Publications

heavy metals in tissues of the mute swan (cygnus olor).		1995	228541
copper load in mute swans (cygnus olor) found in denmark.	organs from 91 mule swans were analyzed for copper and lead. swans from an area known to be polluted with copper had an average copper content in their livers of nearly 1100 mg/kg or more than twice as much as swams from other parts of denmark.	1978	683855
mortality in mute swans in southern ontario associated with infestation with the thorny-headed worm, polymorphus boschadis.		1978	698906
[structure and blood supply of the heart valves of several domestic and wild birds].	by means of a complex technique some structural and blood supply peculiarities of the valve apparatus have been studied in 118 hearts of 8 representatives of domestic (anser domesticus, anas domestica) and wild (cygnus olor, cygnus sygnus, chenopsis atrata, anser anser, anas platyrhynchos, anas strepera) waterfowls. the investigations have demonstrated that in all the waterfowl studied the right atrioventricular ostia have only one cusp consisting mainly of transversal-striated muscular fibers. ...	1978	718435
macrophages, a normal component in seasonally involuting testes of the swan, cygnus olor.	in the swan, cygnus olor, spermatogenesis shows a pronounced seasonal cycle. during the long involution phase a transient invasion of macrophages into the seminiferous tubules regularly takes place at the height of regression prior to total rest. these macrophages are involved in the additional disposal of supernumerary and degenerating premature germ cells, at a time when the sertoli cells are already filled with phagolysosomes.	1978	728955
a mallophaga, trinoton anserinum, as a cyclodevelopmental vector for a heartworm parasite of waterfowl.	the biting louse trinoton anserinum serves as the intermediate host in the life cycle of the filarial heartworm, sarconema eurycerca. microfilariae, second-, and third-stage larvae were dissected from 39 of 89 lice infesting whistling swans, cygnus columbianus columbianus, in north america and mute swans, cygnus olor, in the black sea, u.s.s.r. infective third-stage larvae obtained from lice collected from heartworm-parasitized whistling swans were injected subcutaneously into each of two hand-r ...	1976	982042
serologic examination of birds from the area of southern moravia for the presence of antibodies against arboviruses of the groups alfa, flavo, uukuniemi, turlock and bunyamwera supergroup. ii. wild living birds.	280 specimens of 29 species of wild living birds from 11 families captured in the endemic area of the virus lednice in southern moravia (cssr) were investigated by haemagglutination-inhibition test (hit) on presence of antibodies against 12 arbovirus antigens of the groups alfa-virus (western and eastern equine encephalomyelitis, semliki, sindbis, chikungunya), flavovirus (tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, west nile), the uukuniemi group (poteplí), the turlock group (lednice) and the bunyamwera s ...	1976	1010494
salmonella infection in mute swans (cygnus olor).		1975	1105952
investigation on the occurrence of salmonellae in mute swans (cygnus olor).		1975	1131795
influenza viruses in birds of the atlantic flyway.	isolation of type a influenza viruses from the feces of 5013 birds of 16 species was attempted during a 33-month study (1977-79). seventy viruses were isolated from the feces of 3403 ring-billed gulls in baltimore, md., during 16 months of sampling. six hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes and seven neuraminidase (na) subtypes in 15 combinations were found. the h13n6 virus was the only subtype found each year and accounted for 40% of the isolates. the rate of isolation from gulls was 0.26% in the cold mo ...	1992	1567297
an outbreak of copper poisoning in mute swans (cygnus olor).	eight of 9 mute swans (cygnus olor) untied in the river acrossing the central part of tottori-city died within the period of 40 days of summer in 1989. seven of 8 mute swans were pathologically examined. in all swans many yellowish-brown to greenish-brown granules were found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. the granules were intensely stained with rhodanine copper stain, schmorl method, and berlin blue stain. ultrastructurally, many lysosomes increased in size and density in the cytoplasm of hep ...	1992	1606252
persistence of clostridium botulinum type c toxin in blow fly (calliphoridae) larvae as a possible cause of avian botulism in spring.	diverse samples were examined at a site of water-bird mortality, caused by clostridium botulinum type c toxin in southern moravia (czechoslovakia). the toxin was detected in high concentrations in mute swan (cygnus olor) carcasses (less than or equal to 1 x 10(6) ld50/g) as well as in necrophagous larvae and pupae of the blow flies lucilia sericata and calliphora vomitoria (less than or equal to 1 x 10(5) ld50/g) collected from them. it was detected in lower concentrations (less than or equal to ...	1991	2023331
the lamina propria of vertebrate seminiferous tubules: a comparative light and electron microscopic investigation.	the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules was compared by means of light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from the following vertebrates: mute swan, northern mallard, blackbird, grey short-tailed opossum, north american opossum, european rabbit, mouse, rat, golden hamster, mini pig, bull, llama, roebuck, horse, coati, cat, dog, java monkey, orang utan. the lamina propria consists of basal lamina, ground substance, collagen fibers, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. myofibroblasts ...	1990	2281881
a method for the treatment of lead poisoning in the mute swan (cygnus olor) and its long-term success.	a method for the treatment of lead poisoning in mute swans (cygnus olor) is described. chelation therapy, using sodium calcium edetate, was successful in resolving the clinical signs of lead poisoning in 49% of cases. individually ringed swans were monitored after their release to the wild, in order to assess the long-term benefits of treatment. re-sighting and recovery data suggested that at least 22% of swans treated for lead poisoning survived the first 2 years. the results indicate that desp ...	2013	2511999
the inner ear of the common rhea (rhea americana l.).	the morphology of the inner ear in rheas was examined by light and electron microscopy. the shape is typically bird-like with very long semicircular canals. the anterior and posterior cristae have small septa cruciata. the vestibular sensory epithelia contain two main types of hair cell innervation; bouton-innervated hair cells and calyceal hair cells characterized by a surrounding nerve calyx. the utricular macula has a single zone of calyceal hair cells, while all other previously examined bir ...	1989	2575429
leech infestation of mute swans (cygnus olor)		1989	2718339
[comparative studies of paramyxovirus isolates from wild birds].	as a result of a surveillance programme in north-germany, paramyxovirus-isolates of serogroup 1 with different pathogenicity were isolated from different species of feral birds (black-headed gull, mallard, tawny owl, tree sparrow, mute swan). in chick embryo fibroblast monolayers these isolates produced plaques exhibiting different plaque morphology. after cloning the isolates, further physicochemical, serological and pathogenicity testings were performed. on the basis of mean death time and int ...	1989	2763760
experimental infections of waterfowl with sphaeridiotrema globulus (digenea).	sphaeridiotrema globulus in experimentally infected mute swans (cygnus olor), mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and canada geese (branta canadensis) induced ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis. sites of infection include the jejunum and ileum. the digeneans ulcerated the intestine. the inflammatory response was primarily lymphocytic with some eosinophils. severe hemorrhage from damaged submucosal capillaries provided a blood meal for the parasite and caused anemia in the host. extra-medullary hema ...	1989	2783741
[control measures in the mute swan, gray goose and mallard].		1986	3522178
surgical treatment of lead poisoning in a mute swan (cygnus olor).		1986	3811151
disease patterns in the detroit zoo: a study of the avian population from 1973 through 1983.	a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate disease patterns in birds at the detroit zoo from 1973 through 1983. data were derived from the zoo's medical and animal census records; the mean (+/- sd) population of birds during the study period was 469 +/- 42. overall annual morbidity rates were 12.5% to 21.5%, with spring months having the highest morbidity rates. annual mortality rates were 3.1% to 15.2%; 23.9% of the deaths were caused by microbial agents (particularly erysipelothrix rhusio ...	1985	3878351
echinura uncinata infestation in mute swan cygnets (cygnus olor).		1985	4026720
biochemical characterization of lysozymes present in egg white of selected species of anatid birds.	the isolation of lysozyme from the egg white of several representative species of waterfowl is described. the purified lysozymes were analyzed to determine the type and molecular weight of each enzyme. all enzymes found in duck egg whites were found to be of the c-type. in contrast all true geese, and the mute swan species as well as the northern blackneck screamer contain lysozyme g in their egg white.	1985	4042624
biochemical characterization of lysozymes present in egg white of selected species of anatid birds.	the isolation of lysozyme from the egg white of several representative species of waterfowl is described. the purified lysozymes were analyzed in order to determine the type and molecular weight of each enzyme. all enzymes found in duck egg whites were found to be of the c-type. in contrast all true geese, the mute swan as well as the northern blackneck screamer contain lysozyme g in their egg white.	1985	4085215
natural occurrence and experimental study of pox and haemoproteus infections in a mute swan (cygnus olor).		1969	4309252
residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb) and organochlorine insecticides in eggs from mute swan (cygnus olor) and pochard (aythya ferina).		2015	4629899
visceral gout and amyloidosis in a mute swan (cygnus olor).		1974	4815566
sphaeridiotrema flukes, the cause of ulcerative enteritis in a cygnet cygnus olor).		1972	5007898
fibroma in a mute swan.		1969	5388160
[adrenergic innervation in the testis and epididymis of the swam (cygnus olor)].		1968	5731710
[the rhombic and square pattern of egg shell calcium of cygnus olor].		1966	5984157
intracellular localization of lead in tissues of the mute swan.	the aim of this study was to examine the ultrastructure of kidney, liver, blood and intestine of a lead-poisoned bird and compare these with tissues of a healthy bird. from these results it was hoped to reveal that any abnormalities observed were due to lead poisoning and consequently suitable sections were also selected for x-ray analysis. renal intranuclear inclusions were present in the lead-poisoned swan. x-ray analysis clearly demonstrated that these granules consist of an amorphous mass of ...	1982	6302946
copper storage in the liver of the wild mute swan (cygnus olor). its possible relation to pollution of harbor waters by antifouling paints.	postmortem examination of three wild mute swans (cygnus olor) from a harbor area disclosed an unusual black discoloration of the liver. chemical, histochemical, and microscopic studies, along with electron-probe microanalysis, showed that cytoplasmic pigment granules in the liver cells contained a copper-protein complex. similar findings have been reported in danish and english studies on large numbers of wild mute swans. two control mute swans from the bronx zoo had negligible amounts of hepati ...	1983	6357141
comparative pathologic features and development of sphaeridiotrema globulus (trematoda) infections in the mute swan and domestic chicken and chicken chorioallantois.	the natural infection of sphaeridiotrema globulus in the mute swan and the experimental infection in the chicken resulted in an ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis. swans and chickens died from the resultant blood loss. culturing of the parasite on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken egg resulted in hemorrhage and a cellular response of the chorioallantois to the trematode. experimental infections in the domestic chicken and chicken embryo can be of use for the study of ulcerative hemorrhag ...	1984	6608888
lead exposure from lead pellets: age-related accumulation in mute swans.	in a cross-sectional study of adult swans and their successfully fledged young in ringkøbing fjord, west jutland, denmark, 128 venous blood samples were taken during the moulting period and analyzed for lead. while the juveniles generally showed blood lead levels below 15 micrograms/100 ml (median, 11 micrograms/100 ml), the values were significantly higher in adults (median, 25 micrograms/100 ml). adult females showed slightly higher levels than did adult males. none of the birds examined showe ...	1984	6719507
swan thyroid glands and river algae as indicators of iodine-125 and iodine-131 in the river trent and its tributaries.	some mute swans have been found to have higher levels of radio-iodine in their thyroids than farm and wildlife animals. in the east midlands of the u.k., elevated levels were confined to swans inhabiting major rivers like the trent and soar where the highest values occurred in thyroids collected downstream from sewage and water reclamation works. comparing the concentrations of 125i and 131i in blanket weed, which is a food source of the swan, and river water samples collected from above, below ...	1984	6729444
ventilation and gas exchange in the mute swan, cygnus olor.	ventilation and gas exchange have been continuously measured in the mute swan using pneumotachography and breath to breath analysis of the ventilated gas by mass spectrometry combined with blood gas analysis. the breathing frequency was much lower and the tidal volume much higher than values predicted from allometric relations. the breathing cycles typically showed long end-inspiratory breath holding periods. end-tidal pco2 and po2 were above and below respectively typical end-tidal gas tensions ...	1980	6770431
trematode (sphaeridiotrema globulus)-induced ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis in wild mute swans (cygnus olor).	ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis of swans induced by sphaeridiotrema globulus is enzootic at lake musconetcong in northern new jersey. it accounted for a calculated 250 deaths of wild mute swans (cygnus olor) between 1970 and 1980. the swans died primarily in the winter and early spring. sites of infection included the jejunum and ileum. trematodes singly or in groups ulcerated the intestines. severe hemorrhage from damaged submucosal capillaries provided a blood meal for the parasites and proba ...	2003	6979999
seasonal spermatogenesis in the mute swan (cygnus olor).		1982	7090873
the amino acid sequence of canada goose (branta canadensis) and mute swan (cygnus olor) hemoglobins. two different species with identical beta-chains.	the amino acid sequences of the alpha- and beta-chains from the major hemoglobin component (hba) of canada goose (branta canadensis) and mute swan (cygnus olor) are given. the alpha-chains are of the alpha a-type, since alpha d-type was expressed but only found in low concentrations. by homologous comparison, greylag goose hemoglobin (anser anser) and canada goose hemoglobin alpha-chains differ by two exchanges, and beta-chains by three exchanges. a valine substitution for threonine was found at ...	1982	7118073
lead burden in mute swans from denmark.	during the severe winter of 1978-79, large numbers of mute swans died in coastal areas in denmark; of these 2111 were collected for autopsy. the area of origin and the sex of the 2111 swans, 184 of which were ringed, are given in table i and fig. 1. at autopsy (table ii) most of the swans were recorded as having died from starvation. lead pellets were found in only 0.7% of the gizzards (table iii) probably because most ingested pellets had been eroded away before the swans died. the results of a ...	1982	7187486
heavy metals (copper, cadmium, lead, mercury) in mute swans from denmark.	during the severe winter of 1978-79, large numbers of mute swans died in coastal areas of denmark. of these, 2111 were collected for examination. the analyses confirm previous findings of relatively high copper levels in mute swans (mean for 178 livers was 2680 mg/kg dry weight (dw) and for 110 kidneys 34 mg/kg dw) (table i, fig. 1). the copper content was not related to sex or age (table ii). the highest liver levels of copper were found in swans from western jutland. cadmium was found at the s ...	1982	7187487
the incidence of salmonella bacteria in wild-living animals from denmark and in imported animals.	in a 6 year examination (1975-80) of 3036 game mammals and 3004 game birds from denmark, and of 684 warm-blooded animals of foreign origin, salmonella was found in 0.2% of danish mammals, 0.8% of danish game birds, and 0.1% of the animals of foreign origin. furthermore, salmonella was isolated from 16% of 605 mute swans which died from starvation during the winter 1978-79, and from 2.4% of 296 faeces samples from hooded crows. even though the occurrence of salmonella among danish cattle has been ...	1981	7329784
ventilatory and circulatory responses to hyperthermia in the mute swan (cygnus olor).	ventilatory parameters of mute swans were measured at thermoneutral conditions and during heat stress. deep body temperature increased from 39.5 to 41.1 degrees c. breathing frequency increased 29 times, compared to the thermoneutral condition. tidal volume decreased to 18% of the pre-panting value, and the total ventilatory volume increased by 5.4 times. end-tidal pco2 and po2 values decreased and increased, respectively. the swans developed a slight respiratory alkalosis; arterial pco2 decreas ...	1980	7452136
rhinosporidiosis: a description of an unprecedented outbreak in captive swans (cygnus spp.) and a proposal for revision of the ontogenic nomenclature of rhinosporidium seeberi.	rhinosporidiosis is a mucocutaneous zooanthroponotic disease caused by rhinosporidium seeberi, a fungal-like organism of uncertain classification with an unknown mode of transmission. over a 3 year period, 41 captive swans (cygnus olor and c. atratus) developed conjunctival and cutaneous polypoid lesions diagnosed as rhinosporidiosis by histopathological examination including light and electron microscopy. investigation of this avian outbreak, the first of its kind, provides additional insight i ...	1995	7666295
newcastle disease viruses in birds in the atlantic flyway: isolations, haemagglutination-inhibition and elution-inhibition antibody profiles.	the study involved 15 avian species with 5,012 attempts to isolate newcastle disease viruses (ndv) from their faeces over a three-year period (1977-1979). ndv were isolated from asymptomatic adult canada geese, nestling royal terms, a juvenile european mute swan, and adult tundra swans on the eastern flyway. ring-billed gulls were negative for haemagglutination-inhibition (hi), elution-inhibition (ei) (anti-neuraminidase) antibodies, and ndv despite 3,403 isolation attempts. the ei antibody assa ...	1996	8767883
suspected allergic reaction to penicillamine in mute swans.		1997	9153751
suspected allergic reaction to penicillamine in mute swans.		1997	9185318
[helminth fauna anseriformes (aves) in the lodz zoological garden].	in the years 1959-1990 429 birds on 30 species of anseriformes were examined post mortem at zoo lódź. the helminths were found in 108 birds (25.17%) of 19 species. in infected birds there were found 4 species of trematodes: one of them, catatropis verrucosa is in poland new for cygnus olor; 9 species of cestodes--7 of them are in poland new for examined hosts; namely: drepanidotaenia lanceolata for dendrocygna viduata, cygnus atratus, branta bernicla, and anas platyrhynchos; microsomacanthus par ...	1997	9424942
lead poisoning and parasitism in a flock of mute swans (cygnus olor) in scotland.	increased mortality in a flock of non-breeding mute swans (cygnus olor) on a scottish loch was investigated. postmortem examinations were carried out on eight adult and six immature swans. the commonest cause of death, found in eight birds, was lead poisoning associated with the ingestion of large lead fishing weights. heavy parasitic burdens were found in five immature birds, involving combinations of the gizzard worm amidostomum species, the thornyheaded worms polymorphus minutus and profilico ...	1998	9460217
acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, cygnus olor.	among the waterfowl affected by white phosphorus (p4) at a military base in alaska are tundra (cygnus columbianus) and trumpeter (c. buccinator) swans. to estimate the toxicity of p4 to swans and compare the toxic effects to those of mallards (anas platyrhynchos), we dosed 30 juvenile mute swans (c. olor) with 0 to 5.28 mg p4/kg body weight. the calculated ld50 was 3.65 mg/kg (95% ci: 1.40 to 4. 68 mg/kg). however, many of the swans still had p4 in their gizzards after dying, as determined by "s ...	1999	10047600
costs and benefits of subadult plumage in mute swans: testing hypotheses for the evolution of delayed plumage maturation.	in some avian species, young birds capable of reproducing diminish their prospects of doing so by molting into a subadult plumage that accurately signals their subadult status. several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of delayed plumage maturation, but testing them usually has involved interspecific comparisons that are hard to interpret. mute swans (cygnus olor) exhibit two phenotypes that differ in whether the birds have a gray subadult plumage (sap phenotype) or molt imm ...	2000	10856201
toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mute swans.	most ecotoxicological risk assessments of wildlife emphasize contaminant exposure through ingestion of food and water. however, the role of incidental ingestion of sediment-bound contaminants has not been adequately appreciated in these assessments. this study evaluates the toxicological consequences of contamination of sediments with metals from hard-rock mining and smelting activities. lead-contaminated sediments collected from the coeur d'alene river basin in idaho were combined with either a ...	2003	12712282
a survey of blood lead levels in mute swans cygnus olor.	following bans on the use of most lead angling weights, the incidence of lead poisoning cases in mute swans started to fall and the population started to increase. however, surveys of lead levels in blood of rescued swans continue to show that a high proportion of the birds are carrying levels in excess of 1.21 mol/l. since rescued swans, although rescued for many different reasons, might be a biased sample, a survey was made of apparently healthy birds living in flocks in the summer. these too ...	2003	12745373
role of manganese oxides in the exposure of mute swans (cygnus olor) to pb and other elements in the chesapeake bay, usa.	the aims of this study are to estimate exposure of waterfowl to elements in contaminated sediments in the chesapeake bay and to consider the potential role of mn in influencing bioavailability and exposure. metal concentrations were measured in livers and digesta taken from mute swans living on the aberdeen proving ground, whose sediment had elevated concentrations of cu, s, se, zn, as, co, cr, hg and pb. concentrations of only the first four of these elements were elevated in swan digesta. none ...	2004	14987808
investigation of faecal pathogens in a flock of mute swans (cygnus olor).		2004	15029976
mute swans, cygnus olor, killed from collision with electrical wires, a study of two situations in sweden.	different studies indicate that 19-38% of the swedish ringed mute swans (cygnus olor) are killed by collision with electrical wires. the relative frequency of killed swans is not related to the density or type of electrical wires in the landscape, but to where in the landscape the wires are constructed, and to the time when mass movements of swans occur. experience (age), bodyweight ("too heavy to raise"), breast muscle weakening ("engine problems") and heavy metal (lead) loads strongly affect t ...	1993	15091843
blood lead levels and free red blood cell protoporphyrin as measure of lead exposure in mute swans.	the use of blood lead levels in assessing lead exposure in mute swans, cygnus olor (gmelin) is investigated. 823 blood samples were taken from 456 uniquely ringed mute swans at a coarse-fish angling site over a period of 24 months. blood lead values in individual swans monitored over several weeks were shown to conform to a recently reported kinetic model for blood lead values in birds. the highest median lead levels for flock birds were recorded in the winter and spring and the lowest during th ...	1988	15092616
organochlorine contamination in bird's eggs from the danube delta.	in this study we report the levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of aquatic birds from the danube delta, a major european wetland. the eggs were collected in 1997 and belonged to the following species: the mallard (anas platyrhynchos), the greylag goose (anser anser), the mute swan (cygnus olor), the coot (fulica atra), the glossy ibis (plegadis falcinellus), the spoonbill (platalea leucorodia), the little egret (egretta garzetta), the night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), the grey heron (a ...	2000	15092913
necrotic enteritis in mute swans associated with cyanobacterial toxins.		2004	15144011
obliterative endophlebitis in mute swans (cygnus olor) caused by trichobilharzia sp. (digenea: schistosomatidae) infection.	schistosome infections in mammals cause chronic proliferative vascular lesions associated with the presence of adult parasites in the lumen of mesenteric and portal veins. in birds, however, this has never been reported. in this study, we found obliterative endophlebitis associated with the presence of adult schistosomes (trichobilharzia sp., probably trichobilharzia filiformis) as the main pathologic finding in five of eight mute swans (cygnus olor). on histologic examination, the intestinal an ...	2004	15557074
highly pathogenic avian influenza (h7n7): vaccination of zoo birds and transmission to non-poultry species.	in 2003 an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n7) struck poultry in the netherlands. a european commission directive made vaccination of valuable species in zoo collections possible under strict conditions. we determined pre- and post-vaccination antibody titres in 211 birds by haemagglutination inhibition test as a measure of vaccine efficacy. after booster vaccination, 81.5% of vaccinated birds developed a titre of > or =40, while overall geometric mean titre (gmt) was 190 ...	2005	16298028
cholelithiasis and chronic cholangiohepatitis in a mute swan (cygnus olor).		2006	16461625
age-dependent genetic variance in a life-history trait in the mute swan.	genetic variance in characters under natural selection in natural populations determines the way those populations respond to that selection. whether populations show temporal and/or spatial constancy in patterns of genetic variance and covariance is regularly considered, as this will determine whether selection responses are constant over space and time. much less often considered is whether characters show differing amounts of genetic variance over the life-history of individuals. such age-spe ...	2006	16555791
highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 subtype in mute swans in italy.		2006	16603559
quantitative genetics of age at reproduction in wild swans: support for antagonistic pleiotropy models of senescence.	why do individuals stop reproducing after a certain age, and how is this age determined? the antagonistic pleiotropy theory for the evolution of senescence predicts that increased early-life performance should be accompanied by earlier (or faster) senescence. hence, an individual that has started to breed early should also lose its reproductive capacities early. we investigate here the relationship between age at first reproduction (afr) and age at last reproduction (alr) in a free-ranging mute ...	2006	16618935
evolutionary response to selection on clutch size in a long-term study of the mute swan.	life-history traits in wild populations are often regarded as being subject to directional selection, and the existence of substantial variation and microevolutionary stasis of these characters is therefore a problem in need of explanation. avian clutch size is an archetypal life-history trait in this context, and many studies have sought to test explanations for stasis in clutch size. surprisingly, there are many fewer studies that used long-term data to ask how selection acts on clutch size, p ...	2006	16673352
data depth, data completeness, and their influence on quantitative genetic estimation in two contrasting bird populations.	evolutionary biologists increasingly use pedigree-based quantitative genetic methods to address questions about the evolutionary dynamics of traits in wild populations. in many cases, phenotypic data may have been collected only for recent parts of the study. how does this influence the performance of the models used to analyse these data? here we explore how data depth (number of years) and completeness (number of observations) influence estimates of genetic variance and covariance within the c ...	2006	16674594
[highly pathogenic influenza a/h5n1 virus-caused epizooty among mute swans (cygnus olor) in the lower estuary of the volga river (november 2005)].	molecular virological studies of the field material collected in the epicenter of epizooty with high mortality among mute swans (cygnus olor) in the area of the lower estuary of the volga river (november 2005) could establish the etiological role of highly pathogenic influenza a (hpai) virus of the subtype h5n1. ten hpai/h5n1 strains deposited at the state collection of viruses of the russian federation with the priority dated december 1, 2005 were isolated from the cloacal/tracheal swabs and vi ...	2006	16826750
severe lead poisoning and an abdominal foreign body in a mute swan (cygnus olor).	the mute swan (cygnus olor) is common on british waterways and frequently presents to wildlife hospitals with fishing tackle-related problems. many of these birds have abnormally high blood lead levels after the ingestion of lead fishing weights. the ingestion of fishing line and tackle is also commonly seen. this case report describes the treatment of a swan with a particularly severe case of lead poisoning and the subsequent removal of an abdominal foreign body.	2006	16931366
seasonal morphological variations in bird schistosomes.	the present work is a contribution to the systematics of bilhorziello and dendritobilharzio. wildfowl was killed in hunting seasons or found dead in champagne-ardenne region, france, and autopsied with focus on schistosomes. seven anas plotyrhynchos (mallards), one ardeo cinerea (grey heron) and two cygnus olor (mute swans) were parasitized by bilharziella. one c. olor was parasitized by dendritobilharzia. depending on season and hosts, various morphological forms of bilharziello suggesting seve ...	2006	17007212
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in mute swans in the czech republic.	in order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in wild birds in the czech republic extensive surveillance was carried out between january and april 2006. a total of 2101 samples representing 61 bird species were examined for the presence of influenza a by using pcr, sequencing and cultivation on chicken embryos. aiv subtype h5n1 was detected in 12 mute swans (cygnus olor). the viruses were determined as hpai (highly pathogenic avian influenza) and the hemagglutinin ...	2007	17113249
hindcasting of nutrient loadings from its catchment on a highly valuable coastal lagoon: the example of the fleet, dorset, uk, 1866-2004.	nutrient loadings from its catchment upon the fleet, a highly valuable coastal lagoon in southern england, were hindcast for the period ad 1866-2004, using a catchment model, export coefficients, and historical data on land use changes, livestock numbers, and human population. agriculture was the main nutrient source throughout, other inputs representing minor contributions. permanent pasture was historically the main land use, with temporary grassland and cereals increasing during the mid-20th ...	2006	17196108
pathology of natural infections by h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mute (cygnus olor) and whooper (cygnus cygnus) swans.	mortality in wild aquatic birds due to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is a rare event. during the recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in germany, mortality due to h5n1 hpaiv was observed among mute and whooper swans as part of a rapid spread of this virus. in contrast to earlier reports, swans appeared to be highly susceptible and represented the mainly affected species. we report gross and histopathology and distribution of influenza virus anti ...	2007	17317790
identical fibro-sarcomata on two mute swans.		1960	17421124
pathobiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection in mute swans (cygnus olor).	the results of pathological, virological and polymerase chain reaction examinations carried out on 35 mute swans (cygnus olor) that succumbed to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection during an outbreak in southern hungary are reported. the most frequently observed macroscopic lesions included: haemorrhages under the epicardium, in the proventricular and duodenal mucosa and pancreas; focal necrosis in the pancreas; myocardial degeneration; acute mucous enteritis; congestion o ...	2007	17497339
detection of a novel circovirus in mute swans (cygnus olor) by using nested broad-spectrum pcr.	circoviruses are the causative agents of acute and chronic diseases in several animal species. clinical symptoms of circovirus infections range from depression and diarrhoea to immunosuppression and feather disorders in birds. eleven different members of the genus circovirus are known so far, which infect pigs and birds in a species-specific manner. here, a nested pcr was developed for the detection of a broad range of different circoviruses in clinical samples. using this assay, a novel circovi ...	2008	18082907
enhanced c-type lysozyme content of wood duck (aix sponsa) egg white: an adaptation to cavity nesting?	abstract wild waterfowl species often nest in conditions where high humidity and microbial contamination may influence egg survival and quality. albumen is traditionally regarded as the major impediment to microbial contamination of eggs, and its composition and activity may be selected by environmental pressures. egg white protein from the eggs of wood duck (aix sponsa), hooded merganser (lophodytes cucullatus), canada goose (branta canadensis), and mute swan (cygnus olor) was evaluated in orde ...	2008	18190286
age-specific reproduction in a long-lived species: the combined effects of senescence and individual quality.	apparent changes in breeding performance with age measured at the population level can be due to changes in individual capacity at different ages, or to the differential survival of individuals with different capabilities. estimating the relative importance of the two is important for understanding ageing patterns in natural populations, but there are few studies of such populations in which these effects have been disentangled. we analysed laying date and clutch size as measures of individual p ...	2008	18230597
improving interactions between animal rights groups and conservation biologists.	invasive species are often considered to be a major threat to biodiversity, leading conservation biologists to often recommend their complete eradication. animal rights groups typically categorically oppose killing animals, and their opposition has brought eradication attempts of gray squirrels in northern italy (europe) and mute swans in vermont to a halt. as a result native red squirrels may disappear from europe and ecosystem-wide impacts are expected to be caused by the swan. in contrast, co ...	2008	18254850
susceptibility of canada geese (branta canadensis) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1).	migratory birds have been implicated in the long-range spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a virus (h5n1) from asia to europe and africa. although sampling of healthy wild birds representing a large number of species has not identified possible carriers of influenza virus (h5n1) into europe, surveillance of dead and sick birds has demonstrated mute (cygnus olor) and whooper (c. cygnus) swans as potential sentinels. because of concerns that migratory birds could spread h5n1 subtype ...	2007	18258030
h5n1 avian influenza re-emergence of lake qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation.	highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has swept west across the globe and caused serious debates on the roles of migratory birds in virus circulation since the first large-scale outbreak in migratory birds of lake qinghai, 2005. in may 2006, another outbreak struck lake qinghai and six novel strains were isolated. to elucidate these qh06 viruses, the six isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. phylogenetic analyses show that qh06 viruses are derived from the lineages of lake q ...	2008	18272760
antimicrobial activity of the anseriform outer eggshell and cuticle.	the avian eggshell is a complex, multifunctional biomineral composed of a calcium carbonate mineral phase and an organic phase of lipids and proteins. the outermost layer of the eggshell, the eggshell cuticle, is an organic layer of variable thickness composed of polysaccharides, hydroxyapatite crystals, lipids and glycoprotein. in addition to regulating gas exchanges, the eggshell cuticle may contain antimicrobial elements. in this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of eggshell c ...	2008	18289902
serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for west nile virus in poland.	a survey for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv; genus ,flavivirus) was carried out by plaque-re-duction neutralization microtesting in 78 horses, 20 domestic chickens, and 97 wild birds belonging to 10 species from different areas in poland. specific antibodies were detected in five juvenile (hatching-year) birds collected in 2006: three white storks (ciconia ciconia) in a wildlife rehabilitation center (5.4% of all examined storks; the antibody titers in each bird were 1:320, 1:160, and 1:20), ...	2008	18433332
evaluation of newcastle disease virus immunoassays for waterfowl using a monoclonal antibody specific for the duck immunoglobulin light chain.	in the present study a monoclonal antibody (mab 14a3) was tested for its reactivity against serum immunoglobulin y (igy) of several waterfowl species, and subsequently for its applicability as anti-species antibody in common immunoassays. western blot analyses demonstrated its broad cross-reactivity with the serum igy light chain of different duck species: muscovy duck (cairina moschata), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), white-winged wood duck (asarcornis scutulatus), common pintail (dafila acuta). ...	2008	18568660
pathological study on amyloidosis in cygnus olor (mute swan) and other waterfowl.	between 2004 and 2007, we examined a total of 70 waterfowl. forty of 51 (78.4%) mute swans (cygnus olor) had amyloidosis. amyloid deposits were detected in the spleen of 39 of 49 birds (79.6%), liver of 37 of 47 birds (78.7%), intestine of 38 of 50 birds (76.0%), pancreas of 30 of 42 birds (71.4%), kidney of 32 of 47 birds (68.1%), thyroid gland of 20 of 30 birds (66.7%), heart of 26 of 49 birds (53.1%), and lung of 5 of 45 birds (11.1%). in some birds, there was a globular pattern of amyloid de ...	2008	18592164
highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) in experimentally infected adult mute swans.	adult, healthy mute swans were experimentally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/cygnus cygnus/germany/r65/2006 subtype h5n1. immunologically naive birds died, whereas animals with preexisting, naturally acquired avian influenza virus-specific antibodies became infected asymptomatically and shed virus. adult mute swans are highly susceptible, excrete virus, and can be clinically protected by preexposure immunity.	2008	18680652
duck virus enteritis (anatid herpesvirus infection) in mute swans (cygnus olor).	an outbreak of duck virus enteritis (dve) in mute swans (cygnus olor) is described. ninety-nine captive swans in a flock of 440 died within 3 months. the origin was obscure. the infection did not spread to other species on the same premises. clinical signs included polydypsia, photophobia, inappetance, drooping wings, watery nasal discharge and yellowish diarrhoea. necropsies were made on eight swans. all showed a diphtheritic oesophagitis especially near the oesophageal-proventricular junction. ...	1986	18766514
biochemical and haematological values for mute swans (cygnus olor): effects of acute lead poisoning.	reference levels of some biochemical and haematological variables were determined for mute swans (cygnus olor gmelin). immaturity was identified as a factor which broadened the references ranges. blood variables of six acutely lead-poisoned swans were determined and compared with the reference distribution. protoporphyrin ix, cholesterol and two serum enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino-transferase, were increased; concentrations of haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentrat ...	1988	18766723
the epidemiology of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in mute swan (cygnus olor) and other anatidae in the dombes region (france), 2006.	in february 2006, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus was isolated from common pochards (aythia ferina) in the dombes region of france, an important migrating and wintering waterfowl area. thereafter, hpai h5n1 virus was isolated from 39 swab pools collected from dead waterfowl found in the dombes, but only from three pooled samples collected outside of this area but located on the same migration flyway. a single turkey farm was infected in the dombes. the epizootic lasted 2 mo ...	2008	18957637
avian schistosomes in french aquatic birds: a molecular approach.	the prevalence of human cercarial dermatitis (hcd) caused by bird schistosomes appears to be increasing in france, in light of the impact of tourism combined with high densities of wild aquatic hosts in freshwater areas. the present work expands our knowledge of schistosome systematics by including samples of bird schistosomes collected from their natural hosts in france. heads (318) and viscera (81) of aquatic birds belonging to 16 species from five orders, collecting during the hunting seasons ...	2009	19356266
four different sublineages of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 introduced in hungary in 2006-2007.	highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses were introduced to hungary during 2006-2007 in three separate waves. this study aimed at determining the full-length genomic coding regions of the index strains from these epizootics in order to: (i) understand the phylogenetic relationship to other european h5n1 isolates, (ii) elucidate the possible connection between the different outbreaks and (iii) determine the putative origin and way of introduction of the different virus variants. mole ...	2009	19520524
the involvement of prolactin in avian molt: the effects of gender and breeding success on the timing of molt in mute swans (cygnus olor).	the aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that decreasing plasma prolactin stimulates or permits the initiation of avian molt. changes in the concentration of plasma prolactin in mute swans (cygnus olor) were compared in non-breeding singletons and breeding pairs. in breeding swans, the onset of molt is delayed compared to non-breeders, and is delayed further in breeding males compared to their female partners. the seasonal decrease in prolactin in non-breeding birds of both sexes started ...	2009	19523387
replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks.	a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ...	2009	19575275
[animal reservoirs of human virulent microsporidian species].	the main objective of the present study was to determined the occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. hellem, e. cuniculi, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in poland in animal faecal using the fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and multiplex fish techniques. additional objectives included: (1) identification of animal hosts of microsporidia that are infectious to humans amongst free-ranging, captive, livestock and domestic animals; (2) a molecular analysis of randomly selected parasite i ...	2009	19579789
compensatory growth in an aquatic plant mediates exploitative competition between seasonally tied herbivores.	the degree to which vertebrate herbivores exploitatively compete for the same food plant may depend on the level of compensatory plant growth. such compensation is higher when there is reduced density-dependent competition in plants after herbivore damage. whether there is relief from competition may largely be determined by the life-history stage of plants under herbivory. such stage-specific compensation may apply to seasonal herbivory on the clonal aquatic plant sago pondweed (potamogeton pec ...	2009	19694137
no evidence of transmission of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza to humans after unprotected contact with infected wild swans.	highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n1 remains a public health threat as long as it circulates in wild and domestic birds. information on the transmissibility of h5n1 hpai from wild birds is needed for evidence-based public health advice. we investigated if transmission of h5n1 hpai had taken place in people that had unprotected contact with infected wild mute swans during an incident at the abbotsbury swannery in dorset, england. thirteen people who had been exposed to infected s ...	2010	19765331
[surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza a virus (aiv) in bavaria in the years 2007 and 2008].	a monitoring programme has been initiated in bavaria to continuously control wild birds for the presence of avian influenza a virus (aiv) and to monitor the possible occurrence and accumulation of notifiable aiv subtypes as an early-warning system. in addition information about the regional, seasonal and species-specific distribution of aiv could be obtained. between july 2007 and december 2008 samples from 5864 wild birds of twelve different zoological orders had been collected (cloacal- and tr ...	2009	19999383
heartworm in a mute swan (cygnus olor).	a severely emaciated female adult mute swan (cygnus olor) was euthanized after a period of intensive supportive care in a wild bird rehabilitation centre. necropsy revealed severe myocardial haemorrhages in the right ventricular free wall associated with the presence of adult heartworm (sarconema eurycerca). on histological examination, multifocal randomly scattered blood-filled cavities without endothelial or epithelial lining (migration tracts) and surrounded by necrotic debris mixed with fibr ...	2009	20088254
geographical spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 during the 2006 outbreak in austria.	in spring 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1 was detected in austria in 119 dead wild birds. the hemagglutinin cleavage site showed that the amino acid sequence motif was identical to that of the qinghai lineage. for detailed analysis, the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of 27 selected austrian h5n1 viruses originating from different regions and wild bird species were analyzed phylogenetically, which revealed two clearly separated austrian subcl ...	2010	20335251