Publications

potentiating effect of glabridin from glycyrrhiza glabra on gabaa receptors.	extracts from glycyrrhiza are traditionally used for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety. glabridin is one of the main flavonoid compounds from glycyrrhiza glabra and displays a broad range of biological properties. in the present work, we investigated the effect of glabridin on gabaa receptors. for this purpose, we employed the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique on xenopus laevis oocytes expressing recombinant gabaa receptors. through this approach, we observed that glabridin presents a st ...	2016	29214227
xenopus laevis as a model organism for the study of spinal cord formation, development, function and regeneration.	the spinal cord is the first central nervous system structure to develop during vertebrate embryogenesis, underscoring its importance to the organism. because of its early formation, accessibility to the developing spinal cord in amniotes is challenging, often invasive and the experimental approaches amenable to model systems like mammals are limited. in contrast, amphibians, in general and the african-clawed frog xenopus laevis, in particular, offer model systems in which the formation of the s ...	2017	29218002
glut characterization using frog xenopus laevis oocytes.	xenopus laevis oocytes are a useful heterologous expression system for expressing glucose transporters (gluts) and examining their functions. in this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol on oocyte extraction and preparation for glut9 protein expression. furthermore, we describe the determination of glut9 overexpression level by biotinylation and western blotting analysis. finally, we also describe how glut9-expressing oocytes can be used to measure urate kinetics by radioisotopes as well as t ...	0	29218516
three-dimensional reconstruction of the cranial and anterior spinal nerves in early tadpoles of xenopus laevis (pipidae, anura).	xenopus laevis is one of the most widely used model organism in neurobiology. it is therefore surprising, that no detailed and complete description of the cranial nerves exists for this species. using classical histological sectioning in combination with fluorescent whole mount antibody staining and micro-computed tomography we prepared a detailed innervation map and a freely-rotatable three-dimensional (3d) model of the cranial nerves and anterior-most spinal nerves of early x. laevis tadpoles. ...	2017	29218708
species specific rna a-to-i editing of mosquito rdl modulates gaba potency and influences agonistic, potentiating and antagonistic actions of ivermectin.	the insect gaba receptor, rdl, is the target of several classes of pesticides. the peptide sequences of rdl are generally highly conserved between diverse insects. however, rna a-to-i editing can effectively alter amino acid residues of rdl in a species specific manner, which can affect the potency of gaba and possibly insecticides. we report here that rna a-to-i editing alters the gene products of rdl in three mosquito disease vectors, recoding five amino acid residues in rdl of aedes aegypti a ...	2017	29223796
increasing the length and hydrophobicity of the c-terminal sequence of transthyretin strengthens its binding affinity to retinol binding protein.	transthyretin (ttr) is a transporter for thyroid hormone (th) and retinol, the latter via binding with retinol binding protein (rbp). both the n-terminal and c-terminal regions of the ttr subunit are located in close proximity to the central binding channel for ligands. during the evolution of vertebrates, these regions changed in length and hydropathy. the changes in the n-terminal sequence were demonstrated to affect the binding affinities for ths and rbp. here, the effects of changes in the c ...	2017	29226076
antagonistic effect of dopamine structural analogues on human gabaρ1 receptor.	gabaergic and dopaminergic pathways are co-localized in several areas of the central nervous system and recently several reports have shown co-release of both neurotransmitters. the gaba-a receptor (β and ρ1 subunits) is modulated by dopamine (da) and, interestingly, gabaρ1 can be modulated by several biogenic amines. here we explored the effects of the metabolites of the dopaminergic pathway and other structural analogues of da on gabaρ1 and the da gated ion channel (lgc-53) from caenorhabditis ...	2017	29234054
the human dna glycosylases neil1 and neil3 excise psoralen-induced dna-dna cross-links in a four-stranded dna structure.	interstrand cross-links (icls) are highly cytotoxic dna lesions that block dna replication and transcription by preventing strand separation. previously, we demonstrated that the bacterial and human dna glycosylases nei and neil1 excise unhooked psoralen-derived icls in three-stranded dna via hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond between the crosslinked base and deoxyribose sugar. furthermore, neil3 from xenopus laevis has been shown to cleave psoralen- and abasic site-induced icls in xenopus egg ex ...	2017	29234069
functional reintegration of sensory neurons and transitional dendritic reduction of mitral/tufted cells during injury-induced recovery of the larval xenopus olfactory circuit.	understanding the mechanisms involved in maintaining lifelong neurogenesis has a clear biological and clinical interest. in the present study, we performed olfactory nerve transection on larval xenopus to induce severe damage to the olfactory circuitry. we surveyed the timing of the degeneration, subsequent rewiring and functional regeneration of the olfactory system following injury. a range of structural labeling techniques and functional calcium imaging were performed on both tissue slices an ...	2017	29234276
rnas coordinate nuclear envelope assembly and dna replication through elys recruitment to chromatin.	upon fertilisation, the sperm pronucleus acquires the competence to replicate the genome through a cascade of events that link chromatin remodelling to nuclear envelope formation. the factors involved have been partially identified and are poorly characterised. here, using xenopus laevis egg extracts we show that rnas are required for proper nuclear envelope assembly following sperm dna decondensation. although chromatin remodelling and pre-replication complex formation occur normally, rna-deple ...	2017	29242643
unravelling the mechanisms that determine the uptake and metabolism of magnetic single and multicore nanoparticles in a xenopus laevis model.	multicore superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been proposed as ideal tools for some biomedical applications because of their high magnetic moment per particle, high specific surface area and long term colloidal stability. through controlled aggregation and packing of magnetic cores it is possible to obtain not only single-core but also multicore and hollow spheres with internal voids. in this work, we compare toxicological properties of single and multicore nanoparticles. both types of particle ...	0	29242877
tight junctions negatively regulate mechanical forces applied to adherens junctions in vertebrate epithelial tissue.	epithelia are layers of polarised cells tightly bound to each other by adhesive contacts. epithelia act as barriers between an organism and its external environment. understanding how epithelia maintain their essential integrity while remaining sufficiently plastic to allow events such as cytokinesis to take place is a key biological problem. in vertebrates, the remodelling and reinforcement of adherens junctions maintains epithelial integrity during cytokinesis. the involvement of tight junctio ...	2017	29246943
differentiation-dependent antiviral capacities of amphibian (xenopus laevis) macrophages.	infections by ranaviruses such as frog virus 3 (fv3) are significantly contributing to the worldwide amphibian population declines. notably, amphibian macrophages (mφs) are important to both the fv3 infection strategies and the immune defense against this pathogen. however, the mechanisms underlying amphibian mφ fv3 susceptibility and resistance remain unknown. mφ differentiation is mediated by signaling through the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (csf-1r), which is now known to be bound by ...	2017	29259133
dynamic intramolecular regulation of the histone chaperone nucleoplasmin controls histone binding and release.	nucleoplasmin (npm) is a highly conserved histone chaperone responsible for the maternal storage and zygotic release of histones h2a/h2b. npm contains a pentameric n-terminal core domain and an intrinsically disordered c-terminal tail domain. though intrinsically disordered regions are common among histone chaperones, their roles in histone binding and chaperoning remain unclear. using an nmr-based approach, here we demonstrate that the xenopus laevis npm tail domain controls the binding of hist ...	2017	29263320
rna helicase mov10 is essential for gastrulation and cns development.	mov10 is an rna helicase that modulates access of argonaute 2 to microrna recognition elements in mrnas. we examined the role of mov10 in xenopus laevis development and show a critical role for mov10 in gastrulation and in the development of the central nervous system.	2017	29266590
the progestin norethisterone affects thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis of xenopus laevis tadpoles at environmentally relevant concentrations.	previously, levonorgestrel (lng) has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor of the amphibian thyroid system. in the present study, we investigated whether anti-thyroidal effects are a common property of progestins other than lng. premetamorphic xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to norethisterone (net) and dienogest die (each at 0.1-10nm) and lng (10nm) until completion of metamorphosis. lng and net at all concentrations caused a significant developmental retardation whereas die did not impai ...	0	29268119
anosmin-1 is essential for neural crest and cranial placodes formation in xenopus.	during embryogenesis vertebrates develop a complex craniofacial skeleton associated with sensory organs. these structures are primarily derived from two embryonic cell populations the neural crest and cranial placodes, respectively. neural crest cells and cranial placodes are specified through the integrated action of several families of signaling molecules, and the subsequent activation of a complex network of transcription factors. here we describe the expression and function of anosmin-1 (ano ...	0	29277616
direct modification of the 5-ht3 receptor current by some anticancer drugs.	the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 3 (5-ht3) receptor is an important target in the control of emesis, and 5-ht3 receptor antagonists are effective against the early phase chemotherapy evoked vomiting. we recently reported that the anticancer drugs irinotecan and topotecan directly modulate the 5-ht-mediated 5-ht3 receptor current in vitro. in addition, the drug response depends on the 5-ht3 subunit composition. here, we explored the effects of 35 anticancer drugs on the 5-ht3 receptor cur ...	2017	29277715
proton-independent activation of acid-sensing ion channel asic3 by alkaloid lindoldhamine from laurus nobilis.	acid-sensing ion channels (asics) play an important role in synaptic plasticity and learning, as well as in nociception and mechanosensation. asics are implicated in pain, neurological and psychiatric diseases but their therapeutic potential is limited by lack of ligands activating them at physiological ph.	2017	29277899
nanoscale correlated disorder in out-of-equilibrium myelin ultrastructure.	ultrastructural fluctuations at nanoscale are fundamental to assess properties and functionalities of advanced out-of-equilibrium materials. we have taken myelin as a model of supramolecular assembly in out-of-equilibrium living matter. myelin sheath is a simple stable multilamellar structure of high relevance and impact in biomedicine. although it is known that myelin has a quasi-crystalline ultrastructure, there is no information on its fluctuations at nanoscale in different states due to limi ...	0	29281257
microprobe capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry for single-cell metabolomics in live frog (xenopus laevis) embryos.	the quantification of small molecules in single cells raises new potentials for better understanding the basic processes that underlie embryonic development. to enable single-cell investigations directly in live embryos, new analytical approaches are needed, particularly those that are sensitive, selective, quantitative, robust, and scalable to different cell sizes. here, we present a protocol that enables the in situ analysis of metabolism in single cells in freely developing embryos of the sou ...	2017	29286491
optimization of mass spectrometric parameters improve the identification performance of capillary zone electrophoresis for single-shot bottom-up proteomics analysis.	the effects of ms1 injection time, ms2 injection time, dynamic exclusion time, intensity threshold, and isolation width were investigated on the numbers of peptide and protein identifications for single-shot bottom-up proteomics analysis using cze-ms/ms analysis of a xenopus laevis tryptic digest. an electrokinetically pumped nanospray interface was used to couple a linear-polyacrylamide coated capillary to a q exactive hf mass spectrometer. a sensitive method that used a 1.4 th isolation width, ...	0	29291811
hyperinnervation improves xenopus laevis limb regeneration.	xenopus laevis (an anuran amphibian) shows limb regeneration ability between that of urodele amphibians and that of amniotes. xenopus frogs can initiate limb regeneration but fail to form patterned limbs. regenerated limbs mainly consist of cone-shaped cartilage without any joints or branches. these pattern defects are thought to be caused by loss of proper expressions of patterning-related genes. this study shows that hyperinnervation surgery resulted in the induction of a branching regenerate. ...	0	29291977
a transgenic reporter under control of an es1 promoter/enhancer marks wound epidermis and apical epithelial cap during tail regeneration in xenopus laevis tadpole.	rapid wound healing and subsequent formation of the apical epithelial cap (aec) are believed to be required for successful appendage regeneration in amphibians. despite the significant role of aec in limb regeneration, its role in tail regeneration and the mechanisms that regulate the wound healing and aec formation are not well understood. we previously identified xenopus laevis es1, which is preferentially expressed in wounded regions, including the aec after tail regeneration. in this study w ...	0	29291984
dioxin exposure alters molecular and morphological responses to thyroid hormone in xenopus laevis cultured cells and prometamorphic tadpoles.	amphibian metamorphosis is driven by thyroid hormone (th). we used prometamorphic tadpoles and a cell line of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) to examine immediate effects of dioxin exposure on th. gene expression patterns suggest cross-talk between the thyroid hormone receptor (tr) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) signaling pathways. in xlk-wg cells, expression of cytochrome p450 1a6 (cyp1a6), an ahr target, was induced 1000-fold by 100 nm tcdd (2, 3, 7, 8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ...	0	29294139
a triad of residues is functionally transferrable between 5-ht3 serotonin receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.	cys-loop receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that facilitate communication within the nervous system. upon neurotransmitter binding, these receptors undergo an allosteric activation mechanism connecting the binding event to the membrane-spanning channel pore, which expands to conduct ions. some of the earliest steps in this activation mechanism are carried out by residues proximal to the binding site, the relative positioning of which may reflect functional differences among membe ...	0	29298898
bioelectric regulation of innate immune system function in regenerating and intact xenopus laevis.	two key inputs that regulate regeneration are the function of the immune system, and spatial gradients of transmembrane potential (vmem). endogenous bioelectric signaling in somatic tissues during regenerative patterning is beginning to be understood, but its role in the context of immune response has never been investigated. here, we show that vmem levels modulate innate immunity activity in xenopus laevis embryos. we developed an assay in which x. laevis embryos are infected with a uropathogen ...	2017	29302351
the extraordinary biology and development of marsupial frogs (hemiphractidae) in comparison with fish, mammals, birds, amphibians and other animals.	the study of oogenesis and early development of frogs belonging to the family hemiphractidae provide important comparison to the aquatic development of other frogs, such as xenopus laevis, because reproduction on land characterizes the hemiphractidae. in this review, the multinucleated oogenesis of the marsupial frog flectonotus pygmaeus (hemiphractidae) is analyzed and interpreted. in addition, the adaptations associated with the incubation of embryos in the pouch of the female marsupial frog g ...	0	29305906
a glyphosate micro-emulsion formulation displays teratogenicity in xenopus laevis.	glyphosate is the active ingredient in broad-spectrum herbicide formulations used in agriculture, domestic area and aquatic weed control worldwide. its market is growing steadily concurrently with the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops and emergence of weeds less sensitive to glyphosate. ephemeral and lentic waters near to agricultural lands, representing favorite habitats for amphibian reproduction and early life-stage development, may thus be contaminated by glyphosate based h ...	2017	29306033
exploring the underlying mechanisms of xenopus laevis embryonic cell cycle.	cell cycle is an indispensable process in the proliferation and development. despite significant efforts, global quantification and physical understanding are still challenging. in this study, we explored the mechanisms of xenopus laevis embryonic cell cycle by quantifying the underlying landscape and flux. we uncovered the mexican hat landscape of the xenopus laevis embryonic cell cycle with several local basins and barriers on the oscillation path. the local basins characterize the different p ...	0	29310435
molecular determinants of α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibition by triterpenoids.	in a previous work, we reported the regulatory role of the triterpenoids on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht)3a receptors activity in xenopus laevis oocytes (eur. j. pharmacol., 615, 2009, lee et al.). in the present report, we studied the modulation of triterpenoids on the activity of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor type α3β4. two-electrode voltage clamp experiments were used to test acetylcholine mediated inward current (iach). treatment with triterpenoids (dehydroeburicoic acid, 6α-hydrox ...	0	29311484
paternal chromosome loss and metabolic crisis contribute to hybrid inviability in xenopus.	hybridization of eggs and sperm from closely related species can give rise to genetic diversity, or can lead to embryo inviability owing to incompatibility. although central to evolution, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-zygotic barriers that drive reproductive isolation and speciation remain largely unknown. species of the african clawed frog xenopus provide an ideal system to study hybridization and genome evolution. xenopus laevis is an allotetraploid with 36 chromosomes ...	0	29320479
spemann-mangold grafts.	in 1924, hans spemann and hilde mangold (née pröscholdt) published their famous work describing the transplantation of dorsal blastopore lip of one newt gastrula embryo onto the ventral side of a host embryo at the same stage. they performed these grafts using two newt species with different pigmentation (triturus taeniatus and triturus cristatus) to follow the fate of the grafted tissue. these experiments resulted in the development of conjoined twins attached through their belly. because of th ...	0	29321278
whole-mount immunofluorescence for visualizing endogenous protein and injected rna in xenopus oocytes.	asymmetric distribution of mrna and protein is a hallmark of cell polarity in many systems. the xenopus laevis oocyte provides many technical advantages to studying such polarity. thousands of oocytes at different stages of maturity can be harvested from a single ovary and, owing to their relatively large size, even the youngest oocytes can be manually microinjected. microinjection of fluorescently labeled rna combined with immunofluorescence of endogenous proteins can provide insight into the c ...	0	29321279
analysis of mitotic checkpoint function in xenopus egg extracts.	accurate sister chromatid segregation is pivotal in the faithful transmission of genetic information during each cell division. to ensure accurate segregation, eukaryotic organisms have evolved a "mitotic (or spindle assembly) checkpoint" to prevent premature advance to anaphase before successful attachment of every chromosome to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. an unattached kinetochore generates a diffusible signal that inhibits ubiquitination of substrates such as cyclin b and securin ...	0	29321280
nucleus assembly and import in xenopus laevis egg extract.	xenopus egg extract represents a powerful cell-free biochemical tool for studying organelle assembly and function. large quantities of cytoplasm can be isolated, and biochemical manipulation of extract composition and cell cycle state is relatively straightforward. in this protocol, we describe the reconstitution of nuclear assembly by adding a chromatin source to interphasic x. laevis egg extract. intact nuclei assemble within 30-45 min of initiating the reaction, followed by nuclear growth. we ...	0	29321282
cranial neural crest explants.	the cranial neural crest (cnc) explant assay was originally designed to assess the basic requirements for cnc migration in vitro. this protocol describes the key parameters of cnc explants in xenopus laevis, with a focus on how to extirpate cnc cells and assay their migration in vitro. the protocol can be adapted according to the needs of the experimenter, some examples of which are discussed here.	0	29321283
cranial neural crest transplants.	the transplantation of cranial neural crest (cnc) expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) in xenopus laevis has allowed researchers not only to assess cnc migration in vivo but also to address many other experimental questions. coupled with loss- or gain-of-function experiments, this technique can be used to characterize the function of specific genes during cnc migration and differentiation. although targeted injection can also be used to assess gene function during cnc migration, cnc transp ...	0	29321285
reference gene identification and validation for quantitative real-time pcr studies in developing xenopus laevis.	reference genes are essential for gene expression analysis when using real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr). xenopus laevis is a popular amphibian model for studying vertebrate embryogenesis and development. further, x. laevis is ideal for studying thyroid signaling due to its thyroid dependent metamorphosis, a stage comparable to birth in humans. when using pcr based studies, a primary concern is the choice of reference genes. commonly used references are eef1a1, odc1, rpl8, and actnb, although ...	0	29323148
autocatalytic microtubule nucleation determines the size and mass of xenopus laevis egg extract spindles.	regulation of size and growth is a fundamental problem in biology. a prominent example is the formation of the mitotic spindle, where protein concentration gradients around chromosomes are thought to regulate spindle growth by controlling microtubule nucleation. previous evidence suggests that microtubules nucleate throughout the spindle structure. however, the mechanisms underlying microtubule nucleation and its spatial regulation are still unclear. here, we developed an assay based on laser ab ...	0	29323637
bisphenol f disrupts thyroid hormone signaling and postembryonic development in xenopus laevis.	the safety of bisphenol a (bpa) alternatives has attracted much attention due to their wide use. in this study, we investigated the effects of bisphenol f (bpf), an alternative to bpa, on thyroid hormone (th) signaling and postembryonic development in vertebrates using t3-induced and spontaneous xenopus metamorphosis as models. we found that in the t3-induced metamorphosis assay, higher concentrations of bpf (100-10000 nm) antagonized t3-induced th-response gene transcription and morphological c ...	0	29323886
retinoic acid promotes stem cell differentiation and embryonic development by transcriptionally activating cftr.	retinoic acid (ra) plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes; however, the signaling mechanisms mediating the effect of ra are not fully understood. here, we show that ra transcriptionally upregulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) by promoting the direct binding of its receptor rarα to cftr promoter in mouse spermatogonia and embryonic stem (es) cells. the ra/cftr pathway is involved in the differentiation of spermatogonia and organogenesis during the embryo de ...	0	29326073
spinal cord cells from pre-metamorphic stages differentiate into neurons and promote axon growth and regeneration after transplantation into the injured spinal cord of non-regenerative xenopus laevis froglets.	mammals are unable to regenerate its spinal cord after a lesion, meanwhile, anuran amphibians are capable of spinal cord regeneration only as larvae, and during metamorphosis, this capability is lost. sox2/3+ cells present in the spinal cord of regenerative larvae are required for spinal cord regeneration. here we evaluate the effect of the transplantation of spinal cord cells from regenerative larvae into the resected spinal cord of non-regenerative stages (nr-stage). donor cells were able to s ...	2017	29326551
increased transcript levels and kinetic function of pyruvate kinase during severe dehydration in aestivating african clawed frogs, xenopus laevis.	the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, can withstand extremely arid conditions through aestivation, resulting in dehydration and urea accumulation. aestivating x. laevis reduce their metabolic rate, and rely on anaerobic glycolysis to meet reduced atp demands. the present study investigated how severe dehydration affected the transcript levels, kinetic profile, and phosphorylation state of the key glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (pk) in the liver and skeletal muscle of x. laevis. compared to ...	0	29331521
cloning and spatiotemporal expression of xenopus laevis apolipoprotein ci.	apolipoprotein ci (apoci) belongs to the apolipoprotein superfamily, members of which are involved in lipid transport, uptake and homeostasis. excessive apoci has been implicated in atherosclerosis and alzheimer's disease in humans. in this study we report the isolation of xenopus laevis apoci and describe the expression pattern of this gene during early development, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and whole mount in situ hybridization. xenopus apoci is enriched in the dors ...	2018	29346450
micrornas associated with early neural crest development in xenopus laevis.	the neural crest (nc) is a class of transitory stem cell-like cells unique to vertebrate embryos. nc cells arise within the dorsal neural tube where they undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in order to migrate and differentiate throughout the developing embryo. the derivative cell types give rise to multiple tissues, including the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral nervous system and skin pigment cells. several well-studied gene regulatory networks underpin nc development, which when ...	2018	29347911
molecular characterization and tissue expression profiles of prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in the chinese alligator (alligator sinensis) during the active and hibernating periods.	the chinese alligator (alligator sinensis), a freshwater crocodilian endemic to china, is one of the most endangered crocodilian species; up to this date, very little is known about the endocrine regulation of its metabolic activities during different physiological states. in this study, we characterized the structure of the prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in chinese alligator (prepro-cavip) for the first time and examined its expression profiles in various tissues during the active and hib ...	2017	29356375
a model for investigating developmental eye repair in xenopus laevis.	vertebrate eye development is complex and requires early interactions between neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm during embryogenesis. in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, individual eye tissues such as the retina and lens can undergo regeneration. however, it has been reported that removal of either the specified eye field at the neurula stage or the eye during tadpole stage does not induce replacement. here we describe a model for investigating xenopus developmental eye repair. we found ...	2018	29357285
quantitative proteomics after spinal cord injury (sci) in a regenerative and a nonregenerative stage in the frog xenopus laevis.	the capacity to regenerate the spinal cord after an injury is a coveted trait that only a limited group of nonmammalian organisms can achieve. in xenopus laevis, this capacity is only present during larval or tadpole stages, but is absent during postmetamorphic frog stages. this provides an excellent model for comparative studies between a regenerative and a nonregenerative stage to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain this difference in regenerative potential. here, we us ...	2018	29358338
monepantel is a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from ascaris suum and oesophagostomum dentatum.	zolvix®is a recently introduced anthelmintic drench containing monepantel as the active ingredient. monepantel is a positive allosteric modulator of deg-3/des-2 type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) in several nematode species. the drug has been reported to produce hypercontraction of caenorhabditis elegans and haemonchus contortus somatic muscle. we investigated the effects of monepantel on nachrs from ascaris suum and oesophagostomum dentatum heterologously expressed in xenopus laevi ...	2017	29366967
a matter of the heart: the african clawed frog xenopus as a model for studying vertebrate cardiogenesis and congenital heart defects.	the african clawed frog, xenopus, is a valuable non-mammalian model organism to investigate vertebrate heart development and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of human congenital heart defects (chds). in this review, we outline the similarities between xenopus and mammalian cardiogenesis, and provide an overview of well-studied cardiac genes in xenopus, which have been associated with congenital heart conditions. additionally, we highlight advantages of modeling candidate genes deri ...	2016	29367567
protein immunodepletion and complementation in xenopus laevis egg extracts.	the xenopus egg extract system has been widely used to study cell cycle events, including dna replication, nuclear envelope formation, spindle assembly, chromosome condensation and kinetochore formation. the functional roles of the proteins involved in these processes can be determined by immunodepleting a protein of interest from the extract. as immunodepletion may result in co-depletion of other proteins, the protein of interest can be added back to the extract to verify its function. addition ...	2018	29382808
stac3 enhances expression of human cav1.1 in xenopus oocytes and reveals gating pore currents in hypopp mutant channels.	mutations of cav1.1, the pore-forming subunit of the l-type ca2+ channel in skeletal muscle, are an established cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hypopp). however, functional assessment of hypopp mutant channels has been hampered by difficulties in achieving sufficient plasma membrane expression in cells that are not of muscle origin. in this study, we show that coexpression of stac3 dramatically increases the expression of human cav1.1 (plus α2-δ1b and β1a subunits) at the plasma membran ...	2018	29386226
expression patterns of zebrafishnocturningenes and the transcriptional activity of the frognocturninpromoter in zebrafish rod photoreceptors.	daily modulation of gene expression is critical for the circadian rhythms of many organisms. one of the modulating mechanisms is based on nocturnin, a deadenylase that degrades mrna in a circadian fashion. thenocturningenes are expressed broadly, but their tissue expression patterns differ between mice and the frogxenopus laevis; this difference suggests that the extent of the regulation ofnocturingene expression varies among species. in this study, we set out to characterize the expression patt ...	2017	29386877
a multichannel computer-driven system to raise aquatic embryos under selectable hypoxic conditions.	the formation of a functional cardiovascular system is an essential step in the early vertebrate embryo. nevertheless, the effect of hypoxia on the developmental program of organisms was studied rarely. in particular, this holds true for vertebrate embryos that depend on a functional placenta for proper development and had not been studied in this respect due to the obvious limitation. we established a protocol to culture aquatic embryos, which enabled us to culture a high number of xenopus embr ...	2018	29392150
the phosphorylation site t613 in the β-subunit of rat epithelial na+ channel (enac) modulates channel inhibition by nedd4-2.	the epithelial na+ channel (enac) is a heteromeric channel composed of three subunits (α, β, γ). at the c-terminus of each subunit, a py-motif allows binding of the ubiquitin ligase nedd4-2 which plays a key role in promoting enac retrieval from the plasma membrane. phosphorylation of nedd4-2 by the serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (sgk1) reduces nedd4-2 binding to the py-motifs. in β and γenac, threonine residues (βt613, γt623) belong to an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) ...	2018	29397423
tooth germ initiation patterns in a developing dentition: an in vivo study of xenopus laevis tadpoles.	the transparency of soft tissue in xenopus laevis tadpoles and the anterior-posterior orientation of their developing tooth germs in the upper jaw offer a unique opportunity for the in vivo charting of the first 15-20 days of the developing dentition. twenty-two x. laevis tadpoles were anesthetized daily and their mouths opened to record the first appearance, position, and development of tooth germs in the upper jaw. the initiation patterns revealed considerable variability between animals, and ...	2018	29399866
molecular cloning, spatiotemporal and functional expression of gaba receptor subunits rdl1 and rdl2 of the rice stem borer chilo suppressalis.	insect γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor (gabar) is one of the major targets of insecticides. in the present study, cdnas (csrdl1a and csrdl2s) encoding the two isoforms of rdl subunits were cloned from the rice stem borer chilo suppressalis. transcripts of both genes demonstrated similar expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages, although csrdl2s was ∼2-fold more abundant than csrdl1a throughout all development stages. to investigate the function of channels formed by ...	2018	29408355
threonine 67 is a key component in the coupling of the nss amino acid transporter kaat1.		2018	29409909
plant cation-chloride cotransporters (ccc): evolutionary origins and functional insights.	genomes of unicellular and multicellular green algae, mosses, grasses and dicots harbor genes encoding cation-chloride cotransporters (ccc). ccc proteins from the plant kingdom have been comparatively less well investigated than their animal counterparts, but proteins from both plants and animals have been shown to mediate ion fluxes, and are involved in regulation of osmotic processes. in this review, we show that ccc proteins from plants form two distinct phylogenetic clades (ccc1 and ccc2). s ...	2018	29415511
divergent axial morphogenesis and earlyshhexpression in vertebrate prospective floor plate.	the notochord has organizer properties and is required for floor plate induction and dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. this activity has been attributed to sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling, which originates in the notochord, forms a gradient, and autoinducesshhexpression in the floor plate. however, reported data are inconsistent and the spatiotemporal development of the relevantshhexpression domains has not been studied in detail. we therefore studied the expression dynamics ofshhin rab ...	2018	29423139
assembly of spindles and asters in xenopus egg extracts.	here, we provide methods for assembly of mitotic spindles and interphase asters in xenopus laevis egg extract, and compare them to spindles and asters in the egg and zygote. classic "cycled" spindles are made by adding sperm nuclei to metaphase-arrested cytostatic factor (csf) extract and inducing entry into interphase extract to promote nucleus formation and dna replication. interphase nuclei are then converted to cycled spindles arrested in metaphase by addition of csf extract. kinetochores as ...	2018	29437996
fluorescence in situ hybridization of cryosectioned xenopus oocytes.	xenopus laevis oocytes are widely used to study mechanisms of rna function and biogenesis. while the large size of xenopus oocytes is amenable to both biochemical and imaging approaches, the relative opacity of the yolk-rich cytoplasm has limited high-resolution imaging of endogenous rnas. here, we present a protocol that combines multi-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization with cryosectioning to provide a highly sensitive means of imaging endogenous oocyte rnas.	2018	29437997
preparation of cellular extracts from xenopus eggs and embryos.	cell-free cytoplasmic extracts prepared from xenopus eggs have been used extensively to recapitulate and characterize intracellular events in vitro. egg extracts can be induced to transit the cell cycle and reconstitute assembly of dynamic structures including the interphase nucleus and the mitotic spindle. in this protocol, methods are described for preparing crude cytoplasmic extracts from xenopus eggs and embryos that are arrested in metaphase of the cell cycle. the basic protocol uses unfert ...	2018	29437998
isolation and demembranation of xenopus sperm nuclei.	the inherent experimental advantages of intact amphibian eggs have been exploited for several decades to advance our understanding of fundamental developmental processes and the cell cycle. characterization of these processes at the molecular level has been greatly advanced by the use of cell-free extracts, which permit the development of biochemically tractable approaches. demembranated xenopus laevis sperm nuclei have been used with cell-free extracts to recapitulate cell cycle progression and ...	2018	29438000
amphibian zic genes.	studies in xenopus laevis have greatly contributed to understanding the roles that the zic family of zinc finger transcription factors play as essential drivers of early development. explant systems that are not readily available in other organisms give xenopus embryos a unique place in these studies, facilitated by the recent sequencing of the xenopus laevis genome. a number of upstream regulators of zic gene expression have been identified, such as inhibition of bmp signaling, as well as calci ...	2018	29442320
primordial germ cell transplantation for crispr/cas9-based leapfrogging in xenopus.	the creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. crispr/cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the african clawed frog, xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with crispr/cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. to facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking ...	2018	29443056
tissue stiffening coordinates morphogenesis by triggering collective cell migration in vivo.	collective cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, tissue remodelling and cancer invasion. in vivo, groups of cells move in an orchestrated way through tissues. this movement involves mechanical as well as molecular interactions between cells and their environment. while the role of molecular signals in collective cell migration is comparatively well understood, how tissue mechanics influence collective cell migration in vivo remains unknown. here we investigated the importance of mechani ...	2018	29443958
invasive african clawed frogs in california: a reservoir for or predator against the chytrid fungus?	amphibian species are experiencing population declines due to infection by the fungal pathogen, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis), an asymptomatic carrier of bd, has been implicated in the spread of this pathogen through global trade and established invasive populations on several continents. however, research has not explored the relationships of both life stages of this amphibian with bd. while the post-metamorphic individuals may act as a reservoir, ...	2018	29444096
dicer inactivation stimulates limb regeneration ability in xenopus laevis.	the ontogenetic decline of regeneration capacity in the anuran amphibian xenopus makes it an excellent model for regeneration studies. however, the cause of the regeneration ability decline is not fully understood. micrornas regulate animal development and have been indicated in various regeneration situations. however, little is known about the role of micrornas during limb regeneration in xenopus. this study investigates the effect of dicer, an enzyme responsible for microrna maturation, on li ...	2018	29453851
expression of the adhesion g protein-coupled receptor a2 (adgra2) during xenopus laevis development.	the adhesion g protein-coupled receptor a2 (adgra2) is a seven transmembrane receptor that has been described to be a regulator for angiogenesis in mice. furthermore, the zebrafish ouchless mutant is unable to develop dorsal root ganglia through a disrupted trafficking of adgra2. besides rna sequencing data, nothing is reported about adgra2 in the south african crawled frog xenopus laevis. in this study, we investigated for the first time the spatio-temporal expression of adgra2 during early xen ...	2018	29462671
xenopus: an alternative model system for identifying muco-active agents.	the airway epithelium in human plays a central role as the first line of defense against environmental contaminants. most respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), asthma, and respiratory infections, disturb normal muco-ciliary functions by stimulating the hypersecretion of mucus. several muco-active agents have been used to treat hypersecretion symptoms in patients. current muco-active reagents control mucus secretion by modulating either airway inflammation, ch ...	2018	29470529
endoplasmic reticulum network formation with xenopus egg extracts.	the endoplasmic reticulum (er) consists of morphologically distinct domains, including a polygonal network of tubules that is connected by three-way junctions. this network is found in all eukaryotic cells. extracts from xenopus laevis eggs contain stockpiles of components that allow the assembly of an er network in vitro. here we provide protocols for assembly of er networks in extracts that are arrested at different stages of the cell cycle. unfertilized xenopus laevis eggs contain a cytostati ...	2019	29475993
centromere and kinetochore assembly in xenopus laevis egg extract.	during cell division, chromosomes must be equally segregated to daughter cells. centromeres, the primary interaction site between chromosomes and microtubules, mediate faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. functional studies of centromere proteins in cells have proven difficult, as mutation or deletion of most centromeric proteins often results in cell lethality. in this protocol, sperm chromatin or reconstituted chromatin arrays, together with xenopus laevis egg extracts, are used to ...	2018	29475995
chemical screening using cell-freexenopusegg extract.	most drug screening methods use purified proteins, cultured cells, and/or small model organisms such asxenopus, zebrafish, flies, or nematodes. these systems have proven successes in drug discovery, but they also have weaknesses. although purified cellular components allow for identification of compounds with activity against specific targets, such systems lack the complex biological interactions present in cellular and organismal screens. in vivo systems overcome these weaknesses, but the lack ...	2018	29475996
robustly cycling xenopus laevis cell-free extracts in teflon chambers.	a central advantage of studying xenopus laevis is the manipulability of its cell-free extracts, which perform the cell cycle in vitro. however, these extracts are known to be experimentally temperamental and will often complete at most one or two cycles. over the course of developing systems for imaging cell cycle events in extracts in real time, we unexpectedly found that when standard xenopus extracts are placed in teflon tubes, they cycle extremely robustly; in one series of experiments, over ...	2018	29475997
chromatin characterization in xenopus laevis cell-free egg extracts and embryos.	xenopus laevis development is marked by accelerated cell division solely supported by the proteins maternally deposited in the egg. oocytes mature to eggs with concomitant transcriptional silencing. the unique maternal chromatin state contributing to this silencing and subsequent zygotic activation is likely established by histone posttranslational modifications and histone variants. therefore, tools for understanding the nature and function of maternal and embryonic histones are essential to de ...	2019	29475998
a novel rhodopsin phosphodiesterase from salpingoeca rosetta shows light-enhanced substrate affinity.	it is since many years textbook knowledge that the concentration of the second messenger cgmp is regulated in animal rod and cone cells by type ii rhodopsins via a g-protein signaling cascade. microbial rhodopsins with enzymatic activity for regulation of cgmp concentration were only recently discovered: in 2014 light-activated guanylyl-cyclase opsins in fungi and in 2017 a novel rhodopsin phosphodiesterase (rhopde) in the protist salpingoeca rosetta (srrhopde). the light regulation of srrhopde, ...	2018	29483295
hydrolytic activity of human nudt16 enzyme on dinucleotide cap analogs and short capped oligonucleotides.	human nudt16 (hnudt16) is a member of the nudix family of hydrolases, comprising enzymes catabolizing various substrates including canonical (d)ntps, oxidized (d)ntps, nonnucleoside polyphosphates, and capped mrnas. decapping activity of the xenopus laevis (x29) nudt16 homolog was observed in the nucleolus, with a high specificity toward u8 snorna. subsequent studies have reported cytoplasmic localization of mammalian nudt16 with cap hydrolysis activity initiating rna turnover, similar to dcp2. ...	2018	29483298
fam60al as a novel factor involved in reprogramming of somatic cell nuclear transfer in zebrafish (danio rerio).	the main reason for abnormal development of cloned animals or embryos, and inefficient animal cloning, is a poor understanding of the reprogramming mechanism. to better comprehend reprogramming and subsequent generation of pluripotent stem cells, we must investigate factors related to reprogramming of somatic cells as nuclear donors. as we know,fam60al(family with sequence similarity 60, member a, like) is a coding gene only found in zebrafish and frog (xenopus laevis) among vertebrates. however ...	2018	29483827
molecular and functional characterization of the gulf toadfish serotonin transporter (sert; slc6a4).	the serotonin transporter (sert) functions in the uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-ht) from the extracellular milieu and is the molecular target of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris), a common group of antidepressants. the current study comprehensively assesses the sequence, tissue distribution, transport kinetics, and physiological function of a teleost sert. the 2,022-bp toadfish sert sequence encodes a protein of 673 amino acids, which shows 83% similarity to zebra ...	2018	29487159
plasma kallikrein activates the epithelial sodium channel in vitro but is not essential for volume retention in nephrotic mice.	recent work has demonstrated that activation of the epithelial sodium channel (enac) by aberrantly filtered serine proteases causes sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. the aim of this study was to elucidate a potential role of plasma kallikrein (pklk) as a candidate serine protease in this context.	2018	29489063
a nurd complex from xenopus laevis eggs is essential for dna replication during early embryogenesis.	dna replication in the embryo of xenopus laevis changes dramatically at the mid-blastula transition (mbt), with y rna-independent random initiation switching to y rna-dependent initiation at specific origins. here, we identify xnurd, an mta2-containing assemblage of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex nurd, as an essential factor in pre-mbt xenopus embryos that overcomes a functional requirement for y rnas during dna replication. human nurd complexes have a different subu ...	2018	29490265
identification of circular rnas and their alterations involved in developing male xenopus laevis chronically exposed to atrazine.	atrazine (az) is an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical which can affect the development of amphibians. in our past studies, we demonstrated that chronical exposure to 100 μg/l az can cause abnormalities in development and related genes expression of gonads in developing male xenopus laevis (x. laevis) tadpoles. recent studies by others have demonstrated that circular rnas (circrnas) are implicated in multiple developmental anomalies. however, whether circrnas involve in the effects in a ...	2018	29494910
whole-mount in situ hybridization of xenopus oocytes.	whole-mount in situ hybridization (wmish) is a common approach that is used to visualize spatial and temporal gene expression in embryos. in this process, digoxygenin-labeled antisense rna is hybridized to the complementary transcript of interest and rna hybrids are immunohistochemically detected using an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody against digoxigenin. during xenopus laevis oogenesis, certain rnas localize to the animal or vegetal pole laying the foundation for germ cell developmen ...	2018	29496817
booting up the organism during development: pre-behavioral functions of the vertebrate brain in guiding body morphogenesis.	a recent study in xenopus laevis embryos showed that the very early brain has important functions long before behavior. while the nascent brain is being constructed, it is required for normal patterning of the muscle and peripheral nerve networks, including those far away from the head. in addition to providing important developmental signals to remote tissues in normal embryogenesis, its presence is also able to render harmless exposure to specific chemicals that normally act as teratogens. the ...	2018	29497473
morphological and transcriptomic analyses reveal three discrete primary stages of postembryonic development in the common fire salamander, salamandra salamandra.	the postembryonic development of amphibians has been characterized as divided into three predominant periods, hereafter named primary developmental stages: premetamorphosis (prem), prometamorphosis (prom), metamorphic climax (meta), and completion of metamorphosis (postm), largely based on examination of anuran development. here, we categorized the postembryonic development of larvae of a poisonous fire salamander (salamandra salamandra) by integrating morphology and gene expression (transcripto ...	2018	29504232
evaluation of the toxic effects of celecoxib on xenopus embryo development.	celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 and is prescribed for severe pain and inflammation. the excellent therapeutic effects of celecoxib mean that it is frequently used clinically, including for women of child-bearing age. however, the prenatal effects of this compound have not been studied extensively in vertebrates. the present study examined the developmental toxicity of celecoxib using a frog embryo teratogenic assay-xenopus (fetax). i ...	2018	29505793
occurrence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in anurans of the mediterranean region of baja california, méxico.	chytridiomycosis is caused by the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) and is regarded as one of the most significant threats to global amphibian populations. in méxico, bd was first reported in 2003 and has now been documented in 13 states. we visited 33 localities and swabbed 199 wild-caught anurans from 7 species (5 native, 2 exotic) across the mediterranean region of the state of baja california. using quantitative pcr, bd was detected in 94 individuals (47.2% of samples) at 2 ...	2018	29516858
investigation of higher-order rna g-quadruplex structures in vitro and in living cells by 19f nmr spectroscopy.	growing evidence indicates that rna g-quadruplexes have important roles in various processes such as transcription, translation, regulation of telomere length, and formation of telomeric heterochromatin. investigation of rna g-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understanding the functions of these rna molecules. we recently demonstrated that the sensitivity and simplicity of 19f nmr can be used to directly observe higher-order telomeric g-quadruplex ...	2018	29517770
c8orf46 homolog encodes a novel protein vexin that is required for neurogenesis in xenopus laevis.	neural basic helix-loop helix (bhlh) transcription factors promote progenitor cell differentiation by activation of downstream target genes that coordinate neuronal differentiation. here we characterize a neural bhlh target gene in xenopus laevis, vexin (vxn; previously sbt1), that is homologous to human c8orf46 and is conserved across vertebrate species. c8orf46 has been implicated in cancer progression, but its function is unknown. vxn is transiently expressed in differentiating progenitors in ...	2018	29518376
transcriptome analysis identifies genes involved in sex determination and development of xenopus laevis gonads.	development of the gonads is a complex process, which starts with a period of undifferentiated, bipotential gonads. during this period the expression of sex-determining genes is initiated. sex determination is a process triggering differentiation of the gonads into the testis or ovary. sex determination period is followed by sexual differentiation, i.e. appearance of the first testis- and ovary-specific features. in xenopus laevis w-linked dm-domain gene (dm-w) had been described as a master det ...	2018	29518581
frog's dcs have it all in one.	although the amphibian xenopus laevis produces antibodies as diversified as those from mammals in the primary repertoire, antibody affinity maturation after immunization is relatively poor and has been associated with a poor b cell selection of aid-mediated hypermutations and lack of germinal centers in the spleen, the only secondary lymphoid organ of this amphibian. in this issue of the european journal of immunology, neely et al., [eur. j. immunol. 2018. 48: 430-440] have unveiled the role of ...	2018	29522243
characterization of pax3 and sox10 transgenic xenopus laevis embryos as tools to study neural crest development.	the neural crest is a multipotent population of cells that originates a variety of cell types. many animal models are used to study neural crest induction, migration and differentiation, with amphibians and birds being the most widely used systems. a major technological advance to study neural crest development in mouse, chick and zebrafish has been the generation of transgenic animals in which neural crest specific enhancers/promoters drive the expression of either fluorescent proteins for use ...	2018	29522707
pitx1 regulates cement gland development in xenopus laevis through activation of transcriptional targets and inhibition of bmp signaling.	the cement gland in xenopus laevis has long been used as a model to study the interplay of cell signaling and transcription factors during embryogenesis. it has been shown that an intermediate level of bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signaling is essential for cement gland formation. in addition, several transcription factors have been linked to cement gland development. one of these, the homeodomain-containing protein pitx1, can generate ectopic cement gland formation; however, the mechanisms ...	2018	29530451
lithobates catesbeianus (american bullfrog) oocytes: a novel heterologous expression system for aquaporins.	xenopus laevis oocytes are a valuable tool for investigating the function of membrane proteins. however, regulations around the world, specifically in brazil, render the import of xenopus laevis frogs impractical, and, in some cases, impossible. here, as an alternative, we evaluate the usefulness of the north american aquatic bullfrog lithobates catesebeianus, which is commercially available in brazil, for the heterologous expression of aquaporin (aqp) proteins. we have developed a method that c ...	2018	29530931
large, long range tensile forces drive convergence during xenopus blastopore closure and body axis elongation.	indirect evidence suggests that blastopore closure during gastrulation of anamniotes, including amphibians such as xenopus laevis, depends on circumblastoporal convergence forces generated by the marginal zone (mz), but direct evidence is lacking. we show that explanted mzs generate tensile convergence forces up to 1.5 μn during gastrulation and over 4 μn thereafter. these forces are generated by convergent thickening (ct) until the midgastrula and increasingly by convergent extension (ce) there ...	2018	29533180
musashi and plasticity of xenopus and axolotl spinal cord ependymal cells.	the differentiated state of spinal cord ependymal cells in regeneration-competent amphibians varies between a constitutively active state in what is essentially a developing organism, the tadpole of the frog xenopus laevis, and a quiescent, activatable state in a slowly growing adult salamander ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl. ependymal cells are epithelial in intact spinal cord of all vertebrates. after transection, body region ependymal epithelium in both xenopus and the axolotl disorganizes ...	2018	29535610
effects of transportation, transport medium and re-housing on xenopus laevis (daudin).	understanding the immediate and longer-term effects of transportation and re-housing in a laboratory species is crucial in order to refine the transfer process, enable the optimal introduction of new animals to a novel environment and to provide a sufficient acclimatisation period before usage. whilst consideration of animal welfare in most model vertebrate species has received attention, little quantitative evidence exists for the optimal care of the common laboratory amphibian xenopus laevis. ...	2018	29545087
satb1 downregulation induced by oxidative stress participates in trophoblast invasion by regulating β-catenin.	preeclampsia (pe) is characterized by abnormal placentation in the early stages of pregnancy. adequate migration and invasion of trophoblasts into the uterine wall and spiral arteries to form a functional maternal-fetal interface are pivotal for normal placentation, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. growing evidence has revealed that special at-rich sequence binding protein 1 (binds to nuclear matrix/scaffold-associating dna) (satb1) is a tumor promoter that participates in cancer cell mi ...	2018	29546272