Publications

the influence of stress from transport and handling on hematologic and clinical chemistry blood parameters of racing pigeons (columba livia domestica).	in the present study, the influence of stress from handling and transport on some frequently examined blood parameters of racing pigeons was evaluated. after 3 hr, there was a highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the number as well as in the percentage of heterophils and decrease of lymphocytes. in clinical chemistries, increases of creatine kinase and glucose and a decrease of uric acid were observed. there was a mean decrease of the total white blood count of >15% that was less significan ...	2002	11922340
muscarinic cholinergic receptor blockade impairs free fatty acid mobilization during fasting in pigeons (columba livia).	the effects of intracerebroventricular pretreatment with muscarinic (scopolamine or methylscopolamine; 2.7 nmol or 5.4 nmol) or nicotinic (mecamylamine, 2.7 nmol or 5.4 nmol) cholinergic receptor antagonists on plasma free fatty acid increases induced by intracerebroventricular injections of carbachol in conscious resting pigeons (columba livia) were examined. plasma glucose levels were also measured throughout the experiments. pretreatment with methylscopolamine suppressed the lipolytic effect ...	2002	11924561
pathogenicity of a hong kong-origin h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons.	the h5n1 type a influenza viruses that emerged in hong kong in 1997 are a unique lineage of type a influenza viruses with the capacity to transmit directly from chickens to humans and produce significant disease and mortality in both of these hosts. the objective of this study was to ascertain the susceptibility of emus (dramaius novaehollandiae), domestic geese (anser anser domesticus), domestic ducks (anas platyrhynchos), and pigeons (columba livia) to intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with the a/ ...	2002	11924603
intratelencephalic connections of the hippocampus in pigeons (columba livia).	behavioral experiments using ablation of the hippocampus are increasingly being used to address the hypothesis that the avian hippocampus plays a role in memory, as in mammals. however, the morphological basis of the avian hippocampus has been poorly understood. in the present study, the afferent and efferent connections of the hippocampus in the pigeon telencephalon were defined by injections, at various rostrocaudal sites, of neuronal tracers mainly into the triangular part located between its ...	2002	11977120
adrenergic control of glycemia in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in pigeons.	the effects of local injections of adrenaline into the paraventricular nucleus (pvn) and into other anterior hypothalamic areas on blood glucose levels were investigated in conscious pigeons (columba livia). adrenaline evoked a reliable and potent increase in blood glucose levels when injected into the pvn; no glycemic change was observed after vehicle injections into the pvn or after adrenaline injections into the 3rd ventricle or hypothalamic structures adjacent to the pvn. local pretreatment ...	2002	11997704
comparative pharmacokinetics of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five bird species.	information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-inflammatory drugs in birds is scarce. choice of drug and of dosage is usually empirical, since studies of anti-inflammatory drugs are lacking. in this study, three common veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) were administered intravenously to five different bird species. sodium salicylate, flunixin and meloxicam were selected as anti-inflammatory drugs. these nsaids were administered intravenously to chickens ...	2003	12524015
zonal organization of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeons (columba livia): i. climbing fiber input to the flocculus.	previous studies in pigeons have shown that the neurons in the medial column of the inferior olive respond best to patterns of optic flow resulting from self-rotation. with respect to the axis of rotation, there are two functional groups: rva neurons prefer rotation about the vertical axis, whereas rh45 neurons respond best to rotation about an horizontal axis oriented at 45 degrees ipsilateral azimuth. the rva and rh45 neurons are located in the caudal and rostral margins of the medial column, ...	2003	12509870
zonal organization of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeons (columba livia): ii. projections of the rotation zones of the flocculus.	previous neurophysiologic research in birds and mammals has shown that there are two types of purkinje cells in the flocculus. the first type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about the vertical axis (rva neurons). the second type shows maximal modulation in response to rotational optokinetic stimulation about a horizontal axis oriented 45 degrees to contralateral azimuth (rh45c neurons). in pigeons, the rva and rh45c are organized into four alternating p ...	2003	12509871
bird skins in museum collections: are they suitable as indicators of environmental metal load after conservation procedures?	to find out whether modern conservation treatments alter the level of metals in feathers, we analysed the content of 10 metals in feathers before and after skins were washed with detergent and treated with eulan u-33 (a commonly used preservative at museums). feathers of 31 birds of goshawk accipiter gentilis, eagle owl bubo bubo. feral pigeon columba livia domest, and common eider somateria mollissima were analysed. we found that in most cases metals were partly washed out of the feathers, but ...	2003	12889635
quantitative renal scintigraphy in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) exposed to toxic doses of gentamicin.	to standardize techniques for renal scintigraphy in birds, to use scintigraphy to assess gentamicin nephrotoxicosis in birds, to compare nuclear medicine assessments with histologic assessment of gentamicin nephrotoxicosis and serum uric acid concentrations, and to determine the radiopharmaceutical that best quantifies avian renal function.	2003	12693536
ultrastructural analysis of a putative magnetoreceptor in the beak of homing pigeons.	with the use of different light and electron microscopic methods, we investigated the subcellular organization of afferent trigeminal terminals in the upper beak of the homing pigeon, columba livia, which are about 5 microm in diameter and contain superparamagnetic magnetite (spm) crystals. the spm nanocrystals are assembled in clusters (diameter, approximately 1-2 microm). about 10 to 15 of these clusters occur inside one nerve terminal, arranged along the cell membrane. each spm cluster is emb ...	2003	12619070
cytochrome p450 enzyme activity in five herbivorous, non-passerine bird species.	we examined hepatic cytochrome p450 activity in wild and hand-reared grey partridges (perdix perdix), capercaillies (tetrao urogallus) and ring-necked pheasants (phasianus colchicus), as well as the enzyme activity in a variety of tissues of hand-reared japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) and pigeons (columba livia). post-mortem decrease in hepatic enzyme activity in the grey partridge was measured. hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity was similar in wild and hand-reared grey ...	2003	12524019
detection of anti-west nile virus immunoglobulin m in chicken serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the emergence of west nile (wn) virus in new york and the surrounding area in 1999 prompted an increase in surveillance measures throughout the united states, including the screening of sentinel chicken flocks for antibodies. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of chicken immunoglobulin m (igm) to wn virus was developed, standardized, and characterized as a rapid and sensitive means to detect wn viral antibodies in sentinel flocks. serum specimens from experimentally i ...	2003	12734241
characterization of newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from eurasian collared doves (streptopelia decaocto) in italy.	eurasian collared doves (streptopelia decaocto) are thought to originate from india and they have colonized, throughout the centuries, the middle east and, more recently, mediterranean countries such as italy and spain. in the present paper we report of the isolation and characterization of newcastle disease viruses (ndv) obtained from eurasian collared doves during 2000-2001, and compare them to isolates obtained from feral pigeons (columba livia) during the same period. all isolates could be c ...	2003	12745382
internal connectivity of the homing pigeon (columba livia) hippocampal formation: an anterograde and retrograde tracer study.	the avian hippocampal formation (hf) is a structure necessary for learning and remembering aspects of environmental space. therefore, understanding the connections between different hf regions is important for determining how spatial learning processes are organized within the avian brain. the prevailing feed-forward, trisynaptic internal connectivity of the mammalian hippocampus and its importance for cognition have been well described, but the internal connectivity of the avian hf has only rec ...	2003	12640665
feeding induced by microinjections of nmda and ampa-kainate receptor antagonists into ventral striatal and ventral pallidal areas of the pigeon.	the participation of glutamatergic circuits of the ventral basal ganglia in feeding-related regulatory mechanisms has been extensively indicated in primate and rodent species. in avian species, it has been shown that icv injections of mk-801 or of cnqx increase food intake and reduce the latency of feeding initiation in free-feeding pigeons. in the present study, the effects of local injections of mk-801 (6 nmol), cnqx (160 nmol) or vehicle (0.2 microl) into a number of ventral striatopallidal n ...	2003	12646310
temporal modulation of spatial contrast vision in pigeons (columba livia).	spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity (cs) functions were obtained from four white carneaux pigeons. the spatial frequency for each session was selected randomly from a group of five spatial frequencies ranging from 0.42 to 1.26 c/deg. within the session, the temporal frequency varied from 1 to 32 hz. when plotted as a function of spatial frequency, the cs functions peaked in the range 0.7-1.0 c/deg. when compared to data that had been collected at 0 hz temporal modulation, the temporally modulate ...	2003	12639602
social influence in pigeons (columba livia): the role of differential reinforcement.	socially-influenced learning was studied in observer pigeons that observed a demonstrator in an adjacent chamber performing a target response comprising standing on a box and pecking a key 10 times. in experiment 1 there was no evidence for social learning in the absence of reinforcement of the observer's behavior. when the target response was already established in the observer's repertoire, but was not differentially reinforced in relation to the demonstrator's behavior, rates of extinction we ...	2003	12822685
searching by rules: pigeons' (columba livia) landmark-based search according to constant bearing or constant distance.	pigeons (columba livia) searched for a goal location defined by a constant relative spatial relationship to 2 landmark. for one group, landmark-to-goal bearings remained constant while distance varied. for another group landmark-to-goal distances remained constant while direction varied. birds were trained with 4 interlandmark distances and then tested with 5 novel interlandmark distances. overall error magnitude was similar across groups and was large than previously reported for clark's nutcra ...	2003	12856782
undesirable reactions of domestic pigeons to vaccination against paramyxovirus type 1.	subcutaneous vaccination of fancy and racing pigeons with inactivated oil-based vaccines protects against all clinical manifestations caused by the paramyxovirus type 1. correct application of the vaccine may occasionally result in the development of granulomas or abscess-like lesions on the site of vaccine application. although protected against disease as proven by challenge experiments, a variable proportion of vaccinated pigeons do not react with the formation of detectable serum antibodies. ...	2003	14650734
differential effects of visual context on pattern discrimination by pigeons (columba livia) and humans (homo sapiens).	three experiment examined the role of contextual information during line orientation and line position discriminations by pigeons (columba livia) and humans (homo sapiens). experiment 1 tested pigeons' performance with these stimuli in a target localization task using texture displays. experiments 2 and 3 tested pigeons and humans, respectively, with small and large variations of these stimuli in a same-different task. humans showed a configural superiority effect when tested with displays const ...	2003	12856790
experimental inoculation of pigeons (columba livia) with mycobacterium bovis.	the purpose of this pilot study was to determine if pigeons (columba livia) are susceptible to infection with mycobacterium bovis by either oral or intratracheal inoculation and to assess their possible role in the lateral transmission of bovine tuberculosis. six pigeons were orally inoculated with 1.3 x 10(5) colony-forming units of m. bovis, six pigeons were intratracheally inoculated with the same dose, and six pigeons served as noninoculated controls. the study continued for 90 days postinoc ...	2003	12887208
[endocrine cells of mucosa epithelium in distal area of the intestine in domestic pigeon].	the epithelium of mucosa in the distal portion of the intestine of domestic pigeon (columba livia var domestica) was studied using the methods of light and electron microscopy. in the epithelium of the studied portions of the intestine, argentaffin cells are distributed relatively uniformly. a certain variation in the number of endocrine cells has been marked in individual birds which is probably associated with functional lability of the endocrine apparatus of pigeon colon. in the epithelium of ...	2003	12942832
zonal organization of the vestibulocerebellum in pigeons (columba livia): iii. projections of the translation zones of the ventral uvula and nodulus.	previous electrophysiological studies in pigeons have shown that the complex spike activity of purkinje cells in the medial vestibulocerebellum (nodulus and ventral uvula) is modulated by patterns of optic flow that result from self-translation along a particular axis in three-dimensional space. there are four response types based on the axis of preferred translational optic flow. by using a three axis system, where +x, +y, and +z represent rightward, upward, and forward self-motion, respectivel ...	2003	12949780
phylogenetic analysis reveals extensive evolution of avian paramyxovirus type 1 strains of pigeons (columba livia) and suggests multiple species transmission.	partial sequence and residue substitution analyses of the fusion protein gene were performed for 68 strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1 of pigeons (ppmv-1), an antigenic variant of newcastle disease virus (ndv) of chickens, derived from 16 countries between 1978 and 2002. the majority of isolates clustered into a single genetic lineage, termed vib/1, within genotype vi of ndv strains of chickens, whereas a small number of isolates that originated in croatia after 1995, grouped in a highly dive ...	2003	12951266
avian cryptococcosis.	clinical and laboratory findings in 15 unreported cases of avian cryptococcosis from australia were collated and contrasted with 11 cases recorded in the literature. cryptococcus species produced localized invasive disease of the upper respiratory tract of captive parrots living in australia. this resulted in signs referable to mycotic rhinitis or to involvement of structures contiguous with the nasal cavity, such as the beak, sinuses, choana, retrobulbar space and palate. parrots of widely diff ...	2003	12964843
degree of representation of the matching concept in pigeons (columba livia).	in experiment 1, 12 pigeons (columba livia) were trained on a simultaneous matching-to-sample task with 2 stimuli and then tested with 2 novel stimuli. half of the birds were trained with a fixed ratio schedule requirement of 1 (fr1) or 20 (fr20) pecks on the sample stimulus. none of the birds showed any evidence of concept-mediated transfer. in experiment 2, 12 pigeons were trained with 3 stimuli and then tested with the same novel stimuli used in experiment 1. half of the birds in each group w ...	2003	14498800
rhabdomyosarcoma in a racing pigeon (columba livia).	an adult racing pigeon (columba livia) was presented with a subcutaneous mass on the ventral aspect of the right wing. a fine-needle aspirate and radiographic study of the mass were suggestive of highly invasive sarcomatous neoplasm. euthanasia was decided because of the poor prognosis. necropsy confirmed the highly invasive nature of the neoplasm, which also occupied a large portion of the right breast. there also was extensive osteolysis of the sternum with neoplastic invasion of the left brea ...	2003	14676012
methods to determine metabolizable energy and digestibility of feed ingredients in the domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica).	the influence of length of excreta collection period (1, 3, 6, 10, 14 d) and prefeeding protocol (7 d either individual feeding in collection cages or group feeding in housing cages) on amen, nitrogen retention (nr), and apparent dm, organic matter and ether extract digestibility of corn and peas were evaluated in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica). in addition, the use of internal markers [acid-insoluble ash (aia) and acid detergent lignin (adl)] to determine amen, nr, and apparent dige ...	2003	12967260
imitation and affordance learning by pigeons (columba livia).	the bidirectional control procedure was used to determine whether pigeons (columba livia) would imitate a demonstrator that pushed a sliding screen for food. one group of observers saw a trained demonstrator push a sliding screen door with its beak (imitation group), whereas 2 other groups watched the screen move independently (possibly learning how the environment works) with a conspecific either present (affordance learning with social facilitation) or absent (affordance learning alone). a 4th ...	2003	14717643
domestic pigeons (columba livia) discriminate between photographs of individual pigeons.	in two experiments, we examined the discrimination of photographs of individual pigeons by pigeons, using go/no-go discrimination procedures. in experiments 1a and 1b, the pigeons were trained to discriminate 4 photographs of one pigeon from those of a number of pigeons. the subjects learned the discrimination, but their discriminative behavior did not transfer to new photographs taken from novel perspectives. when the pigeons were trained to discriminate between 20 photographs of five pigeons t ...	2003	14733480
parasite mediated mortality and host immune response explain age-related differences in blood parasitism in birds.	an important pattern in host-parasite assemblages is a higher intensity of parasites in juveniles than in adults, but the reasons for these differences remain obscure. three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed: (1) heavily parasitized juveniles die before being recruited into the adult population ('selection' hypothesis); (2) the development of an acquired immunity by the host in front of the parasite reduces the intensity of the parasite in adult hosts ('immunity' hypothesis); ...	2003	16228253
the effect of clock-shift on the initial orientation of wild rock doves ( columba l. livia).	previous experiments on wild rock doves ( columba l. livia gmelin) released within their familiar area revealed an evident effect of fast-shifting, although shifted doves, but not controls, tended to orient homeward. such an outcome suggested a possible influence of the release time per se on the directional choices of the tested doves. in the present study, this hypothesis was investigated by comparing the orientation of slow-shifted birds to that of two control groups released at different tim ...	2003	12835836
kinematic parameters of the walking of herons, ground-feeders, and waterfowl.	the kinematic gait characteristics of six species of birds in three groups were compared. the groups studied were herons (gray herons and little egrets), ground-feeders (domestic pigeons and gray starlings), and waterfowl (pintails and black-headed gulls). the results showed that the relative stride frequency was greater in the waterfowl than in the other species. complementary to this, the amplitude of the movements was smaller in the waterfowl than in the others. these differences between the ...	2004	15471689
abnormal clutch size in domestic pigeons.	a strain of racing pigeons has been obtained in which some hens occasionally lay the almost unknown clutch size of three eggs. this effect appears to be due to a simple recessive. circumstances prevent serious research on the factor and birds are offered free to any workers able to make effective use of them, in order that this extremely rare factor not be lost.	2004	3403961
familiar route loyalty implies visual pilotage in the homing pigeon.	wide-ranging animals, such as birds, regularly traverse large areas of the landscape efficiently in the course of their local movement patterns, which raises fundamental questions about the cognitive mechanisms involved. by using precision global-positioning-system loggers, we show that homing pigeons (columba livia) not only come to rely on highly stereotyped yet surprisingly inefficient routes within the local area but are attracted directly back to their individually preferred routes even whe ...	2004	15572457
reorientation in a two-dimensional environment: ii. do pigeons (columba livia) encode the featural and geometric properties of a two-dimensional schematic of a room?	pigeons (columba livia) searched for a hidden target area in images showing a schematic rectangular environment. the absolute position of the goal varied across trials but was constant relative to distinctive featural cues and geometric properties of the environment. pigeons learned to use both of these properties to locate the goal. transformation tests showed that pigeons could use either the color or shape of the features, but performance was better with color cues present. pigeons could also ...	2004	15584775
the effect of alpha2-adrenergic receptors on cutaneous water evaporation in the rock pigeon (columba livia).	the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in regulating cutaneous water evaporation (cwe) in the rock pigeon (columba livia) is well documented. here, we studied the involvement of the alpha2-adrenergic receptors in this cooling mechanism of the heat-acclimated (hac) pigeon. systemic alpha2-adrenergic activation [clonidine, 50 microg kg(-1), intramuscular (i.m.)] was found to increase cwe in heat-acclimated pigeons at an ambient temperature (t(a)) of 25 degrees c. subcutaneous administration of the ...	2004	15596385
human infestation by pigeon fleas (ceratophyllus columbae) from feral pigeons.	the report concerns a married couple who were repeatedly invaded by pigeon fleas (ceratophyllus columbae) over a period of 2 months. the source of the fleas was a pair of breeding feral pigeons (columba livia). the birds' nest was located in the attic immediately above the couple's apartment, and the fleas found their way along an unsealed heating pipe. the people encountered up to 40 bites per night. with invasions repeated almost every night, the man gradually developed an allergic urticarial ...	2004	15627347
review of the literature on avian influenza a viruses in pigeons and experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigeons to influenza a viruses of the haemagglutinin subtype h7.	the scientific literature of the past century is reviewed on fowl plague (presently termed highly pathogenic avian influenza, hpai) in pigeons. hpai viruses cause epidemic disease outbreaks with high rates of losses in many avian species, particularily in chickens and turkeys. also susceptible to disease are quails, guinea fowl, ducks, geese, ostriches, passerine birds, and birds of prey whereas conflicting reports on the susceptibility of the domestic pigeon exist. based on literature reports a ...	2004	15648616
west nile virus viremia in wild rock pigeons.	feral rock pigeons were screened for neutralizing antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) during late winter/spring and summer of 2002 and 2003. additionally, virus isolation from serum was attempted from 269 birds collected during peak transmission periods. the observed viremia levels and seroprevalence indicate that this species could be involved in amplifying wnv in urban settings.	2004	15663876
immunohistochemical detection of [corrected] trkb in the enteric nervous system of the small intestine in pigeon (columba livia).	the presence and cell localization of trkb, the main receptor for the neurotrophins (nts), was investigated immunohistochemically in the small intestine of adult pigeons, with special reference to the enteric nervous system (ens). several neuronal (neurofilament proteins and pgp 9.5) and glial cell (s100 protein) markers were studied in parallel. trkb immunoreactivity (trkb-ir) was found to be restricted to immunohistochemically-identified glial cells present in the enteric plexuses, and to schw ...	2004	15718203
[the pigeon tick, argas reflexus, and hazard for human health].	the massive presence of the pigeon (columba livia f. domestica) in urban areas not only is cause of serious aesthetic damages as decline of squares, of churches, of statues and buildings, but often creates many hygienic and medical problems. the pigeon, in fact, can transmit a great number of pathogenic agents and also be infested by several ectoparasites. among these, argas reflexus (acari: argasidae), the well known pigeon tick, is the most important ectoparasite that can involve also human he ...	2004	15815109
searching in the center: pigeons (columba livid) encode relative distance from walls of an enclosure.	pigeons (columba livia) searched for food hidden in the center of a square enclosure. on occasional tests without food, the enclosure was (a) unchanged from training (control tests), (b) moved to different corners of the testing room (corner tests), or (c) doubled in size (expansion tests). the birds showed localized search in the center of the enclosure on control and corner tests. on expansion tests, some birds searched near the center of the enclosure, suggesting relative-distance encoding. o ...	2004	15008679
evolution of preproinsulin gene in birds.	the coding region of the preproinsulin gene has been cloned and partly sequenced in a variety of marine and terrestrial birds (28 species). all genes showed the "ancestral" structure with a large intron-2. the size of intron-2 changed considerably during the evolution of birds (2.4-4.2kb). the hydrophobicity of signal peptides was conserved. bird c-peptides were predicted to be 28 amino acids long, but circulating c-peptides would be only 26 amino acids long, with passer as a possible exception. ...	2004	15012953
multiple uv reflectance peaks in the iridescent neck feathers of pigeons.	recent studies of colorful plumage signals in birds have been aided by the finding that birds can see ultraviolet (uv) light and thus may communicate using colors invisible to humans. some of the pioneering and more pivotal work on avian color vision was performed with domestic pigeons ( columba livia), yet surprisingly there have been few detailed reports of the uv-reflecting properties of pigeon feathers. here, i use uv-vis fiber-optic spectrometry to document the full-spectrum reflectance cha ...	2004	15034662
effect of naloxone on food competition aggression in food-restricted high and low aggression pigeons (columba livia).	we determined the effect of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone on aggression, emotion, feeder control, and eating behavior in high and low aggression female pigeons maintained at 80% of their normal weight and exposed to food competition interactions. pigeons were divided into pairs by previously ranked high aggression (total time spent in offensive aggression exceeding 60 s/5 min; n=6 pairs) and low aggression females (time spent in offensive aggression less than 10 s/5 min; n=6 pairs). a ...	2004	15060702
eye-neck coupling during optokinetic responses in head-fixed pigeons (columba livia): influence of the flying behaviour.	the effects of the behavioural context on the properties of slow and fast phases of the horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (okn) and on the electromyographic neck response (emg) were investigated in head-fixed pigeons. responses in two situations were compared: (i) animals were hung in a harness ('resting' condition); (ii) animals in harness were subjected to a frontal airflow that provoked a flight posture ('flying' condition). during optokinetic stimuli the neck muscles responded in synchrony an ...	2004	15062993
the mapping of the visual field onto the dorso-lateral tectum of the pigeon (columba livia) and its relations with retinal specializations.	most of the physiological studies of the pigeon retino-tectal visual pathway have investigated the accessible tectum, a small dorso-lateral tectal section that can be easily accessed by a simple craniotomy. however, at present we lack a detailed study of the topographical arrangement between the visual field, the retina and the accessible tectum. in particular, it is not known which section of the visual field is mapped onto the accessible tectum, and which of the specialized retinal areas media ...	2004	14706713
lateralization of spatial learning in the avian hippocampal formation.	the authors investigated lateralization of spatial learning within the avian hippocampal formation (hf). in experiment 1, homing pigeons (columba livia) with unilateral lesions of the right or left hf were trained to locate a goal in a square room containing local landmarks and global room cues. all groups learned the task. during probe trials, when landmarks were rotated or removed, intact pigeons and left hf-lesioned pigeons relied exclusively on global room cues to locate the food goal. pigeo ...	2004	15113259
semen characteristics, cryopreservation, and successful artificial insemination in the blue rock pigeon (columba livia).	the present study was undertaken in the blue rock pigeon (columba livia) to evaluate the annual semen characteristics, to identify a suitable extender for semen short-term storage, to determine a protocol for cryopreservation of semen and finally to check whether intracloacal insemination would lead to the birth of a chick. semen characteristics such as semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and percentage of normal spermatozoa were maximum during the monsoon season. talp was observe ...	2004	15159109
health status of free-living pigeons (columba livia domestica) in the city of ljubljana.	in the year 2000 an epidemiological research was undertaken on the health status of free-living pigeons in the city of ljubljana, slovenia. a total of 139 pigeons were captured and examined for the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. serum samples, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs as well as samples of droppings and feathers were taken from the captured birds. antibodies to paramyxovirus type 1 were found in 84.2% of the sera examined, and 23.7% of birds were serologically posit ...	2004	15168753
phylogenetic expression of galalpha1-4gal on avian glycoproteins: glycan differentiation inscribed in the early history of modern birds.	glycoproteins containing galalpha1-4gal (galabiose) had been rarely found in vertebrates, except in a few species of birds and amphibians. we had previously reported that pigeon (columba livia) egg white and serum glycoproteins are rich in n-glycans with galalpha1-4gal at nonreducing termini. to investigate the origin of galalpha1-4gal expression in avian evolution, we examined the presence of galalpha1-4gal glycoproteins in egg whites from 20 orders, 88 families, 163 genera, and 181 species of ...	2004	15184685
deuterium stable isotope ratios as tracers of water resource use: an experimental test with rock doves.	naturally-occurring deuterium stable isotope ratios can potentially be used to trace water resource use by animals, but estimating the contribution of isotopically distinct water sources requires the accurate prediction of isotopic discrimination factors between water inputs and an animal's body water pool. we examined the feasibility of using estimates of water fluxes between a bird and its environment with a mass-balance model for the deuterium stable isotope ratio of avian body water (deltadb ...	2004	15185137
clinical evaluation of the oral iron chelator deferiprone for the potential treatment of iron overload in bird species.	the clinical use of oral fe chelators for the treatment of fe-storage disease in birds requires evaluation. in this study, the efficacy of the fe chelator deferiprone in reducing hepatic fe stores, its effects on hematologic, biochemical, and plasma fe parameters, and its potential toxicity during a 30-day treatment period were investigated in a controlled setting using two model species, the white leghorn chicken (gallus gallus f. domestica) and the domestic pigeon (columba livia). a second pha ...	2004	15193072
survey for haemoproteus spp., trichomonas gallinae, chlamydophila psittaci, and salmonella spp. in galapagos islands columbiformes.	endemic free-ranging galapagos doves (zenaida galapagoensis) and introduced rock doves (columba livia) were surveyed in several islands of the galapagos archipelago to establish sample prevalence of hemoparasites, trichomonas gallinae, chlamydophila psittaci, and salmonella species. a haemoproteus sp., the only hemoparasite identified, was found in 89% of the galapagos doves sampled but not in the rock doves. trichomonas gallinae was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 44% of rock doves fro ...	2004	15193075
monitoring for lead pollution using feathers of feral pigeons (columba livia) from korea.	we investigated lead exposure conditions using unwashed feathers of feral pigeons as a monitor for lead pollution from rural, central urban, and four industrial complex areas in korea with different ambient lead concentrations. overall, the lead levels in the feathers increased when the atmospheric lead levels increased, so that the lead levels in the feathers from urban and industrial areas were two to four times greater than those in the rural area. however, there are no significant difference ...	2004	15195817
factors causing variations of lead and cadmium accumulation of feral pigeons (columba livia).	in order to understand the factors causing variation of lead and cadmium accumulation in tissues of feral pigeons in seoul and ansan, korea, we investigated their age, food items (crop and gizzard contents) as well as environmental factors such as soil, atmosphere, and local traffic density. the results indicate that concentrations of pb and cd were highly increased in the order of eggs < chicks < adults. in food analysis, supplementary foods (rice, small stones, domestic scraps, cements, hairs, ...	2004	15195818
ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in birds.	in this study, 30 pigeons (columba livia forma domestica) and 30 quails (coturnix coturnix) were used to evaluate the diagnostic practicability and relevance of an ultrasound-conducted liver biopsy. their body weight ranged between 144 and 603g. considering anatomical peculiarities, the lateral (pigeons) or ventro-median (quails) access was chosen. in the case of the pigeons, 29 (96.7%) biopsies proved clearly to be liver tissue, while in the case of the smaller quails, 19 (63.3%) samples could ...	2004	15200264
local action of exogenous nitric oxide (no) on the skin blood flow of rock pigeons (columba livia) is affected by acclimation and skin site.	we studied the blood flow over dorsal and abdominal, non-brooding patch skin of two groups of pigeons: one group was thermally acclimated to cold (winter-acclimatized, wac) while the other group was acclimated to a mesic environment (thermally non-challenged, noc). two bilateral patches at the measurement sites were treated simultaneously with a gel containing sodium nitrate and ascorbic acid, to generate nitric oxide (no), and a vehicle gel. blood flow was measured by laser doppler velocimetry. ...	2004	15201293
economic context and pigeons' risk-taking: an integrative approach.	the present work tested pigeons' (columba livia) risk sensitivity to changes in resource availability in the concurrent-chains choice procedure. subjects were provided choices, generally between variable-ratio (vr) and fixed-ratio (fr) outcome schedules with equal or different mean values. predictions from ecology's risk sensitivity, behavioral economic's rate maximization, and psychology's delay-reduction theory were contrasted under settings where budget was adversely affected by one of three ...	2004	15222962
blood profile of pigeons (columba livia) during growth and breeding.	changes in the blood profile of domestic pigeons (columba livia) were studied during growth and breeding cycle. counts of erythrocytes and leucocytes, and values of mean corpuscular volume (mcv), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (mch), blood volume, plasma volume (bv), width of erythrocytes, and length, width and volume of erythrocyte nuclei of squabs almost reached adult values by the 4th week of age. during courtship and mating, while the level of plasma glucose increased, those of albumin, potass ...	2004	15275653
[the compatibility of ronidazol in racing pigeons in a controlled clinical study].	ronidazol is often used in racing pigeons for the treatment of trichomonas infections and diseases. therefore, in this study, the compatibility of the drug was examined by oral application over 7 days. for this purpose a randomized blind study was performed using four different groups (control group, 10 mg = therapy-group, 20 mg = double-dose-group and 40 mg = high-dose-group) of pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) with 6 male and 6 female birds each. all birds were clinically healthy and betwe ...	2004	15287575
[the efficacy of different oral dosage forms of furazolidone for e. coli infections in carrier pigeons].	the clinical efficiacy of furazolidon for treatment of e. coli-induced gastro-intestinal infections in racing pigeons was investigated. 36 adult pigeons were treated with 2 different oral modes of application (capsule/drinking water) with a daily therapeutic dosage of 12.5 mg furazolidon/pigeon. the pigeons used for this study (columba livia f. domestica) originated from conventional breeders and were housed in 3 different groups (control-, capsule- and powder-group) in different stables. after ...	2004	15298056
what does a pigeon (columba livia) brain look like during homing? selective examination of zenk expression.	lesion studies have shown that the avian hippocampus plays a crucial role in homing pigeon (columba livia) navigation. using the expression of the immediate early gene protein zenk in intact pigeons, the authors found regional variation in hippocampal activation as a consequence of homing and, necessarily, the behavior and internal states that accompany it. specifically, pigeons that homed displayed a significant increase in the number of zenk-labeled cells in the lateral hippocampal formation c ...	2004	15301610
[differentiation of the colon endocrine cells in mucosal epithelium of humans and some vertebrate animals].	by electron microscopy, the mucosal epithelium of a distal part of the intestine of humans and other vertebrates (rana temporaria, lacerta vivipara, columba livia, rabbit, rat, pig, cow) was examined. on the basis of the variety of cellular structure and the level of specialization of the involved elements a common regularity of ways of differentiation of endocrine cells was revealed. the updating of endocrine cells basically occurs as a result of differentiation of cambial cells through interme ...	2004	15341125
spatial response properties of homing pigeon hippocampal neurons: correlations with goal locations, movement between goals, and environmental context in a radial-arm arena.	the amniote hippocampal formation plays an evolutionarily-conserved role in the neural representation of environmental space. however, species differences in spatial ecology nurture the expectation of species differences in how hippocampal neurons represent space. to determine the spatial response properties of homing pigeon ( columba livia) hfneurons, we recorded from isolated units in birds freely navigating a radial arena in search of food present at four goal locations. fifty of 76 neurons d ...	2004	15449093
the effect of chicken, pigeon, and turkey demineralized bone matrix (dbm) implanted in ulnar defects fixed with the intramedullary-external skeletal fixator (im-esf) tie-in in pigeons (columba livia): histological evaluations.	avian demineralized bone matrix (adbm) powder prepared from chicken, pigeon, and turkey sources induced bone formation via endochondral and intramembranous processes, as in mammalian studies. there were no significant differences in percentage of new bone, percentage of cartilage, surface-forming osteoblast area, or osteoclast count between gaps treated with chicken, pigeon, and turkey dbm. however, there was a significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of inflammatory area in gaps treated with ch ...	2004	15468850
[communication and auditory behavior obtained by auditory evoked potentials in mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles].	animals: amphibians, frog catesbiana (frog bull, 30 animals); reptiles, sceloporus torcuatus (common small lizard, 22 animals); birds: columba livia (common dove, 20 animals), and mammals, cavia porcellus, (guinea pig, 20 animals). with regard to lodging, all animals were maintained at the institute of human communication disorders, were fed with special food for each species, and had water available ad libitum. regarding procedure, for carrying out analysis of auditory evoked potentials of brai ...	2004	15469751
parasites of columba livia (aves: columbiformes) in tenerife (canary islands) and their role in the conservation biology of the laurel pigeons.	the prevalence and intensity of the parasites from 50 wild doves (columba livia) from the city of santa cruz de tenerife, in the island of tenerife (canary archipelago), were studied. the following ectoparasites were found in apparently healthy pigeons (prevalences are shown in percentage (%) and mean intensities with their standard deviations): the acari dermanyssus gallinae (de geer, 1778) (6, 241.0 +/- 138.9) and tinaminyssus melloi fain, 1962 (10%, 218.3 +/- 117.3); the louses, columbicola c ...	2004	15490756
high chromosome conservation detected by comparative chromosome painting in chicken, pigeon and passerine birds.	chicken chromosome paints for macrochromosomes 1-10, z, and the nine largest microchromosomes (griffin et al. 1999) were used to analyze chromosome homologies between chicken (gallus gallus domesticus: galliformes), domestic pigeon (columba livia: columbiformes), chaffinch (fringilla coelebs passeriformes), and redwing (turdus iliacus: passeriformes). high conservation of syntenies was revealed. in general, both macro- and microchromosomes in these birds showed very low levels of interchromosoma ...	2004	15505406
behavioral sensitization to apomorphine in pigeons (columba livia): blockade by the d1 dopamine antagonist sch-23390.	repeated administration of apomorphine leads to a context-dependent pecking response sensitization. previously sensitized pigeons (columba livia) challenged with saline in the same context show a conditioned response (cr). the authors studied the effects of intrastriatal injections of the dopamine (d(1)) antagonist sch-23390 on both the sensitized response and the cr. when coadministered with apomorphine, sch-23390 inhibited the initial response to apomorphine, prevented the development of sensi ...	2004	15506890
investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in hong kong in late 2002.	outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza have occurred in hong kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. high mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive greater flamingo (phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (little egret egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl pa ...	2004	15545029
the impact of prebiotics and salmonellosis on apparent nutrient digestibility and salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen excretion in adult pigeons (columba livia domestica).	the effects of lactose or fructo-oligosaccharide (fos) supplementation on the excretion of salmonellae, apparent digestibilities and excreta consistency were studied. thirty-two male pigeons (columba livia domestica) were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: 3 of 4 groups were orally infected with 10(9) salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen, after being offered a drinking water supplement of 2% fos, 2% lactose, or no supplement, respectively, for 2 wk. pigeons in the fourth group were not chal ...	2004	15554066
magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon.	two conflicting hypotheses compete to explain how a homing pigeon can return to its loft over great distances. one proposes the use of atmospheric odours and the other the earth's magnetic field in the 'map' step of the 'map and compass' hypothesis of pigeon homing. although magnetic effects on pigeon orientation provide indirect evidence for a magnetic 'map', numerous conditioning experiments have failed to demonstrate reproducible responses to magnetic fields by pigeons. this has led to sugges ...	2004	15565156
definition and novel connections of the entopallium in the pigeon (columba livia).	the avian entopallium (e) is the major thalamorecipient zone, within the telencephalon, of the tectofugal visual system. because of discrepancies concerning the structure of this nuclear mass in pigeons, and in light of recent evidence concerning entopallial projections in other avian species, we here redefine and chart some novel entopallial projections in the pigeon by using a combination of cytochrome oxidase (co) activity, calcium binding protein immunohistochemistry (cbpi), normal histology ...	2005	16041718
second intermediate host land snails and definitive host animals of brachylaima cribbi in southern australia.	this study of infection of southern australian land snails with brachylaima cribbi metacercariae has shown that all commonly encountered native and introduced snails are susceptible second intermediate hosts. the range of infected snails is extensive with metacercariae-infected snails being present in all districts across southern australia. c. virgata has the highest average natural metacercarial infection intensity of 6.1 metacercariae per infected snail. the susceptibility of birds, mammals a ...	2005	15828579
inferior olivary neurons innervate multiple zones of the flocculus in pigeons (columba livia).	complex spike activity of floccular purkinje cells responds to patterns of rotational optic flow about the vertical axis (rva neurons) or a horizontal axis 45 degrees to the midline (rh45 neurons). the pigeon flocculus is organized into four parasagittal zones: two rva zones (zones 0 and 2) interdigitated with two rh45 zones (zones 1 and 3). climbing fiber input to the rva and rh45 zones arises in the caudal and rostral regions of the medial column of the inferior olive (mcio), respectively. to ...	2005	15844212
predation: prey plumage adaptation against falcon attack.	several plumage types are found in feral pigeons (columba livia), but one type imparts a clear survival advantage during attacks by the swiftest of all predators--the peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus). here we use quantitative field observations and experiments to demonstrate both the selective nature of the falcon's choice of prey and the effect of plumage coloration on the survival of feral pigeons. this plumage colour is an independently heritable trait that is likely to be an antipredator ...	2005	15846334
homing pigeons develop local route stereotypy.	the mechanisms used by homing pigeons (columba livia) to navigate homeward from distant sites have been well studied, yet the mechanisms underlying navigation within, and mapping of, the local familiar area have been largely neglected. in the local area pigeons pote ntially have access to a powerful navigational aid--a memorized landscape map. current opinion suggests that landmarks are used only to recognize a familiar start position and that the goalward route is then achieved solely using com ...	2005	15875565
persistence of antibodies to west nile virus in naturally infected rock pigeons (columba livia).	wild caught rock pigeons (columba livia) with antibodies to west nile virus were monitored for 15 months to determine antibody persistence and compare results of three serologic techniques. antibodies persisted for the entire study as detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. maternal antibodies in squabs derived from seropositive birds persisted for an average of 27 days.	2005	15879030
adaptive significance of avian beak morphology for ectoparasite control.	the beaks of darwin's finches and other birds are among the best known examples of adaptive evolution. beak morphology is usually interpreted in relation to its critical role in feeding. however, the beak also plays an important role in preening, which is the first line of defence against harmful ectoparasites such as feather lice, fleas, bugs, flies, ticks and feather mites. here, we show a feature of the beak specifically adapted for ectoparasite control. experimental trimming of the tiny (1-2 ...	2005	15888414
identification of adrenomedullin in avian type ii pneumocytes: increased expression after exposure to air pollutants.	adrenomedullin (am) is a potent vasodilator peptide present in the lung of mammals where it is expressed mainly in the columnar epithelium and alveolar macrophages. am increases the secretion of phosphatidylcholine by type ii pneumocytes, which suggests a role as an autocrine modulator of surfactant secretion. in this study we show the expression of an am-like protein in the lung of the pigeon, columba livia. using an antibody against its human ortholog, am-like immunoreactivity was found to be ...	2005	15928326
how predictable is the abundance of double gametocyte infections?	it has been proposed that erythrocytes, infected by one male and one female gametocyte, enhance malaria transmission by lowering encounter time between male and female gametes once inside the mosquito vector. this may have important implications if they occur in human plasmodium infections. double gametocyte infections (dgis) have been found in plasmodium cultures, but it is thought that they are an artefact due to the artificially high crowding of cultures. here, we studied gametocyte density a ...	2005	15940516
neural correlates of executive control in the avian brain.	executive control, the ability to plan one's behaviour to achieve a goal, is a hallmark of frontal lobe function in humans and other primates. in the current study we report neural correlates of executive control in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale, a region analogous to the mammalian prefrontal cortex. homing pigeons (columba livia) performed a working memory task in which cues instructed them whether stimuli should be remembered or forgotten. when instructed to remember, many neurons showed ...	2005	15941358
epidemiological investigation of chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons and free-living birds in croatia.	during 2003, 278 adult pigeons (columba livia) and 54 birds of 11 other free-living species were caught in the various locations in the city of zagreb, croatia. sera from 182 pigeons were tested for the presence of antibodies against chlamydophila (c.) psittaci by elisa test and 174 of them (95.6%) were found positive. because of the high positivity rate in sera, cloacal swabs of 278 pigeons as well as 54 other species of free-living birds were tested for the presence of c. psittaci antigen. fou ...	2005	15943062
out of context: nmda receptor antagonism in the avian 'prefrontal cortex' impairs context processing in a conditional discrimination task.	processing of context information is implicated in prefrontal functions as response selection or attention. n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors in the mammalian prefrontal cortex (pfc) and in the nidopallium caudolaterale (ncl) of birds, the avian functional equivalent of the pfc, are involved in learning, which also requires processing of context. the authors investigated the role of nmda receptors in the pigeon (columba livia) ncl for context processing and response selection in a simultaneo ...	2005	15998201
effect of collection frequency on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pigeon (columba livia) semen.	the aim was to estimate the optimal frequency of semen collection from pigeons in relation to ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total spermatozoa in ejaculate and percentage of live morphologically normal cells. the study was carried out on 455 ejaculates collected from two groups of pigeons, each of 10 males (group i: meat-type breed; group ii: fancy pigeon). the birds were selected and kept individually in cages under a natural photoperiod. a two-person technique was used for semen collec ...	2005	16050191
afferent and efferent connections of the dorsolateral corticoid area and a comparison with connections of the temporo-parieto-occipital area in the pigeon (columba livia).	the dorsolateral corticoid area (cdl) in the pigeon telencephalon is a thin, superficial part of the caudal pallium adjoining the medially situated hippocampal formation. to determine the connectivity of cdl, and to distinguish cdl from the rostrally adjacent temporo-parieto-occipital area (tpo), injections of neural tracers were made into the caudal superficial pallium at various rostrocaudal levels. the results showed that injections caudal to a 6.75 (karten and hodos [1967] baltimore: johns h ...	2005	15776448
the chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of rock dove columba livia.	the uropygial gland is a holocrine secretory gland of birds. the lipid and the waxy sebum that the gland secretes is coated on the beak and transferred to the plumage in preening. the composition of the gland secretions from birds of different species has been determined, but little is known about the lipids of the secretion of the gland of the rock dove columba livia. the amount of secretion, the total lipid content and the fatty acids composition of the secretion of c. livia captured in the no ...	2005	15792592
[dove columba livia thermoregulation during stress induced by food deprivation].		2005	15810666
acute effects of light and darkness on sleep in the pigeon (columba livia).	in addition to entraining circadian rhythms, light has acute effects on sleep and wakefulness in mammals. to determine whether light and darkness have similar effects in birds, the only non-mammalian group that displays sleep patterns comparable to mammals, we examined the effects of lighting changes on sleep and wakefulness in the pigeon. we quantified sleep behavior (i.e., bilateral or unilateral eye closure) in pigeons maintained under a 12:12 ld cycle, and immediately following a change from ...	2005	15811399
regional patterns of pectoralis fascicle strain in the pigeon columba livia during level flight.	regional fascicle strains were recorded in vivo from the pectoralis of carneau pigeons using sonomicrometry during level slow flight, together with regional electromyography (emg) and deltopectoral crest (dpc) strain measurements of whole muscle force. fascicle strain measurements were obtained at four sites within the pectoralis: the anterior (ant), middle (mid) and posterior (post) sternobrachium (sb), and the smaller thoracobrachium (tb). strains were also recorded along the intramuscular apo ...	2005	15695768
outbreak of avian mycobacteriosis in a flock of two-year-old domestic pigeons (columba livia f. domestica).	this report describes an outbreak of avian mycobacteriosis in a flock of 100 two-yr-old pigeons. over a 6-mo period, the sick pigeons showed cachexia followed by death. in columbiformes classic tubercles rarely develop, but in these affected pigeons granulomatous nodular lesions of various sizes, containing numerous acid-fast bacilli, were found in the internal organs. the lesions were observed in the liver, spleen, intestine, bone marrow, ovary, and oviduct. despite their breeding age, atrophy ...	2005	16252504
isolation of cryptococcus species including c. neoformans from cloaca of pigeons.	upper digestive tract of the pigeon (columba livia) is well known as a reservoir for different species of cryptococcus, but lower portions are not so frequently studied. in the present study, we tested on selective media a total of 331 pigeon cloacal swabs; cryptococcus spp. were recovered from 26 (7.85%). cryptococcus uniguttulatus was isolated from 11 samples (3.32%), c. laurentii from six (1.81%), c. neoformans var. neoformans from six (1.81%) and c. albidus from three of them (0.91%). the re ...	2005	16262879
limits of visual acuity in the frontal field of the rock pigeon (columba livia).	the eye of the rock pigeon is typical of a granivorous lateral-eyed bird, in that it has both a laterally projecting central fovea and a second high-density cellular area in peripheral retina (area dorsalis) which projects to the binocular frontal field below the beak. such a dual system is faced with potentially different optical restraints arising from central and peripheral vision. we asked whether the frontal axis can support high resolution vision from a refractive resting position (predict ...	2005	16178153
[environmental distribution of cryptococcus neoformans in the department of cundinamarca-colombia].	cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that could cause infection in patients with immunodeficiency and healthy patients. the aids epidemic has shown the importance of studying the ecology and epidemiology of this fungus. the aim of this investigation was to determine if there was a relationship between the environmental distribution of the different varieties of c. neoformans and the climate zones in two transects located in department of cundinamarca, in colombia. for the ...	2005	16107166
prevalence of trichomonas gallinae in northern goshawks from the berlin area of northeastern germany.	in recent years, the northern goshawk (accipiter gentilis) has colonized suburban and urban areas in berlin, germany, and elsewhere in europe. because of the high proportion of feral pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) in their diet, urban goshawks are suspected to have a high infection rate with trichomonas gallinae. therefore, from 1998 to 2001, we examined 269 nestlings from 90 nests for infection with t. gallinae by culture of swabs taken from the oropharynx and checked their oropharynx for ...	2005	16107664
the normal electrocardiogram of the unanaesthetized competition "spanish pouler" pigeon (columba livia gutturosa).	this investigation was carried out on 64 healthy adult competition pigeons (spanish poulers) to determine reference values of electrocardiographic parameters in standard lead ii; a comparative study between males and females was also performed to find changes in the electrocardiographic patterns related to sex. p wave was positive and monophasic; pr segment depression was present in 64% of records; the qrs pattern obtained was in most cases of the rs type, followed by the qs configuration. st sl ...	2005	16109101
a new pcr-rflp within the domestic pigeon (columba livia var. domestica) cytochrome b (mtcyb) gene.	a total of 244 domestic pigeons (columba livia var. domestica) were genotyped using the pcr-rflp method. a 999 bp fragment of the mtcyb gene was amplified. the amplification products were digested with restriction enzymes. pcr-rflp for mvai restriction enzyme was observed. frequencies of alleles were as follows: mtcyb(c)--0.926, mtcyb(g)-- 0.074. the frequencies of mtcyb/mvai alleles found in this study for non-homing pigeons considerably deviate from the values found for homing/racing pigeons ( ...	2005	16110190