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characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from fecal samples of ostriches by molecular methods.the aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in fecal samples of ostriches from a farm of southern portugal, the mechanisms implicated, and the associated virulence factors, 13 years after the banning of the glycopeptide avoparcin as animal growth promoter in the european union. fifty-four fecal samples of ostriches were inoculated in slanetz-bartley supplemented with vancomycin (4 microg/ml) for vre recovery. susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was ...201020528466
prevalence of cryptosporidium baileyi in ostriches (struthio camelus) in zhengzhou, china.few data are available on the molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in ostriches. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium species or genotypes in ostriches. a total of 452 fecal samples from five farms, a zoo, and an animal rescue center in zhengzhou, henan province, china were examined for cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy of wet mount of fecal materials concentrated by the sheather's sugar flotation technique. fifty-three samples were cry ...201021030152
calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflects overlying joint shape in stress-bearing elements: implications for nonavian dinosaur locomotion.in nonavian dinosaur long bones, the once-living chondroepiphysis (joint surface) overlay a now-fossilized calcified cartilage zone. although the shape of this zone is used to infer nonavian dinosaur locomotion, it remains unclear how much it reflects chondroepiphysis shape. we tested the hypothesis that calcified cartilage shape reflects the overlying chondroepiphysis in extant archosaurs. long bones with intact epiphyses from american alligators (alligator mississippiensis), helmeted guinea fo ...201021046673
cdna cloning of ghrelin and ontogeny of ghrelin mrna expression in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks.ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r). the sequence of ghrelin has been determined in many species ranging from fish to mammals. the ostrich is the largest herbivorous bird in the world. although the distribution, morphological characteristics, and developmental changes of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks have recently been determined, the sequence and structure of ghrelin and its expression in the gas ...201021134405
structural homologies, importance for catalysis and lipid binding of the n-terminal peptide of a fungal and a pancreatic lipase.lipases share an overall alpha/beta hydrolase fold structure characteristic of serine hydrolases. nevertheless, each lipases group possesses its characteristic 3-d structure and catalytic properties. the purified n-terminal truncated forms of a pancreatic (from ostrich) and a fungal (from rhizopus oryzae, rol32) (sayari et al., 2005) lipases displayed much lower activities as compared to the native proteins. the aim of this study is to explain this common functional feature on a structural basis ...201020214648
purification and partial characterization of ostrich skeletal muscle cathepsin d and its activity during meat maturation.cathepsin d was purified from ostrich (struthio camelus) skeletal muscle using pepstatin-a chromatography. the enzyme was comprised of two subunits (29.1 and 14 kda). the n-terminal amino acid sequence of both subunits were determined and showed high amino acid sequence identity to other cathepsin d homologs. ostrich cathepsin d was optimally active at ph 4 and at a temperature of 45°c, and was strongly inhibited by pepstatin-a (k(i)=3.07×10(-9)m) and dithiothreitol. cathepsin d activities from ...201021055883
biochemical characterization and sperm motility parameters of ostrich (struthio camelus) semen.the aim of the study was to obtain baseline values for biochemical parameters of ostrich seminal plasma and sperm motility parameters measured by casa. biochemical characteristics of ostrich semen included a high protein concentration (29.3 ± 9.1g/l) and high amidase (280.6 ± 130.8 u/l) and ldh activity (1880.0 ± 983.6 u/l). on the other hand antioxidant, superoxide dismutase, anti-proteinase and acid phosphatase activity were low. biochemical parameters of semen were variable. motility of ostri ...201020833487
detection of ctx-m-14 and tem-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in fecal escherichia coli isolates of captive ostrich in portugal.the main aim of this study was to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance among escherichia coli isolates recovered in levine agar plates from 54 fecal samples of captive ostriches from a farm in the south of portugal. fifty-four nonselected e. coli isolates were obtained (one/sample) and the phenotypes and genotypes of antibiotic resistance were characterized. the following numbers of isolates showed antibiotic resistance: ampicillin (nine), tetracycline (seven), streptomycin (three), ...201020367084
bruising on ostrich carcasses and the implications on the microbiology and losses in utilizable meat when removing them post-evisceration or post-chilling.bruising on ostrich carcasses reduces meat yield. these bruises are usually removed as part of the primary meat inspection, performed directly after evisceration. three separate studies were conducted to determine the advantages and disadvantages of removing the bruises at primary meat inspection or after overnight cooling of the ostrich carcasses (0-4 degrees c). the bruised areas were also investigated to determine their frequency and distribution and to establish the most obvious causes and p ...201020591576
from the cover: a howiesons poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at diepkloof rock shelter, south africa.ongoing debates about the emergence of modern human behavior, however defined, regularly incorporate observations from the later part of the southern african middle stone age and emphasize the early appearance of artifacts thought to reflect symbolic practice. here we report a large sample of 270 fragments of intentionally marked ostrich eggshell from the howiesons poort at diepkloof rock shelter, western cape, south africa. dating from approximately 60,000 years ago, these pieces attest to an e ...201020194764
west nile virus lineage 2 as a cause of zoonotic neurological disease in humans and horses in southern africa.west nile virus (wnv) is widely distributed in south africa, but since a few cases of neurological disease have been reported from this region, endemic lineage 2 strains were postulated to be of low virulence. several cases of nonfatal encephalitis in humans as well as fatal cases in a foal, dog, and ostrich chicks have, however, been associated with lineage 2 wnv in south africa. the pathogenesis of lineage 2 wnv strains was investigated using mouse neuroinvasive experiments, gene expression ex ...201020854018
distinct expression profiles of udp-galactose: β-d-galactoside α1,4-galactosyltransferase and udp-galactose: β-d-galactoside β1,4-galactosyltransferase in pigeon, ostrich and chicken.we previously identified two novel enzymes in pigeon, α1,4- and β1,4-galactosyltransferases (galts), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of the galα1-4gal and galβ1-4gal sequences on glycoproteins, respectively. no such glycan structures and/or enzymes have been found in mammals, suggesting that the expression of these enzymes diverged during the course of vertebrate evolution. to compare their expression profiles among avian species, we first established a method for detecting the activi ...201020959391
adaptations for economical bipedal running: the effect of limb structure on three-dimensional joint mechanics.the purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical adaptations linked to economical locomotion in cursorial bipeds. we addressed this question by comparing mass-matched humans and avian bipeds (ostriches), which exhibit marked differences in limb structure and running economy. we hypothesized that the nearly 50 per cent lower energy cost of running in ostriches is a result of: (i) lower limb-swing mechanical power, (ii) greater stance-phase storage and release of elastic energy, and (iii) l ...201021030429
a comparative study on the histological structure of the spleen in the ostrich (struthio camelus), the kestrel (falco tinnunculus) and the osprey (pandion haliaetus).the spleen structurally and functionally belongs to the hematopoietic organs and is also an important component of the reticuloendothelial system, which is known to play a major role in host defense. the histological structure of the spleen was investigated in the ostrich, a non-flying bird, the kestrel, a raptor, and the osprey, a fish-eating bird of prey (fish eagle). for this purpose, mallory's modified triple stain, methyl green-pyronin and silver stain were used. germinal centers were not p ...201121555263
diversity of the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fthfs) gene in the proximal and mid ostrich colon.we analysed fragments of the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fthfs) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in reductive acetogenesis, from the bacterial flora in the proximal (pc) and mid (mc) colon of three ostriches to assess and compare bacterial diversity in this organ. two clone libraries of fthfs fragments were constructed from dna extracted from digesta of the pc and mc, and a total of 46 cloned sequences were analysed from each library. a wide variety of fthfs sequences were recovered. the ...201120458481
embryonic development of the emu, dromaius novaehollandiae.the chick, gallus gallus, is the traditional model in avian developmental studies. data on other bird species are scarce. here, we present a comparative study of the embryonic development of the chick and the emu dromaius novaehollandiae, a member of paleognathae, which also includes the ostrich, rhea, tinamou, kiwi, and cassowary. emu embryos ranging from hamburger and hamilton (hh) equivalent stages 1 to 43 were collected and their gross morphology analyzed. its early development was studied i ...201121181941
strain in the ostrich mandible during simulated pecking and validation of specimen-specific finite element models.finite element (fe) analysis is becoming a frequently used tool for exploring the craniofacial biomechanics of extant and extinct vertebrates. crucial to the application of the fe analysis is the knowledge of how well fe results replicate reality. here i present a study investigating how accurately fe models can predict experimentally derived strain in the mandible of the ostrich struthio camelus, when both the model and the jaw are subject to identical conditions in an in-vitro loading environm ...201120846282
twice daily collection yields greater semen output and does not affect male libido in the ostrich.the success of an artificial insemination program in ostriches is highly dependent on the yield of viable semen. we, therefore, tested how semen output is affected by three different collection frequencies: once every 2d (48h interval), daily (24h interval), and twice a day (6h interval). ejaculates were collected from seven male ostriches (aged 2-4 years) for 10 consecutive days using the dummy female method. we assessed semen characteristics (sperm motility, volume, concentration, number of sp ...201121306843
toe function and dynamic pressure distribution in ostrich locomotion.the ostrich is highly specialized in terrestrial locomotion and is the only extant bird that is both didactyl and exhibits a permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint. this extreme degree of digitigrady provides an excellent opportunity for the study of phalangeal adaptation towards fast, sustained bipedal locomotion. data were gathered in a semi-natural setting with hand-raised, cooperative specimens. dynamic pressure distribution, centre of pressure (cop) trajectory and the positional int ...201121389197
set a thief to catch a thief: brown-necked raven (corvus ruficollis) cooperatively kleptoparasitize egyptian vulture (neophron percnopterus).our study describes how brown-necked ravens (corvus ruficollis) are able to take advantage of an ordinarily inaccessible, high-quality food source by relying upon their innovative and manipulative thinking capabilities to exploit methods used by egyptian vulture (neophron percnopterus) to overcome the problem. in five observed interactions, the ravens were first seen in the vicinity of an abandoned clutch of ostrich eggs (struthio camelus). the area was frequented by a pair of egyptian vultures ...201121409436
"ostrich sign" indicates bilateral vertebral artery dissection.vertebral artery dissections (vads) comprise about 2% of ischemic strokes and can be associated with trauma, chiropractic manipulation, motor vehicle collisions, whiplash, amusement park rides, golfing, and other motion-induced injuries to the neck. we present a case of bilateral extracranial vad as a complication of conducting an orchestra. to our knowledge, this has not been documented in the literature. conceivably, vigorous neck twisting in an inexperienced, amateur conductor may place exces ...201121440457
effect of additional boron on tibias of african ostrich chicks.the aim of the present study was to find out the effects of boron on ostrich chicks fed with 0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l, and 400 mg/l of additional boron in water. we measured bone mineral density (bmd), perimeter, length, weight, ash content of ostrich tibias, thickness of cortical bone, and diameter of the marrow cavity. we also analyzed the apoptosis status of paraffin sections using a tunel kit and examined serum levels of leptin and estradiol (e(2)). the results were dramatic. compared with ...201121461669
antibodies against swine influenza virus neutralize the pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1.the most effective method for the prevention of influenza infection would be prophylaxis with a safe and effective vaccine and anti-viral materials. after vaccination, neutralizing antibodies are generated by plasma cells following various immune responses, thus resulting in protection against an infectious agent expressing the same antigens. however, in the case of novel or unknown pathogens, the onset of immune responses is occasionally delayed, thus resulting in considerable morbidity and mor ...201121468553
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: purification and inhibition studies of pigeon (columba livia var. domestica) red blood cell carbonic anhydrase with sulfonamides.a carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from red blood cells of pigeons (columba livia var. domestica), clca, was purified to homogeneity. its kinetic parameters for the co(2) hydration reaction were measured. with a k(cat)/k(m) of 1.1 × 10(8) m(-1) s(-1), and a k(cat) of 1.3 × 10(6) s(-1), clca has a high activity, similar to that of the human isoform hca ii. a group of 25 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating the sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide, benzene-1,3-disulfonamide, and acetazo ...201121476925
First description of group A rotavirus from fecal samples of ostriches (Struthio camelus).This study investigated the occurrence of rotavirus infections in ostriches (Struthio camelus) reared in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Fecal (n=66) and serum (n=182) samples from nine farms located in four different cities were analyzed by silver stained-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE), RT-PCR assay, virus isolation, and counterimmunoelectroosmophoresis (CIE). Rotavirus group A seropositivity occurred in 5.49% (10/182) of serum samples of ostriches originated from two farms. Only 9.09% ( ...201122209018
histological, chemical, and morphological reexamination of the "heart" of a small late cretaceous thescelosaurus.a three-dimensional, iron-cemented structure found in the anterior thoracic cavity of articulated thescelosaurus skeletal remains was hypothesized to be the fossilized remains of the animal's four-chambered heart. this was important because the finding could be interpreted to support a hypothesis that non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic. mammals and birds, the only extant organisms with four-chambered hearts and single aortae, are endotherms. the hypothesis that this thescelosaurus has a preser ...201121279321
effects of modified atmosphere packaging (map) on the microbiological quality and shelf life of ostrich meat.effects of various concentrations of o(2)/co(2) in modified atmosphere packaging on the microbiological quality and shelf-life of ostrich meat was investigated. nine-12months old ostriches were used. the iliofibularis muscle was cut into small cubes that were divided into five groups and then separately packaged under various gas mixes: air and o(2):co(2):n(2) ratios of 80:20:0, 60:20:20, 60:40:0, and 40:40:20, using 2 different headspace ratios (1:1 and 3:1). the packaged meats were kept at 4°c ...201121474253
genotyping of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis from exotic and wild animals kept in captivity in brazil.we have studied the variability of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and small subunit ribosomal (ssu) rrna coding genes of giardia species in fecal samples isolated from wild and exotic animals in brazil, and compared with homologous sequences of isolates from human and domestic animals characterized in previous studies. cysts of giardia duodenalis were obtained from feces of naturally infected monkeys (alouatta fusca) (n=20), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera) (n=3), ostriches (struthio camelus) (n ...201121530084
osteoinductivity of partially purified bovine, ostrich and emu bone morphogenetic proteins in vitro.the aim of this study was to observe the osteogenic activity of native bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) obtained from different species including bovine, ostrich and emu sources in order to compare mammalian and avian bmps. rat mesenchymal progenitor marrow stromal cells and pre-osteoblastic c2c12 cell cultures, were exposed to the native bmps and alkaline phosphatase (alp) and creatine kinase (ck) levels were determined by assay. the results showed that the alp activity in c2c12 cultures was ...201121630431
coxa morphologically adapted to large egg in aepyornithid species compared with various palaeognaths.with 12 figures and 3 tables summary the coxa of palaeognaths including extinct aepyornithid species was compared by means of osteology, computed tomography (ct) imaging and macroscopic anatomy. the pre-acetabular area of the ilium was proportionally much larger in width and height in aepyornithid species than in other extant palaeognaths. the post-acetabular area of the ilium, ischium and pubis was relatively short and bilaterally extended in aepyornithid species. although the aepyornis species ...201121812805
genetic heterogeneity in internal transcribed spacer genes of balantidium coli (litostomatea, ciliophora).the species balantidium coli is the only ciliate that parasitizes humans. it has been described in other primates, and it has been proposed that the species b. suis from pigs and b. struthionis from ostriches are synonyms of b. coli. previous genetic analysis of pig and ostrich balantidium isolates found a genetic polymorphism in the its region but its taxonomic relevance was not established. we have extended the genetic analysis to balantidium isolates of pig, gorilla, human and ostrich origin. ...201121840258
a novel hydroxyapatite ceramic bone substitute transformed by ostrich cancellous bone: characterization and evaluations of bone regeneration activity.various biomaterials have been used for bone repair and reconstruction of bone defects. inorganic xenogenic bone substitutes have been intensively studied because they possesses favorable regenerative properties. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties of a novel inorganic xenogenic bone substitute, sintered ostrich cancellous bone (socb). bone regeneration capability was also comparing to that of other bone substitutes in rabbit calvarial defects. biochemical and biomechanical ...201121681951
the use of microsatellite polymorphism in genetic mapping of the ostrich (struthio camelus).the aim of this study was to determine microsatellite polymorphism in ostriches and using it in creation the genetic map of the ostrich. the polymorphism analysis covered 30 microsatellite markers characteristic of ostrich, for the cau (china agricultural university) group. the material consisted of 150 ostriches (struthio camelus). the 30 microsatellite loci was examined and a total of 343 alleles was identified. the number of alleles at a single locus ranged from 5 at locus cau78 to 34 at locu ...201121717061
database independent proteomics analysis of the ostrich and human proteome.mass spectrometry (ms)-based proteome analysis relies heavily on the presence of complete protein databases. such a strategy is extremely powerful, albeit not adequate in the analysis of unpredicted postgenome events, such as posttranslational modifications, which exponentially increase the search space. therefore, it is of interest to explore "database-free" approaches. here, we sampled the ostrich and human proteomes with a method facilitating de novo sequencing, utilizing the protease lys-n i ...201122198768
Serum biochemical values of adult ostriches (Struthio camelus) anesthetized with xylazine, ketamine, and isoflurane.Because of the size, speed, and powerful kicking ability of adult ostriches (Struthio camelus), chemical immobilization and general anesthesia are commonly used in these animals to provide veterinary care. To determine the serum biochemical values in ostriches anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine and isoflurane, 7 healthy adult ostriches (weighing 100 to 130 kg) were fasted for 12 hours. Each bird received an intramuscular injection of xylazine (4 mg/kg), followed 20 minutes later by an intra ...201121877446
maintenance nitrogen requirements of adult female ostriches (struthio camelus).successful ostrich farming requires knowledge of the nutritional needs of the birds. while much information is available on the nutritional value of various feed ingredients fed to ostriches, there is little known about their specific nutrient requirements. in this study, we measured the maintenance nitrogen requirements (mnr) of ostriches by nitrogen balance. we predict, based on the previous analysis of nitrogen requirements of various species of birds, that ostriches would have a mnr of 13.6- ...201121699584
cross clade prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of polyvalent equine immunoglobulin f(ab')2 against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in mice.highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus (hpai h5n1) has the potential to cause a new pandemic, which may lead to disasters in the world. however, we cannot predict the hpai h5n1 strain that might cause the pandemic. therefore, broad-spectrum prophylactic or therapeutic preparations for containment of a possible future pandemic are urgently needed. polyvalent equine immunoglobulin f(ab')2 may be a promising candidate.201121906698
An effective ostrich oil bleaching technique using peroxide value as an indicator.Ostrich oil has been used extensively in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, rancidity causes undesirable chemical changes in flavour, colour, odour and nutritional value. Bleaching is an important process in refining ostrich oil. Bleaching refers to the removal of certain minor constituents (colour pigments, free fatty acid, peroxides, odour and non-fatty materials) from crude fats and oils to yield purified glycerides. There is a need to optimize the bleaching process of crude ...201121730920
protection from avian influenza h5n1 virus infection with antibody-impregnated filters.there is worldwide concern over the possibility of a new influenza pandemic originating from the highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza viruses. we herein demonstrate that functional air filters impregnated with ostrich antibodies against the hemagglutinin of the h5n1 virus protect chickens from death by h5n1 transmission. these results suggest that the use of ostrich antibody-impregnated filters might be a powerful way to prevent the transmission of h5n1.201121303494
ostriches sleep like platypuses.mammals and birds engage in two distinct states of sleep, slow wave sleep (sws) and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. sws is characterized by slow, high amplitude brain waves, while rem sleep is characterized by fast, low amplitude waves, known as activation, occurring with rapid eye movements and reduced muscle tone. however, monotremes (platypuses and echidnas), the most basal (or 'ancient') group of living mammals, show only a single sleep state that combines elements of sws and rem sleep, sugg ...201121887239
nicotiana glauca poisoning in ostriches (struthio camelus).putative nicotiana glauca (wild tobacco) poisoning was diagnosed in a flock of ostriches near oudtshoorn, south africa. post mortem examinations (n = 7) were performed on ostriches (struthio camelus) that had died. suspicious leaf remnants (weighing 80-770 g), packed in a layer on top of other plant material, were carefully separated from the proventricular content and submitted for chemical determination of anabasine, the major toxic principle contained by this plant. a standard solid phase ext ...201122135925
the structure of the atrioventricular node in the heart of the female laying ostrich (struthio camelus).with 5 figures summary: the electrical impulse for cardiac contraction is generated in the sinoatrial node (sa node), subsequently spreads to the atrioventricular node (av node) and continues in the atrioventricular bundle (av bundle). the av node may not always be present in different avian species and seems to differ in location and contents between species. in this study, the anatomy and histology of the av node were studied five female adult ostriches (struthio camelus). routine paraffin sec ...201121943125
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the gastrointestinal tract of the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus).The distribution of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) was investigated in the gastrointestinal tract of the pheasant using immunohistochemistry. GLP-1 immunoreactive cells were common in the small intestine, in the proventriculus and in the pancreas. Immunostained cells were not seen in the crop, in the gizzard and in the large intestine. Double labelling demonstrated that GLP-1 and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) were occasionally co-localized only in the duodenal villi ...201122036174
Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich.We studied development of the ostrich lung using light microscopy as well as electron microscopy techniques. At E24, the lung comprised a few epithelial tubes, interspersed with abundant mesenchyme with scattered profiles of incipient blood vessels. Between E24 and E39, the epithelial thickness was reduced by 90% from 13.5±0.41µm to 1.33±0.014µm (mean±SD, respectively). Atria were evident at E32, and by E35, the first portions of the blood-gas barrier (BGB) measuring 3.41±1.12µm were encountered ...201122138612
Situation of Serum Antibodies against Newcastle Disease Virus in Slaughter-Age Ostriches after Vaccination Campaign in Japan.A total of 516 slaughter-age ostrich sera were collected in Japan during 2006-2009. Sixty-one of five hundred and sixteen were positive by virus neutralization (VN) test and the titer of most positive samples was low level. Within the 61 positive sera, 35 sera were collected from unvaccinated ostriches. This result implies that these ostriches might have been infected naturally with low-virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Within the 455 negative samples, 125 samples were from vaccinated ostr ...201122075709
Egg yolk fatty acid profile of avian species - influence on human nutrition.Lipids are an important nutritional component of the avian egg. A review of the literature was completed to determine the fatty acid compositions in egg yolk from some avian species. Additionally, the nutritional influence of lipid and lipoprotein content on the plasma of male participants during 30-day feeding was discussed. The ostrich eggs had the highest unsaturated fatty acid and the lowest cholesterol content in relation to other avian species. Ostrich had a higher proportion of 18:3n-3 (p ...201122035443
Interaction of a goose-type lysozyme with chitin oligosaccharides as determined by NMR spectroscopy.The interaction between a goose-type lysozyme from ostrich egg white (OEL) and chitin oligosaccharides [(GlcNAc)(n) (n = 2, 4 and 6)] was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A stable isotope-labelled OEL was produced in Pichia pastoris, and backbone resonance assignments for the wild-type and an inactive mutant (E73A OEL) were achieved using modern multi-dimensional NMR techniques. NMR titration was performed with (GlcNAc)(n) for mapping the interaction sites of the individ ...201121859795
Phospholipid composition of plasma and erythrocyte membranes in animal species by 31P NMR.The aim of this study was to provide basal values of phospholipid (PL) composition in different animal species by 31P NMR analysis using detergents. This fast and accurate method allowed a quantitative analysis of PLs without any previous separation. Plasma and erythrocyte membrane PLs were investigated in mammals (pig, cow, horse). Moreover, for the first time, the composition of plasma PLs in avian (chicken and ostrich) was performed by 31P NMR. Significant qualitative and quantitative intersp ...201121881904
reconstruction of cranial bone defects using struthio camelus eggshell.there are many synthetic materials for the treatment of bone defects, which have their own advantages and disadvantages. we aimed to compare the efficacy of ostrich eggshell, which is cheap and easily available, and demineralized bone matrix in healing of cranial bone defects.201121959448
Laying, egg and hatchability characteristics in ostrich (Struthio camelus) at different age.The experimental material comprised 7 ostrich families (7 males and 14 females) of which five families were at the age of 7 and two at the age of 5 years. In the course of the entire reproductive season, the following parameters were analysed: length of the laying period, mean laying rate, number of eggs laid by one female, proportion ofhatching eggs, egg weight and shape, egg weight lost during incubation, egg fertilisation, percentage of dead embryos and unhatched chicks, hatchability from fer ...201122195471
pancreatic atrophy due to zinc toxicosis in two african ostriches (struthio camelus).two of three captive adult african ostriches exhibited inappetance and weakness. in spite of treatment, the two birds were euthanized because of lack of clinical improvement. postmortem examination demonstrated exocrine pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy. grossly, one ostrich had a markedly diminished pancreatic mass. histologically, there was massive pancreatic acinar (exocrine) atrophy, marked interstitial fibrosis, and tubular complex formation in one animal, and the second ostric ...201122946410
follicular ovarian torsion in an ostrich (struthio camelus). 201222838960
distribution and morphology of ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the cerebellum of the african ostrich.ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been found in the cerebellum of many vertebrates and in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks, but little is known about its distribution in the cerebellum of the african ostrich. in the present study, the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-producing cells in the cerebellum of the african ostrich were investigated using immunohistochemistry. the results indicate that the cerebel ...201222795873
a search for genetic markers associated with egg production in the ostrich (struthio camelus).the aim of the current study was to search for genetic markers, microsatellite loci associated with laying performance in ostriches. the material consisted of two groups of ostrich hens characterized by high or low laying performance (over 75 and less than 25 eggs per season, respectively). the investigation covered 30 microsatellite loci characteristic for the ostrich (the cau group) and led to identification of significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between the two groups o ...201222544574
the ostrich (struthio camelus) ejaculate--effects of the method of collection, male age, month of the season, and daily frequency.1. over three breeding seasons on a farm in poland, semen was collected from 11 ostriches using the dummy and the teaser method to study the effects of the method of collection, male age, month in the breeding season, and daily collection frequency on ejaculate characteristics. 2. a total of 259 ejaculates were collected, with an average volume of 1·28 ± 0·6 (±sem) ml. sperm concentration was 3·34 ± 0·08 × 10(9)/ml, the total number of spermatozoa 4·32 ± 0·22 × 10(9), and motility 4·56 ± 0·04. 3 ...201222404814
macro-microscopic study on the toepad of ostrich (struthio camelus).the ostrich foot has four toepads, two on the 3rd digit, one on the 4th digit and one at metatarso-phalangeal joint. previous studies have not detailed the histo-morphological structure of these toepads. in this study, we have described the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the toepad of ostrich (struthio camelus). numerous papillae with different direction, length and thickness have been observed grossly on the ventral surface of each toepad. histological examinations have revealed that ...201222382528
determination of reference values for intraocular pressure and schirmer tear test in clinically normal ostriches (struthio camelus).the purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (iop) and schirmer tear test (stt) results in clinically normal ostriches (struthio camelus). twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5-2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. stt was performed by inserting a standard sterile stt strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sa ...201222779224
the composition of egg yolk absorbed by fasted ostrich (struthio camelus l.) chicks from 1 to 7 days posthatching and for ostrich (struthio camelus l.) chicks from 1 to 16 days posthatching on a prestarter broiler diet.this study was performed to obtain information on yolk utilization in fasted and fed ostrich chicks posthatching. the fasted trial lasted for 7 d, whereas the fed trial continued for 16 d. fasted ostrich chicks showed a decrease of 31.3 g of bw, with yolk weight decreasing by 28.9 g daily after hatching. yolk weight comprised 28% of 1-d-old ostrich chick bw and decreased to 12% at 7 d of age. only 44.4% of the fasted ostrich chick yolk was assimilated over the trial period. crude protein content ...201222582291
Ostrich - A new avian host of Riemerella columbina. 201222074857
a test of the validity of range of motion studies of fossil archosaur elbow mobility using repeated-measures analysis and the extant phylogenetic bracket.recent studies have presented range of motion (rom) data in degrees for dinosaur forelimb joints, usually via physical manipulation of one individual. using these data, researchers have inferred limb orientations, postures, gaits, ecological functions and even phylogenetic trends within clades. however, important areas of concern remain unaddressed; for example, how does rom at a forelimb joint change after soft tissues are lost in archosaurs? and are fossil rom methodologies amenable to reprodu ...201222623191
computational modelling of locomotor muscle moment arms in the basal dinosaur lesothosaurus diagnosticus: assessing convergence between birds and basal ornithischians.ornithischia (the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs) encompasses bipedal, facultative quadrupedal and quadrupedal taxa. primitive ornithischians were small bipeds, but large body size and obligate quadrupedality evolved independently in all major ornithischian lineages. numerous pelvic and hind limb features distinguish ornithischians from the majority of other non-avian dinosaurs. however, some of these features, notably a retroverted pubis and elongate iliac preacetabular process, appeared convergently ...201222211275
The ostrich middle ear for developing an ideal ossicular replacement prosthesis.The aim of the study was to investigate the validity of the avian middle ear model for researching the tympanoplasty mechanics. We studied the morphological details, acoustic transmission and quasi-static behavior of the ostrich tympano-ossicular system. The stained specimens of the ostrich middle ear were examined under a light microscope. The sound transfer function and quasi-static performance of the ostrich middle ear were evaluated using laser Doppler vibrometry. The application of pressure ...201222210477
gastrointestinal parasites in greater rheas (rhea americana) and lesser rheas (rhea pennata) from argentina.few data exist on the parasites of ratites, especially from regions within their natural range. it is only recently that extensive studies on the parasites of ostriches (struthio camelus) have been published, mainly from european countries where commercial farming has expanded. two species of ratites are native in south america: the lesser rhea also known as darwin's rhea (rhea pennata) and the greater rhea (rhea americana). both species are considered near threatened by the iucn and are include ...201223305970
analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts in the ostrich struthio camelus, a primitive avian species.previous studies on the immunoglobulin (ig) genes in avian species are limited (mainly to galliformes and anseriformes) but have revealed several interesting features, including the absence of the igd and igκ encoding genes, inversion of the iga encoding gene and the use of gene conversion as the primary mechanism to generate an antibody repertoire. to better understand the ig genes and their evolutionary development in birds, we analyzed the ig genes in the ostrich (struthio camelus), which is ...201222479606
evidence of a true pharyngeal tonsil in birds: a novel lymphoid organ in dromaius novaehollandiae and struthio camelus (palaeognathae). 201222909013
what prevents struthio camelus and dromaius novaehollandiae (palaeognathae) from choking? a novel anatomical mechanism in ratites, the linguo-laryngeal apparatus.the avian glottis channels air from the oropharynx to the trachea and is situated on an elevated structure, the laryngeal mound. it is imperative that the glottis be protected and closed during swallowing, which in mammals is achieved by covering the glottis with the epiglottis, as well as by adduction of the arytenoid cartilages. an epiglottis, however, is reportedly absent in birds. ratites such as struthio camelus and dromaius novaehollandiae possess a very wide glottis in comparison to other ...201222650266
retention of solutes and different-sized particles in the digestive tract of the ostrich (struthio camelus massaicus), and a comparison with mammals and reptiles.ostriches (struthio camelus) achieve digesta retention times, digesta particle size reduction and digestibilities equal to similar-sized herbivorous mammals, in contrast to some other avian herbivores. the sequence of digestive processes in their gastrointestinal tract, however, is still unexplored. using two groups of four ostriches (mean body mass 75.1 ± 17.3 kg) kept on fresh alfalfa, we tested the effect of two intake levels (17 and 42 g dry matter kg(-0.75)d(-1)) on the mean retention time ...201222609929
characterisation of tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci in the ostrich (struthio camelus).1. eleven polymorphic tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the ostrich (struthio camelus) using a selective enrichment protocol. 2. the average number of alleles observed was 6·6 with an average heterozygosity of 0·4. 3. the population was found to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium and two of the loci had a greater than 95% probability of having null alleles. 4. these microsatellite loci will add to the existing pool of markers available for the ostrich and help to facilitate a ...201223130580
The occurrence of Codiostomum struthionis in ostriches (Struthio camelus) of different ages and during the dry and rainy seasons at two farms in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Ostriches are susceptible to a wide variety of diseases that can affect their commercial breeding. The aim of this study was to identify morphologically Codiostomum struthionis and examine its seasonal occurrence among animals of three age categories in two commercial farms in Areal and Itaboraí, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fresh fecal samples were collected monthly, from June 2004 to May 2006. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were counted after centrifugal flotation in saturated sugar solution ...201221856078
molecular characterization of goose- and chicken-type lysozymes in emu (dromaius novaehollandiae): evidence for extremely low lysozyme levels in emu egg white.lysozyme (lz), a bacteriolytic enzyme, is found in the egg white of many avian eggs and plays an important role in host defense; however, lz activity in emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) egg white is exceptionally undetectable. we cloned and characterized emu goose-type lz (lzg) and chicken-type lz (lzc) genes. rt-pcr analysis revealed very low lzg gene expression levels and absence of lzc gene expression in the emu oviduct. sequencing of full-length lzg and lzc cdnas indicated that their amino aci ...201222044478
rapid separation and characterisation of triacylglycerols in ostrich oil by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.the triacylglycerol (tag) composition of ostrich oil (struthio camelus) was determined by non-aqueous reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. using a column with 150 mm in length, the tags were separated efficiently with acetonitrile/2-propanol gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min for 20 min. detection is performed by positive apci mass spectrometry, accurate mass measurements (<3 ppm) and definite elemental composition for molecular ions and fragment ions were o ...201323870933
inter-vertebral flexibility of the ostrich neck: implications for estimating sauropod neck flexibility.the flexibility and posture of the neck in sauropod dinosaurs has long been contentious. improved constraints on sauropod neck function will have major implications for what we know of their foraging strategies, ecology and overall biology. several hypotheses have been proposed, based primarily on osteological data, suggesting different degrees of neck flexibility. this study attempts to assess the effects of reconstructed soft tissues on sauropod neck flexibility through systematic removal of m ...201323967284
an immunohistochemical study of somatostatin in the stomach and the small intestine of the african ostrich (struthio camelus).the aim of the present study was to clarify the distribution and relative frequencies of somatostatin (sst)-producing cells in the stomach and the small intestine of the ostrich by using immunohistochemistry. the results indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive (sst-ir) cells were distributed in mucosal layers of the proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. however, no immunoreactivity was observed in the gizzard. sst-ir cells were found at the lower part of glandular lobule in the provent ...201323928218
an immunohistochemical study of the presence and distribution of neuronal and glial markers in simple testicular cysts in the ostrich (struthio camelus).simple testicular cysts are rare in birds and mammals. however, the condition has recently been reported in the ostrich (struthio camelus), an economically important farmed bird. the innervation of normal and cryptorchid testes, unlike the simple testicular cysts of birds and mammals, has received considerable attention. this study, therefore, immunohistochemically demonstrates the presence and the general distribution pattern of neuronal and glial markers in the simple intratesticular cyst, and ...201323898577
[structural organization of anterior corneal epithelium of the african ostrich eye].this investigation was aimed at the histological study of anterior corneal epithelium (ace) of adult male ostrich struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758 (struthioniformes). the total thickness of ace was equal to 48.5+/-1.1 microm. the geometry of epithelial cells was investigated. the basal cells had columnar shape; their average height was equal to 21.4+/-1.8 microm, average width - to 5.94+/-0,45 microm, configuration index was 3.84+/-0,50. the intermediate cells were predominantly ellipsoidal in sh ...201323805612
de novo sequence analysis of cytochrome p450 1-3 genes expressed in ostrich liver with highest expression of cyp2g19.the cytochrome p450 (cyp) 1-3 families are involved in xenobiotic metabolism, and are expressed primarily in the liver. ostriches (struthio camelus) are members of palaeognathae with the earliest divergence from other bird lineages. an understanding of genes coding for ostrich xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme contributes to knowledge regarding the xenobiotic metabolisms of other palaeognathae birds. we investigated cyp1-3 genes expressed in female ostrich liver using a next-generation sequencer. w ...201323732888
growth curves for ostriches (struthio camelus) in a brazilian population.the objective of this study was to fit growth curves using nonlinear and linear functions to describe the growth of ostriches in a brazilian population. the data set consisted of 112 animals with bw measurements from hatching to 383 d of age. two nonlinear growth functions (gompertz and logistic) and a third-order polynomial function were applied. the parameters for the models were estimated using the least-squares method and gauss-newton algorithm. the goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed ...201323243259
mechanical and energetic scaling relationships of running gait through ontogeny in the ostrich (struthio camelus).it is unclear whether small animals, with their high stride frequency and crouched posture, or large animals, with more tendinous limbs, are more reliant on storage and return of elastic energy during locomotion. the ostrich has a limb structure that appears to be adapted for high-speed running with long tendons and short muscle fibres. here we investigate biomechanics of ostrich gait through growth and, with consideration of anatomical data, identify scaling relationships with increasing body s ...201323155079
mycobacteriosis in ostriches (struthio camelus) due to infection with mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium complex.avian tuberculosis rarely affects ratites compared to other bird species and is typically caused by mycobacterium avium species. this study describes the pathological and microbiological findings in three adult ostriches with mycobacteriosis, in one of which mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the lesions. post mortem examinations on ostriches from two different zoological collections in ireland revealed multifocal caseous granulomas affecting the spleen and liver in all cases, with additional ...201324597127
occurrence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in rheas (rhea americana) and ostriches (struthio camelus) from farms of different brazilian regions.this study aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in rheas (rhea americana) and ostriches (struthio camelus) commercially breeding in brazil. blood samples from 20 rheas and 46 ostriches (young and adults) were serologically tested using a technique known as modified agglutination test (mat) at an initial titration of 1:16 for ostriches and 1:25 for rheas. antibodies against t. gondii were found in 50% (10/20) of the rheas, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:6,400 ...201324142180
molecular evaluation of a new highly sensitive aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ostriches.a 1,000-fold difference has been reported in dioxin sensitivity between avian species. this difference is because the 2 amino acids in the type 1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr1), at positions 325 and 381, correspond to leu324 and ser380 in chickens. the chicken had been reported to be the only avian species to possess a sensitive form of ahr1. this is the first study to reveal that the ostrich (struthio camelus), a nonchicken species, also has a pair of amino acids (ile-325 and ser-381) that sh ...201323776281
characterization of avian poxvirus in anna's hummingbird (calypte anna) in california, usa.avian poxvirus (genus avipoxvirus, family poxviridae) is an enveloped double-stranded dna virus that may be transmitted to birds by arthropod vectors or mucosal membrane contact with infectious particles. we characterized the infection in anna's hummingbird (calypte anna; n = 5 birds, n = 9 lesions) by conducting diagnostic tests on skin lesions that were visually similar to avian poxvirus lesions in other bird species. skin lesions were single or multiple, dry and firm, pink to yellow, with sca ...201324502725
serological investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ostriches (struthio camelus).an ostrich farm of 929 birds that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in a single sample was designated for culling, despite no evidence of sero-conversion as assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. a month later and immediately prior to culling, all birds were bled and tested with an idexx avian influenza virus (aiv) nucleoprotein (np)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a high sero-prevalence was detected. to addr ...201323607480
the effect of feeding rations with different ratios of concentrate to alfalfa hay on blood hematological and biochemical parameters of farmed ostriches (struthio camelus).a two-month trial was conducted to investigate the effects of pelleting rations with 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 concentrate to high-quality roughage (alfalfa hay) ratios on hematological and biochemical parameters of ostriches. a total of 18 seven-month-old male ostrich chicks, initially weighing an average of 60-70 kg, were distributed into three different outdoor paddocks at a stocking density of six birds per paddock. in the morning, blood collection was made from the wing vein after about 12 h ...201323575919
microanatomical study of testis in juvenile ostrich (struthio camelus).the majority of investigations on the testis, as the main organ of male reproductive system, have been performed in mammalian species, with few studies on bird species. thus, the structure of the ostrich testis remains largely unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the microanatomical characteristics of the testis in five juvenile ostriches. a stereological study was performed according to the delesse principle. the mean volume fraction of the seminiferous tubules was 0.569, and the m ...201323558799
sex-related differences of morphometric, densitometric, and geometric parameters of tibia and tarsometatarsal bone in 14-month-old ostriches (struthio camelus).the aim of the current study was to investigate basic morphometric, geometric, and densitometric parameters of tibia and tarsometatarsus in 14-mo-old male and female ostriches, and interrelationships between these parameters. the study was conducted on 20 tibiae and 20 tarsometatarsal bones of the left pelvic limb derived from 20 healthy 14-mo-old ostriches (struthio camelus): 10 males and 10 females. the following parameters were determined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography: bon ...201324135601
endocardiosis and congestive heart failure in a captive ostrich (struthio camelus).a seven-year-old blue-necked male ostrich was found dead after a few days of illness. the animal was living in an open yard of 25 square meters along with three other females. they were given concentrate-rich ration with free access to green leaves and water. autopsy revealed cardiac enlargement due to left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular dilatation. the left aterioventricular valves were irregularly thickened and contracted. the lungs were engorged with blood and the liver had nut ...201326623324
prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium in ostriches (struthio camelus) on a farm in central vietnam.this study was performed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium in ostriches on a farm in khanh hoa province, central vietnam. a total of 464 ostrich fecal samples were examined cryptosporidium oocysts using the modified ziehl-neelsen staining method, and 110 (overall prevalence 23.7%) were identified as positive by microscopy. prevalence of cryptosporidium in animals of <45 days, 45-60 days, 61-90 days, 91 days-12 months and >12 months was 23.5% (16/68), 3 ...201323142549
prosopis farcta beans increase hdl cholesterol and decrease ldl cholesterol in ostriches (struthio camelus).ten blue-neck male ostriches (struthio camelus) were fed prosopis farcta beans throughout a 30-day experiment. blood samples were collected from ostriches on days 0 and 30 to measure levels of high-density lipoprotein (hdl) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (ldl) cholesterol, triglyceride, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-gt). from days 0 to 30 ...201322843283
morphological development of testes in ostrich (struthio camelus) embryo.although the histological structure of ostrich testis has been studied, very little information is currently available on the embryonic development of this organ. the aim of this study was to determine the sequence of the histological changes in diverse components of the testis in ostrich embryo from embryonic day (e) 20 to e42. the main findings were categorized into four histological features, i.e., development of sex cords, interstitial tissue and rete ducts, and the appearance of defective s ...201424127229
reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in multiple avian species.quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) rapidly and reliably quantifies gene expression levels across different experimental conditions. selection of suitable reference genes is essential for meaningful normalization and thus correct interpretation of data. in recent years, an increasing number of avian species other than the chicken has been investigated molecularly, highlighting the need for an experimentally validated pan-avian primer set for reference genes. here we report testing a set for 14 can ...201424926893
lipid and protein stability and sensory evaluation of ostrich (struthio camelus) droëwors with the addition of rooibos tea extract (aspalathus linearis) as a natural antioxidant.the effect of rooibos tea extract (rbte 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) as a natural antioxidant on the lipid and protein stability of ostrich droëwors (traditional south african dried sausage) after a 15 day drying period was investigated. the lipid stability of the droëwors increased with 0.25% rbte having lower tbars. the protein stability of the droëwors did not differ (p≥0.05) between treatments. the heme-iron content did not differ (p≥0.05) between the treatments and increased from day 0 to day 1 ...201424334052
natural infection of cryptosporidium muris in ostriches (struthio camelus).a total of 303 fecal samples were collected from ostriches (struthio camelus) and 31 samples (10.2%) were cryptosporidium-positive upon microscopic analysis. the infection rate was 27.6% in ostriches aged 16-60 days, 1.2% in those aged 61-180 days, and 20.4% in those aged >10 years. the cryptosporidium-positive isolates were genotyped with a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and dna sequence analysis of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. the 22 isolates from ostriches aged >10 ye ...201425178556
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and diseased ostriches (struthio camelus).clostridium perfringens is more prevalent type of clostridia genus isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich (struthio camelus). necrotic enteritis (ne) is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal (gi) disease of poultry and other avian species, which produces marked destruction of intestinal lining in digestive tract caused by c. perfringens. pathogenicity and lesions are correlated with the toxins produced, thus toxin typing of the bacterium has diagnostic and epidemiological significance. the ...201425954489
a repeated-measures analysis of the effects of soft tissues on wrist range of motion in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs: implications for the functional origins of an automatic wrist folding mechanism in crocodilia.a recent study hypothesized that avian-like wrist folding in quadrupedal dinosaurs could have aided their distinctive style of locomotion with semi-pronated and therefore medially facing palms. however, soft tissues that automatically guide avian wrist folding rarely fossilize, and automatic wrist folding of unknown function in extant crocodilians has not been used to test this hypothesis. therefore, an investigation of the relative contributions of soft tissues to wrist range of motion (rom) in ...201424664936
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus isolated from diseased ostriches (struthio camelus) in the kingdom of saudi arabia.during 2007, two outbreaks of avian influenza virus (aiv) in backyard and commercial ostrich flocks were first reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). the infected ostriches suffered from depression, anorexia, and diarrhea and some exhibited sudden death. a rapid aiv-group antigen detection and real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rtrt-pcr) were initially performed on cloacal and tracheal swabs collected from diseased birds. pools from positive-tested swabs for each flock were utilized fo ...201425055639
the staurotypus turtles and aves share the same origin of sex chromosomes but evolved different types of heterogametic sex determination.reptiles have a wide diversity of sex-determining mechanisms and types of sex chromosomes. turtles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination and genotypic sex determination, with male heterogametic (xx/xy) and female heterogametic (zz/zw) sex chromosomes. identification of sex chromosomes in many turtle species and their comparative genomic analysis are of great significance to understand the evolutionary processes of sex determination and sex chromosome differentiation in testudines. the ...201425121779
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid and sensitive identification of ostrich meat.animal species identification is one of the primary duties of official food control. since ostrich meat is difficult to be differentiated macroscopically from beef, therefore new analytical methods are needed. to enforce labeling regulations for the authentication of ostrich meat, it might be of importance to develop and evaluate a rapid and reliable assay. in the present study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay based on the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial dna of the s ...201424963709
molecular cloning, characterization and tissue distribution of two ostrich β-defensins: avbd2 and avbd7.avian β-defensins (avbds) are a family of small antimicrobial peptides that play important roles in the innate immunity of birds. herein, we report on two new ostrich avbd genes, avbd2 and avbd7, which were isolated from the bone marrow of ostriches (struthio camelus). the coding regions of ostrich avbd2 and avbd7 comprised 195 bp and 201bp, which encoded 64 and 66 amino acids, respectively. homology analysis showed that ostrich avbd2 had the highest similarity (up to 86%) with the swan goose (a ...201425127671
the effect of dietary energy concentrations on production variables of ostrich chicks (struthio camelus var. domesticus).the effects of different dietary energy concentrations on ostrich production variables were examined in two separate trials. the first trial tracked changes in production variables from the pre-starter phase through the starter phase and grower phase. the second trial was based on the finisher phase per se. in both trials, the influence of dietary energy on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (fcr) and growth variables was investigated. additionally, basic abattoir weights were recorded, and meas ...201425266635
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