| map kinase kinase 1 (mkk1) is essential for transmission of trypanosoma brucei by glossina morsitans. | map kinase kinase 1 (mkk1) is encoded by a single copy gene in trypanosoma brucei. it has been shown recently that mkk1 is not essential for bloodstream forms [14]. to investigate the requirement for mkk1 in other life-cycle stages we generated null mutants in procyclic forms of a fly-transmissible strain. these grew normally in culture and were able to establish midgut infections in tsetse at normal rates and intensities, but were incapable of colonising the salivary glands. transformation of n ... | 2012 | 22985893 |
| an atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan. | after a long period of neglect, initiatives are being implemented in sudan to control tsetse and trypanosomosis. their planning, execution and monitoring require reliable information on the geographic distribution of the disease and its vectors. however, geo-referenced and harmonized data at the national level are lacking, despite the fact that a number of epidemiological studies were conducted over the years. the atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan tries to fill this gap. | 2016 | 27056678 |
| the influence of sex and fly species on the development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies. | unlike other dipteran disease vectors, tsetse flies of both sexes feed on blood and transmit pathogenic african trypanosomes. during transmission, trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex cycle of proliferation and development inside the tsetse vector, culminating in production of infective forms in the saliva. the insect manifests robust immune defences throughout the alimentary tract, which eliminate many trypanosome infections. previous work has shown that fly sex influences susceptibility to t ... | 2012 | 22348165 |
| molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ... | 2016 | 27216812 |
| the cyclical development of trypanosoma vivax in the tsetse fly involves an asymmetric division. | trypanosoma vivax is the most prevalent trypanosome species in african cattle. it is thought to be transmitted by tsetse flies after cyclical development restricted to the vector mouthparts. here, we investigated the kinetics of t. vivax development in glossina morsitans morsitans by serial dissections over 1 week to reveal differentiation and proliferation stages. after 3 days, stable numbers of attached epimastigotes were seen proliferating by symmetric division in the cibarium and proboscis, ... | 2016 | 27734008 |
| "wigglesworthia morsitans" folate (vitamin b9) biosynthesis contributes to tsetse host fitness. | closely related ancient endosymbionts may retain minor genomic distinctions through evolutionary time, yet the biological relevance of these small pockets of unique loci remains unknown. the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), the sole vector of lethal african trypanosomes (trypanosoma spp.), maintains an ancient and obligate mutualism with species belonging to the gammaproteobacterium wigglesworthia. extensive concordant evolution with associated wigglesworthia species has occurred through tsets ... | 2015 | 26025907 |
| responses of glossina pallidipes and glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies to analogues of δ-octalactone and selected blends. | previous studies have shown that δ-octalactone is an important component of the tsetse-refractory waterbuck (kobus defassa) repellent odour blend. in the present study, structure-activity comparison was undertaken to determine the effects of the length of the side chain and ring size of the lactone on adult glossina pallidipes and glossina morsitans morsitans. the responses of the flies to each compound were studied in a two-choice wind tunnel. increasing the chain length from c3 (δ-octalactone) ... | 2016 | 27143219 |
| exposure of insect cells to ionising radiation in vivo induces persistent phosphorylation of a h2ax homologue (h2avb). | the response of eukaryotic cells to ionising radiation (ir)-induced double-strand dna breaks is highly conserved and involves a dna repair mechanism characterised by the early phosphorylation of histone protein h2ax (producing the active form γh2ax). although the expression of an induced γh2ax variant has been detected in drosophila melanogaster, the expression and radiation response of a γh2ax homologue has not been reported in economically important fruit flies. we use bactrocera tryoni (dipte ... | 2013 | 23793612 |
| comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in tanzania. | this study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in 28 sites across tanzania. the traps used were biconical, h, ngu, nzi, pyramidal, s3, mobile, and sticky panels. stationary traps were deployed at a distance of 200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. the results showed that 117 (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one glossina species. a total of five glossina species were captured, namely glossina brevipalpis, glossina pallidipes, glossi ... | 2016 | 27380654 |
| molecular characterization of a short neuropeptide f signaling system in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | neuropeptides of the short neuropeptide f (snpf) family are widespread among arthropods and found in every sequenced insect genome so far. functional studies have mainly focused on the regulatory role of snpf in feeding behavior, although this neuropeptide family has pleiotropic effects including in the control of locomotion, osmotic homeostasis, sleep, learning and memory. here, we set out to characterize and determine possible roles of snpf signaling in the haematophagous tsetse fly glossina m ... | 2016 | 27288635 |
| characterization and pharmacological analysis of two adipokinetic hormone receptor variants of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | adipokinetic hormones (akh) are well known regulators of energy metabolism in insects. these neuropeptides are produced in the corpora cardiaca and perform their hormonal function by interacting with specific g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) at the cell membranes of target tissues, mainly the fat body. here, we investigated the sequences, spatial and temporal distributions, and pharmacology of akh neuropeptides and receptors in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. the open reading fr ... | 2016 | 26690928 |
| peptidomics of neuropeptidergic tissues of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | neuropeptides and peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules that regulate nearly all physiological processes. the recent release of the tsetse fly genome allowed the construction of a detailed in silico neuropeptide database (international glossina genome consortium, science 344, 380-386 (2014)), as well as an in-depth mass spectrometric analysis of the most important neuropeptidergic tissues of this medically and economically important insect species. mass spectrometric confirmation of ... | 2015 | 26463237 |
| an immunoregulatory peptide from tsetse fly salivary glands of glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans is an important insect vector of african trypanosomes, which cause human african trypanosomiasis (hat). as other hematophagous arthropods, tsetse fly relies heavily on the pharmacological propriety of their saliva to suppress host's immune reactions and get blood meal. however little information is available on immune regulators from testes fly. an immunoregulatory peptide named gloss 2 containing amino acid sequence of qkndtafschffeiyl sncfnkekyiknylqim h ... | 2015 | 26342879 |
| impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in eastern zambia. | fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. the impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. this study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and african animal trypanosomosis (aat) risk. | 2015 | 26238201 |
| microbiome frequency and their association with trypanosome infection in male glossina morsitans centralis of western zambia. | tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are considered primary cyclical vectors that transmit pathogenic trypanosomes in africa. they harbour a variety of microbes including wolbachia, sodalis and the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (sghv) which are all vertically transmitted. knowledge on tsetse microbiome and their interactions may identify novel strategies for tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control. area-wide application of such strategies requires an understanding of the natural microbiome freq ... | 2015 | 25983231 |
| repellency of tsetse-refractory waterbuck (kobus defassa) body odour to glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae): assessment of relative contribution of different classes and individual constituents. | our earlier studies on the comparative behavioural responses of caged savanna tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) on a preferred host (ox) and a non-host (waterbuck) suggested the presence of allomonal constituents on the latter. follow up comparison of the compositions of odours of waterbuck with those of ox and buffalo led to the identification of a series of compounds (15) specific to waterbuck, including straight chain carboxylic acid (c5-c10), phenols (guaiacol and ... | 2015 | 25746973 |
| development of real time pcr to study experimental mixed infections of t. congolense savannah and t. b. brucei in glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse flies are able to acquire mixed infections naturally or experimentally either simultaneously or sequentially. traditionally, natural infection rates in tsetse flies are estimated by microscopic examination of different parts of the fly after dissection, together with the isolation of the parasite in vivo. however, until the advent of molecular techniques it was difficult to speciate trypanosomes infections and to quantify trypanosome numbers within tsetse flies. although more expensive, q ... | 2015 | 25738803 |
| an improved temporal formulation of pupal transpiration in glossina. | the temporal aspect of a model of pupal dehydration is improved upon. the observed dependence of pupal transpiration on time is attributed to an alternation between two, essential modes, for which the deposition of a thin, pupal skin inside the puparium and its subsequent demise are thought to be responsible. for each mode of transpiration, the results of the bursell investigation into pupal dehydration are used as a rudimentary data set. these data are generalised to all temperatures and humidi ... | 2015 | 25676558 |
| thermal effect of blood feeding in the telmophagous fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | during feeding on warm-blooded hosts, haematophagous insects are exposed to thermal stress due to the ingestion of a meal which temperature may highly exceed their own body temperature. in order to avoid overheating and its subsequent deleterious effects, these insects respond by setting up molecular protective mechanisms such as heat shock proteins synthesis or by using thermoregulative strategies. moreover, the duration of contact with the host depends on the way of feeding displayed by the di ... | 2015 | 25660629 |
| serological responses and biomarker evaluation in mice and pigs exposed to tsetse fly bites. | tsetse flies are obligate blood-feeding insects that transmit african trypanosomes responsible for human sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock. the tsetse salivary proteome contains a highly immunogenic family of the endonuclease-like tsal proteins. in this study, a recombinant version of tsal1 (rtsal1) was evaluated in an indirect elisa to quantify the contact with total glossina morsitans morsitans saliva, and thus the tsetse fly bite exposure. | 2014 | 24853371 |
| the homeodomain protein ladybird late regulates synthesis of milk proteins during pregnancy in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans). | regulation of tissue and development specific gene expression patterns underlies the functional specialization of organs in multi-cellular organisms. in the viviparous tsetse fly (glossina), the female accessory gland is specialized to generate nutrients in the form of a milk-like secretion to support growth of intrauterine larva. multiple milk protein genes are expressed specifically in the female accessory gland and are tightly linked with larval development. disruption of milk protein synthes ... | 2014 | 24763082 |
| evolution and structural analyses of glossina morsitans (diptera; glossinidae) tetraspanins. | tetraspanins are important conserved integral membrane proteins expressed in many organisms. although there is limited knowledge about the full repertoire, evolution and structural characteristics of individual members in various organisms, data obtained so far show that tetraspanins play major roles in membrane biology, visual processing, memory, olfactory signal processing, and mechanosensory antennal inputs. thus, these proteins are potential targets for control of insect pests. here, we repo ... | 2014 | 26462947 |
| a neglected aspect of the epidemiology of sleeping sickness: the propensity of the tsetse fly vector to enter houses. | when taking a bloodmeal from humans, tsetse flies can transmit the trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness, or human african trypanosomiasis. while it is commonly assumed that humans must enter the normal woodland habitat of the tsetse in order to have much chance of contacting the flies, recent studies suggested that important contact can occur due to tsetse entering buildings. hence, we need to know more about tsetse in buildings, and to understand why, when and how they enter such plac ... | 2013 | 23469309 |
| where, when and why do tsetse contact humans? answers from studies in a national park of zimbabwe. | sleeping sickness, also called human african trypanosomiasis, is transmitted by the tsetse, a blood-sucking fly confined to sub-saharan africa. the form of the disease in west and central africa is carried mainly by species of tsetse that inhabit riverine woodland and feed avidly on humans. in contrast, the vectors for the east and southern african form of the disease are usually savannah species that feed mostly on wild and domestic animals and bite humans infrequently, mainly because the odour ... | 2012 | 22953013 |
| unusual polymethyl alkenes in tsetse flies acting as abstinon inglossina morsitans. | the major alkene of the male tsetse fly,glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated for characterization by thin-layer and gas chromatography (gc). the mass spectra of the alkene and the alkene dmds derivative indicated one isomer, 19,23-dimethyltritriacont-1-ene. the material is present at 1-2μg/male fly and is partially transferred to the female preparatory to or during mating. a dose-dependent antiaphrodisiac effect was seen with exposed male flies using the isolated natural product, with 2 an ... | 1991 | 24258725 |
| synthesis of diastereomeric mixture of 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane, contact sex pheromone of tsetse fly,glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. | a nine-step synthesis is described for a diastereomeric mixture of 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane, a contact sex pheromone ofglossina morsitans morsitans westwood. the compound has been synthesized by means of double alkylation of diethyl 3-oxoglutarate (deog) with 3-methyl-2-heptadecenyl methanesulfonate, which was readily prepared from 1-hexadecene, as the key step. | 1986 | 24306402 |
| abstinons : male-produced deterrents of mating in flies. | glossina morsitans morsitans westwood andmusca domestica linne have an efficient strategy for preventing wasteful homosexual activity in males: hexane-soluble substances on the cuticle of the male flies terminate courting by other males on contact. the inhibitory activity of these materials is demonstrated by the abstention of males from mating with females treated with male extract. | 1981 | 24420474 |
| the performance of crosses between wild and laboratory-bred glossina morsitans orientalis vanderplank. | | 1970 | 22894850 |
| the wing venation patterns to identify single tsetse flies. | this is the first study to explore the potential of various geometric morphometrics methods to help the morphological diagnostic of tsetse species, vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases in sub-saharan africa. we compared landmarks, semilandmarks and outlines techniques on male and female samples of species, and suggested adapted strategies according to the countries and their own glossina fauna. we could compare up to 7 taxa belonging to the three main subgenera of the glossina genus: nemo ... | 2017 | 27765637 |
| characterization of a neuropeptide f receptor in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | neuropeptides related to mammalian neuropeptide y (npy) and insect neuropeptide f (npf) are conserved throughout metazoa and intimately involved in a wide range of biological processes. in insects npf is involved in regulating feeding, learning, stress and reproductive behavior. here we identified and characterized an npf receptor of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, the sole transmitter of trypanosoma parasites causing sleeping sickness. we isolated cdna sequences encoding tsetse np ... | 2016 | 27677695 |
| structural characterization of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster in calyptratae (diptera: schizophora) and its implications for molecular phylogenetic analyses. | the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the eukaryotic ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster plays an essential role in processing of the ribosomal rna, which is primarily accomplished by the secondary structures acquired by the molecule after transcription. two possible structural conformation models have been proposed for the its2 region, the "ring model" and the "hairpin model," and the former has been widely used in many molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating structural information availab ... | 2013 | 23420176 |
| host-seeking efficiency can explain population dynamics of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans in response to host density decline. | females of all blood-feeding arthropod vectors must find and feed on a host in order to produce offspring. for tsetse-vectors of the trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomiasis-the problem is more extreme, since both sexes feed solely on blood. host location is thus essential both for survival and reproduction. host population density should therefore be an important driver of population dynamics for haematophagous insects, and particularly for tsetse, but the role of host d ... | 2017 | 28672001 |
| polymerase chain reaction identification of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in wild tsetse flies from nkhotakota wildlife reserve, malawi. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human african trypanosomiasis. identification of t. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. for the first time in malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in ... | 2017 | 28567189 |
| comparative genomics of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to reveal gene orthologs involved in infection by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. | blood-feeding glossina palpalis gambiense (gpg) fly transmits the single-celled eukaryotic parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), the second glossina fly african trypanosome pair being glossina morsitans/t.brucei rhodesiense. whatever the t. brucei subspecies, whereas the onset of their developmental program in the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding flies does unfold in the fly midgut, its completion is taking place in the fly salivary gland where does emerge a low size metacyclic trypomasti ... | 2017 | 28421044 |
| remarkable richness of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) from the gorongosa national park and niassa national reserve of mozambique revealed by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb). | trypanosomes of african wild ungulates transmitted by tsetse flies can cause human and livestock diseases. however, trypanosome diversity in wild tsetse flies remains greatly underestimated. we employed fflb (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) for surveys of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (3086) from the gorongosa national park (gnp) and niassa national reserve (nnr) in mozambique (mz), identified as glossina morsitans morsitans (gnp/nnr=77.6%/90.5%) and glossina pallidipes (22.4%/9.5%). trypa ... | 2017 | 28688979 |
| tsetse fly (glossina pallidipes) midgut responses to trypanosoma brucei challenge. | tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the prominent vector of african trypanosome parasites (trypanosoma spp.) in sub-saharan africa, and glossina pallidipes is the most widely distributed species in kenya. this species displays strong resistance to infection by parasites, which are typically eliminated in the midgut shortly after acquisition from the mammalian host. although extensive molecular information on immunity for the related species glossina morsitans morsitans exists, similar information i ... | 2017 | 29258576 |
| hsp70/j-protein machinery from glossina morsitans morsitans, vector of african trypanosomiasis. | tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the sole vectors of the protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma, the causative agents of african trypanosomiasis. species of glossina differ in vector competence and glossina morsitans morsitans is associated with transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes an acute and often fatal form of african trypanosomiasis. heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play critical roles in proteostasis. the activity of heat shock pr ... | 2017 | 28902917 |
| a pilot study to delimit tsetse target populations in zimbabwe. | tsetse (glossina sensu stricto) are cyclical vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses, that are presently targeted by the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec) coordinated by the african union. in order to achieve effective control of tsetse, there is need to produce elaborate plans to guide intervention programmes. a model intended to aid in the planning of intervention programmes and assist a fuller understanding of tsetse distribution was applied, in a pilot s ... | 2017 | 28467409 |
| uncovering genomic regions associated with trypanosoma infections in wild populations of the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes. | vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than one million deaths every year but genomic resources for most species responsible for their transmission are limited. this is true for neglected diseases such as sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis), a disease caused by trypanosoma parasites vectored by several species of tseste flies within the genus glossina we describe an integrative approach that identifies statistical associations between trypanosome infection status of glossin ... | 2018 | 29343494 |
| comparative genomics identifies male accessory gland proteins in five glossina species. | accessory gland proteins (acps) are important reproductive proteins produced by the male accessory glands (mags) of most insect species. these proteins are essential for male insect fertility, and are transferred alongside semen to females during copulation. acps are poorly characterized in glossina species (tsetse fly), the principal vector of the parasite that causes life-threatening human african trypanosomiasis and animal trypanosomiasis in endemic regions in africa. the tsetse fly has a pec ... | 2017 | 29260004 |