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evolution of brain size in the palaeognath lineage, with an emphasis on new zealand ratites.brain size in vertebrates varies principally with body size. although many studies have examined the variation of brain size in birds, there is little information on palaeognaths, which include the ratite lineage of kiwi, emu, ostrich and extinct moa, as well as the tinamous. therefore, we set out to determine to what extent the evolution of brain size in palaeognaths parallels that of other birds, i.e., neognaths, by analyzing the variation in the relative sizes of the brain and cerebral hemisp ...200818032885
big birds and their brains: paleoneurology of the new zealand moa.the moa (dinornithiformes: aves) are an extinct group of ratites from the north and south islands of new zealand. the ancestors of both the moa and the kiwi were isolated from other gondwanan fauna as much as 80 million years ago and evolved in the absence of large mammalian predators. as such they represent a natural experiment in the removal of mammalian predation pressure on the encephalization of these two groups of ratites. we have used endocranial and skull morphometry in conjunction with ...200818032890
spread bow leg syndrome in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks aged 2 to 12 weeks.1. the incidence of spread bow leg syndrome and associated pathology in 15 ostrich chicks aged 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks is reported. measurements were made of hind limbs: femur plus tibiotarsus; tarsometatarus; phalanx i, digit iii; phalanx ii, digit iii plus phalanx iii, digit iii; and phalanx iv, digit iii. 2. a run was constructed (6 m x 1.7 m) and subdivided into 2 m sections and the time taken to traverse it was recorded. measurements (cm) were made of the left and right footprints; the number ...200818210283
survey of plasma and liver mineral concentrations and enzyme activities in ostriches (struthio camelus) under farmed conditions in new zealand.to generate clinical biochemical data to aid diagnosis of suboptimal performance in ostriches farmed under pastoral systems in new zealand.200818836502
effect of packaging conditions on shelf-life of ostrich steaks.this study was conducted to establish the shelf-life of ostrich steaks stored in four different packaging types: (i) air exposure, (ii) vacuum, and two different modified atmospheres packages (iii) map: 80% co(2)+20% n(2,) and (iv) map+co: 30% co(2)+69.8% argon+0.2% co. shelf-life evaluation was based on colour, lipid and hemopigments oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour and colour. samples stored under air exposure showed the highest lipid and hemopigments oxidation rate. ...200822062104
physical and sensory meat quality of south african black ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus), zimbabwean blue ostriches (struthio camelus australis) and their hybrid.meat derived from three genotypes of ostrich, resulting from breeding south african black (black) ostriches and zimbabwean blue (blue) ostriches as well as their hybrid, was analysed for physical and sensory quality. ostriches of a commercially standard slaughter age of 14 months, raised under the same environment were used. the ph(24) was the highest in the pure blue genotype and therefore meat from this genotype was the darkest and the percentage drip loss and cooking loss the lowest. when com ...200822062765
the yield and nutritional value of meat from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles.the current knowledge of the yield and nutritional (proximate and fatty acid) composition of meat derived from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles is reviewed. although most of the species discussed give low cholesterol levels consistent with their low meat lipid contents, the tegu lizard gives a very low level (18.2mg/100g tissue). the fatty acid profiles of the various species all have low saturated fatty acids and high polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in favourabl ...200822063174
role of disulfide bonds in goose-type lysozyme.the role of the two disulfide bonds (cys4-cys60 and cys18-cys29) in the activity and stability of goose-type (g-type) lysozyme was investigated using ostrich egg-white lysozyme as a model. each of the two disulfide bonds was deleted separately or simultaneously by substituting both cys residues with either ser or ala. no remarkable differences in secondary structure or catalytic activity were observed between the wild-type and mutant proteins. however, thermal and guanidine hydrochloride unfoldi ...200818430025
qofing whine. don't be an ostrich. 200819073674
ultrastructure and melatonin 1a receptor distribution in the ovaries of african ostrich chicks.healthy 90-day-old ostrich chicks were used in the present study. the ultrastructure and melatonin 1a receptor (mt1) distribution in the ovaries of ostrich chicks was observed by transmission electron microscope and light microscope. the results showed that the ostrich chick ovary contained primordial follicles, primary follicles and secondary follicles, but no mature follicles. there are some unique ultrastructural characteristics observed in the secondary follicle, such as the cortical granule ...200819002857
light and scanning electron microscopic study of the structure of the ostrich (strutio camelus) tongue.the ostrich's tongue is situated in the posterior part of the oropharyngeal cavity and its length is only about a quarter of the beak cavity. the triangular shortened tongue has retained the usual division into the apex, the body and the root. there are no conical papillae between the body and the root of the tongue, and the presence of the flat fold with lateral processes sliding over the tongue root in the posterior part of the lingual body is a unique morphological feature. all lingual mucosa ...200818533750
a preliminary microsatellite genetic map of the ostrich (struthio camelus).molecular genetic maps can provide information for the identification and localization of major genes associated with quantitative traits. however, there are currently no published genetic linkage maps for any ratites. herein, a preliminary genetic map of ostrich was developed using a two-generation ostrich reference family by linkage analysis of 104 polymorphic microsatellite markers, including 40 novel markers reported in this study. a total of 35 microsatellite markers were placed into 13 lin ...200818544936
further study of codiostomum struthionis (horst, 1885) railliet and henry, 1911 (nematoda, strongylidae) parasite of ostriches (struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758) (aves, struthioniformes).codiostomum struthionis is a nematode parasite of the ostrich caecum. little is known about its pathology, being considered by many authors as a non-pathogenic parasite. infections by c. struthionis are sometimes overlooked because its eggs are indistinguishable from another ostrich nematode, libyostrongylus spp. fecal cultures and infective larvae identification are necessary for proper identification. the aim of this study is to provide improved morphological characterization of adults and inf ...200818774651
an immunohistochemical study of ovarian innervation in the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).the present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the ovary of the emu. the neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase demonstrated the constituents of the extrinsic and intrinsic ovarian neural systems. the extrinsic neural system was composed of ganglia in the ovarian stalk, as well as nerve bundles, which were distributed throughout the ovary. isolated neuronal cell bodies, in the medulla and cortex, formed the intrinsic neural sys ...200818575065
assessment of the stresses imposed on adult ostriches (struthio camelus) during handling, loading, transportation and unloading.the stresses imposed during the handling, loading and unloading of 250 adult ostriches (struthio camelus) transported by road were evaluated, weighted, scored and later compared with some objective physiological indices of stress measured after the journey. during handling, the numbers of slips and falls, incidents of aggressive behaviour, the calculated behavioural points, the number of injuries recorded per ostrich and the time spent were significantly (p<0.01) greater than the values recorded ...200818587061
pancreatic proteolytic enzymes of ostrich purified on immobilized protein inhibitors. characterization of a new form of chymotrypsin (chtr1).four forms of chymotrypsin (chtr1, chtr2, chtr3, chtr4), one form of trypsin and one form of elastase were purified from a slightly alkaline extract of ostrich (struthio camelus) pancreas. the zymogens in the crude extract were activated with immobilized trypsin and then separated by affinity chromatography using immobilized inhibitors and ion exchange chromatography. one of the purified forms of chymotrypsin (chtr1) exhibited an unusual interaction with the highly selective protein trypsin inhi ...200818598777
the paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (archosauria: theropoda and ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure.the paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via ct scanning and 3d visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians majungasaurus and tyrannosaurus and the ankylosaurian ornithischians panoplosaurus and euoplocephalu ...200818951476
developmental morphology of the small intestine of african ostrich chicks.the objective of this study was to investigate the morphological development of the small intestine of african ostrich chicks and to examine the changes in the number of goblet cells therein by observing the gross anatomy and performing histochemistry and morphometry. the bw; length, height, and width of the villi; muscle thickness; depth of the crypts; and number of goblet cells in the intestinal villi and crypts were measured on neonatal d 1, 45, 90, and 334. our results revealed that the weig ...200819038820
tentative identification of the species of balantidium from ostriches (struthio camelus) as balantidium coli-like by analysis of polymorphic dna.the characteristics of balantidium from ostriches (struthio camelus) are similar to those of balantidium coli; however, the species balantidium struthionis was proposed on the basis of the host species (ostriches) and the shape of the macronucleus (with a deep depression in one side). in the present work, we have performed morphological and genetic comparisons between isolates of balantidium from ostriches and b. coli from pigs to determine the specific status of b. struthionis. the morphologica ...200818675516
a simple and rapid pcr-based method for ostrich sexing using micro amounts of dna.the aim of the present study is to identify ostrich sex by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on micro amounts of dna from blood, bloodstain and feathers. sixteen male and 18 female ostriches were used as test individuals. genomic dna as a template was extracted by the chelex method. ostrsex-p1 and p2 primers were designed to perform pcr amplification on the template. pcr products were checked using agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining and ostrich sex was determined dire ...200818954377
a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription pcr for the pathotyping of south african h5n2 avian influenza viruses.a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) real-time reverse-transcription (rrt-pcr) assay was developed that distinguishes stains of south african and european highly pathogenic (hpai) from low pathogenicity (lpai) h5 avian influenza viruses in the absence of virus isolation, irrespective of the length of insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site (h0). the assay was used to pathotype h5-type viruses detected by rrt-pcr in ostrich tracheal swabs collected during the 2006 hpai h5n2 outbre ...200819294990
a comparison of the efficacy of doramectin, closantel and levamisole in the treatment of the 'oriental eye fluke', philophthalmus gralli, in commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus).commercially reared ostriches at msengi farm situated in the chinhoyi area of mashonaland west province in zimbabwe were found to be infected with the 'oriental eye fluke', philopthalmus gralli, in 2001. this was the ist record of the fluke in zimbabwe. trials were conducted to identify a suitable drug for the treatment of this fluke. a total of 12 ostriches confirmed to be infected with the fluke through clinical examination of the eyes and identification of the fluke were randomly divided into ...200818846856
animal-based remedies as complementary medicines in santa cruz do capibaribe, brazil.the use of animal products in healing is an ancient and widespread cross-cultural practice. in northeastern brazil, especially in the semi-arid region, animals and plants are widely used in traditional medicine and play significant roles in healing practices. zootherapies form an integral part of these cultures, and information about animals is passed from generation to generation through oral folklore. nevertheless, studies on medicinal animals are still scarce in northeastern brazil, especiall ...200818647413
[occurence of ectoparasites in ostriches (struthio camelus) reared in semi-arid region of bahia].in the period of may to august of 2005, 19 ostrich's farms were visited in the semi-arid area of the irecê, bahia, in order to describe the ectoparasites. the african black ostriches were reared in intensive system, and distributed for age group, in colonies, trio, couple or cráche. in each farm, after visually inspection of the ostrich, the feathers were taken in several areas of the body and were kept in plastic bags. the screwworms found were collected and stored in 70% ethanol. in 74% (14/19 ...200819245762
macroscopic features of the venous drainage of the reproductive system of the male ostrich (struthio camelus).the macroscopic features of the venous drainage of the reproductive system of the male ostrich were studied in six pre-pubertal and three sexually mature and active birds. each testis was drained by one to four testicular veins. the right testicular veins drained the right testis and epididymis and its appendix to the caudal vena cava and to the right common iliac vein, whereas the left testicular veins drained the left testis and epididymis and its appendix exclusively to the left common iliac ...200819294985
[occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (apicomplexa, cryptosporidiidae) in ostriches, struthio camelus l., 1758 (aves, struthionidae) reared in north and lowered coastline regions of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil].the aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. in ostriches reared in the state of rio de janeiro. the diagnosis of oocysts of cryptosporidium spp. in the feces of 77 ostriches was done by modified ziehl-neelsen technique. the occurrence was observed in 44.4% of the examined animals. however, in a property 100% of the ostriches shed oocysts in their feces. oocysts was subspherical in shape with 6.33 +/- 1.27 (4.31-9.63) by 5.90 +/- 1.18 (4.07-9.42) mm and shape ...200820059869
potential role of sc1, a cell adhesion molecule, in mammary gland tumors.sc1, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule, is expressed in embryonic tissues and plays an important role in development through its cell adhesive activity. sc1 is also found in a variety of tumors and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis. the expressional patterns of sc1 were examined in sporadic cases of canine mammary gland tumors and it was found that this molecule is enriched in adenocarcinomas and is weaker in benign mixed tumors. sc1 might therefore be involve ...200821479400
balantidium sp. in ostriches (struthio camelus l., 1758) in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.the aim of this work was report for the first time the occurrence of balantidium sp. in ostriches reared in rio de janeiro state, brazil. feces samples from 82 ostriches were examined by the ziehl-neelsen technique and morphometric analyses were made of the cysts. the data were compared by a simple linear regression analysis. the cysts found ranged in size from 60.39 by 34.62 mm and 59.13 by 33.92 m in diameters. the spherical shape was confirmed by observing the shape index of 1.05 and r = 0.96 ...200820059871
development of neutralization antibodies against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus using ostrich (struthio camelus) yolk.the rapid outbreak of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus and its transmission to humans have induced world-wide fears of a new influenza pandemic. the most effective method for the reduction of the impact of such a pandemic would be prophylaxis with a safe and effective vaccine, as well as anti-viral materials. in this study, we generated the specific antibodies 'immunoglobulin yolk (igy)' from ostrich eggs immunized with a full-length glycosylated recombinant h5 protein of the str ...200821479398
heterochronic shift between early organogenesis and migration of cephalic neural crest cells in two divergent evolutionary phenotypes of archosaurs: crocodile and ostrich.living archosaurs (crocodiles and birds) represent an intriguing evo-devo model system. although close in phylogenetic relationship, the two lineages show considerable divergence in trends of phenotypic evolution. the head anatomy of recent crocodilians has changed little in comparison with that of their crocodylomorph ancestors. the head phenotype of the avians (birds), as well as some non-avian theropods, shows numerous evolutionary innovations that differ considerably from the crocodylomorph ...200919754710
purification and partial characterization of a myofibril-bound serine protease from ostrich skeletal muscle.a myofibril-bound serine protease (mbsp) was partially purified from ostrich (struthio camelus) skeletal muscle. mbsp was dissociated from the myofibrillar fraction by ethylene glycol treatment at ph 8.5, followed by partial purification via toyopearl super q 650 s and p-aminobenzamidine column chromatographies. ostrich mbsp revealed a major protein band of approximately 21 kda on sds-page, showing proteolytic activity after casein zymography. optima ph and temperature of ostrich mbsp were 8 and ...200919559097
[struthiolipeurus rheae harrison, 1916 (phthiraptera: philopteridae) infesting ostriches (struthio camelus) in one farming in the municipality of três rios, rj].in brazil ostriches farming began at the end of 20th century, to supply the international market of meat, feathers and leather. feathers are economically important to industry and artisanal sectors. lice can cause intense pruritus that depending on the intensity of infestation can lead to depreciation of feathers. in rio de janeiro there are unknown species of lice infesting ostriches. thus the objective of this study was to identify the lice that happen in birds from commercial farms in the mun ...200920040199
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of haemoglobin from ostrich (struthio camelus).haemoglobin is a tetrameric protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. the oxygen-binding properties of haemoglobin are regulated through the binding of allosteric effectors. the respiratory system of avian species is unique and complex in nature when compared with that of mammals. in avian species, inositol pentaphosphate (inositol-p(5)) is present in the erythrocytes of the adult and is thought to be the major factor responsible for ...200919574638
leukocyte ultrastructure, hematological and serum biochemical profiles of ostriches (struthio camelus).in the last decade ostrich farms spread throughout the world as an alternative source of investment. although previous studies have reported hematology and biochemical values for ostriches from several regions of the world, little information is available regarding leukocyte morphology. this study reports the morphology and ultrastructure of ostrich leukocytes and hematology and biochemical values from birds raised in brazil. heterophils presented a lobulated nucleus, and fusiform, and acidophil ...200919834079
morphology of the tongue of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). ii. histological features.although a number of brief, fragmented descriptions have been provided on the gross morphology of the ratite tongue, very few studies have documented the histological structure of this organ. this paper presents the first definitive histological description of the emu tongue and reviews, consolidates and compares the scattered information on the histology of the ratite tongue available in the literature. five tongues were removed from heads obtained from birds at slaughter and fixed in 10% neutr ...200921344785
the wild ostrich (struthio camelus): a review.the aim of the current report was to study the literature pertinent to wild populations of ostriches and their ecological and behavioural adaptations in the wild. selected areas included palaeontology; ostrich distribution; conservation status and relationships with humans and habitat. there is an immediate and urgent need to conserve and protect the apparently rapidly declining populations of wild ostriches with the committed involvement of governments and funding bodies. wildlife management is ...200919440853
engraved ochres from the middle stone age levels at blombos cave, south africa.powerful categories of evidence for symbolically mediated behaviour, variously described as 'modern' or 'cognitively modern' human behaviour, are geometric or iconographic representations. after 40,000 years ago such evidence is well documented in much of the old world and is widely considered as typifying 'modern human culture,' but earlier evidence is rare. in africa, this includes two deliberately engraved ochre pieces from c. 75,000 year old levels at blombos cave, western cape, south africa ...200919487016
the intertarsal joint of the ostrich (struthio camelus): anatomical examination and function of passive structures in locomotion.the ostrich (struthio camelus) is the largest extant biped. being flightless, it exhibits advanced cursorial abilities primarily evident in its characteristic speed and endurance. in addition to the active musculoskeletal complex, its powerful pelvic limbs incorporate passive structures wherein ligaments interact with joint surfaces, cartilage and other connective tissue in their course of motion. this arrangement may enable energy conservation by providing joint stabilisation, optimised limb se ...200919538629
molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium species and genotypes in birds kept in captivity in brazil. a total of 966 samples from 18 families of birds was collected and stored in 5% potassium dichromate solution at 4 degrees c until processing. oocysts were purified in sheather sugar solution following extraction of genomic dna. molecular analyses were performed using nested-pcr for amplification of fragments of the 18s subunit of rrna gene and of the actin gene. a ...200919683397
distribution and developmental changes in ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks.ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r), has been found in the gastrointestinal tract of many vertebrates, but little is known about its distribution in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks. in the present study, the distribution, morphological characteristics, and developmental changes of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks were investigated using immunohistochemistry. ghrelin-immunopositive ...200919232371
the morphological study on the adrenal gland of african ostrich chicks.the morphology of the adrenal gland has been studied for a number of animal species all over the world, yet the detailed data about ostrich chick has not been reported. in the present study, the morphological features of the adrenal gland in african ostrich chicks were investigated by means of gross anatomy, light and electron microscope. differences between the left and right adrenal glands were found in shape, size and location. the interrenal tissue and chromaffin cell interdigitated irregula ...200919251295
ostrich involvement in the selection of h5n1 influenza virus possessing mammalian-type amino acids in the pb2 protein.amino acids at positions 627 and 701 in the pb2 protein (pb2-627 and pb2-701, respectively) of avian influenza a viruses affect virus replication in some mammalian cells. highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza viruses possessing mammalian-type pb2-627 were detected during the qinghai lake outbreak in 2005 and spread to europe and africa. via a database search, we found a high rate of viral isolates from ratitae, including ostrich, possessing mammalian-type pb2-627 or -701. here, we report that h5n1 av ...200919793811
trichostrongylid nematode infections in ostriches (struthio camelus) in belgium. 200919202176
search for salmonella spp. in ostrich productive chain of brazilian southeast region.we analyzed ostriches from an equipped farm located in the brazilian southeast region for the presence of salmonella spp. this bacterium was investigated in 80 samples of ostrich droppings, 90 eggs, 30 samples of feed and 30 samples of droppings from rodents. additionally, at slaughter-house this bacterium was investigated in droppings, caecal content, spleen, liver and carcasses from 90 slaughtered ostriches from the studied farm. also, blood serum of those animals were harvested and submitted ...200919390983
use of random amplified polymorphic dna analysis and single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism in molecular typing of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains.ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) is a bacterium common to commercial poultry and wild birds throughout the world. it is also known as a causative agent of respiratory diseases. a total of 93 ort isolates originating from chickens, pigeons, ostriches, quail, turkeys, and an asian crested goshawk (accipiter trivirgatus) in taiwan, between 2004 and 2006, were used in this study. high genetic similarity (97%-100%) in 16s rrna sequence was revealed among the 50 randomly selected isolates, in add ...200919432012
fine structure of the dorsal surface of ostrich's (struthio camelus) tongue.the tongue of birds fills the oral cavity and has a beak-like shape. morphological studies of birds reveal a correlation between the structure of the tongue and the mechanism of food intake and the type of food. however, several studies have shown morphological differences among the tongues of bird species. the aim of this study was to analyze ostrich tongue morphology and ultrastructural features using scanning electron microscopy. tongues from 12 adult ostriches were examined. six tongues were ...200919341333
three-dimensional serial section computer reconstruction of the arrangement of the structural components of the parabronchus of the ostrich, struthio camelus lung.the ostrich, struthio camelus is the largest extant bird. the arrangement of the airway and the vascular components of the parabronchus of its lung were investigated by 3d serial section reconstruction. modestly developed atrial muscles, shallow atria, paucity of infundibulae with preponderant origination of the air capillaries (acs) from the atria and lack of interparabronchial septa, structural features that epitomize lungs of most highly derived metabolically active volant birds were observed ...200919768752
pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in ostriches (struthio camelus).a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of sulfadiazine combined with trimethoprim (sulfadiazine/trimethoprim) was carried out in fifteen healthy young ostriches after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral administration at a total dose of 30 mg/kg body weight (bw) (25 and 5 mg/kg bw of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim, respectively). the study followed a single dose, three periods, cross-over randomized design. the sulfadiazine/trimethoprim combination was administered to ostriches ...200919646090
inspiratory aerodynamic valving occurs in the ostrich, struthio camelus lung: a computational fluid dynamics study under resting unsteady state inhalation.in the avian lung, inhaled air is shunted past the openings of the medioventral secondary bronchi (mvsb) by a mechanism termed 'inspiratory aerodynamic valving' (iav). sizes and orientations of the trachea (tr), syrinx (sx), extrapulmonary primary bronchus (eppb), intrapulmonary primary bronchus (ippb), mvsb, mediodorsal secondary bronchi (mdsb), lateroventral secondary bronchi (lvsb) and the ostium (ot) were determined in the ostrich, struthio camelus. air flow was simulated through computation ...200919786124
pathological findings in the caeca of naturally infected ostriches, struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758 (aves, struthionidae) parasitized by codiostomum struthionis (horst, 1885) railliet and henry, 1911 (nematoda, strongylidae).in order to characterize lesions associated with codiostomum struthionis in ostriches, 10 caeca were examined on both macro- and microscopic levels. parasites were found in the distal third of the caecum and characterized as c. struthionis. thickened mucosa was identified macroscopically where parasites were observed in high concentrations. nodular areas were also observed in the distal third of the infected caeca, as well as hemorrhagic areas abutting small ulcers surrounded by edema. these fin ...200919647369
evidence for increased olfactory receptor gene repertoire size in two nocturnal bird species with well-developed olfactory ability.in vertebrates, the molecular basis of the sense of smell is encoded by members of a large gene family, namely olfactory receptor (or) genes. both the total number of or genes and the proportion of intact or genes in a genome may indicate the importance of the sense of smell for an animal. there is behavioral, physiological, and anatomical evidence that some bird species, in particular nocturnal birds, have a well developed sense of smell. therefore, we hypothesized that nocturnal birds with goo ...200919467156
wild ostrich (struthio camelus australis) reproduction in orbata, a nature reserve in tunisia.the aim of the current investigation was to determine wild ostrich reproductive behaviour in orbata nature reserve by observing 16 hens and 28 cocks over a seven-year period. intense laying commenced in january, one month after the cessation of the rainy season, and 92% of the eggs were produced during the dry season (january to may, peaking in march). over the seven years, 1,322 eggs were laid in 69 nests, which corresponded to an annual average production of 19.2 +/- 9.1 eggs/nest and 11.8 egg ...200919340601
characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza a virus of subtype h5n2 isolated from ostriches in south africa in 2004.the hpai h5n2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the eastern cape province, south africa in 2004 was characterized.200919496843
aeromonas species associated with necrotizing enteritis and septicemia in an adult male ostrich (struthio camelus).a deceased 10-yr-old male ostrich was diagnosed with severe necrotizing enteritis and septicemia. the bird was inappetent for 3 wk and had neurologic signs 2 days prior to death. macroscopically, no significant lesions were noted aside from congestion of the liver, kidneys, and spleen. histopathology revealed severe fibrinonecrotic enteritis,associated with large numbers of gram-negative bacteria, multifocal fibrinoid necrosis in portal arteries, accumulation of fibrin in hepatic sinusoids, myoc ...200919630242
ultrastructure and electrolyte transport of the epithelium of coprodeum, colon and the proctodeal diverticulum of rhea americana.the structure and function of the lower intestinal tract of rhea americana were characterized to evaluate the evolutionary relationship to other struthioniform and avian species. in 5 rheas the gross anatomy and the light and transmission electron microscopy were studied in parallel to in vitro electrophysiological measurements of ion transport. the mucosa in the colon was amplified with villi, often branched, and in the coprodeum with folds. in both tissues the epithelium was a monolayer compos ...200919059357
blood acid-base and plasma electrolyte values in healthy ostriches: the effect of age and sex.the effect of age and sex on blood acid-base and plasma electrolyte values was determined in venous blood samples from 45 clinically healthy ostriches (struthio camelus) from 26 days to 6 years of age. animals were divided by age into four groups and the group of adults was divided by sex into two subgroups. blood samples were collected without sedation. there was a significant (p<0.05) age difference in blood values of base excess (be), plasma hco(3)(-), total co(2) (tco(2)), na(+), k(+), cl(-) ...200919181354
ocurrence of philophthalmus gralli (trematoda: philophthalmidae) in farmed ostriches in brazil.this paper reports the occurrence of parasitism by the oriental eye-fluke, philophthalmus gralli in ostriches reared in a commercial flock from the state of minas gerais state, southeastern brazil. the two affected birds presented lacrimation, inflammatory reaction and loss of body condition. after physical examination the birds revealed, 17 and 15 trematodes each, only in the right eyes. the economic impact of this parasite on brazilian ostrich industry is still undetermined, requiring further ...200919184508
the use of xylazine, ketamine, and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in ostriches (struthio camelus).to evaluate the use of xylazine/ketamine and isoflurane for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adult ostriches (struthio camelus), 7 healthy adult ostriches (weight 100-130 kg) were deprived of food for 12 hours and then given an injection of xylazine (4 mg/kg im), followed 20 minutes later by an injection of ketamine (8 mg/kg iv). after intubation, each bird was maintained on isoflurane anesthesia, and physiologic and hematologic parameters were measured. the respiratory rate and th ...200919673456
plasma biochemistry of ostrich (struthio camelus): effects of anticoagulants and comparison with serum.the effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry were studied in man and various animals, but limited information is existing for ostrich plasma biochemistry. ten clinically healthy ostrich were blood sampled in different tubes containing each anticoagulant and plain tube for harvesting plasma and serum. the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium and the activity of aspartate aminotr ...200919011988
primary chondrification foci in the wing basipodium of struthio camelus with comments on interpretation of autopodial elements in crocodilia and aves.the present analysis consists of (1) description of the primary chondrification patterns and their transformation into ossified elements in the basipodium of struthio camelus; (2) comparison of these with the conditions found in alligator and gallus; and (3) interpretation of the autopodial elements of archaeopteryx. conclusions: (1) the existence of five discrete metacarpal condensations in the 16-day embryo of struthio argues for unique linear patterning process for each, and these are interpr ...200918942113
a retrospective study on the prevalence of ostrich carcass and organ condemnations in botswana.a retrospective study on the prevalence of ostrich carcass and organ condemnations in botswana was conducted by reviewing meat inspection records available at the botswana ostrich company abattoir in gaborone for the 3 year period that the abattoir had been in operation. the most frequently condemned organs were lung (85.1%), liver (8%), intestine (3.3%), heart (2.7%) and kidney (0.8%). the most frequently encountered macroscopic findings were contamination (80%), congestion (10%), enteritis (3% ...200918622734
predicting biodegradable volatile solids degradation profiles in the composting process.this paper presents a new method for the prediction of the pattern of biodegradable volatile solids (bvs) degradation in the composting process. the procedure is based on a re-arrangement of the heat balance around a composting system to numerically solve for the rate of bvs carbon (bvs-c) disappearance. input data for the model was obtained from composting experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale, constant temperature difference (ctd) reactor simulating a section of an aerated static pile, a ...200918572400
differential localization of libyostrongylus douglassii (cobbold, 1882) lane, 1923 and l. dentatus hoberg, lloyd, and omar, 1995 (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in ostrich (struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758) proventriculi.libyostrongylus is composed of 3 species, l. douglassii, l. dentatus, and l. magnus, which are differentiated based on the morphology of the adults worms. of these, only the first 2 species have been described in brazilian ostriches (struthio camelus). there are very few citations regarding the occurrence of l. dentatus, having been reported only in north america and brazil, while l. douglassii is distributed worldwide. reports on differences in the localization of libyostrongylus species inside ...200918990000
dynamic viscoelastic characterisation of ostrich-meat yor (thai sausage) following pressure, temperature and holding time regimes.ostrich-meat yor (thai sausage) was pressurized at 200, 400 and 600mpa, with 40 and 50°c for 40 or 60min, subsequently, the products were assessed by stress control rheometry. two types of viscoelastic measurement were made. the first was an oscillatory analysis performed at a frequency range of 0.01-10hz using a stress of 30pa. secondly, creep and recovery testing was performed with an initial load of 30pa for 300s, unloaded recovery 900s. finally, the products were subjected to sensory evaluat ...200922064278
novel reovirus isolation from an ostrich (struthio camelus) in japan.an orthoreovirus was isolated from an ostrich (struthio camelus) and rapidly identified as orthoreovirus by the rapid determination of viral rna sequences (rdv) system and electron microscopy. phylogenetic analysis of the sigma a protein indicated that the isolate belonged to avian species and was closely related to chicken orthoreovirus strain 138. the results of the present study indicated that an ostrich orthoreovirus is slight different from other chicken orthoreoviruses and provided evidenc ...200918838232
straightforward and de novo peptide sequencing by maldi-ms/ms using a lys-n metalloendopeptidase.in this work, we explore the potential of the metalloendopeptidase lys-n for maldi-ms/ms proteomics applications. initially we digested a hek293 cellular lysate with lys-n and, for comparison, in parallel with the protease lys-c. the resulting peptides were separated by strong cation exchange to enrich and isolate peptides containing a single n-terminal lysine. maldi-ms/ms analysis of these peptides yielded cid spectra with clear and often complete sequence ladders of b-ions. to test the applica ...200919043101
detection of fiber-digesting bacteria in the ceca of ostrich using specific primer sets.the purpose of this study was to detect three fibrolytic bacteria, fibrobacter succinogenes, ruminococcus flavefaciens, and ruminococcus albus, in the cecal digesta of the ostrich (struthio camelus) by pcr using a species-specific primer set for each 16s ribosomal rna gene (16s rdna). although amplified dna fragments obtained from each primer set had the expected size, the clone library derived from the amplimer contained non-specific sequences. the f. succinogenes-specific primer set recovered ...201019787401
characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus isolated from an ostrich.the continued spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus among poultry and wild birds has posed a potential threat to human public health. an influenza pandemic happens, when a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans emerges. almost all of the influenza pandemics in history have originated from avian influenza viruses (aiv). birds are significant reservoirs of influenza viruses. in the present study, we performed a survey of avian influenza virus in ostriche ...201020497905
appearance of granulated cells in blood films stained by automated aqueous versus methanolic romanowsky methods.romanowsky stains are used routinely by veterinary clinical pathology laboratories for cytologic and blood film evaluations. automated stainers are available for both aqueous and methanolic romanowsky stains. mast cell granules and canine distemper virus inclusions are known to stain differently by these 2 methods, but we have noticed differences in the staining characteristics of other granulated cells.201019793228
phylogenetic analysis of influenza a viruses (h6n8, h1n8, h4n2, h9n2, h10n7) isolated from wild birds, ducks, and ostriches in south africa from 2007 to 2009.influenza a strains emerging from wild birds are a constant threat to south africa's valuable ostrich industry. in 2004 and again in 2006, low pathogenicity avian influenza h5n2 strains introduced from a wild bird reservoir mutated in ostriches to high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), with serious economic consequences and export bans imposed by the european union. although no outbreaks of notifiable avian influenza have occurred in south africa since 2006, the h9n2 virus caused a localized ...201020521652
epidemic outbreaks, diagnostics, and control measures of the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in the kingdom of saudi arabia, 2007-08.the first outbreak of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) occurred in two "backyard" flocks of houbara bustards and falcons in february 2007. subsequent outbreaks were seen through the end of 2007 in "backyard" birds including native chickens, ostriches, turkeys, ducks, and peacocks. from november 2007 through january 2008, h5n1 hpai outbreaks occurred in 19 commercial poultry premises, including two broiler breeder farms, one layer breeder farm, on ...201020521658
evaluation of different serological tests for the detection of antibodies against highly pathogenic avian influenza in experimentally infected ostriches (struthio camelus).in the present study we collected 177 serum samples from ostriches (struthio camelus) infected experimentally with a/ostrich/south africa/middleton/2004 (h5n2) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. we tested these samples using the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, the agar gel immunodiffusion test and three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. we considered the hi test, with homologous antigen and including pre-treatment of sera with 10% chicken red blood cells, as the gold standard ...201020390531
microbial diversity in ostrich ceca as revealed by 16s ribosomal rna gene clone library and detection of novel fibrobacter species.the ostrich (struthio camelus) is a herbivorous bird and although the hindgut is known as the site for fiber digestion, little is known about the microbial diversity in the ostrich hindgut. our aim was to analyze the microbial diversity in ostrich ceca using a 16s ribosomal rna gene (rdna) clone library approach. a total of 310 clones were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed and were classified into 110 operational taxonomy units (otus) based on a 98% similarity criterion. the similarity of ...201019632349
ultrastructural and molecular characterization of balantidium coli isolated in the philippines.balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoon inhabiting the colon of swine, rodents, horses, nonhuman primates and humans. in association with disease triggered by other infectious agents, b. coli may become a pathogenic opportunist. this study describes the isolation, cultivation, morphological as well as molecular characterization of b. coli isolated from the large intestine of a pig in the philippines. based on scanning and transmission electron microscopy, this protozoon presents a dense ciliati ...201019902250
a giant ornithomimosaur from the early cretaceous of china.ornithomimosaurs (ostrich-mimic dinosaurs) are a common element of some cretaceous dinosaur assemblages of asia and north america. here, we describe a new species of ornithomimosaur, beishanlong grandis, from an associated, partial postcranial skeleton from the aptian-albian xinminpu group of northern gansu, china. beishanlong is similar to another aptian-albian ornithomimosaur, harpymimus, with which it shares a phylogenetic position as more derived than the barremian shenzhousaurus and as sist ...201019386658
wild ostrich (struthio camelus) ecology and physiology.this work discusses some of the important considerations of wild ostrich evolution, behaviour and ecology, as items included in ostrich production. in the process considerable research was conducted by collating information from peer-reviewed papers; textbooks; manuals; and pubmed and agricola searches. selected areas reviewed included activity of ostriches; feeding and water needs; sexual maturity; egg laying and natural incubation; selected physiological parameters; and predation. there is an ...201019693684
["the ostrich strategy" will not give us a national program for obesity surgery]. 201020333980
west nile virus lineage 2 as a cause of zoonotic neurological disease in humans and horses in southern africa.west nile virus (wnv) is widely distributed in south africa, but since a few cases of neurological disease have been reported from this region, endemic lineage 2 strains were postulated to be of low virulence. several cases of nonfatal encephalitis in humans as well as fatal cases in a foal, dog, and ostrich chicks have, however, been associated with lineage 2 wnv in south africa. the pathogenesis of lineage 2 wnv strains was investigated using mouse neuroinvasive experiments, gene expression ex ...201020854018
prevalence of cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (struthio camelus) in zhengzhou, china.few data are available on the molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in ostriches. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium species or genotypes in ostriches. a total of 452 fecal samples from five farms, a zoo, and an animal rescue center in zhengzhou, henan province, china were examined for cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy of wet mount of fecal materials concentrated by the sheather's sugar flotation technique. fifty-three samples were cry ...201021030152
adaptations for economical bipedal running: the effect of limb structure on three-dimensional joint mechanics.the purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical adaptations linked to economical locomotion in cursorial bipeds. we addressed this question by comparing mass-matched humans and avian bipeds (ostriches), which exhibit marked differences in limb structure and running economy. we hypothesized that the nearly 50 per cent lower energy cost of running in ostriches is a result of: (i) lower limb-swing mechanical power, (ii) greater stance-phase storage and release of elastic energy, and (iii) l ...201021030429
purification and partial characterization of ostrich skeletal muscle cathepsin d and its activity during meat maturation.cathepsin d was purified from ostrich (struthio camelus) skeletal muscle using pepstatin-a chromatography. the enzyme was comprised of two subunits (29.1 and 14 kda). the n-terminal amino acid sequence of both subunits were determined and showed high amino acid sequence identity to other cathepsin d homologs. ostrich cathepsin d was optimally active at ph 4 and at a temperature of 45°c, and was strongly inhibited by pepstatin-a (k(i)=3.07×10(-9)m) and dithiothreitol. cathepsin d activities from ...201021055883
cdna cloning of ghrelin and ontogeny of ghrelin mrna expression in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks.ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r). the sequence of ghrelin has been determined in many species ranging from fish to mammals. the ostrich is the largest herbivorous bird in the world. although the distribution, morphological characteristics, and developmental changes of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks have recently been determined, the sequence and structure of ghrelin and its expression in the gas ...201021134405
calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflects overlying joint shape in stress-bearing elements: implications for nonavian dinosaur locomotion.in nonavian dinosaur long bones, the once-living chondroepiphysis (joint surface) overlay a now-fossilized calcified cartilage zone. although the shape of this zone is used to infer nonavian dinosaur locomotion, it remains unclear how much it reflects chondroepiphysis shape. we tested the hypothesis that calcified cartilage shape reflects the overlying chondroepiphysis in extant archosaurs. long bones with intact epiphyses from american alligators (alligator mississippiensis), helmeted guinea fo ...201021046673
molecular characterization of newcastle disease viruses in ostriches (struthio camelus l.): further evidences of recombination within avian paramyxovirus type 1.newcastle disease virus (ndv) strains isolated from ostriches have been genotyped for the first time by partial sequencing of the f gene to determine the epidemiologic role that this species can play within nd outbreaks. fifteen additional ndv strains, mostly isolated from chickens but also from pigeons and penguins, were also included in the study to determine genetic relationships with ostriches ndv isolates. high genetic diversity was demonstrated in ostrich ndv isolates, as the 10 isolates w ...201021215532
occurrence of nematodes and anthelmintic management of ostrich farms from different brazilian states: libyostrongylus douglassii dominates mixed infections.ostriches were imported to brazil in the early 1990s without appropriate parasite control leading to a co-importation of parasites. libyostrongylus douglassii, libyostrongylus dentatus and codiostomum struthionis are nematodes of the ostriches that have been reported on some brazilian farms but no national survey has been performed. moreover, little is known about anthelmintic usage to control these parasites in brazil. therefore, the occurrence of l. douglassii, l. dentatus and c. struthionis a ...201021247703
synergic antimicrobial activity of lysozyme, nisin, and edta against listeria monocytogenes in ostrich meat patties.synergic antimicrobial activity of lysozyme (250 ppm), nisin (250 ppm), and disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (edta) (20 mm) against listeria monocytogenes and meat-borne spoilage bacteria in ostrich patties packaged in air and vacuum was studied. the antimicrobial treatment decreased the l. monocytogenes population in ostrich patties below the official limit of the european union (<2 log cfu/g). the total viable counts for the treated samples (air and vacuum) showed a reduction of 1 log ...201021535551
distinct expression profiles of udp-galactose: β-d-galactoside α1,4-galactosyltransferase and udp-galactose: β-d-galactoside β1,4-galactosyltransferase in pigeon, ostrich and chicken.we previously identified two novel enzymes in pigeon, α1,4- and β1,4-galactosyltransferases (galts), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of the galα1-4gal and galβ1-4gal sequences on glycoproteins, respectively. no such glycan structures and/or enzymes have been found in mammals, suggesting that the expression of these enzymes diverged during the course of vertebrate evolution. to compare their expression profiles among avian species, we first established a method for detecting the activi ...201020959391
the effects of extreme seasonality of climate and day length on the activity budget and diet of semi-commensal chacma baboons (papio ursinus) in the cape peninsula of south africa.we examined the effects of extreme seasonality on the activity budget and diet of wild chacma baboons with access to a high-quality, human-derived food source. the cape peninsula of south africa is unusual among nonhuman primate habitats due to its seasonal extremes in day length and climate. winter days are markedly shorter and colder than summer days but have higher rainfall and higher primary production of annually flowering plants. this combination of fewer daylight hours but higher rainfall ...201019851982
surface morphology of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) tongue.despite numerous morphological studies on the avian tongue, very little meaningful information is currently available on the surface features of this organ using scanning electron microscopy (sem). the only sem description of a ratite tongue is that of the ostrich, although the descriptions are brief and superficial. this sem study of the emu tongue confirms and compliments the comprehensive macroscopic and histological data available for this commercially important species. the tongues of five ...201020491751
use of lysozyme, nisin, and edta combined treatments for maintaining quality of packed ostrich patties.the antimicrobial effectiveness of lysozyme, nisin, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta) combination treatments (mix(1): 250 ppm lysozyme, 250 ppm nisin, 5 mm edta; mix(2): 500 ppm lysozyme, 500 ppm nisin, 5 mm edta) on bacterial growth of ostrich patties packaged in air, vacuum, and 2 different modified atmospheres (map(1): 80% o(2), 20% co(2); map(2): 5% o(2), 30% co(2), 65% n(2)) was evaluated. moreover, the lipid oxidation was evaluated as well as color and sensory characteristics. t ...201020492308
posture in ovo as a precursor of footedness in ostriches (struthio camelus).two categories of behaviour involving lateralized posture were observed in semi-natural conditions in ostriches (struthio camelus). observing preferences for left or right foot, both in the forward foot posture (the foot standing in front at rest) and the starting foot used to initiate locomotion, a population-level right-foot preference was shown for the whole group and for each of the three age ranges considered (chick, young and adult). ostriches are known to rely upon a lateralized behaviour ...201019815058
intracellular distribution of ns1 correlates with the infectivity and interferon antagonism of an avian influenza virus (h7n1).highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype h7n1 that emerged during an outbreak in 1999 and 2000 in italy differ from their low-pathogenicity precursor viruses by changes in several genes, including three mutations in the ns1 protein. two of them involve amino acid exchanges located within or closely adjacent to the nuclear export signal of ns1. the third mutation resulted in a new stop codon and thereby a c-terminal truncation of the ns1 protein of the highly pathogenic viruses. to fi ...201020844052
isolation and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 3b from farmed namibian ostriches (struthio camelus f. dom.).meat and skin from farmed ostriches are valuable products for european consumers. the eu regulations require that ostrich products deamed for export need to come from ostriches that are free of antibodies against newcastle disease virus (avian paramxovirus type 1, apmv-1). after the detection of antibodies against apmv-1 in one of five ostrich farms in namibia, attempts were made to isolate the causative virus. no apmv-1 but an avian paramyxovirus type 3 (apmv-3) was isolated from five pharyngea ...201020329642
comparison of warfarin sensitivity between rat and bird species.scattering coumarin derivative rodenticides in broad areas have caused primary- and secondary-poisoning incidents in non-target wild birds. in this study, we compared factors determining warfarin sensitivity between bird species and rats based on vitamin k 2,3-epoxide reductase (vkor) kinetics, vkor inhibition by warfarin and warfarin metabolism assays. in vkor characterization, chickens and ostriches showed significantly lower enzymatic efficiencies than rats (one-sixth and one-third, respectiv ...201020346414
distribution and morphology of argyrophilic cells in the digestive tract of the african ostrich.we used light microscopy to elucidate the morphological features of argyrophilic cells in the digestive tract of the african ostrich (struthio camelus). the results indicated that argyrophilic cells were found to be distributed among the epithelial cells of the mucosa or glands throughout the digestive tract, except for the esophagus; two types of argyrophilic cells were found; i.e., closed-type cells and cells with triangular or elongated shapes and with their apical cytoplasmic process in cont ...201019853267
the excurrent ducts of the testis of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) and ostrich (struthio camelus): microstereology of the epididymis and immunohistochemistry of its cytoskeletal systems.the volumetric proportion of the various ducts of the epididymis of the emu and ostrich and the immunohistochemistry of actin microfilaments, as well as cytokeratin, desmin and vimentin intermediate filaments, were studied in the various ducts of the epididymis of the emu and ostrich. the volumetric proportions of various ducts, which are remarkably different from those of members of the galloanserae monophyly, are as follows: the rete testis, 5.2 +/- 1.4% for the emu and 2.4 +/- 1.8% for the os ...201019874278
comparison of post-thaw dna integrity of boar spermatozoa assessed with the neutral comet assay and sperm-sus halomax test kit.in this study, we tested the hypothesis whether the neutral comet assay (nca) and the sperm-sus-halomax (ssh) test kit could provide similar measurements of post-thaw dna fragmentation of boar spermatozoa. whole ejaculates or sperm-rich fractions of boar semen were frozen in an extender containing lactose, lipoprotein fractions isolated from ostrich egg yolk (lpfo), glycerol (lactose-lpfo-g) or in a standard boar semen extender (k3), without the addition of cryoprotective substances. in all boar ...201019895391
regional specialization of the ganglion cell density in the retina of the ostrich (struthio camelus).in this study, retinal whole-mount specimens were prepared and stained with 0.1% cresyl violet for the ganglion cell study in the ostrich (struthio camelus). the total number, distribution, and size of these cells were determined in different retinal regions. the mean total number of ganglion cells (three retinas) was 1,435,052 with an average density of 652 cells/mm(2). the temporo-nasal area of the retina with high cell density were identified with the peak of 7525 cells/mm(2) in the central a ...201020163681
from the cover: a howiesons poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at diepkloof rock shelter, south africa.ongoing debates about the emergence of modern human behavior, however defined, regularly incorporate observations from the later part of the southern african middle stone age and emphasize the early appearance of artifacts thought to reflect symbolic practice. here we report a large sample of 270 fragments of intentionally marked ostrich eggshell from the howiesons poort at diepkloof rock shelter, western cape, south africa. dating from approximately 60,000 years ago, these pieces attest to an e ...201020194764
structural homologies, importance for catalysis and lipid binding of the n-terminal peptide of a fungal and a pancreatic lipase.lipases share an overall alpha/beta hydrolase fold structure characteristic of serine hydrolases. nevertheless, each lipases group possesses its characteristic 3-d structure and catalytic properties. the purified n-terminal truncated forms of a pancreatic (from ostrich) and a fungal (from rhizopus oryzae, rol32) (sayari et al., 2005) lipases displayed much lower activities as compared to the native proteins. the aim of this study is to explain this common functional feature on a structural basis ...201020214648
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