| the role of phospholipase in host cell penetration by toxoplasma gondii. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) plays an important pathogenic role in infections caused by several microorganisms and has been implicated in host cell invasion. the mechanism of host cell penetration by the intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii involves several steps; we have investigated the role of pla2 in cellular invasion by the tachyzoite stage of this parasite. we assayed t. gondii invasion of human fibroblast monolayers by measurement of the selective incorporation of 3h-uracil into growing i ... | 1989 | 2919724 |
| king cobra bite. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) bite is rare. the milestones of management should have specific antivenom, adequate assisting respirator and appropriate antibiotics against proteus vulgaris infection. tourniquet may play some role in delaying venom absorption and allow a greater chance of venom detoxification by the human body. | 1994 | 7759975 |
| development of a polymerase chain reaction to distinguish monocellate cobra (naja khouthia) bites from other common thai snake species, using both venom extracts and bite-site swabs. | a pcr technique was used in this study to identify and distinguish monocellate cobra snake bites using snake venoms and swab specimens from snake bite-sites in mice from bites by other common thai snakes. the sequences of nucleotide primers were selected for the cobrotoxin-encoding gene from the chinese cobra (naja atra) since the sequences of monocellate cobra (naja kaouthia) venom are still unknown. however, the 113-bp fragment of cdna of the cobrotoxin-encoding gene was detected in the monoce ... | 2001 | 11223099 |
| isolation and characterization of a hemorrhagin from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). | the major hemorrhagin (termed hannahtoxin) of the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by deae-sephacel ion exchange chromatography, sephadex g-200 gel filtration followed by a second deae-sephacel chromatography. proteolytic activity was associated with the hemorrhagic activity throughout the purification procedures. hannahtoxin constituted approximately 2% of the crude venom. it had an isoelectric point of 5.3, a carbohydrate content of 12%, a mo ... | 1990 | 2190359 |
| rickettsial phospholipase a2 as a pathogenic mechanism in a model of cell injury by typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. | phospholipase a2 activity by typhus group rickettsiae causes hemolysis in vitro. rickettsial phospholipase a2 has been proposed to mediate entry into the host cell, escape from the phagosome, and cause injury to host cells by both typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. in a rickettsial contact-associated cytotoxicity model, the interaction of rickettsia prowazekii or r. conorii with vero cells caused temperature-dependent release of 51cr from the cells. treatment of rickettsiae, but not the ... | 2001 | 11792002 |
| hematology, morphology, cytochemical staining, and ultrastuctural characteristics of blood cells in king cobras (ophiophagus hannah). | king cobras (ophiophagus hannah) have been captive-bred at queen saovabha memorial institute since 1996 to supply venom for antivenom production. hematologic tests would be useful for evaluating the health of the snakes, however, basic hematologic data and morphology have not been described for this species. | 2002 | 12189597 |
| preparation of antibodies to king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom hemorrhagin and investigation of their cross-reactivity. | hannahtoxin, the major hemorrhagin purified from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom, elicits hemorrhages in rabbits but not in mice. two antisera against hannahtoxin were prepared: one raised against purified hannahtoxin, while the other was raised against glutaraldehyde cross-linked and detoxified hannahtoxin. the antisera were refined by pepsin digestion and ammonium sulfate precipitation. they are of approximately equal potency in their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of kin ... | 1990 | 2128424 |
| preparation, characterization and immunogenicity of various polymers and conjugates of elapid postsynaptic neurotoxins. | seven polymeric forms and conjugates of purified principal postsynaptic neurotoxins of naja naja siamensis (nns), ophiophagus hannah (oh) and bangarus fasciatus (bf) have been synthesized by controlled polymerization in which only 29-60% of the toxins were allowed to react. a carbodiimide (ecdi) and glutaraldehyde (ga) were used as coupling agents while bsa and tetanus toxoid (tt) were used as carriers. the antigenic mosaic of these immunogens was: nns-ecdi, nns-bf-oh-ecdi, nns-bsa-ecdi, nns-tt- ... | 1992 | 1565098 |
| snake venoms. the amino-acid sequence of polypeptide de-1 from ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom. | a major polypeptide (de-1) was purified from king cobra venom by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose and also deae-cellulose and by gel filtration on sephadex g-50. de-1 comprises 60 amino acid residues and is cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. the complete primary structure of the polypeptide has been elucidated. the properties of de-1 were compared with those of the short neurotoxin and the cytotoxin groups and of the angusticeps types. the sequence and some of the inv ... | 1977 | 881163 |
| effect of five thai snake venoms on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation. | the effects of five thai snake venoms--malayan pit viper--mpv (ancistrodon rhodostoma); russell's viper--rvv (vipera russelli); cobra--cv (naja naja); king cobra--kcv (naja hannah) and banded krait--bkv (bungarus fasciatus)--on blood coagulation fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation were studied. mpv has strong thrombin-like coagulant action. rvv has activating effect most probably on factor x. other three venoms--cv, kcv and bkv have been shown to be anti coagulant, on both intrinsic and extrin ... | 1979 | 524153 |
| production of potent polyvalent antivenom against three elapid venoms using a low dose, low volume, multi-site immunization protocol. | the purpose of this study was to prepare a potent polyvalent antivenom against three elapids namely, the thai cobra (naja kaouthia, nk), the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah, oh) and the banded krait (bungarus fasciatus, bf). two groups of horses were immunized. group 1, comprising five horses, was immunized twice with a mixture of postsynaptic neurotoxins followed by an additional six immunizations with a mixture of crude venoms of the three elapids. group 2, comprising four horses, was immunized ... | 2001 | 11478956 |
| occurrence of a unique protein toxin from the indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a unique (lethal-cardiotoxic-hemorrhagic) protein toxin (toxin cm55) was isolated and purified from indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom by cm-sephadex ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase hplc. the purified toxin had an sds-molecular weight of 22 +/- 0.5 kd. uv absorption spectra of toxin cm55 showed a peak at 280 nm, whereas when excited at 280 nm fluorescence, toxin cm55 showed an e(max) at 333.4 nm. toxin cm55 had an ld(50) of 28.28 microg/20 g (i. v.) in albino mice. the ca ... | 2001 | 10978755 |
| hemostatic disturbances observed in patients with snakebite in south china. | to investigate the hematological disorders after snakebite, we measured the maximum platelet aggregation rate (mar), antithrombin iii (at-iii) activity, alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor (alpha(2)-pi) activity, concentration of fibrinogen (fg) and fibrin degradation products (fdp) in 25 samples from 17 patients with snakebite in south china. the results obtained in the patients before application of antivenom and patients with ophiophagus hannah (oh.) bite were as follows: (1) the mean mar values were ... | 2000 | 10758271 |
| development of reversed passive latex agglutination for detection of thai cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic kit for detecting thai cobra (naja kaouthia) venom was developed using latex particles sensitized with venom specific immunoglobulin. the kit is capable of detecting 25-50 ng/ml of thai cobra venom. the capability was not affected by human plasma. specificity of the kit was proven using snake venoms from vipera russelli, calloselasma rhodostoma, trimeresurus albolabris, naja siamensis, ophiophagus hannah, and bungarus fasciatus. the diagnostic kit does n ... | 1999 | 10410332 |
| the detection of hemorrhagic proteins in snake venoms using monoclonal antibodies against virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) serum. | most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals have a resistance to snake venoms because of naturally occurring antihemorrhagins found in their sera. the antihemorrhagins in serum of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) neutralize hemorrhagic activity by binding to hemorrhagins in snake venoms. the binding characteristic of antihemorrhagins in d. virginiana serum was used to develop a five-step western blot. the detection of hemorrhagic proteins were measured indirectly with antihemorrhagins in v ... | 1998 | 9723843 |
| venomous snakebite in thailand. i: medically important snakes. | thailand has an abundance of venomous snakes. among the neurotoxic family elapidae, there are three species of the genus naja (cobras), three of the genus bungarus (kraits), and the king cobra of the genus ophiophagus. other elapidae snakes in thailand include sea snakes and asian coral snakes of the genus calliophis. they have potent venoms but rarely bite humans. tissue and hemotoxic snakes are represented by family viperidae, subfamilies viperinae and crotalinae. they remain an occupational h ... | 1998 | 9597848 |
| role of enzymatic activity in the antiplatelet effects of a phospholipase a2 from ophiophagus hannah snake venom. | a phospholipase a2 (ohv a-pla2) from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) is an acidic protein exhibiting antiplatelet activity. in in vitro tests, ohv apla2 showed a marked inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by adp, collagen and arachidonic acid in both human whole blood and platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner. the antiplatelet effects of ohv a-pla2 did not increase when preincubation times of platelets and ohv a-pla2 were prolonged indicating phospholipid hyd ... | 1997 | 9393940 |
| isolation and properties of a blood coagulation factor x activator from the venom of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah). | a specific blood coagulation factor x activator was purified from the venom of ophiophagus hannah by gel filtration and two steps of fplc mono-q column ion-exchange chromatography. it showed a single protein band both in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the mol. wt was estimated to be 62,000 in non-reducing conditions and 64,500 in reducing conditions by sds-page. the isoelectric point was found to be ph 5.6. th ... | 1995 | 8599178 |
| effects of an acidic phospholipase a2 purified from ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom on rat heart. | an acidic phospholipase a2 (ohv a-pla2) purified from ophiophagus hannah venom had a cardiotoxic action on rat heart. in rats ohv a-pla2 (2-4 mg/kg) caused ecg abnormalities including decreased heart rate, prolonged p-r interval, widened qrs complex and complete a-v block. when tested on isolated rat right atria, ohv a-pla2 (10-20 micrograms/ml) produced a positive chronotropic effect. when tested on isolated rat left atria or papillary muscle preparations, ohv a-pla2 (2.5-20 micrograms/ml) caus ... | 1993 | 8332993 |
| a comparative study of three vehicles on antibody responses against elapid snake neurotoxin immunogens. | a study was undertaken to compare the effects of three vehicles (incomplete freund's adjuvant, ifa; bentonite and squalene/arlacel a) on the antibody responses to various elapid neurotoxin immunogens. three neurotoxin immunogens were prepared using purified principal postsynaptic neurotoxin(s) of naja naja siamensis (nns), ophiophagus hannah (oh) and bungarus fasciatus (bf). glutaraldehyde (ga) or a carbodiimide (ecdi) was used as a coupling agent while diphtheria toxoid (dt) was used as a prote ... | 1994 | 8079368 |
| purification and characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom and its effects on human platelet aggregation. | venoms of several snake species contain large amounts of l-amino acid oxidase but its effects on human plasma coagulation and platelet aggregation have not been explored. we have purified l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom through cm-sephadex c-25, sephadex g-100 and deae sephadex a-50 chromatographies. the purified enzyme has a mol. wt of 135,000 as determined by gel filtration and 65,000 by sds-page under non-reducing and reducing conditions. incubation of plasma with l-amino acid oxid ... | 1994 | 7886693 |
| [isolation of the venom of ophiophagus hannah cantor and study of their toxic fraction]. | | 1983 | 6880754 |
| [purification and toxicological identification of fraction viii-2 from the venom of ophiophagus hannah]. | | 1984 | 6544024 |
| proteolytic activities of cobra venoms based on inactivation of alpha 2-macroglobulin. | the venoms of various cobra species showed a wide range of abilities to cleave hide powder azure, with naja naja kaouthia and ophiophagus hannah venoms showing the lowest activities and naja nivea venom showing the greatest activity on this dye-linked substrate. the activities of the venoms on hide powder did not completely correlate with their ability to inactivate the alpha 2-macroglobulin of human serum. incubation of 4-5 micrograms of naja nigricollis venom per microliter of serum for 30 min ... | 1984 | 6197999 |
| species specific sensitivity towards the hemorrhagin of ophiophagus hannah (elapidae). | the filtration pattern of ophiophagus hannah venom on sephadex g-75 shows several peaks. the first peak, s1, includes high molecular weight proteins and contains the hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. the proteolytic fractions overlap the hemorrhagic fractions, but are not identical with them. the crude venom and the high molecular weight peak have caseinase, benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester hydrolase and kallikrein-like activities, but not collagenase, gelatinase, thrombin, plasmin or urokin ... | 1987 | 3303449 |
| antigenic relationships and relative immunogenicities of venom proteins from six poisonous snakes of thailand. | venoms from naja naja siamensis, ophiophagus hannah, bungarus fasciatus, vipera russelli, calloselasma rhodostoma and trimeresurus albolabris have been studied by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. the immunoblots were stained with rabbit homologous and heterologous antibodies. in general, the higher the mol. wt the protein the higher the immunogenicity although two proteins with mol. wts of 23,000 and 25,000 from o. hannah venom are extraordin ... | 1988 | 3201490 |
| enzymatic and toxic properties of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom and venom fractions. | some enzymatic activities and toxic properties of four samples of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom were investigated. there is little intraspecific variation in enzyme contents, protein composition and toxic properties of the venom. the venom does not exhibit hemolytic or edema-inducing activity but is characterized by an exceptionally high alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity. deae-sephacel ion exchange chromatography and sephadex g-75 gel filtration chromatography of the venom indicate t ... | 1989 | 2749765 |
| synthetic peptides of neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein behave as antagonists in a functional assay for the acetylcholine receptor. | peptides of portions of loop 2 (the "toxic" loop) of snake venom curare-mimetic neurotoxins (alpha-bungarotoxin and king cobra toxin b) and of a structurally similar region of the rabies virus glycoprotein were synthesized. the effect of the peptides on carbachol-induced 22na+ flux into bc3h-1 cells, which contain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on their surfaces, was measured. both the neurotoxin and glycoprotein peptides inhibited ion transport with ic50 values of 10(-4) m to 7 x 10(-7) m. t ... | 1989 | 2520759 |
| shed king cobra and cobra skins as model membranes for in-vitro nicotine permeation studies. | shed king cobra skin (skcs) and shed cobra skin (scs) were investigated for use as barrier membranes, including some pre-hydration factors, for in-vitro nicotine permeation. inter-specimen variations in nicotine fluxes using shed snake skin were compared with those using human epidermis. nicotine in the form of 1% w/v aqueous buffer solution at ph 5 and transdermal patches (dose 14 mg day(-1)) were used. the nicotine fluxes across the shed snake skin were not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by ... | 2002 | 12396295 |
| antibacterial action of a heat-stable form of l-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | the major l-amino acid oxidase (laao, ec 1.4.3.2) of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom is known to be an unusual form of snake venom laao as it possesses unique structural features and unusual thermal stability. the antibacterial effects of king cobra venom laao were tested against several strains of clinical isolates including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli using broth microdilution assay. for comparison ... | 2010 | 21059402 |
| structure-function relationships of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and of a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein in their interaction with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. | peptides corresponding to portions of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and to a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein were synthetically modified in order to gain information on structure-function relationships of neurotoxin loop 2 interactions with the acetylcholine receptor. binding of synthetic peptides to the acetylcholine receptor of torpedo electric organ membranes was assessed by measuring their ability to inhibit the binding of 125i-alpha-bungarotoxin to the receptor. ... | 1991 | 1932020 |
| efficacy of oh-cath30 and its analogs against drug-resistant bacteria in vitro and in mouse models. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) have been considered alternatives to conventional antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections. however, their comparatively high toxicity toward eukaryotic cells and poor efficacy in vivo hamper their clinical application. oh-cath30, a novel cathelicidin peptide deduced from the king cobra, possesses potent antibacterial activity in vitro. the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of oh-cath30 and its analog oh-cm6 against drug-resistant bacter ... | 2012 | 22491685 |
| structural and conformational similarity between synthetic peptides of curaremimetic neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein. | antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic peptides corresponding to loop 2, the 'toxic' loop reacting with the acetylcholine-binding site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, of curaremimetic neurotoxins and the structurally similar segment of the rabies virus glycoprotein. some of the antibodies cross-reacted with the corresponding peptides confirming the structural similarity between the neurotoxin and glycoprotein peptides. a polyclonal antibody raised against a 29 residue glyco ... | 1991 | 1661807 |
| immunogenicity of venoms from four common snakes in the south of vietnam and development of elisa kit for venom detection. | the antigenicity and antigenic relationship between venoms of four common snakes in the south of vietnam-trimeresurus popeorum, calloselasma rhodostoma, naja naja and ophiophagus hannah-were studied. most of venom components expressed antigenicity and produced high titre antivenoms. the venoms share common components and antivenoms cross-reacted along them. furthermore, cross-reactions were observed among non-common antigens, indicating that they share common epitopes. hence, using single compon ... | 2003 | 14604537 |
| optical immunoassay for snake venom detection. | a sensitive and specific optical immunoassay (oia) has been developed for snake venom detection. the assay is based on the principle of detection of physical changes in thickness of molecular thin film resulting from specific binding events on an optical silicon chip (silas-i, thermobiostar, colorado, usa). the reflection of white light through the thin film results in destructive interference of a particular wavelength of the light from gold to purple-blue depending on the thickness of the thin ... | 2004 | 15046761 |
| ohanin, a novel protein from king cobra venom, induces hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mice. | we have identified, purified, and determined the complete amino acid sequence of a novel protein, ohanin from ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom. it is a small protein containing 107 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 11951.47 +/- 0.67 da as assessed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. it does not show similarity to any known families of snake venom proteins and hence is the first member of a new family of snake venom proteins. it shows similarity to pry and spry domain pr ... | 2005 | 15668253 |
| immunochemical and biochemical comparisons of equine monovalent and polyvalent snake antivenoms. | although the merit of polyvalent antivenoms is well-recognized, there is still doubt in some medical circles as to the relative efficacy and the propensity to cause adverse reactions of polyvalent (pav) as compared to monovalent (mav) antivenoms. immunochemical and biochemical comparisons of equine polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms prepared under the same immunization protocols were therefore made. these antivenoms were prepared against naja kaouthia (nk), ophiophagus hannah (oh) and bungarus ... | 2005 | 15683876 |
| synergistic antibacterial effect of co-administering adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and ophiophagus hannah l-amino acid oxidase in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds. | mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) and ophiophagus hannah l-amino acid oxidase (oh-laao) have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). published data have indicated that synergistic antibacterial effects could be achieved by co-administration of two or more antimicrobial agents. however, this hypothesis has not been proven in a cell- and protein-based combination. in this study, we investigate if co-administration of adipose-derive ... | 2017 | 28114965 |
| dermatophilus chelonae in a king cobra (ophiophagus hannah). | a mass was removed from the left flank of a 10-yr-old male king cobra (ophiophagus hannah), and histologic examination revealed granulomatous dermatitis with intralesional gram-positive cocci and filamentous bacteria. fourteen months later, a histologically similar subcutaneous mass was removed from a different site. one year later, a large subcutaneous mass at the first surgical site was removed, and histopathologic examination revealed multiloculated granulomas with intralesional gram-positive ... | 2004 | 15732601 |
| cns and anticonvulsant activity of a non-protein toxin (kc-mmtx) isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | in the present study, king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom was subjected to tlc followed by column chromatography/hplc to isolate and purify a non-protein toxin designated as kc-mmtx. (1)h nmr, ir and eims studies showed kc-mmtx likely to be a 282 d unsaturated aliphatic acid having molecular formula c18h34o2. the minimum lethal dose of kc-mmtx was 200 microg/kg (i.v.) and 350 microg/kg (i.p.) in swiss albino male mice. it significantly increased pentobarbitone induced sleeping time and signifi ... | 2006 | 16457861 |
| ohanin, a novel protein from king cobra venom: its cdna and genomic organization. | ohanin, from king cobra venom, is a novel protein which induces hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mice [pung, y.f., wong, p.t.h., kumar, p.p., hodgson w.c., kini, r.m., 2005. ohanin, a novel protein from king cobra venom induces hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mice. j. biol. chem. 280, 13137-13147.]. it is weakly similar to pry-spry domains (b30.2-like domain). here we report the complete cdna and genomic organization of ohanin. interestingly, cdna sequence does not show significant sequence ... | 2006 | 16472942 |
| occurrence of non-protein low molecular weight cardiotoxin in indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) cantor 1836, venom. | pathophysiology due to snakebite is a combined effect of various actions of the complex venom constituents. importance of protein toxins in snake envenomation is well known. the present investigation reports the existence of nonprotein/nonpetide low molecular weight toxin in indian king cobra venom, which plays an important role in envenomation consequences in experimental animal models. a group of non-peptidic toxins (oh-npt1) was isolated from indian king cobra ophiophagus hannah by thin layer ... | 2006 | 16629369 |
| distribution of low molecular weight platelet aggregation inhibitors from snake venoms. | an assay of platelet aggregation inhibitors measured by the turbidimeter using aggregometer pam 8c (mebanix) was performed after each crude snake venom (57 species) was subjected to ultrafiltration using millipore ufp 1 lgc. the snake venoms of viperidae (three species), elapidae (11 species), and hydrophiidae (two species) inhibited adp-induced rabbit platelet aggregation. in particular, six venoms of bitis gabonica, pseudocerastes persicus, dendroaspis angusticeps, d. polylepis, ophiophagus ha ... | 2007 | 17141819 |
| isolation and cloning of a metalloproteinase from king cobra snake venom. | a 50 kda fibrinogenolytic protease, ohagin, from the venom of ophiophagus hannah was isolated by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography. ohagin specifically degraded the alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and the proteolytic activity was completely abolished by edta, but not by pmsf, suggesting it is a metalloproteinase. it dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adp, tmva and stejnulxin. the full sequence of ohagin was deduced by cdna c ... | 2007 | 17337026 |
| beta-cardiotoxin: a new three-finger toxin from ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity. | snake venoms have provided a number of novel ligands with therapeutic potential. we have constructed a partial cdna library from the mrna of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom gland tissue and identified five new genes encoding proteins belonging to the three-finger toxin family of snake venom proteins. we have isolated and characterized one of these beta-sheet containing proteins with a mass of 7012.43 +/- 0.91 da from the venom. the protein was nonlethal up to a dose of 10 mg/kg when inject ... | 2007 | 17616557 |
| new and already known acanthocephalans from amphibians and reptiles in vietnam, with keys to species of pseudoacanthocephalus petrochenko, 1956 (echinorhynchidae) and sphaerechinorhynchus johnston and deland, 1929 (plagiorhynchidae). | adults of 2 new species in 2 orders of acanthocephalans obtained from the intestines of terrestrial amphibians and reptiles collected between 1998 and 2004 in vietnam are described here. pseudoacanthocephalus nguyenthileae n. sp. (palaeacnthocephala: echinorhynchidae) was collected from 5 species of terrestrial amphibians: (1) the common sunda toad bufo melanostictus schneider (bufonidae); (2) paa verucospinosa (bourret); (3) gunther's amoy frog rana guentheri boulenger; (4) taipei frog r. taipe ... | 2008 | 18372639 |
| identification and characterization of novel reptile cathelicidins from elapid snakes. | three cdna sequences coding for elapid cathelicidins were cloned from constructed venom gland cdna libraries of naja atra, bungarus fasciatus and ophiophagus hannah. the open reading frames of the cloned elapid cathelicidins were all composed of 576bp and coded for 191 amino acid residue protein precursors. each of the deduced elapid cathelicidin has a 22 amino acid residue signal peptide, a conserved cathelin domain of 135 amino acid residues and a mature antimicrobial peptide of 34 amino acid ... | 2008 | 18620012 |
| structural and functional characterization of a novel homodimeric three-finger neurotoxin from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). | snake venoms are a mixture of pharmacologically active proteins and polypeptides that have led to the development of molecular probes and therapeutic agents. here, we describe the structural and functional characterization of a novel neurotoxin, haditoxin, from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). haditoxin exhibited novel pharmacology with antagonism toward muscle (alphabetagammadelta) and neuronal (alpha(7), alpha(3)beta(2), and alpha(4)beta(2)) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nach ... | 2010 | 20071329 |
| antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of cathelicidins and short, synthetic peptides against francisella. | francisella infects the lungs causing pneumonic tularemia. focusing on the lung's host defense, we have examined antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response to francisella infection. interest in antimicrobial peptides, such as the cathelicidins, has grown due their potential therapeutic applications and the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. only one human cathelicidin, ll-37, has been characterized. helical cathelicidins have also been disc ... | 2010 | 20399752 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo antivenin activity of 2-[2-(5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylene-decahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-ethylidene]-succinaldehyde against ophiophagus hannah venom. | curcuma zedoaroides a. chaveerach & t. tanee, locally known as wan-paya-ngoo-tua-mia, is commonly used in the north-eastern part of thailand as a 'snakebite antidote'. the aim of this study was to isolate the active compound from the rhizome of c. zedoaroides, to determine its structure and to assess its antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo against king cobra venom. | 2010 | 20487206 |
| structure-function relationship of king cobra cathelicidin. | king cobra cathelicidin (oh-cath) is composed of 34 amino acid residues having strong antibacterial and very weak hemolytic activities as reported by us recently. oh-cath can be served as a valuable template to develop novel therapeutic drugs. in this study, oh-cath and six of its analogs were synthesized to explore their structure-function relationships based on their bactericidal and hemolytic activities. experimental results of oh-cath(3-34) and oh-cath(5-34) indicated that the n-terminal 4 a ... | 2010 | 20576537 |
| loop 2 of ophiophagus hannah toxin b binds with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and enhances intracranial drug delivery. | three-finger snake neurotoxins have been widely investigated for their high binding affinities with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), which are widely expressed in the central nervous system including the blood-brain barrier and thus mediate intracranial drug delivery. the loop 2 segments of three-finger snake neurotoxins are considered as the binding domain with nachrs, and thus, they may have the potential to enhance drug or drug delivery system intracranial transport. in the present ... | 2010 | 20964364 |
| morphological basis of "growling" in the king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | a bioacoustic analysis is conducted on the defensive sounds produced by 21 species of snakes. the "typical" snake hiss is described as having a broad-frequency span (from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 hertz) and a dominant frequency near 7,500 hertz. the "growl" of the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) differs from the "typical" snake hiss in consisting solely of frequencies below 2,500 hertz, with a dominant frequency near 600 hertz. structural analysis of the upper respiratory tract of o. hannah sugge ... | 2003 | 1744612 |
| wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins. | cysteine-rich secretory proteins (crisps) are found in epididymis and granules of mammals, and they are thought to function in sperm maturation and in the immune system. recently, we isolated and obtained clones for novel snake venom proteins that are classified as crisp family proteins. to elucidate the distribution of snake venom crisp family proteins, we evaluated a wide range of venoms for immuno-cross-reactivity. then we isolated, characterized, and cloned genes for three novel crisp family ... | 2003 | 12646276 |
| comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important malaysian snake species. | naja kaouthia, ophiophagus hannah, bungarus fasciatus and calloselasma rhodostoma are four venomous snakes indigenous to malaysia. in the present study, their proteomic profile by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) have been separated and compared. | 2014 | 24593956 |
| antihemorrhagin in the blood serum of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah): purification and characterization. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) serum was found to possess antihemorrhagic activity against king cobra hemorrhagin. the activity was stronger than that in commercial king cobra antivenom. an antihemorrhagin has been purified by ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and gel filtration with a 22-fold purification and an overall yield of 12% of the total antihemorrhagic activity contained in crude serum. the purified antihemorrhagin was homogeneous in disc-page and sds-page. its appa ... | 2003 | 12875876 |
| a lethal neurotoxic protein from indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a lethal neurotoxin protein (toxin cm36) was isolated and purified from the indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom by cm-sephadex ion exchange chromatography and hplc. the purified toxin had a sds-molecular weight of 15 +/- 0.5 kd. the uv absorption spectra of toxin cm36 showed a peak at 280 nm and an emax at 343.8 nm, when excited at 280 nm fluorescence. toxin cm36 had an ld50 of 3.5 microg/20 g (i.v.) in male albino mice. it exhibited neurotoxicity and produced irreversible blockade of i ... | 2002 | 12974397 |
| purification and cloning of cysteine-rich proteins from trimeresurus jerdonii and naja atra venoms. | three 26 kda proteins, named as tj-crvp, na-crvp1 and na-crvp2, were isolated from the venoms of trimeresurus jerdonii and naja atra, respectively. the n-terminal sequences of tj-crvp and na-crvps were determined. these components were devoid of the enzymatic activities tested, such as phospholipase a(2), arginine esterase, proteolysis, l-amino acid oxidase, 5'nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase. furthermore, these three components did not have the following biological activities: coagulant and a ... | 2003 | 14529736 |
| isolation, expression and characterization of a novel dual serine protease inhibitor, oh-tci, from king cobra venom. | snake venom kunitz/bpti members are good tools for understanding of structure-functional relationship between serine proteases and their inhibitors. a novel dual kunitz/bpti serine proteinase inhibitor named oh-tci (trypsin- and chymotrypsin-dual inhibitor from ophiophagus hannah) was isolated from king cobra venom by three chromatographic steps of gel filtration, trypsin affinity and reverse phase hplc. oh-tci is composed of 58 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 6339da. successful exp ... | 2008 | 18582511 |
| hepatozoon and theileria species detected in ticks collected from mammals and snakes in thailand. | we report the detection of hepatozoon and theileria in 103 ticks from mammals and snakes in thailand. by using a genus-specific 18s rrna pcr, hepatozoon and theileria spp. were detected in 8% and 18%, respectively, of ticks (n=79) removed from mammals. of the ticks removed from snakes (n=24), 96% were infected with hepatozoon spp., but none were infected with theileria. phylogenetic analysis revealed that hepatozoon spp. detected from dermacentor astrosignatus and dermacentor auratus ticks from ... | 2015 | 25736475 |
| therapeutic potential of the antimicrobial peptide oh-cath30 for antibiotic-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. | the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides (amps) has been evaluated in many infectious diseases. however, the topical application of amps for ocular bacterial infection has not been well investigated. the amp oh-cath30, which was identified in the king cobra, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity. in this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of oh-cath30 for pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. ten isolates of p. aeruginosa from individuals with keratitis were susceptible to ... | 2014 | 24637683 |
| oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin. | oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. this study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in in vitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as naja naja > ophiophagus hannah > echis carinatus > daboia russellii > apis mellifera > mesobuthus tamulus > hippasa partita. being highly potential, n. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobi ... | 2015 | 26103459 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a complement-depleting factor from king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is an anti-complement factor existing in cobra venom. cvf proteins have been purified from the venoms of naja haje, naja siamensis, naja atra, naja kaouthia, naja naja, naja melanoleuca and austrelaps superbus, but only three full-length cdna sequences of cvf are available. in the present work, a cobra venom factor termed ovf was purified from the crude venom of ophiophagus hannah by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography steps. the p ... | 2012 | 22561424 |
| ophidascaris wangi sp. n. and o. najae (gedoelst, 1916) (ascaridida: ascaridoidea) from snakes in china. | ophidascaris wangi sp. n. collected from the king rat snake elaphe carinata (günther) (serpentes: colubridae) in china is described using both light and scanning electron microscopy. the new species differs from its congeners in the presence of narrow lateral alae originating a short distance posterior to the base of the ventrolateral lips, its relatively long oesophagus (3.57-4.54 mm long, representing 6.6-7.6% of body length), its short spicules (1.89-2.14 mm long, representing 3.9-4.3% of bod ... | 2014 | 25651700 |
| amino acid sequence and chemical modification of a novel alpha-neurotoxin (oh-5) from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a novel alpha-neurotoxin, oh-5, was isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom and purified by successive sp-sephadex c-25 column chromatography and reversed-phase hplc. the complete sequence of oh-5 was determined by edman degradation of peptide fragments generated by endopeptidases, i.e., trypsin, saccharomyces aureus v8 protease and lysyl endopeptidase. this novel toxin comprises 72 amino acid residues with 10 cysteines. the sequence shows 89% sequence homology with oh-4, and 60% wit ... | 1997 | 9163519 |
| sphaerechinorhynchus ophiograndis n. sp. (acanthocephala:plagiorhynchidae:sphaerechinorhynchinae), described from the intestine of a king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | six acanthocephalan specimens of an undescribed species of sphaerechinorhynchus johnston and deland, 1929, were found attached to the mucosal surface of the proximal small intestine of a legally imported king cobra, ophiophagus hannali (cantor, 1836). these specimens are described as sphaerechinorhynchus ophiograndis n. sp., the third species of the genus from snakes native to the indo-australian region, and the second species described from adults in the king cobra. sphaerechinorhynchus ophiogr ... | 1997 | 9105309 |
| purification and characterization of a novel phospholipase a2 from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | a novel phospholipase a2, designated as oh-de-2, was isolated from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) by successive chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, de-52, and q-sepharose columns. oh-de-2 with pi 5.1 showed an apparent molecular weight of 14 kd as revealed by sds-page and gel filtration. the amino acid sequence was homologous with those of pla2s from elapidae venoms. oh-de-2 was effectively inactivated by p-bromophenacyl bromide, indicating that the conserved his-48 is essential fo ... | 1995 | 8593185 |
| sequence characterization of a novel alpha-neurotoxin from the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | several postsynaptic neurotoxins (alpha-neurotoxins) with distinct pharmacological and biochemical properties were isolated and purified from the king cobra venom (ophiophagus hannah) by employing sequentially preparative-scale cation-exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25 coupled with gel filtration and reversed-phase hplc. the complete sequence of one neurotoxin was determined by n-terminal edman degradation with the automatic pulsed-liquid phase sequencer on some peptide fragments genera ... | 1993 | 8447823 |
| establishing a leaf proteome reference map for ginkgo biloba provides insight into potential ethnobotanical uses. | although ginkgo (maidenhair tree, ginkgo biloba l.) is an ancient medicinal and ornamental tree, there has not previously been any systematic proteomic study of the leaves. herein we describe results from the initial study identifying abundant ginkgo leaf proteins and present a gel reference map. proteins were isolated from fully developed mature leaves in biological triplicate and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis plus tandem mass spectrometry. using this approach, we were able to rep ... | 2014 | 25365400 |
| hematological studies on dic-like findings observed in patients with snakebite in south china. | to clarify the characteristics of the hematological disturbances evoked by snakebite, we measured the antithrombin iii (at-iii) activity, alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-pi) activity, fibrinogen concentration (fg) and level of fibrin degradation products (fdp) in 21 patients envenomed by several snakes in south china between august 1998 and october 1999. the hematological changes observed were as follows: the mean activities of at-iii were decreased in patients bitten by ophiophagus hannah (oh. ... | 2001 | 11223082 |
| probing the structural diversities of long alpha-neurotoxins by fluorescence quenching studies. | trp fluorescence of ophiophagus hannah neurotoxins (oh-4, oh-6a, oh-7, and oh-8) and bungarus multicinctus (alpha-bungarotoxin was quenched by acrylamide and iodide. acrylamide quenching studies indicated that the degree of exposure of trp residues in the neurotoxins followed the order oh-8 > oh-7 > oh-6a > oh-4 > alpha-bungarotoxin, as did the accessibility for iodide. these results reveal that the exposed degree of trp residues and the microenvironment surrounding trp residues in the neurotoxi ... | 2001 | 11563691 |
| venom peptides cathelicidin and lycotoxin cause strong inhibition of escherichia coli atp synthase. | venom peptides are known to have strong antimicrobial activity and anticancer properties. king cobra cathelicidin or oh-cath (kf-34), banded krait cathelicidin (bf-30), wolf spider lycotoxin i (il-25), and wolf spider lycotoxin ii (ke-27) venom peptides were found to strongly inhibit escherichia coli membrane bound f1fo atp synthase. the potent inhibition of wild-type e. coli in comparison to the partial inhibition of null e. coli by kf-34, bf-30, il-25, or ke-27 clearly links the bactericidal p ... | 2016 | 26930579 |
| genomic structure and expression of immunoglobulins in squamata. | the squamata order represents a major evolutionary reptile lineage, yet the structure and expression of immunoglobulins in this order has been scarcely studied in detail. from the genome sequences of four squamata species (gekko japonicus, ophisaurus gracilis, pogona vitticeps and ophiophagus hannah) and rna-seq datasets from 18 other squamata species, we identified the immunoglobulins present in these animals as well as the tissues in which they are found. all squamata have at least three immun ... | 2016 | 26998711 |
| an experimental study on evaluation of chemical antagonists induced snake venom neutralization. | the present investigation explored the snake venom neutralizing capacity of four chemical compounds (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid, anisic acid, salicylic acid and aspirin) in experimental animals. the venoms of common indian snakes viper russellii, echis carinatus, naja kaouthia and ophiophagus hannah were taken to evaluate the lethal, haemorrhagic and defibrinogenation action neutralization. lethal action of venom was maximum neutralized with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid and anisic acid ... | 1998 | 9599954 |
| functional proteomic approach to discover geographic variations of king cobra venoms from southeast asia and china. | this study deciphers the geographic variations of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom using functional proteomics. pooled samples of king cobra venom (abbreviated as ohv) were obtained from indonesia, malaysia, thailand, and two provinces of china, namely guangxi and hainan. using two animal models to test and compare the lethal effects, we found that the chinese ohvs were more fatal to mice, while the southeast asian ohvs were more fatal to lizards (eutropis multifasciata). various phospholip ... | 2013 | 23796489 |
| new progress in snake mitochondrial gene rearrangement. | to further understand the evolution of snake mitochondrial genomes, the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences were determined for representative species from two snake families: the many-banded krait, the banded krait, the chinese cobra, the king cobra, the hundred-pace viper, the short-tailed mamushi, and the chain viper. thirteen protein-coding genes, 22-23 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 2 control regions were identified in these mtdnas. duplication of the control region and translocatio ... | 2009 | 19479623 |
| characterization and cytotoxicity of l-amino acid oxidase from the venom of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah). | the aim of this project was to determine the cytotoxic components from the venom of king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. venom was purified by a combination of gel-filtration, ion-exchange and reversed-phase chromatographic steps. the biochemical properties of the cytotoxic component were consistent with those of l-amino acid oxidase. the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 150,000 by gel filtration and 70,000 under the denaturing conditions of sds-page, indicating a dimer. it has an i ... | 1997 | 9304806 |
| how the cobra got its flesh-eating venom: cytotoxicity as a defensive innovation and its co-evolution with hooding, aposematic marking, and spitting. | the cytotoxicity of the venom of 25 species of old world elapid snake was tested and compared with the morphological and behavioural adaptations of hooding and spitting. we determined that, contrary to previous assumptions, the venoms of spitting species are not consistently more cytotoxic than those of closely related non-spitting species. while this correlation between spitting and non-spitting was found among african cobras, it was not present among asian cobras. on the other hand, a consiste ... | 2017 | 28335411 |
| molecular characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom. | an l-amino acid oxidase from ophiophagus hannah snake venom (oh-laao) was purified by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin chromatography. oh-laao did not induce platelet aggregation; however, it had potent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by adp and u46619, but showed no effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, mucetin, ristocetin and stejnulxin. by rt-pcr and 5'-race methods, the complete oh-laao cdna was cloned from the venom gland total rna prepar ... | 2007 | 17543361 |
| molecular cloning of serine proteases from elapid snake venoms. | serine proteases are widely distributed in viperid snake venoms, but rare in elapid snake venoms. previously, we have identified a fibrinogenolytic enzyme termed ohs1 from the venom of ophiophagus hannah. the results indicated that ohs1 might be a serine protease, but there was no structural evidence previously. in the present study, the primary structure of ohs1 was determined by protein sequencing, in combination with rt-pcr and 5'-race methods. ohs1 precursor is composed of an 18-amino acid s ... | 2007 | 17408712 |
| purification and characterization of ophiophagus hannah cytotoxin-like proteins. | three cytotoxin-like proteins from the venom of ophiophagus hannah were isolated by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase hplc. amino acid sequence analysis revealed that these proteins all consisted of 63 amino acids and shared approximate 50% and 56% sequence identity with naja naja atra cardiotoxins and cardiotoxin-like basic proteins (clbps), respectively. cd spectra revealed that their secondary structure was dominated with beta-sheet as those noted with cardiotoxin ... | 2006 | 16899267 |
| synthetic peptide antigens derived from long-chain alpha-neurotoxins: immunogenicity effect against elapid venoms. | three-finger toxins (3ftxs), especially α-neurotoxins, are the most poorly neutralized elapid snake toxins by current antivenoms. in this work, the conserved structural similarity and motif arrangements of long-chain α-neurotoxins led us to design peptides with consensus sequences. eight long-chain α-neurotoxins (also known as type ii) were used to generate a consensus sequence from which two peptides were chemically synthesized, lcp1 and lcp2. rabbit sera raised against them were able to genera ... | 2017 | 28010961 |
| analysis of the efficacy of taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against naja kaouthia, naja siamensis and ophiophagus hannah through proteomics and animal model approaches. | in southeast asia, envenoming resulting from cobra snakebites is an important public health issue in many regions, and antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for the snakebite. because these cobras share a close evolutionary history, the amino acid sequences of major venom components in different snakes are very similar. therefore, either monovalent or polyvalent antivenoms may offer paraspecific protection against envenomation of humans by several different snakes. in taiwan, a bivalent an ... | 2017 | 29244815 |
| synchronization and an application of a novel fractional order king cobra chaotic system. | in this paper, we design a new three dimensional king cobra face shaped fractional order chaotic system. the multi-scale synchronization scheme of two fractional order chaotic systems is described. the necessary conditions for the multi-scale synchronization of two identical fractional order king cobra chaotic systems are derived through feedback control. a new cryptosystem is proposed for an image encryption and decryption by using synchronized fractional order king cobra chaotic systems with t ... | 2014 | 25273185 |
| snake genome sequencing: results and future prospects. | snake genome sequencing is in its infancy-very much behind the progress made in sequencing the genomes of humans, model organisms and pathogens relevant to biomedical research, and agricultural species. we provide here an overview of some of the snake genome projects in progress, and discuss the biological findings, with special emphasis on toxinology, from the small number of draft snake genomes already published. we discuss the future of snake genomics, pointing out that new sequencing technol ... | 2016 | 27916957 |
| king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase induces apoptosis in pc-3 cells and suppresses pc-3 solid tumor growth in a tumor xenograft mouse model. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase (oh-laao), a heat stable enzyme, has been shown to exhibit very potent anti-proliferative activity against human breast and lung tumorigenic cells but not in their non-tumorigenic counterparts. we further examine its in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity in a human prostate adenocarcinoma (pc-3) model. oh-laao demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against pc-3 cells with ic50 of 0.05 µg/ml after 72 h incubation in vitro. it induced apoptos ... | 2014 | 24782648 |
| the burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. | snakes possess many extreme morphological and physiological adaptations. identification of the molecular basis of these traits can provide novel understanding for vertebrate biology and medicine. here, we study snake biology using the genome sequence of the burmese python (python molurus bivittatus), a model of extreme physiological and metabolic adaptation. we compare the python and king cobra genomes along with genomic samples from other snakes and perform transcriptome analysis to gain insigh ... | 2013 | 24297902 |
| antiproliferative activity of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase (laao), a heat-stable enzyme, is an extremely potent antiproliferative agent against cancer cells when compared with laao isolated from other snake venoms. king cobra venom laao was shown to exhibit very strong antiproliferative activities against mcf-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and a549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells, with an ic50 value of 0.04±0.00 and 0.05±0.00 μg/ml, respectively, after 72-hr treatment. in comparison, its cyto ... | 2014 | 24118879 |
| transcriptomics-guided bottom-up and top-down venomics of neonate and adult specimens of the arboreal rear-fanged brown treesnake, boiga irregularis, from guam. | the brown treesnake (boiga irregularis) is an arboreal, nocturnal, rear-fanged venomous snake native to northern and eastern regions of australia, papua new guinea and the solomon islands. it was inadvertently introduced onto the island of guam during the late 1940's to early 1950's, and it has caused massive declines and extirpations of the native bird, lizard, and mammal populations. in the current study, we report the characterization of the venom proteome of an adult and a neonate b. irregul ... | 2018 | 29292096 |
| a novel phospholipase a(2) from the venom glands of bungarus candidus: cloning and sequence-comparison. | the presence of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) in the venom of malayan krait (bungarus candidus) and its structure were studied. the pla(2) cdnas from the venom gland of b. candidus (indonesia origin) were amplified by the polymerase chain reactions (pcr) and cloned. the primers used were based on the cdna sequences of several homologous b. multicinctus venom pla(2)s. in addition to the a-chains of beta-bungarotoxins, a novel b. candidus pla(2) was cloned and its full amino acid sequence deduced. h ... | 2002 | 12220723 |
| prey transport in "palatine-erecting" elapid snakes. | cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). the palatine erectors investigated (dendroaspis polylepis, naja pallida, ophiophagus hannah, aspidelaps scutatus, a. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. we delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erect ... | 2003 | 14584037 |
| effects of three cobra venoms on blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis. | the effects of the venoms of naja melanoleuca, naja nigricollis, and ophiophagus hannah on blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis were studied in vitro. all three venoms were shown to be anticoagulant. this action appeared to be due to an effect on both the extrinsic and blood thromboplastin mechanisms. platelet aggregation in chandler's tubes and adenosine diphosphate reactivity were inhibited by the three venoms, although in the case of ophiophagus hannah venom they were inh ... | 1969 | 5814735 |
| anesthetic deaths in cobras (naja naja and ophiophagus hannah) with methoxyflurane. | | 1970 | 5465566 |
| phospholipase a properties of several snake venom preparations. | the hydrolytic properties of the venoms of seven species of snakes,crotalus adamanteus, ancistrodon contortrix, naja naja, bothrops atrox, ophiophagus hannah, crotalus atrox andvipera russeli, were studied with purified lecithins and mixtures of lecithins of known fatty acid and class composition as substrates.the relative rates of hydrolysis of the fatty acids by the above venoms were studied by analysis of the products of the reaction at intervals during the course of the reaction. of the seve ... | 1966 | 17805626 |
| new host and locality records of snake intestinal nematode kalicephalus spp in indonesia. | to observe three species of kalicephalus found in three species of snake (ophiophagus hannah, ptyas mucosus, and naja sputatrix) during research on capture snake for trading in java and snake biodiversity in kalimantan islands. | 2011 | 23569740 |
| mapping proteoforms and protein complexes from king cobra venom using both denaturing and native top-down proteomics. | characterizing whole proteins by top-down proteomics avoids a step of inference encountered in the dominant bottom-up methodology when peptides are assembled computationally into proteins for identification. the direct interrogation of whole proteins and protein complexes from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) provides a sharply clarified view of toxin sequence variation, transit peptide cleavage sites and post-translational modifications (ptms) likely critical for venom lethality. a ... | 2016 | 27178327 |
| a distinct functional site in ω-neurotoxins: novel antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from snake venom. | snake venom α-neurotoxins from the three-finger toxin (3ftx) family are competitive antagonists with nanomolar affinity and high selectivity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr). here, we report the characterization of a new group of competitive nachr antagonists: ω-neurotoxins. although they belong to the 3ftx family, the characteristic functional residues of α-neurotoxins are not conserved. we evaluated the subtype specificity and structure-function relationships of oh9-1, an ω-neurot ... | 2015 | 26448325 |
| snake venoms are integrated systems, but abundant venom proteins evolve more rapidly. | while many studies have shown that extracellular proteins evolve rapidly, how selection acts on them remains poorly understood. we used snake venoms to understand the interaction between ecology, expression level, and evolutionary rate in secreted protein systems. venomous snakes employ well-integrated systems of proteins and organic constituents to immobilize prey. venoms are generally optimized to subdue preferred prey more effectively than non-prey, and many venom protein families manifest po ... | 2015 | 26315097 |
| venom proteomics of indonesian king cobra, ophiophagus hannah: integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches. | we report on the first application of top-down mass spectrometry in snake venomics. de novo sequence tags generated by, and prosight lite supported analysis of, combined collisional based dissotiations (cid and hcd) recorded in a hybrid ltq orbitrap instrument in data-dependent mode identified a number of proteins from different toxin families, namely, 11 three-finger toxins (7-7.9 kda), a kunitz-type inhibitor (6.3 kda), ohanin (11.9 kda), a novel phospholipase a2 molecule (13.8 kda), and the c ... | 2015 | 25896403 |
| molecular mechanism of cell death induced by king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase. | snake venom laaos have been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including cytotoxic, edema-inducing, platelet aggregation-inducing/platelet aggregation-inhibiting, bactericidal and antiviral activities. a heat-stable form of l-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom (oh-laao) has been shown to exhibit very potent cytotoxicity against human tumorigenic cells but not in their non-tumorigenic counterparts, and the cytotoxicity was due to th ... | 2015 | 25615711 |