 in faeces of experimentally infected rats and domestic pigeons.in order to evaluate the role of some synanthropic animals in the spreading of escherichia coli o157, laboratory rats and domestic pigeons were experimentally infected per os with e. coli o157. rats infected with 10(5) colony forming units (cfu) (n = 5) and 10(9) cfu (n = 5) shed e. coli o157 for 2 +/- 1.7 d and 9.8 +/- 1.3 d, respectively. in the faeces of infected rats stored at 4 degrees c in a moist environment, at 4 degrees c in a dry environment or at 20 degrees c in a moist environment, e ...200011069635
local cutaneous water barrier in cold- and heat-acclimated pigeons (columba livia) in relation to cutaneous water evaporation.the thermoregulatory function of the skin differs in adult cold-acclimated and heat-acclimated rock pigeons (columba livia). in general, the cutaneous evaporative cooling mechanism is not activated by appropriate stimuli in cold-acclimated pigeons in contrast to heat-acclimated pigeons. we studied with electron microscopy whether the differences in the function of the skin are reflected in the structure of the epidermal water barrier of these two extreme acclimation states. the epidermis of cold ...200011074579
central injections of noradrenaline and adrenaline differentially affect plasma free fatty acid and glucose in conscious pigeons (columba livia).the possible involvement of central noradrenergic and/or adrenergic circuits in central mechanisms controlling free fatty acids and glucose levels was investigated in conscious pigeons. the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of noradrenaline (80 nmol) or adrenaline (80 nmol) on plasma free fatty acids and glucose concentrations were examined. the possible role of the autonomic nervous system, of sympathetic terminals and of pituitary hormone release in the metabolic responses induced ...200011083520
projections from the nucleus of the basal optic root and nucleus lentiformis mesencephali to the inferior olive in pigeons (columba livia).the nucleus of the basal optic root (nbor) of the accessory optic system (aos) and the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (lm) are involved in the analysis of optic flow and the generation of the optokinetic response. previous studies have shown that the nbor projects bilaterally to the medial column (mc) of the inferior olive (io) and the lm projects to the ipsilateral mc. in the present study the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit b was injected into either the caudal or rostral m ...200111116234
enhanced specific antibody response to bovine serum albumin in pigeons due to l-carnitine supplementation.1. thirty adult female pigeons (columba livia domestica) were randomly divided into 3 equal groups; the 1st and 2nd groups were immunised with bovine serum albumin (bsa) at 0 and 20 d, the 2nd group also received 1 g l-carnitine per litre of drinking water from -5 to 25 d post-immunisation (dpi) and the 3rd group, a control group, received neither treatment. 2. body weights and serum samples were taken at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 dpi. 3. both bsa-specific igg and igm responses were enhanc ...200011128385
impairment in a discrimination reversal task after d1 receptor blockade in the pigeon "prefrontal cortex".dopamine (da) is known to modulate cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex (pfc) of mammals, especially via d1 receptor mechanisms. like the pfc, the neostriatum caudolaterale (ncl) of birds is characterized by dopaminergic input, and nlc and pfc lesions cause similar deficits. the significance of da in a color discrimination reversal was assessed by evaluating the effects of bilateral infusions of the d1 receptor antagonist sch 23390 into the ncl of pigeons (columba livia). reversal defici ...200011142646
phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the medulla oblongata of the pigeon (columba livia) projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.the distribution and ascending projections to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase (pnmt)-immunoreactive perikaria were studied in adult pigeons using a combination of retrograde transport of fluorogold injected into the paraventricular nucleus, and double immunohistochemical procedures for pnmt, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide y. pnmt-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the subtrigeminal reticular nucleus of the ventrolateral medulla and ...200011154997
parasites of domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) in sebele, gaborone, botswana.the following parasites were found in apparently healthy pigeons kept in sebele: a haemoprotozoan, haemoproteus columbae (80%); endoparasite metazoan nematodes, ascaridia columbae (30%) and dispharynx spiralis (10%); a cestode, raillietina sp. (80%) and coccidian oocysts (40%); 2 ectoparasites, namely the pigeon fly, pseudolynchia canariensis (50%) and the louse, columbicola columbae (30%). the pigeons also had highantibody titres, (1:256) to the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii (100%). the ...200011212939
how does time since feeding affect the fuels pigeons use during flight?time between meals can vary from multiple hours to days within and among species. we investigated the effects of time since feeding on lipid, protein, and carbohydrate oxidation in flying pigeons (columba livia) by interpreting changes in blood plasma metabolite concentrations and mass during flight. five pigeons were flown or rested for 4 h after food deprivations of 2, 12, 24, and 48 h. after flight, blood plasma concentrations of uric acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate were elevated over control a ...200111226009
role of dopamine in the modulation of adrenal gland responses in the osmotically stressed pigeons, columba livia.salt loading on pigeons (c. livia) had stimulatory effects on brain amines (dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine), corticosterone, norepinephrine and epinephrine contents of adrenal gland. conjoint administration of dopamine with hypertonic saline restored the brain amines and corticosterone of adrenal gland, but had no effect on catecholamine (cam) contents of adrenal medulla. the excessive release of cam in the plasma indicates sympathetic stimulation after both the treatments.200011233096
pigeons (columba livia) learn to link numerosities with symbols.after responding to each element in varying, successive numerosity displays, pigeons (columba livia) had to choose, out of an array of symbols, the symbol designated to correspond to the preceding number of elements. after extensive training, 5 pigeons responded with significant accuracy to the numerosities 1 to 4, and 2 pigeons to the numerosities 1 to 5. several tests showed that feedback tones accompanying element pecks, the familiarity of element configurations, and the shape of the elements ...200111334222
regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in free-living pigeons.we studied feral free-living pigeons (columba livia) to determine whether either unstressed or stress-induced corticosterone release was altered during a prebasic molt. the pigeons were at various stages of molt throughout the study, but corticosterone responses in molting and nonmolting birds did not differ. this was further reflected in equivalent adrenal responses to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), suggesting equivalent steroidogenic capacity of adrenal tissues during both physi ...200111352106
the intermesenteric plexus in the pigeon (columba livia gm).using the thiocholine method and histological techniques the intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon was studied. the intermesenteric plexus of this species is a plexo-ganglionic structure with several (five to seven) ganglia and nerve fibres. the ganglia have an oval-, spindle- or star-like shape. single nerve cells along the nerve fibres were observed. the intermesenteric plexus of the pigeon is situated on the ventrolateral surface of the aorta, between the cranial mesenteric artery and caudal m ...200111379370
the effect of distinctive parts on recognition of depth-rotated objects by pigeons (columba livia) and humans.to explore whether effects observed in human object recognition represent fundamental properties of visual perception that are general across species, the authors trained pigeons (columba livia) and humans to discriminate between pictures of 3-dimensional objects that differed in shape. novel pictures of the depth-rotated objects were then tested for recognition. across conditions, the object pairs contained either 0, 1, 3, or 5 distinctive parts. pigeons showed viewpoint dependence in all objec ...200111409102
accurate route demonstration by experienced homing pigeons does not improve subsequent homing performance in naive conspecifics.we describe an experiment that uses the grouping tendencies and navigational abilities of the homing pigeon (columba livia) to investigate the possibility of socially mediated information transfer in a field setting. by varying the composition of paired-release types, we allowed some naive birds to receive an accurate demonstration of the home route whilst others were paired with similarly naive conspecifics. after this 'paired phase', we predicted that if any learning of spatial information occ ...200011413647
distribution of bdnf, nt-3, trkb and trkc in the developing retino-tectal system of the pigeon (columba livia).the distribution of the neurotrophins bdnf and nt-3 as well as their corresponding high-affinity receptors trkb and trkc was characterized by immunohistochemistry in the developing retino-tectal system of the pigeon. these neurotrophins are known to be important for survival and development of neuronal tissues, but also for activity-dependent neuronal plasticity. in pigeons visual asymmetry is established at the morphological and behavioral level due to a natural asymmetrical light input before ...200111506431
[geographic variation in color of the synanthropic blue rock pigeon ].variation in plumage color was studied in 211 populations of the blue rock pigeon (columbia livia) from various geographic zones. the frequency distribution of three common and three rare phenotypes and an interspecific hybridization zone of c. livia and c. rupestris were described. different conditions of the origin of the urban populations of blue rock pigeon and consequent high genetic heterogeneity of this species were revealed. the key aspect of color polymorphism in blue rock pigeon is syn ...200111517766
changes of endolymphatic pressure in the semicircular canal of pigeon by caloric stimulation.it gets into difficult to explain the mechanism of caloric nystagmus only by convection theory from results of microgravity experiments. one of the other theories is an occurrence of a relative volume change due to a temperature change. since the volume change must lead to a pressure change after caloric stimulation, we tried to measure the ampulla pressure of the horizontal semicircular canal in pigeons (columba livia) using an improved servo micropipette system. the main result was that th ...199411537945
changes of ampulla pressure in the semicircular canal of pigeons by caloric stimulation.still now several hypotheses about the mechanisms of the caloric nystagmus have been in conclusive. in this study we confirmed the convection effect and the volume change effect of the endolymph in horizontal semicircular canal following the caloric stimulation using pigeons (columba livia). although the direction of the caloric nystagmus depended on the head position and the stimulus site of calorization, the caloric nystagmus disappeared after plugging of horizontal semicircular canal. on the ...199411539516
static tilt may modify the value of nystagmus asymmetry.in awake pigeons (columba livia) we investigated the horizontal cervical and ocular nystagmuses which were induced by monaural stimulation of the lateral semicircular canals by the parathreshold sinusoidal currents. the value of nystagmus asymmetry (by the average velocities of slow components) with a normal orientation of the bird's head was compared with that in static head tilts in the sagittal and frontal planes. in the normal head position depolarization of the lateral canals evoked a stron ...199611540409
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and chlamydia psittaci in domestic pigeons (columbia livia domestica) at sebele, gaborone, botswana.high antibody titres to toxoplasma gondii and chlamydophila psittaci were demonstrated in serum collected from domestic pigeons at average titres of 1:128 and 1:64 respectively. the public health implications of these findings are discussed.200111585096
serologic evidence for west nile virus infection in birds in the new york city vicinity during an outbreak in 1999.as part of an investigation of an encephalitis outbreak in new york city, we sampled 430 birds, representing 18 species in four orders, during september 13-23, 1999, in queens and surrounding counties. overall, 33% were positive for west nile (wn) virus-neutralizing antibodies, and 0.5% were positive for st. louis encephalitis virus-neutralizing antibodies. by county, queens had the most seropositive birds for wn virus (50%); species with the greatest seropositivity for wn virus (sample sizes we ...200111585522
responses of ectostriatal neurons during delayed matching-to-sample behavior in pigeons (columba livia).we recorded from 71 neurons in the ectostriatum of awake behaving pigeons performing the delayed matching-to-sample task. the ectostriatum is considered to be equivalent to the primate extrastriate cortex. many of the neurons (n=56, 78.9%) were visually responsive to either or both the red and green stimuli. in addition, a large number of neurons (n=51, 71.8%) exhibited delay activity, that is, a change in activity during the delay period when memory was required compared to the baseline intertr ...200111602229
histochemical and immunocytochemical investigations of the marginal nuclei in the spinal cord of pigeons (columba livia).in birds there are segmentally organized marginal nuclei at the lateral or ventrolateral border of the spinal cord. in most regions of the spinal cord these nuclei are within the outline of the cord. however, in the lumbosacral region they form accessory lobes protruding into the vertebral canal. histochemical and immunocytochemical investigations were performed to study the neurochemical features of the marginal nuclei of the pigeon. despite histological differences (only accessory lobe neurons ...200111604243
[classification of the forebrain striatum neurons in birds].polymorphism of neurons in the basic fields of the forebrain striatum of birds was described using specially developed classification of neurons in nissl preparations. birds with different degrees of development of elementary rational activity were studied: corvus monedula, columba livia, coturnix coturnix, and melopsittacus undulatus. according to the proposed method, the neurons were classified in 3 basic types and 2 additional, 6 subtypes and 26 classes. it was found that in the higher brain ...200111605427
does the endolymph pass through the base of the cupula?whether the endolymph of the semicircular canal passes the cupular partition or not was examined using the lateral semicircular canal system of adult pigeons (columba livia). by applying various pressures by means of injection of a dye solution through the membranous canal, it was found that the dye solution, was seen to pass the cupula even under very low pressures when the pressure was increased gradually. when pulled by a magnet, the ultrafine particles of the dextran magnetite contained in t ...200111669123
are hippoboscid flies a major mode of transmission of feather mites?feather mites (astigmata) are distributed around the world, living on the feathers of birds, but their mechanisms for transmission among hosts are not fully understood. there is anecdotal evidence of feather mites attached to louseflies (diptera: hippoboscidae), suggesting that feather mites may use these flies as a mode of phoretic transmission among birds. two bird-lousefly associations (alpine swift apus melba-crataerina melbae and feral pigeon columba livia-pseudolynchia canariensis) were in ...200111695394
respiratory water loss in free-flying pigeons.we assessed respiratory and cutaneous water loss in trained tippler pigeons (columba livia) both at rest and in free flight. in resting pigeons, exhaled air temperature t(ex) increased with ambient air temperature t(a) (t(ex)=16.3+0.705t(a)) between 15 degrees c and 30 degrees c, while tidal volume v(t) (v(t)=4.7+/-1.0 ml, mean +/- s.d. at standard temperature and pressure dry) and breathing frequency f(r) (f(r)=0.46+/-0.06 breaths s(-1)) were independent of t(a). respiratory water loss, rwl, wa ...200111719543
critical evaluation of five methods for quantifying chewing lice (insecta: phthiraptera).five methods for estimating the abundance of chewing lice (insecta: phthiraptera) were tested. to evaluate the methods, feral pigeons (columba livia) and 2 species of ischnoceran lice were used. the fraction of lice removed by each method was compared, and least squares linear regression was used to determine how well each method predicted total abundance. total abundance was assessed in most cases using koh dissolution. the 2 methods involving dead birds (body washing and post-mortem-ruffling) ...200111780812
participation of the homing pigeon thalamofugal visual pathway in sun-compass associative learning.the ascending thalamofugal visual pathway in pigeons (columba livia) terminates in the telencephalic wulst. characterizing the role of this pathway in visually guided behaviour has remained a challenge. to determine whether this pathway, and in particular the wulst, may participate in sun-compass-guided behaviour in homing pigeons, intact, ectostriatum-lesioned or wulst-lesioned pigeons were trained to use their sun compass to locate the direction of a food reward in an outdoor, octagonal arena. ...200211860519
cooling by cutaneous water evaporation in the heat-acclimated rock pigeon (columba livia).the present study provides an up-to-date overview of the cutaneous water-evaporation cooling mechanism in the rock pigeon. cutaneous water evaporation fully replaces the classic respiratory cooling mechanism in the resting, heat-acclimated bird, and is more economical in terms of water conservation. it enables the pigeon to maintain homeostasis, and to breed successfully in harsh environments. adrenergic signaling is involved in the initiation of this novel mechanism, either by deactivation of t ...200211867275
bacteriological characteristics of dressed young pigeon (squabs) columba livia domesticus.a total of 50 frozen squabs carcasses were collected from different retail markets in cairo and giza governorates. the collected samples were examined bacteriologically. the aerobic plate count, the enterobacteriaceae and the staphylococcus count were 6.6 x 10(5), 6.3 x 10(2) and 1.4 x 10(3) cfu./gram, respectively. the results revealed no positive samples for salmonella yersinia entercolitica, listeria monocytogenes and campylobacter jejuni. staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 2% of samples ...200211890056
coenzyme q10 levels in pigeon (columba livia) spermatozoa.to assess the coq10 levels in pigeon spermatozoa and to verify their possible correlation with spermatic kinetic parameters.200211907632
functional aspects of dopamine metabolism in the putative prefrontal cortex analogue and striatum of pigeons (columba livia).dopamine (da) in mammalian associative structures, such as the prefrontal cortex (pfc), plays a prominent role in learning and memory processes, and its homeostasis differs from that of da in the striatum, a sensorimotor region. the neostriatum caudolaterale (ncl) of birds resembles the mammalian pfc according to connectional, electrophysiological, and behavioral data. in the present study, da regulation in the associative ncl and the striatal lobus parolfactorius (lpo) of pigeons was compared t ...200211920720
the influence of stress from transport and handling on hematologic and clinical chemistry blood parameters of racing pigeons (columba livia domestica).in the present study, the influence of stress from handling and transport on some frequently examined blood parameters of racing pigeons was evaluated. after 3 hr, there was a highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the number as well as in the percentage of heterophils and decrease of lymphocytes. in clinical chemistries, increases of creatine kinase and glucose and a decrease of uric acid were observed. there was a mean decrease of the total white blood count of >15% that was less significan ...200211922340
muscarinic cholinergic receptor blockade impairs free fatty acid mobilization during fasting in pigeons (columba livia).the effects of intracerebroventricular pretreatment with muscarinic (scopolamine or methylscopolamine; 2.7 nmol or 5.4 nmol) or nicotinic (mecamylamine, 2.7 nmol or 5.4 nmol) cholinergic receptor antagonists on plasma free fatty acid increases induced by intracerebroventricular injections of carbachol in conscious resting pigeons (columba livia) were examined. plasma glucose levels were also measured throughout the experiments. pretreatment with methylscopolamine suppressed the lipolytic effect ...200211924561
pathogenicity of a hong kong-origin h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons.the h5n1 type a influenza viruses that emerged in hong kong in 1997 are a unique lineage of type a influenza viruses with the capacity to transmit directly from chickens to humans and produce significant disease and mortality in both of these hosts. the objective of this study was to ascertain the susceptibility of emus (dramaius novaehollandiae), domestic geese (anser anser domesticus), domestic ducks (anas platyrhynchos), and pigeons (columba livia) to intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with the a/ ...200211924603
intratelencephalic connections of the hippocampus in pigeons (columba livia).behavioral experiments using ablation of the hippocampus are increasingly being used to address the hypothesis that the avian hippocampus plays a role in memory, as in mammals. however, the morphological basis of the avian hippocampus has been poorly understood. in the present study, the afferent and efferent connections of the hippocampus in the pigeon telencephalon were defined by injections, at various rostrocaudal sites, of neuronal tracers mainly into the triangular part located between its ...200211977120
adrenergic control of glycemia in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in pigeons.the effects of local injections of adrenaline into the paraventricular nucleus (pvn) and into other anterior hypothalamic areas on blood glucose levels were investigated in conscious pigeons (columba livia). adrenaline evoked a reliable and potent increase in blood glucose levels when injected into the pvn; no glycemic change was observed after vehicle injections into the pvn or after adrenaline injections into the 3rd ventricle or hypothalamic structures adjacent to the pvn. local pretreatment ...200211997704
unilateral eye closure and interhemispheric eeg asymmetry during sleep in the pigeon (columba livia).aquatic mammals (i.e., cetaceans, eared seals and manatees) and birds show interhemispheric asymmetries (ia) in slow-wave sleep-related electroencephalographic (eeg) activity, suggesting that the depth of sleep differs between hemispheres. in birds, an association between unilateral eye closure and ia has been reported in five species from three orders (i.e., galliformes, charadriiformes, and anseriformes). moreover, unilateral eye closure has been observed during behaviorally defined sleep in 2 ...200112016351
cardiovascular responses to adrenergic agents in different acclimation states in the rock pigeon (columba livia).the effect of propranolol on heart rate (fh) was measured in season-acclimatized pigeons. propranolol treatment decreased fh in winter-acclimatized pigeons, accelerated fh in summer-acclimatized pigeons, but had no effect on fh in spring-acclimatized pigeons. the effect of propranolol in summer-acclimatized pigeons is opposite to that observed in mammals. interestingly, isoproterenol produced a propranolol-like cardioacceleration in heat-acclimated pigeons. we suggest that propranolol affects fh ...200212099400
pigeon allergens in indoor environments: a preliminary study.few studies have measured pigeon allergens in non pigeon coop environments. this study was conducted to determine approximate pigeon dropping allergen concentrations in indoor environments.200212100304
impaired learning of a color reversal task after nmda receptor blockade in the pigeon (columba livia) associative forebrain (neostriatum caudolaterale).the neostriatum caudolaterale (ncl) in the pigeon (columba livia) forebrain is a multisensory associative area and a functional equivalent to the mammalian prefrontal cortex (pfc). to investigate the role of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors in the ncl for learning flexibility, the authors trained pigeons in a color reversal task while locally blocking nmda receptors with d,l-2-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (ap-5). controls received saline injections. ap-5-treated pigeons made significantly mo ...200212148920
cutaneous blood flow in the pigeon columba livia: its possible relevance to cutaneous water evaporation.the heat-acclimated rock pigeon is thought to use cutaneous water evaporation (cwe) as the 'preferred' route for heat dissipation, and this mechanism is controlled by adrenergic signaling. in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that adjustments in skin blood flow are a crucial component of this adaptation. skin blood flow was measured by laser doppler flowmetry and by ultrasonic flowmetry in heat-acclimated (hac) and non-acclimated (nac) pigeons. skin blood flow, cwe and rectal and skin ...200212151368
annual variation in semen characteristics of pigeons (columba livia).the purpose of this study was to evaluate annual semen characteristics of pigeons (columba livia). ten selected male pigeons, aged 2 to 5 yr were housed under natural environmental conditions, and semen collection was conducted via a digital massage twice weekly throughout the year. the success rate of semen collection in a total of 920 attempts was 40% (371/920) over the whole year. the highest success rate was 69% (55/80) in march followed by 66% (53/80) in november, whereas the lowest rates w ...200212162344
effect of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia and atipamezole on heart and respiratory rate and cloacal temperature of domestic pigeons.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative-anaesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine (m, 50 microg per pigeon), butorphanol (b, 50 microg per pigeon) and ketamine (k, 25 mg per pigeon) in domestic pigeons. eight domestic pigeons (four male and four female, 8-15 months old) were used. the combination of medetomidine and butorphanol injectable solutions were used to produce sedation. ten minutes after m + b administration, k was injected. the anaesthetic effects of the drugs ...200212227468
imitation of conditional discriminations in pigeons (columba livia).in the present experiments, the 2-action method was used to determine whether pigeons could learn to imitate a conditional discrimination. demonstrator pigeons (columba livia) stepped on a treadle in the presence of 1 light and pecked at the treadle in the presence of another light. demonstration did not seem to affect acquisition of the conditional discrimination (experiment 1) but did facilitate its reversal of the conditional discrimination (experiments 2 and 3). the results suggest that pige ...200212234078
caloric nystagmus after plugging of the horizontal semicircular canal in pigeons.the mechanism of caloric nystagmus has been attributed to endolymphatic thermoconvection flow of the horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear. it has recently become difficult, however, to explain caloric nystagmus provoked in the space experiment by employing the convection theory only because the convection phenomenon does not exist under the conditions of microgravity (0g). although several hypotheses concerning the mechanism of caloric nystagmus have been proposed which exclude the con ...199312236250
intrahippocampal connections in the pigeon (columba livia) as revealed by stimulation evoked field potentials.the hippocampal formation (hf) of mammals and birds is crucial for spatial learning and memory. however, although the underlying synaptic organization and connectivity of the mammalian hf are well characterized, comparatively little is known about the avian hf. localized regions of the homing pigeon hf were stimulated at 400-600 microa while evoked field potentials (efps) were recorded from adjacent and more distant hf areas relative to the stimulation site. the shortest discernible efp latency ...200212353225
discrimination of intentional and random motion paths by pigeons.twelve pigeons ( columba livia) were trained on a go/no-go schedule to discriminate between two kinds of movement patterns of dots, which to human observers appear to be "intentional" and "non-intentional" movements. in experiment 1, the intentional motion stimulus contained one dot (a "wolf") that moved systematically towards another dot as though stalking it, and three distractors ("sheep"). the non-intentional motion stimulus consisted of four distractors but no stalker. birds showed some imp ...200212357284
comparison of susceptibility to antimicrobials of the enterococcal species isolated from pigeons (columba livia).antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus columbae strains isolated from racing pigeons (columba livia). e. columbae is the most prevalent enterococcal species in the intestines of pigeons. acquired resistance against the antimicrobials bambermycin, vancomycin, monensin, narasin, virginiamycin (cross-resistant with quinupristin/dalfopristin), avilamycin (cross-resistant with evernimicin), and ampicillin was not seen. only for ...200212363011
concentrations of chromium, manganese, and lead in air and in avian eggs.the expansion of urbanization introduces air pollution to wildlife areas. some metal contaminants occurring in concentrations too small to have any measurable impact on adult birds may seriously affect embryos that are more sensitive to contaminants than the adult. chromium, manganese, and lead are toxic and can be passed from the hen to the egg. this study relates the concentrations of these metals in eggs to their concentrations in air in three cities. rock dove eggs were sampled and air pollu ...200212395831
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pigeon isolates of streptococcus gallolyticus, escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.thirty-three streptococcus gallolyticus, 60 escherichia coli and 18 salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium var. copenhagen strains isolated from homing pigeons (columba livia) were tested for susceptibility to the antimicrobials most commonly used to treat pigeons. minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution technique. aminoglycosides (gentamicin and kanamycin), trimethoprim and flumequine were relatively inactive against the streptococci tested. acquired tetracyc ...200212396341
pcr-rflps within the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh-a) gene of the domestic pigeon (columba livia var. domestica).a total of 45 racing pigeons were genotyped using pcr-rflp method. pcr product of the ldh-a gene was amplified according to the long-pcr procedure. the amplification products were digested with restriction enzymes. pcr-rflps for two restriction enzymes, haeiii and nlaiv, were observed. two pairs of alleles ldh-a(a) and ldh-a(b) for ldh-a-nlaiv polymorphism and ldh-a(c) and ldh-a(d) for ldh-a-haeiii polymorphism were detected in the homozygous and heterozygous states. frequencies of alleles were ...200212441634
wild pigeons and pheasants--a source of chlamydophila psittaci for humans and animals.the authors present results of serological examination in 275 pheasants (phaisanus colchicus) and 273 pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) for the presence of chlamydophila (ch) psittaci igg antibodies. using micromethod of complement fixation (cf) test with genus-specific antigen ch. psittaci (bioveta, ivanovice na hané, czech republic), the seropositivity in pheasants oscillated between 31.5-40.4 %. no clinical signs of chlamydiosis were detected in pheasants under study. the seropositivity in ...200212498596
zonal organization of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeons (columba livia): i. climbing fiber input to the flocculus.previous studies in pigeons have shown that the neurons in the medial column of the inferior olive respond best to patterns of optic flow resulting from self-rotation. with respect to the axis of rotation, there are two functional groups: rva neurons prefer rotation about the vertical axis, whereas rh45 neurons respond best to rotation about an horizontal axis oriented at 45 degrees ipsilateral azimuth. the rva and rh45 neurons are located in the caudal and rostral margins of the medial column, ...200312509870
zonal organization of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeons (columba livia): ii. projections of the rotation zones of the flocculus.previous neurophysiologic research in birds and mammals has shown that there are two types of purkinje cells in the flocculus. the first type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about the vertical axis (rva neurons). the second type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about a horizontal axis oriented 45 degrees to contralateral azimuth (rh45c neurons). in pigeons, the rva and rh45c are organized into four alternating p ...200312509871
comparative pharmacokinetics of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five bird species.information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-inflammatory drugs in birds is scarce. choice of drug and of dosage is usually empirical, since studies of anti-inflammatory drugs are lacking. in this study, three common veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) were administered intravenously to five different bird species. sodium salicylate, flunixin and meloxicam were selected as anti-inflammatory drugs. these nsaids were administered intravenously to chickens ...200312524015
cytochrome p450 enzyme activity in five herbivorous, non-passerine bird species.we examined hepatic cytochrome p450 activity in wild and hand-reared grey partridges (perdix perdix), capercaillies (tetrao urogallus) and ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus), as well as the enzyme activity in a variety of tissues of hand-reared japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) and pigeons (columba livia). post-mortem decrease in hepatic enzyme activity in the grey partridge was measured. hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity was similar in wild and hand-reared grey ...200312524019
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