Publications

distribution of neurotrophin and trk receptor-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal gland of birds.	the occurrence and localization of neurotrophins and their specific trk receptor-like proteins in the adrenal gland of chicken, duck and ostrich were examined by immunohistochemical methods. in all species studied ngf-, trk a- and trk c-like immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and fibers of adrenal ganglia. thin trk a- and trk c-like immunoreactive fibers were also observed among chromaffin cells. nt-3-like immunoreactivity was detected in chromaffin cells as revealed by the double immunola ...	2006	16456836
molecular cloning and characterization of preproopiomelanocortin (prepomc) cdna from the ostrich (struthio camelus).	to date proopiomelanocortin (pomc), the precursor protein for melanotropin (msh), adrenocorticotropin (acth), lipotropins (lph), and beta-endorphin (beta-end) in the pituitary gland, has been studied extensively over a wide spectrum of vertebrate classes. a paucity of information exists, however, with regard to pomc in the avian class, where to date pomc from only one species, the domestic chicken, appears to have been fully characterized. in the present study, we report the use of three clones ...	2006	16457826
the ostrich strategy towards affective issues in alexithymic patients with fibromyalgia.		2006	16426801
morphological and histological study of the ostrich (struthio camelus l.) liver and biliary system.	the peculiarity of the digestive system of the ostrich (struthio camelus l.), which is characterized by the continuous production of bile, led us to undertake macroscopical and histological studies of the liver and its biliary system, since very little bibliographic data exist on the subject. for this purpose we observed the organs of male and female ostriches 16-18 months of age, in situ, in order to describe their location, relationships and morphology. samples of the liver were processed for ...	2006	16736712
violence, zero tolerance and the subversion of professional practice.	assaults on health care staff have been a fact of life since the earliest years of organised health services, but it is only in recent years that governments have begun to acknowledge the problem. assaults not only inflict physical and emotional injury, but undermine morale, create a climate of fear, and subvert the quality of care. they are also costly in terms of lost labour, compensation, and legal and procedural expenses. the response to violence in health care settings has thus far ranged f ...	2006	16696604
biochemical and mechanical behavior of ostrich pericardium as a new biomaterial.	we have performed a comparative analysis of glutaraldehyde-preserved ostrich pericardium, as a novel biomaterial, with bovine pericardium. the biochemical characteristics (histology, water content, amino acid composition, and collagen and elastin contents), mechanical properties, and in vivo calcification in a subcutaneous rat model were examined. ostrich pericardium is slightly thinner and shows a higher water content (70+/-2% vs. 62+/-2%) than bovine pericardium. additionally, ostrich pericard ...	2006	16701880
female-specific dna sequences in ostriches.	ostrich absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, unique sequences or markers located in the ostrich w-chromosome. random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting was carried out to investigate the sex-specific dna sequence for sexing in ostrich. one hundred and forty random primers were used for random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). one of these primers, opaj-13, produced a sex-specific band only found in tested females, which was isolated and constructed ...	2006	16714099
microbiological profiles, ph, and titratable acidity of chorizo and salchichón (two spanish dry fermented sausages) manufactured with ostrich, deer, or pork meat.	microbial counts, ph, and titratable acidity were determined in 102 spanish dry fermented sausages (chorizo and salchichón) made with ostrich, deer, or pork meat. average microbial counts (log cfu per gram) varied from 5.46 +/- 0.24 to 8.25 +/- 0.80 (total viable counts), from 4.79 +/- 0.36 to 7.99 +/- 0.20 (psychrotrophs), from 0.00 +/- 0.00 to 0.99 +/- 1.10 (undetectable values were assumed to be zero) (enterobacteriaceae), from 0.00 +/- 0.00 to 4.27 +/- 1.47 (enterococci), from 5.15 +/- 1.15 ...	2006	16715825
sensitive innervation of the copulatory organ in struthio camelus: comparison to the corresponding district in female proctodeum.	the aa. have studied the nerve component of male copulatory organ and ventral part of female proctodeum in the ostrich. this paper represents the concluding part of the plan of research that aimed to verify some data and hypothesis referred in previous observations. the innervation of the considered districts was always constituted by autonomic and sensitive somatic nerve components. the autonomic innervation was represented by isolated and grouped ganglion cells located along the course of nerv ...	2006	16736716
serological and virological studies of newcastle disease and avian influenza in slaughter-age ostriches (struthio camelus) in japan.	serum samples from 191 ostriches (struthio camelus) in japan were tested for antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv). twenty-two (12%) contained ndv-specific neutralizing antibodies by a virus-neutralization (vn) test without vaccination. antibodies to aiv were not detected in the any sera by an agar gel precipitation test. seven serum samples that had vaccinated with live ndv by eye drop were all positive by the vn test at 1 month post vaccination. a haemaggl ...	2006	16757893
antibody responses in ostriches (struthio camelus) vaccinated with commercial live and killed newcastle disease vaccines.	three ostriches (struthio camelus) were immunized with commercially available live and killed newcastle disease (nd) vaccines for chickens and the antibody responses to the nd vaccines were evaluated by a virus-neutralization (vn) test. primary vaccination with the live vaccine, b1, by eye drop was followed with two shots of alum-precipitated killed vaccine via subcutaneous injection in the neck. as a final booster, another live vaccine, clone 30, was used by eye drop. a vn antibody titer, more ...	2006	16820723
determination of the force necessary for the propagation of tears in ostrich and calf pericardium.	the durability of prosthetic heart valve leaflets made of biological materials is limited. a tear in the biomaterial accelerates their early failure, but microtearing of the collagen fibers may be responsible for their medium-term failure. we studied the force necessary to propagate tearing in two biomaterials: ostrich and calf pericardium. one hundred twenty samples of each tissue were tested in an elmendorf pendulum capable of measuring the force required to tear a tissue in which a predefined ...	2006	16637030
immunoreactivities to protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	the innervation of the ovary has been studied in various species of birds and mammals. despite the fact that the innervation of any organ is an essential factor in controlling its growth and function, no information is available on the distribution of nerve fibers in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich. thus, the present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of nerve fibers in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich, using antibodies against neurofilament protein type m ...	2006	16639498
biochemical and structural comparative study between bird and mammal pancreatic colipases.	three colipases were purified from pancreas of two birds (ostrich and turkey) and one mammal (dromedary). after acidic and/or heat treatment and precipitation by sulfate ammonium and then ethanol, cofactors were purified by sephadex g-50 gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography first on mono s and then on mono q. one molecular form was obtained from each species with a molecular mass of approximately 10 kda. cofactors were not glycosylated. the n-terminal sequences of the three pur ...	2006	16957180
immunoreactivities to protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase in nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich, struthio camelus.	the present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich. the presence of protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase nerve fibres were demonstrated in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina. nerve fibres containing protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament protein were particularly numerous in the tunica muscularis and intermuscular connective tissue areas of the shell g ...	2006	16958264
variance components for live weight, body measurements and reproductive traits of pair-mated ostrich females.	estimates of genetic parameters for reproductive traits, live weight and body measurements were obtained using data from a pair-mated ostrich flock at oudtshoorn in south africa. reproductive traits included total egg and chick production, along with hatchability percentage. live weight, chest circumference and tail circumferences were recorded at the commencement and cessation of breeding. heritability estimates (h(2)) were 0.23 for egg production, 0.20 for chick production, 0.10 for hatchabili ...	2006	16641025
ultrastructural features of the follicular wall in developing follicles of the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	the ultrastructure of the follicular wall in primordial, previtellogenic and vitellogenic follicles of the sexually immature ostrich is described in the present study. the follicular wall consists of a zona radiata, granulosa cell layer, basal lamina and thecal layer. cytoplasmic processes from the plasma membranes of the granulosa cell layer and the ovocyte form the zona radiata in previtellogenic and vitellogenic follicles. the granulosa cell layer transforms from simple cuboidal epithelium in ...	2006	17058442
a morphological and immunohistochemical study of healthy and atretic follicles in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	the morphology of healthy and atretic follicles in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich was described in the present study. in addition, the distribution of the intermediate filaments desmin, vimentin and smooth muscle actin, in these ovarian follicles, was demonstrated. healthy and atretic primordial, pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic follicles were present in the ovaries of the sexually immature ostrich. atresia occurred during all stages of follicular development. atretic primordial and ...	2006	16836590
the ostrich syndrome in american pharmacy.		2006	16397304
amino acid sequences and phosphorylation sites of emu and rhea eggshell c-type lectin-like proteins.	avian calcified eggshell layers contain in their organic matrix one or two c-type lectin-like proteins. previously characterized eggshell proteins of this family are chicken ovocleidin-17 (oc-17), goose ansocalcin and ostrich struthiocalcins 1 and 2 (sca-1, sca-2). in this report we present the amino acid sequences of two emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) (dromaiocalcin-1 and -2; dca-1, dca-2) and of two rhea (rhea americana) (rheacalcin-1 and -2; rca-1, rca-2) c-type lectin-like eggshell proteins, ...	2006	16403478
phylogenetic analyses of genes from south african lpai viruses isolated in 2004 from wild aquatic birds suggests introduction by eurasian migrants.	in 2004, south africa experienced its first recorded outbreak of a highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (hpnai) viral strain of the h5n2 subtype in ostriches in the eastern cape province. the traditional ostrich-farming areas in the western cape province report almost yearly outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) in ostriches, which is attributed to introduction by wild birds and certain climatic patterns. during the winter of 2004, lpai h3n8, h4n8, h5n2 and h5n1 avian inf ...	2006	16447511
ecology and molecular epidemiology of h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in israel during 2000-2004 epizootic.	the first two isolates of h9n2 influenza virus were picked up from turkey and chicken hosts in may 2000, but the actual epizootic of the low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus started in december 2001, following a 1.5-year period of silence, during which the h10n7 and h6n3 influenza viruses were isolated sporadically. the outbreak of the h9n2 influenza began in northern israel, from where the epizootic spread all over the country. damage was relatively limited because of the widespr ...	2006	16447512
identification of three novel ostricacins: an update on the phylogenetic perspective of beta-defensins.	three new beta-defensins, ostricacins-2, 3 and 4 (osp-2, 3 and 4), have been successfully purified and characterised from ostrich heterophils in addition to ostricacin-1 (osp-1). these peptides are composed of 36-42 amino acids with a molecular weight range of 4.70-4.98 kda. in vitro, osp-1, 3 and 4 were active against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus 1056 mrsa, whilst osp-2 was active against bacterial strains plus the yeast candida albicans 3153a. minimal inhibitory concentra ...	2006	16459058
haptoglobin, a hemoglobin-binding plasma protein, is present in bony fish and mammals but not in frog and chicken.	hemoglobin (hb) released from erythrocytes may cause oxidation of lipids and proteins. haptoglobin (hp), which occurs in the plasma of all mammals, binds free hb and inhibits its oxidative activity. it is not known whether this protective protein also exists in lower vertebrates. by analyzing available genomic sequences, we have found that bony fish, but not more primitive animals, have a gene coding for a protein homologous to mammalian hp. furthermore, we show that this protein is present in t ...	2006	16537503
isolation, cloning and sequencing of transferrins from red-eared turtle, african ostrich, and turkey.	transferrins form an important class of iron-binding proteins widely distributed in the physiological fluids of vertebrates and invertebrates. in vertebrates they are present mostly in serum as serotransferrins. in birds and reptiles transferrins are also found in eggs as ovotransferrins. however, until now only chicken and duck ovotransferrin sequences have been published. this paper presents data on the purification, biochemical analysis, cloning and sequencing of ovotransferrins from red-eare ...	2006	16631400
the presence of quill mites (gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (struthiolipeurus struthionis) in ostrich wing feathers.	quill mites (gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (struthiolipeurus struthionis) may infest ostrich feathers, resulting in skin damage, pruritus and excessive feather preening and loss. four different feather types (prime white, femina extra wide, femina class 1, and femina short; n = 10) were collected. the quill mites and lice were removed with fine forceps, studied using a photographic optical microscope and counted microscopically at x 100 magnification following collection by sedimentation. they w ...	2006	16700469
sensory properties of hot-deboned ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna.	cold-deboning is currently practiced in south african ostrich abattoirs. however, the advantages of hot-deboning include the reduction of costs and time, but there is always the risk of cold-shortening. the effects of hot-deboning of ostrich m. gastrocnemius, pars interna on meat sensory attributes were investigated. the data showed that the hot-deboned muscles' ph(48) (6.57±0.18) was significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.7813; p<0.038) to the mean warner-bratzler shear force values (71.28±1 ...	2006	22061887
quality characteristics of ostrich (struthio camelus) burgers.	quality characteristics and storage stability of three types of burgers prepared with ostrich meat (alone or mixed with pork or beef meat) were evaluated. burger evaluation was based on chemical, microbiological, textural, colour, sensory and oxidation characteristics. all of the assayed formulas showed acceptable general quality scores in the sensory evaluation, but the burgers formulated with 100% ostrich meat or mixing ostrich and beef meat had the highest scores. only tba values and redness ...	2006	22062301
effects of packaging atmospheres on shelf-life quality of ground ostrich meat.	fresh ground ostrich meat was packaged under high oxygen (o2), high nitrogen (n2), vacuum (vac) and ambient air (air) atmospheres, stored at 4±1°c and displayed under 1700±100lux of fluorescent lighting for 9 days. the meat was evaluated for changes in typical shelf-life characteristics consisting of ph, color properties (cie l(), a(), b(*), and total color difference, ?e), oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid value and hexanal content) and bacterial counts (total viable cell, coliform, lact ...	2006	22062490
effects of temperature, oxygen exclusion, and storage on the microbial loads and ph of packed ostrich steaks.	ostrich steaks (96) were packed (air or vacuum) and stored at 4°c or 10°c. microbiological loads (total viable counts - tvc, psychrotrophic, enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria - lab, pseudomonas and fluorescent pseudomonas) and ph values were determined at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days. high counts (8.0-10.2 log(10)cfu tvc/g) were observed at day 9, possibly as a consequence of the initial high microbial load (range 4.9-5.4 log(10)cfu tvc/g) and ph (average 6.7). temperature and sampling day signific ...	2006	22062489
avian influenza in ostriches: epidemiological investigation in the western cape province of south africa.	an h5n2 avian influenza virus was isolated from ostriches in the eastern cape province of south africa in july 2004. during a subsequent national survey to determine the possible presence of the disease in other areas of south africa, specific antibodies against h5 avian influenza were detected by the haemagglutination inhibition test in ostrich sera collected in the western cape province. however, the sampling strategy used in the initial survey was developed to accommodate practical constraint ...	2006	20429053
factors related to shell deaths during artificial incubation of ostrich eggs.	the ostrich industry experiences a high rate of embryonic mortalities during artificial incubation of eggs. embryonic deaths were studied from data recorded on 37,740 fertile eggs incubated artificially during the 1998-2005 breeding seasons. roughly 10,000 eggs that sustained embryonic mortalities were classified according to the stage and nature of death, i.e. before 21 days of incubation, after 21 days of incubation, deaths after pipping and rotten eggs. although infection may have played a ro ...	2007	18507217
outcome-based education--the ostrich, the peacock and the beaver.	significant progress has been made with the move to outcome-based education (obe) in medicine and learning outcomes are on today's agenda. learning outcomes have been specified in a number of areas and frameworks or models for communicating and presenting learning outcomes have been described. obe has, however, two requirements. the first is to make the learning outcomes explicit and the second is the use of the specified outcomes as a basis for decisions about the curriculum. it is the second r ...	2007	18236254
molecular characterization of h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from south african ostriches in 2006.	highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 reemerged in ostriches in south africa during 2006, and a low-pathogenic ai h5n2 virus was also isolated. molecular and phylogenetic characterization was performed to determine whether the outbreak strains were genetically derived from the supposedly eradicated eastern cape ostrich outbreak hpai h5n2 strain of 2004. it was demonstrated that although the 2004 and 2006 south african h5n2 strains shared a common ancestor, the two outbreaks were not rela ...	2007	18251396
intestinal entrapment in the right pulmonary ostium after castration in a juvenile ostrich (struthio camelus).	a juvenile ostrich (struthio camelus) was castrated in 2 procedures (right and left hemicastrations) at 3 and 4 months of age. the bird had 3 episodes of depression, inappetence, and head-shaking with apparent dysphagia of 1-3 days duration during the 4 months after the first surgical procedure. it was found dead at 7.5 months of age with no clinical signs in the days immediately preceding the death. at necropsy, the intestine was found entrapped in the right pulmonary ostium. death likely resul ...	2007	18351008
muscle ph and temperature changes in hot- and cold-deboned ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna and muscularis iliofibularis during the first 23h post-mortem.	cold-shortening is the response when muscles are exposed to temperatures below 10°c with a ph>6.20. the course of ph within hot-deboned and intact ostrich m. gastrocnemius, pars interna and m. iliofibularis were followed for the first 23-24h post-mortem to investigate the changes in ph as well as to determine the point of minimum ph for ostrich muscles post-mortem. the hot-deboned muscles took longer to reach the point of minimum ph than the intact muscles. there was no significant (p=0.4508) di ...	2007	22063668
physical meat quality characteristics of hot-deboned ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna during post-mortem aging.	there is a risk of shortening and toughening with hot-deboning of muscles. however, with refrigerated aging this phenomenon may be negated. vacuum-packed hot and cold-deboned ostrich muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna were stored for 21 d at 4°c to investigate the effects of hot-deboning on quality characteristics of ostrich meat during refrigerated storage. muscle ph did not differ (p>0.05) between hot and cold-deboned muscles during storage. hot-deboning caused (p<0.0001) more purge in the ...	2007	22064036
effects of hydrocolloid addition and high pressure processing on the rheological properties and microstructure of a commercial ostrich meat product "yor" (thai sausage).	"yor" is a traditional sausage like product widely consumed in thailand. its textures are usually set by steaming, in this experiment ultra-high pressure was used to modify the product. three types of hydrocolloid; carboxymethylcellulose (cmc), locust bean gum (lbg) and xanthan gum, were added to minced ostrich meat batter at concentration of 0-1% and subjected to high pressure 600mpa, 50°c, 40min. the treated samples were analysed for storage (g') and loss (g?) moduli by dynamic oscillatory tes ...	2007	22060999
lipolysis, proteolysis, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of different types of spanish ostrich salchichon.	the objective of this study was to compare three different types of salchichon: made of ostrich meat, made of ostrich meat and lean pork, and made of ostrich meat and pork belly, from physicochemical and sensory viewpoints. to evaluate the intensity of lipolysis and proteolysis produced during the ripening process, the profile and content of free fatty acids, the degree of rancidity, the non-protein, water-soluble and aminoacidic nitrogen content were determined. in addition, the composition of ...	2007	22064031
purification and partial characterisation of a matrix metalloproteinase from ostrich skeletal muscle, and its activity during meat maturation.	the matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a homologous family of zinc proteinases that are collectively capable of catabolising the various macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix including collagens. in this study an mmp was successfully isolated and purified from ostrich skeletal muscle using toyopearl super q-650s, hydroxylapatite and zinc-chelate chromatographies. the purified molecule had a molecular weight of 55k and a total of 467 amino acid residues. purified ostrich mmp sho ...	2007	22060990
combination effects of ultra-high pressure and temperature on the physical and thermal properties of ostrich meat sausage (yor).	ostrich meat sausages (yor) were subjected to ultra-high pressures of 300, 500 and 700mpa for 40 and 60min at 40 and 60°c. subsequently the physical properties of the products, colour, released and expressible water, gel strength and stress relaxation as well as their thermal characteristics (by differential scanning calorimeter, dsc) were determined. the effects of pressure, temperature and holding time significantly influenced the l(), a() and b(*) values. the amount of released plus express ...	2007	22061000
influence of oxygen exclusion and temperature on pathogenic bacteria levels and sensory characteristics of packed ostrich steaks throughout refrigerated storage.	ostrich steaks (290) were obtained from iliofibularis muscles. for microbiological and ph determinations, samples were inoculated with listeria monocytogenes nctc 11994 (80 steaks) or escherichia coli atcc 12806 (80), then air- or vacuum-packed and stored at either 4±1°c or 10±1°c. analyses were carried out on days 0, 3, 6 and 9 of storage. for sensory evaluation, samples (130) were air- or vacuum-packed and stored at 4±1°c or at 10±1°c. sensory attributes (odour, colour, drip loss, texture and ...	2007	22064287
cdna cloning of proopiomelanocortin (pomc) and mass spectrometric identification of pomc-derived peptides from snake and alligator pituitaries.	proopiomelanocortin (pomc) is the precursor of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) and beta-endorphin, and is suggested to have evolved by the insertion and deletion of ancestral msh segments. here, the primary structure of pomc was determined with cdna cloning of brown tree snakes of squamata and american alligators of crocodylia to show an overview of the molecular evolution of pomc in reptiles. snake and alligator pomcs are composed of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-msh segments and a single beta- ...	2007	17418842
detection of thermotolerant campylobacter in ostriches (struthio camelus) in italy.	during the period january 2004 to december 2005 four different ostrich farms were investigated to evaluate the presence of thermotolerant campylobacter. a total of 150 ostriches were examined and all were found to be clinically healthy. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 60/150 cloacal swabs. among the isolates, 48 were identified as campylobacter jejuni whereas the remainder were identified as campylobacter coli. campylobacter lari was not isolated. the ostriches, although apparently in a he ...	2007	16959506
mechanics of cutting maneuvers by ostriches (struthio camelus).	we studied the strategies used by cursorial bipeds (ostriches) to maneuver during running. eight ostriches were induced to run along a trackway and execute turns. ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics of the body and leg joints were simultaneously recorded, allowing calculation of joint angles and quasi-static net joint torques. sidesteps, where the leg on the outside of the turn changes the movement direction, and crossovers using the inside leg, occurred with nearly equal fre ...	2007	17401120
outbreaks of avian influenza h6n2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of h6n8 and h9n2 ostrich viruses.	the first recorded outbreak of avian influenza (ai) in south african chickens (low pathogenicity h6n2) occurred at camperdown, kwazulu/natal province (kzn) in june 2002. to determine the source of the outbreak, we defined the phylogenetic relationships between various h6n2 isolates, and the previously unpublished gene sequences of an h6n8 virus isolated in 1998 from ostriches in the leeu gamka region (a/ostrich/south africa/kk98/98). we demonstrated that two distinct genetic h6n2 lineages (sub-l ...	2007	16927114
dermatitis & conjunctivitis in workers on an ostrich farm following thrips infestation.		2007	17598947
genetic characteristics of the ostrich population using molecular methods.	a genetic analysis was performed on polish ostriches from the 3 principal ostrich breeds: red-, blue-, and black-necks. the analysis was based on 2 molecular methods: dna fingerprinting and microsatellites. the dna fingerprinting patterns were obtained using the restriction enzyme hinfi and jeffrey's 33.15 probe. the second method consisted of a pcr procedure, for which 5 vias-os primers specific to the ostrich were used. the pcr products were separated on polyacrylamide gel using alfexpress (au ...	2007	17234840
mechanisms of action of ostrich beta-defensins against escherichia coli.	to understand their mechanism of antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria, ostrich beta-defensins, ostricacins-1 and 2 (osp-1 and osp-2), were compared with those of sheep myeloid antimicrobial peptide (smap)-29 and human neutrophil peptide (hnp)-1, well-characterized sheep alpha-helical and human alpha-defensin peptides, respectively. fluorescence-based biochemical assays demonstrated that the ostricacins bound lipopolysaccharides and disrupted both outer and cytoplasmic membrane i ...	2007	17263840
analyzing the evolution of beta-endorphin post-translational processing events: studies on reptiles.	in many cartilaginous fishes, most ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, and amphibians, the post-translational processing of pomc includes the monobasic cleavage of beta-endorphin to yield an opioid that is eight to ten amino acids in length. the amino acid motif within the beta-endorphin sequence required for a monobasic cleavage event is -e-r-(s/g)-q-. mammals and birds lack this motif and as a result beta-endorphin(1-8) is a not an end-product in either group. since both mammals and birds were deri ...	2007	17353011
a 3d interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: application to the turning and running performance of tyrannosaurus rex.	we developed a method based on interactive b-spline solids for estimating and visualizing biomechanically important parameters for animal body segments. although the method is most useful for assessing the importance of unknowns in extinct animals, such as body contours, muscle bulk, or inertial parameters, it is also useful for non-invasive measurement of segmental dimensions in extant animals. points measured directly from bodies or skeletons are digitized and visualized on a computer, and the ...	2007	17363001
pneumo- and neurotropism of avian origin italian highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n1 isolates in experimentally infected mice.	an experimental infection of mice was performed in order to investigate the potential for interspecies transmission in mammals of italian hpai viruses of the h7n1 subtype. three avian origin isolates were selected, two strains obtained from ostrich (one of which contained a pb2-627 lysine residue) and one from a chicken. following intranasal infection of mice, clinical signs and mortality were recorded in the experimental groups challenged with the two ostrich isolates, while only weight loss wa ...	2007	17408714
proteolytic cleavage of ostrich and turkey pancreatic lipases: production of an active n-terminal domain.	the aim of this study was to check some biochemical and structural properties of ostrich and turkey pancreatic lipases (opl and tpl, respectively).	2007	17895836
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of struthiocalcin 1 from ostrich (struthio camelus) eggshell.	the purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of struthiocalcin 1 (sca-1), a protein obtained from the intramineral part of ostrich (struthio camelus) eggshell, is reported.	2007	18007058
an ostrich eye view of avian flu?	until recently i have had my head in the sand about a potential influenza pandemic. i hadn't fully taken in the implications of numbers of people infected, potential loss of life or the huge disruption to communities and services. i hadn't thought that it is not really a matter of if a pandemic occurs, but when.	2007	17492059
changes in numbers of large ovarian follicles, plasma luteinizing hormone and estradiol-17beta concentrations and egg production figures in farmed ostriches throughout the year.	in this study we described and analysed changes in the numbers of large ovarian follicles (diameter 6.1-9.0 cm) and in the plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (lh) and estradiol-17beta (e(2)beta) in relation to individual egg production figures of farmed ostriches (struthio camelus spp.) throughout one year. ultrasound scanning and blood sampling for plasma hormone analysis were performed in 9 hens on a monthly basis during the breeding season and in two periods of the non-breeding seas ...	2007	17452050
poisoning in ostriches following ingestion of toxic plants--field observations.	data from post-mortem and field studies were obtained that discussed poisoning in ostriches following ingestion of toxic plants. from the notes, all plants studied caused death in ostriches and there was systemic organ damage. poisoning from sarcostemma viminale (melktou) resulted in beak patting, muscular tremors and head flopping, followed by collapse and violent kicking before death. ingestion of combretum oatesii (red wings) seeds from plants in free grazing pastures resulted in vomiting, re ...	2007	17966275
nodular trombiculinosis caused by apolonia tigipioensis, torres and braga (1938), in an ostrich (struthio camelus) and a house sparrow (passer domesticus).	nodular trombiculinosis has been reported in brazil in chickens [torres, s., braga, w., 1939. apolonia tigipioensis, g. e sp. n. (trombiculinae) parasito de gallus gallus dom. chave para determinação de gêneros. boletim da s.a.i.c. 4, 37-44] and humans [carneiro, l.s., 1952. uma nova acaríase humana - contribuição ao seu estudo. imprensa industrial, recife. faculdade de medicina da universidade do recife, tese livre docência, p. 56]. in this report, a juvenile ostrich and a house sparrow, both o ...	2007	17981395
scorpion digestive lipase: a member of a new invertebrate's lipase group presenting novel characteristics.	unlike classical digestive lipases, the scorpion digestive lipase (sdl) has a strong basic character. the sdl activity's optimal ph, when using tributyrin or olive oil as substrate, was 9.0. added to that, the estimated isoelectric point of the native sdl using the electrofocusing technique, was found to be higher than 9.6. to our knowledge, this is the first report of an animal digestive lipase having such a basic character. when olive oil was used as substrate, sdl was shown to be insensitive ...	2007	17212975
[the avian middle ear (struthio camelus). data for the physiology of sound transmission in systems with a single ossicle in the chain].	the columella of birds, often cited in the literature, has yet to be adequately described. we aim to give an account of this transmission element, describing its anchoring systems and detailing the muscle associated to it.	2007	17663944
comparison of the z and w sex chromosomal architectures in elegant crested tinamou (eudromia elegans) and ostrich (struthio camelus) and the process of sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds.	to clarify the process of avian sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds, we performed molecular and cytogenetic characterization of w chromosome-specific repetitive dna sequences for elegant crested tinamou (eudromia elegans, tinamiformes) and constructed comparative cytogenetic maps of the z and w chromosomes with nine chicken z-linked gene homologues for e. elegans and ostrich (struthio camelus, struthioniformes). a novel family of w-specific repetitive sequences isolated from e ...	2007	17219176
differences in stride between healthy ostriches (struthio camelus) and those affected by tibiotarsal rotation.	twenty healthy ostriches (ten cocks and ten hens), and twenty birds with tibiotarsal rotation (nine cocks and 11 hens) (14 months old) were isolated, hooded and weighed. a run (50 m x 2.5 m) was divided into sections marked 5 m, 10 m, 15 m and 20 m. time taken for each bird to pass these points was recorded and speed computed. the degree of tibiotarsal rotation in the right foot was mean +/- sem, 156 +/- 2.69 degrees. comparisons between left and right foot length in healthy birds showed no sign ...	2007	17665768
the evolution of the avian genome as revealed by comparative molecular cytogenetics.	birds are characterised by feathers, flight, a small genome and a very distinctive karyotype. despite the large numbers of chromosomes, the diploid count of 2n approximately 80 has remained remarkably constant with 63% of birds where 2n = 74-86, 24% with 2n = 66-74 and extremes of 2n = 40 and 2n = 142. of these, the most studied is the chicken (2n = 78), and molecular cytogenetic probes generated from this species have been used to further understand the evolution of the avian genome. the ancest ...	2007	17675846
reptilian transferrins: evolution of disulphide bridges and conservation of iron-binding center.	transferrins, found in invertebrates and vertebrates, form a physiologically important family of proteins playing a major role in iron acquisition and transport, defense against microbial pathogens, growth and differentiation. these proteins are bilobal in structure and each lobe is composed of two domains divided by a cleft harboring an iron atom. vertebrate transferrins comprise of serotransferrins, lactoferrins and ovotransferrins. in mammals serotransferrins transport iron in physiological f ...	2007	17466466
first finding of libyostrongylosis in farm-reared ostriches (struthio camelus) in croatia: unusual histopathological finding in the brain of two ostriches, naturally infected with libyostrongylus douglasi.	in the present work, the very first finding of libyostrongylus douglasi in farm-reared ostriches in croatia, was described, not only as the main cause of the death, but also as the cause of persistent infection. the results of histopathological examination of almost all parenchymatous organs in two routinely necropsied ostriches were presented, including atypical histopathological finding in the brain and the result of the l. douglasi scanning electron microscopical (sem) examination. in order t ...	2007	17448602
characterization of staphylococcus aureus isolates from buffalo, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk samples collected in rio de janeiro state, brazil.	eighty-four staphylococcal isolates were obtained from milk samples from cows, sheep, goats, and buffalo with subclinical mastitis and from colonization samples from ostriches. the animals were hosted in 18 small dairy herds and an ostrich breeding located in 10 municipalities of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. thirty isolates were identified as staphylococcus aureus by biochemical and molecular techniques and were comparatively characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. the molecul ...	2007	17449696
effect of different procedures of ejaculate collection, extenders and packages on dna integrity of boar spermatozoa following freezing-thawing.	whole ejaculate or sperm-rich fraction, collected from four sexually mature boars, was frozen in an extender containing lactose-hen egg yolk with glycerol (lactose-hey-g) or extender containing lactose, lyophilized lipoprotein fractions isolated from ostrich egg yolk and glycerol (lactose-lpfo-g), and orvus es paste, respectively. the sperm samples were also frozen in a standard boar semen extender (kortowo-3), without the addition of cryoprotective substances. sperm dna integrity was assessed u ...	2007	16889911
sexual practices of church youths in the era of hiv/aids: playing the ostrich.	the church could be a powerful force for social and behavioural change, particularly in the current efforts to combat the hiv/aids pandemic. anecdotal evidence suggests that church youths are sexually active but few studies have documented the sexual practices of these youths. we looked at the sexual practices of 341 youths in two churches in southern nigeria. sixty-five percent were sexually experienced; age at first sexual intercourse for males was seven years and eight years for females. by 1 ...	2007	17851991
experimental infectious bursal disease in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	clinically severe disease was produced in ostriches aged 4 weeks by oral infection with a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (vibdv), namely strain faragher 52/70. four days after infection the birds were humanely killed and tissue samples, including thymus, bursa of fabricius (bf), brain and kidney were collected for examination. histopathologically, the thymus and bf showed severe lymphoid depletion and necrosis, while immunolabelling with a polyclonal antibody demonstrated abu ...	2007	17880991
effect of diet on the metabolic profile of ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus).	in order to study the metabolic profile of ostriches in relation to diet, 40 animals of both sexes were divided equally into two groups and fed two diets ad libitum consisting, on a dry matter basis, of the same commercial concentrate (60%) for the two groups and of corn silage (group a) or alfalfa hay (group b). in the morning, after about 12 h of fasting, blood was collected from the wing vein. the following haematological parameters were determined with an automatic system (ektachem 250 analy ...	2007	17847821
ultrastructural features of the uterus in the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus) during periods of ovarian inactivity and activity.	the ultrastructure of the surface epithelium and tubular glands of the uterus in the immature ostrich is described. in ostriches with inactive ovaries the uterus is lined by a non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium, with basally located heterochromatic nuclei. scanning electron microscopy revealed that these non-ciliated cells have a dense microvillous cover. a simple columnar to pseudostratified columnar epithelium, comprised of non-ciliated and ciliated cells, lines the uterus in birds with a ...	2007	17933362
fertilizing capacity of boar semen frozen in an extender supplemented with ostrich egg yolk lipoprotein fractions--a pilot study.	a limited field trial was performed to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of boar spermatozoa frozen in an extender supplemented with lipoprotein fractions isolated from ostrich egg yolk (lpfo). boar semen, diluted in an extender containing lactose with lyophilized lipoprotein fractions, glycerol and orvus es paste (lactose-lpfo-g), was frozen using a controlled programmable freezer. sperm characteristics, such as motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial function were m ...	2007	17937184
semen collection in the ostrich (struthio camelus) using a dummy or a teaser female.	1. we investigated the feasibility of training male ostriches to ejaculate into an artificial cloaca (ac) using a teaser female or a dummy. 2. male ostriches develop desirable behaviour patterns that allow them to be trained to the teaser and the dummy female. training success can be high as both methods rely on natural stimulation and voluntary ejaculation into the ac provided suitable individuals are identified. 3. the key factors to successful training appear to be: the teaser method - temper ...	2007	17952736
ostrich pancreatic phospholipase a(2): purification and biochemical characterization.	ostrich pancreatic phospholipase a(2) (opla(2)) was purified from delipidated pancreases. pure protein was obtained after heat treatment (70 degrees c), precipitation by ammonium sulphate and ethanol, respectively followed by sequential column chromatography on monoq sepharose and size exclusion hplc column. purified opla(2), which is not a glycosylated protein, was found to be monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 13773.93 da. a specific activity of 840u/mg for purified opla(2) was measure ...	2007	17656163
a preliminary study on normal electrocardiographic parameters of ostriches (struthio camelus).	electrocardiograms were taken from 100 normal healthy male and female ostriches which were 1 to 15 months old using a base apex lead. the heart rate of those less than 3 months old ranged from 107 to 250 beats per minute with a mean of 171.47 +/- 9.03 and that of ostriches of more than 3 months old ranged from 43 to 167 with a mean of 90.52 +/- 2.64 beats/minute. the p-waves were positive in all cases except in 1 ostrich which it was isoelectric. the ors complexes were mainly negative and either ...	2007	17665766
muscle moment arms of pelvic limb muscles of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	muscle moment arms were measured for major muscles of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (struthio camelus) in order to assess specific functional behaviour and to apply this to locomotor performance. pelvic limbs of six juvenile ostriches were used for this study. the tendon travel technique was used to measure moment arms of 21 muscles at the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints throughout the ranges of motion observed during level running. six of the 21 muscles measured were found to h ...	2007	17608640
macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich (struthio camelus).	the macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich was studied in 16 pre-pubertal and eight sexually mature and active birds. the left and right cranial renal arteries arise from the aorta, between the cranial divisions of the kidneys. these vessels supply the cranial divisions of the kidneys, the testes, the epididymides and the cranial segments of the ducti deferentia. accessory testicular arteries which arise directly from the aorta are present in 4 ...	2007	17617101
a case of conjoined cephalopagus twinning in an ostrich (struthio camelus).	conjoined twinnings have been reported in most domestic animal species and in some avian species. cases of conjoined twins have not been reported in the ostrich so far. a hybrid blue neck x african black male ostrich conjoined twinning was born at the end of artificial egg incubation and died spontaneously 24 h after the hatching. it was frozen and sent to the unit of veterinary pathology of the university of messina for gross examination. the most important gross findings involved the external ...	2007	17617102
phylogenetic analysis of low-pathogenicity avian influenza h6n2 viruses from chicken outbreaks (2001-2005) suggest that they are reassortants of historic ostrich low-pathogenicity avian influenza h9n2 and h6n8 viruses.	low-pathogenicity (lpai) and high-pathogenicity (hpai) avian influenza viruses are periodically isolated from south african ostriches, but during 2002 the first recorded outbreak of lpai (h6n2) in south african chickens occurred on commercial farms in the camperdown area of kwazulu/natal (kzn) province. sequence analysis of all eight genes were performed and phylogenetic analysis was done based on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidasc sequences. results from phylogenetic analyses indicated that th ...	2007	17494567
flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and consequences for the reconstruction of dinosaurs with extreme neck length.	the gross morphology and the flexibility along the neck of the ostrich (struthio camelus) were examined using fresh tissue as well as neck skeletons. the results of the morphologic studies were compared with results from observations of living ostriches. the investigation was focused on differences in the morphology and the function between different sections of the neck. additionally, the function of major dorsal neck ligaments was examined, including measurements of force-strain-relations. com ...	2007	17514722
thysanoptera infestation on skin and periorbital cellulitis in ostriches (struthio camelus) aged 14 months.	to report the infestation of thysanoptera (limothrips denticornis) on ostriches (struthio camelus) and to determine their relative density.	2007	17534415
[experimental investigations on middle ear prostheses with an integrated micro joint].	quasi static pressure changes as they occur in altitude changes or valsalva's manoeuvre are causing great tympanic membrane displacements. these can produce a prosthesis dislocation from the stapes footplate, in case of using a torp for reconstruction. additionally, prostheses extrusions can occur in the chronically poor ventilated middle ear. anatomical studies on the ostrich demonstrate that the flexible columella in the avian middle ear provides a good sound transmission and features an effec ...	2007	17538859
is there a relationship between the chromatin status and dna fragmentation of boar spermatozoa following freezing-thawing?	in this study a radioisotope method, which is based on the quantitative measurements of tritiated-labeled actinomycin d ((3)h-amd) incorporation into the sperm nuclei ((3)h-amd incorporation assay), was used to assess the chromatin status of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. this study also tested the hypothesis that frozen-thawed spermatozoa with altered chromatin were susceptible to dna fragmentation measured with the neutral comet assay (nca). boar semen was diluted in lactose-hen egg yolk-glyc ...	2007	17543381
effects of cations on antimicrobial activity of ostricacins-1 and 2 on e. coli o157:h7 and s. aureus 1056mrsa.	ostricacin-1 and ostricacin-2 (osp-1 and osp-2) were beta-defensins antimicrobial peptides that were purified from ostrich leukocytes using a cation-exchange column and a semi-prep rp-hplc column. both ostricacins were subjected to increased concentrations of monovalent cations (k(+) and na(+)) and divalent cations (ca(2+) and mg(2+)) in order to investigate the effect of cations on the activity of these ostricacins on gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria. the radial diffusion assay ...	2007	17554470
use of faeces as an alternative inoculum to caecal content to study in vitro feed digestibility in domesticated ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus).	1. in order to find an alternative source of inoculum to caecal content for studying the in vitro feed digestibility in domesticated ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus), caecal content and faeces of 4 male birds were used as inocula for an in vitro gas production trial. 2. about 1 g of each of 5 substrates (maize silage, cs; alfalfa hay, ah; barley, bg; soybean meal, sm; beet pulp, bp) was weighed, in quadruplicate per inoculum, in 120 ml flasks; 75 ml of anaerobic medium and 4 ml of re ...	2007	17578699
running in ostriches (struthio camelus): three-dimensional joint axes alignment and joint kinematics.	although locomotor kinematics in walking and running birds have been examined in studies exploring many biological aspects of bipedalism, these studies have been largely limited to two-dimensional analyses. incorporating a five-segment, 17 degree-of-freedom (d.f.) kinematic model of the ostrich hind limb developed from anatomical specimens, we quantified the three-dimensional (3-d) joint axis alignment and joint kinematics during running (at approximately 3.3 m s(-1)) in the largest avian biped, ...	2007	17601959
the molecular basis of chromosome orthologies and sex chromosomal differentiation in palaeognathous birds.	palaeognathous birds (struthioniformes and tinamiformes) have morphologically conserved karyotypes and less differentiated zw sex chromosomes. to delineate interspecific chromosome orthologies in palaeognathous birds we conducted comparative chromosome painting with chicken (gallus gallus, gga) chromosome 1-9 and z chromosome paints (gga1-9 and ggaz) for emu, double-wattled cassowary, ostrich, greater rhea, lesser rhea and elegant crested tinamou. all six species showed the same painting pattern ...	2007	17605112
occurrence of pancreatic lipase-related protein-2 in various species and its relationship with herbivore diet.	the occurrence of classical pancreatic lipase (pl) and pancreatic lipase-related proteins 1 and 2 (plrp1s and 2) in the pancreas of ten mammalian species (humans, pig, rat, guinea pig, coypu, rabbit, horse, ox, goat and sheep) and two bird species (ostrich and turkey) was investigated. the lipases were purified from delipidated pancreas and identified based on the results of western blotting analysis with anti-human plrp2 serum, the catalytic properties and n-terminal microsequencing data. plrp2 ...	2008	18328758
species identification in meat products using real-time pcr.	one of the most convenient methods for the identification of animal species in processed meat products is the examination of dna sequences. real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) techniques are particularly suitable because even small fragments of dna formed during heat processing of the meat can be amplified and identified. a real-time pcr method has been developed and evaluated for the identification of processed meat products. in test mixtures containing beef, pork, horse, mutton, chicken ...	2008	18473208
assessment of the stresses imposed on adult ostriches (struthio camelus) during handling, loading, transportation and unloading.	the stresses imposed during the handling, loading and unloading of 250 adult ostriches (struthio camelus) transported by road were evaluated, weighted, scored and later compared with some objective physiological indices of stress measured after the journey. during handling, the numbers of slips and falls, incidents of aggressive behaviour, the calculated behavioural points, the number of injuries recorded per ostrich and the time spent were significantly (p<0.01) greater than the values recorded ...	2008	18587061
pancreatic proteolytic enzymes of ostrich purified on immobilized protein inhibitors. characterization of a new form of chymotrypsin (chtr1).	four forms of chymotrypsin (chtr1, chtr2, chtr3, chtr4), one form of trypsin and one form of elastase were purified from a slightly alkaline extract of ostrich (struthio camelus) pancreas. the zymogens in the crude extract were activated with immobilized trypsin and then separated by affinity chromatography using immobilized inhibitors and ion exchange chromatography. one of the purified forms of chymotrypsin (chtr1) exhibited an unusual interaction with the highly selective protein trypsin inhi ...	2008	18598777
study of the morphology of the olfactory organ of african ostrich chick.	the anatomy and histology of the olfactory organ of african ostrich chick were carefully observed by gross anatomy observation, paraffin sectioning and haematoxylin-eosin (he) staining. the results showed that there were no keratotic nose lids at the entrance of the external naris, and that the nasal cavity was separated into two imperforate compartments by the nasal septum. the posterior conchae were connected with the middle conchae without cohering to nasal walls, and appeared to be part of a ...	2008	17986311
evolution of brain size in the palaeognath lineage, with an emphasis on new zealand ratites.	brain size in vertebrates varies principally with body size. although many studies have examined the variation of brain size in birds, there is little information on palaeognaths, which include the ratite lineage of kiwi, emu, ostrich and extinct moa, as well as the tinamous. therefore, we set out to determine to what extent the evolution of brain size in palaeognaths parallels that of other birds, i.e., neognaths, by analyzing the variation in the relative sizes of the brain and cerebral hemisp ...	2008	18032885
light and scanning electron microscopic study of the structure of the ostrich (strutio camelus) tongue.	the ostrich's tongue is situated in the posterior part of the oropharyngeal cavity and its length is only about a quarter of the beak cavity. the triangular shortened tongue has retained the usual division into the apex, the body and the root. there are no conical papillae between the body and the root of the tongue, and the presence of the flat fold with lateral processes sliding over the tongue root in the posterior part of the lingual body is a unique morphological feature. all lingual mucosa ...	2008	18533750
big birds and their brains: paleoneurology of the new zealand moa.	the moa (dinornithiformes: aves) are an extinct group of ratites from the north and south islands of new zealand. the ancestors of both the moa and the kiwi were isolated from other gondwanan fauna as much as 80 million years ago and evolved in the absence of large mammalian predators. as such they represent a natural experiment in the removal of mammalian predation pressure on the encephalization of these two groups of ratites. we have used endocranial and skull morphometry in conjunction with ...	2008	18032890
the yield and nutritional value of meat from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles.	the current knowledge of the yield and nutritional (proximate and fatty acid) composition of meat derived from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles is reviewed. although most of the species discussed give low cholesterol levels consistent with their low meat lipid contents, the tegu lizard gives a very low level (18.2mg/100g tissue). the fatty acid profiles of the various species all have low saturated fatty acids and high polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in favourabl ...	2008	22063174
effect of packaging conditions on shelf-life of ostrich steaks.	this study was conducted to establish the shelf-life of ostrich steaks stored in four different packaging types: (i) air exposure, (ii) vacuum, and two different modified atmospheres packages (iii) map: 80% co(2)+20% n(2,) and (iv) map+co: 30% co(2)+69.8% argon+0.2% co. shelf-life evaluation was based on colour, lipid and hemopigments oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour and colour. samples stored under air exposure showed the highest lipid and hemopigments oxidation rate. ...	2008	22062104
physical and sensory meat quality of south african black ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus), zimbabwean blue ostriches (struthio camelus australis) and their hybrid.	meat derived from three genotypes of ostrich, resulting from breeding south african black (black) ostriches and zimbabwean blue (blue) ostriches as well as their hybrid, was analysed for physical and sensory quality. ostriches of a commercially standard slaughter age of 14 months, raised under the same environment were used. the ph(24) was the highest in the pure blue genotype and therefore meat from this genotype was the darkest and the percentage drip loss and cooking loss the lowest. when com ...	2008	22062765
outbreak of severe disseminated aspergillosis in a flock of ostrich (struthio camelus).	this study was undertaken to describe clinical, mycological and histopathological findings in black neck ostriches affected with severe aspergillosis in a flock including 80 birds, near tehran, iran. the signs included anorexia, depression, notable weight loss, diarrhoea, severe respiratory distress and death. grossly, the lungs showed numerous white to yellow caseous nodules and the walls of the thoracic and abdominal air sacs were thickened with inflammatory exudates containing cellular debris ...	2008	18422919
role of disulfide bonds in goose-type lysozyme.	the role of the two disulfide bonds (cys4-cys60 and cys18-cys29) in the activity and stability of goose-type (g-type) lysozyme was investigated using ostrich egg-white lysozyme as a model. each of the two disulfide bonds was deleted separately or simultaneously by substituting both cys residues with either ser or ala. no remarkable differences in secondary structure or catalytic activity were observed between the wild-type and mutant proteins. however, thermal and guanidine hydrochloride unfoldi ...	2008	18430025