| molecular characterization of the full-length genome of the japanese encephalitis viral strain k87p39. | we have determined the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) strain k87p39, isolated from a pool of circulating culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in korea. in comparison with 27 fully sequenced jev genomes currently available, we found that the 10968-nucleotide rna genome of k87p39 has a nine-nucleotide deletion in the 3' nontranslated variable region and that its single open reading frame has a total of eight amino acid substitutions. the ... | 2003 | 12951273 |
| factors influencing transmission of japanese b encephalitis virus by a colonized strain of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, from infected pigs and chicks to susceptible pigs and birds. | | 1958 | 13559585 |
| bioinformatic analysis suggests that the orbivirus vp6 cistron encodes an overlapping gene. | the genus orbivirus includes several species that infect livestock - including bluetongue virus (btv) and african horse sickness virus (ahsv). these viruses have linear dsrna genomes divided into ten segments, all of which have previously been assumed to be monocistronic. | 2008 | 18489030 |
| ecologic studies of japanese encephalitis virus in japan. iii. mosquito factors. zootropism and vertical flight of culex tritaeniorhynchus with observations on variations in collections from animal-baited traps in different habitats. | | 1959 | 14442650 |
| the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan. | the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies. | 2008 | 18538036 |
| bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by akabane virus in southern japan. | akabane virus is a member of the genus orthobunyavirus in the family bunyaviridae. it is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. the virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. on the other hand, it is reported that the virus rar ... | 2008 | 18554406 |
| temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens mosquitoes. | the distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. west nile virus (wnv) was introduced into the united states of america in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the americas. previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of wnv, wn02, first detected in 2001, spread across the us and was more efficient than the introduced gen ... | 2008 | 18584026 |
| sudden autumnal appearance of adult culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) at a park in urban tokyo: first field evidence for prediapause migration. | during autumn, a large number of adult culex tritaeniorhynchus giles suddenly appeared at a park in urban tokyo. a total of 14,069 females and 2,802 males were collected at rest by sweeping from april to november 2007, of which 99.8% of the females were collected from late september to november. the appearance of a large number of cx. tritaeniorhynchus started on 22 september, peaked at 1,062 per collection/hr on 13 october, and gradually decreased by the end of november. a total of 565 females ... | 2008 | 18714859 |
| characterization of two mosquito stats, aastat and ctstat. differential regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and dna binding activity by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by japanese encephalitis virus infection. | two mosquito stats, aastat and ctstat, have been cloned from aedes albopictus and culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, respectively. these two stats are more similar to those of drosophila, anopheles, and mammalian stat5 in the dna binding and src homology 2 domains. the mrna transcripts are expressed at all developmental stages, and the proteins are present predominantly at the pupal and adult stages in both mosquitoes. stimulation with lipopolysaccharide resulted in an increase of tyrosine phos ... | 2004 | 14607839 |
| alexander the great and west nile virus encephalitis. | alexander the great died in babylon in 323 bc. his death at age 32 followed a 2-week febrile illness. speculated causes of death have included poisoning; assassination, and a number of infectious diseases. one incident, mentioned by plutarch but not considered by previous investigators, may shed light on the cause of alexander's death. the incident, which occurred as he entered babylon, involved a flock of ravens exhibiting unusual behavior and subsequently dying at his feet. the inexplicable be ... | 2003 | 14725285 |
| host feeding pattern of japanese encephalitis virus vector mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from kuttanadu, kerala, india. | identification of blood meals of vector mosquitoes is an important tool in the epidemiological investigations of vector-borne diseases. the blood meals of three mosquito species involved in the transmission of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) from the kuttanadu area, kerala, were determined using the agarose gel diffusion technique. a total of 4959 blood smears belonging to culex (culex) tritaeniorhynchus giles (3273), cx. (culex) gelidus theobald (64), mansonia (mnd.) indiana edwards (735) ,an ... | 2008 | 18826037 |
| biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by acilius sulcatus (coleoptera: dytiscidae). | problems associated with resistant mosquitoes and the effects on non-target species by chemicals, evoke a reason to find alternative methods to control mosquitoes, like the use of natural predators. in this regard, aquatic coleopterans have been explored less compared to other insect predators. in the present study, an evaluation of the role of the larvae of acilius sulcatus linnaeus 1758 (coleoptera: dytiscidae) as predator of mosquito immatures was made in the laboratory. its efficacy under fi ... | 2008 | 18922168 |
| proposal for japanese encephalitis surveillance using captured invasive mongooses under an eradication project on okinawa island, japan. | a project to eradicate invasive small asian mongooses (herpestes javanicus) is underway to conserve the unique ecosystem of okinawa island, japan. in the present study, we tried to elucidate whether the mongoose is a host of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and to evaluate the reliability of surveillance of japanese encephalitis (je) using this species. culex tritaeniorhynchus, the main vector mosquito of jev, feeds on the mongoose. eighty-five (35.4%) of 240 wild small asian mongooses captured ... | 2009 | 18973439 |
| detection of host virus-reactive antibodies in blood meals of naturally engorged mosquitoes. | although serosurvey in human or animals is a useful and straightforward strategy routinely used for public health, it often faces different types of impediments: ethics, beliefs, limitation by animal owners, hazard of access to wild animals. to survey virus circulation, we applied the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique to detect dengue and japanese encephalitis (je) virus-reactive antibodies in blood meals collected from mosquitoes without regard to the potential of mosquito spe ... | 2008 | 18973442 |
| change in japanese encephalitis virus distribution, thailand. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) genotypes in thailand were studied in pigs and mosquitoes collected near houses of confirmed human jev cases in 2003-2005. twelve jev strains isolated belonged to genotype i, which shows a switch from genotype iii incidence that started during the 1980s. | 2008 | 18976565 |
| serosurveillance for japanese encephalitis, akabane, and aino viruses for thoroughbred horses in korea. | recent global warming trends may have a significant impact on vector-borne viral diseases, possibly affecting vector population dynamics and disease transmission. this study measured levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies against japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and neutralizing antibodies against akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainv) for thoroughbred horses in korea. blood samples were collected from 989 racehorses in several provinces, between october 2005 and march 2007. ... | 2008 | 19043313 |
| ecology and geographical expansion of japanese encephalitis virus. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) (flavivirus: flaviviridae) is a leading cause of encephalitis in eastern and southern asia. the virus is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between ardeid wading birds and/or pigs and culex mosquitoes. the primary mosquito vector of jev is culex tritaeniorhynchus, although species such as cx. gelidus, cx. fuscocephala, and cx. annulirostris are important secondary or regional vectors. control of jev is achieved through human and/or swine vaccination, changes in anim ... | 2009 | 19067628 |
| pesky trachoma suspect finally caught. | face seeking flies have long been thought to transmit chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent of trachoma, but this has never been proven. the four criteria proposed by barnett, previously used to incriminate other arthropods suspected of transmitting disease, were examined. one of these criteria remains unmet: the repeated demonstration of the presence of c trachomatis on flies. the authors used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to look for the presence of c trachomatis dna on flies in the gur ... | 2004 | 15148205 |
| past, present, and future of japanese encephalitis. | japanese encephalitis (je), a vector-borne viral disease, is endemic to large parts of asia and the pacific. an estimated 3 billion people are at risk, and je has recently spread to new territories. vaccination programs, increased living standards, and mechanization of agriculture are key factors in the decline in the incidence of this disease in japan and south korea. however, transmission of je is likely to increase in bangladesh, cambodia, indonesia, laos, myanmar, north korea, and pakistan b ... | 2009 | 19116041 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| ticks associated with macquarie island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera. | macquarie island, a small subantarctic island, is home to rockhopper, royal and king penguins, which are often infested with the globally distributed seabird tick, ixodes uriae. a flavivirus, an orbivirus, a phlebovirus, and a nairovirus were isolated from these ticks and partial sequences obtained. the flavivirus was nearly identical to gadgets gully virus, isolated some 30 year previously, illustrating the remarkable genetic stability of this virus. the nearest relative to the orbivirus (for w ... | 2009 | 19194498 |
| selective and irreversible inhibitors of aphid acetylcholinesterases: steps toward human-safe insecticides. | aphids, among the most destructive insects to world agriculture, are mainly controlled by organophosphate insecticides that disable the catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterase (ache). because these agents also affect vertebrate aches, they are toxic to non-target species including humans and birds. we previously reported that a cysteine residue (cys), found at the ache active site in aphids and other insects but not mammals, might serve as a target for insect-selective pesticides. howev ... | 2009 | 19194505 |
| distribution of arboviruses and mosquitoes in northwestern yunnan province, china. | from july to september in 2005 and 2006, a survey was conducted to identify mosquito species and mosquito-borne arboviruses at elevations ranging from 900-3280 m between 24 degrees 00' n and 29 degrees 00' n latitude in the northwestern part of yunnan province, china. a total of 54,879 mosquitoes representing 15 species and 4 genera was collected using uv light traps at 59 sites. culex tritaeniorhynchus and anopheles sinensis were the most abundant species. the density of mosquitoes as well as t ... | 2009 | 19196130 |
| suppression of rna interference increases alphavirus replication and virus-associated mortality in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can persistently infect and cause limited damage to mosquito vectors. rna interference (rnai) is a mosquito antiviral response important in restricting rna virus replication and has been shown to be active against some arboviruses. the goal of this study was to use a recombinant sindbis virus (sinv; family togaviridae; genus alphavirus) that expresses b2 protein of flock house virus (fhv; family nodaviridae; genus alphanodavirus), a protein that inhibits rna ... | 2009 | 19265532 |
| laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control. | the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol dried leaf, flower, and seed extracts of achyranthes aspera l., anisomeles malabarica (l.) r. br., gloriosa superba l., psidium guajava l., ricinus communis l., and solanum trilobatum l. tested against the larvae of cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini 1887) (acari: ixodidae), sheep internal parasite paramphistom ... | 2009 | 19308453 |
| effect of sugar on male anopheles gambiae mating performance, as modified by temperature, space, and body size. | abstract: | 2009 | 19386114 |
| changing patterns of west nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus (flaviviridae) transmitted between culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts. the virus has dramatically expanded its geographic range in the past ten years. increases in global commerce, climate change, ecological factors and the emergence of novel viral genotypes likely play significant roles in the emergence of this virus; however, the exact mechanism and relative importance of each is uncertain. previously wnv was primarily associated with febrile illness of ... | 2009 | 19406093 |
| an initial linkage map of the west nile virus vector culex tarsalis. | we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for the north american arboviral vector culex tarsalis. 120 f(2) offspring from a cross between two colonies were genotyped using 25 microsatellites and six inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) markers. we resolved four linkage groups which likely correspond to two full-length chromosomes and two arms of the final chromosome. the longest linkage group contains the sex locus and corresponds to chromosome 3. recombination rates around the sex locus ... | 2009 | 19453767 |
| the stat pathway mediates late-phase immunity against plasmodium in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the stat family of transcription factors activates expression of immune system genes in vertebrates. the ancestral stat gene (agstat-a) appears to have duplicated in the mosquito anopheles gambiae, giving rise to a second intronless stat gene (agstat-b), which we show regulates agstat-a expression in adult females. agstat-a participates in the transcriptional activation of nitric oxide synthase (nos) in response to bacterial and plasmodial infection. activation of this pathway, however, is not e ... | 2009 | 19454353 |
| effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses in culex quinquefasciatus. | west nile virus has spread rapidly throughout the united states since its introduction in 1999, into some areas that are also endemic for st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). these viruses are in the same antigenic complex within the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. further, both viruses are transmitted primarily by culex spp. mosquitoes and use birds as amplifying hosts. these viruses could contemporaneously coinfect individual vectors wherein changes in mosquito immune responses might oc ... | 2009 | 19492941 |
| longitudinal studies of japanese encephalitis virus infection in vector mosquitoes in kurnool district, andhra pradesh, south india. | a 4-yr (2002-2006) entomological study was carried out in kurnool district, andhra pradesh state, south india, to identify the mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, jev). in total, 37,139 female mosquitoes belonging five genera and 18 species resting on vegetation were collected in villages and periurban areas at dusk. mosquito species composition and pattern of jev infection in mosquitoes varied in periurban and rural areas. in periurban area, c ... | 2009 | 19496437 |
| variation in morphological characters of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae), a japanese encephalitis vector at mysore, india. | studies on culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, were undertaken to find deviation if any, on the mean of siphonal index, comb scales, pecten teeth, denticles on apical pecten tooth, anal gills index and length of basal hair tufts on siphon in the fourth instar larvae from ground pools of mysore city and paddy fields outside mysore. a total of 344 larvae including 172 samples from mysore and 172 samples from a 26 km radius outside mysore were collected. analysis of variance demonstrated significant dif ... | 2003 | 15796413 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| genetic characterization of bagaza virus (bagv) isolated in india and evidence of anti-bagv antibodies in sera collected from encephalitis patients. | during investigations into the outbreak of encephalitis in 1996 in the kerala state in india, an arbovirus was isolated from a culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito pool. it was characterized as a japanese encephalitis and west nile virus cross-reactive arbovirus by complement fixation test. a plaque reduction-neutralization test was performed using hyperimmune sera raised against the plaque-purified arbovirus isolate. the sera did not show reactivity with japanese encephalitis virus and were weakly ... | 2009 | 19570951 |
| effect of irrigated rice agriculture on japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management. | japanese encephalitis (je) is a disease caused by an arbovirus that is spread by marsh birds, amplified by pigs, and mainly transmitted by the bite of infected culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. the estimated annual incidence and mortality rates are 30,000--50,000 and 10,000, respectively, and the estimated global burden of je in 2002 was 709,000 disability-adjusted life years lost. here, we discuss the contextual determinants of je, and systematically examine studies assessing the relationship ... | 2005 | 15878762 |
| environmental and biological factors influencing culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) vector competence for saint louis encephalitis virus. | complex interactions between environmental and biological factors influence the susceptibility of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to st. louis encephalitis virus and could affect the epidemiology of virus transmission. similar interactions could have epidemiologic implications for other vector-virus systems. we conducted an experiment to examine four such factors in combination: mosquito age, extrinsic incubation temperature (eit), virus dose, and colony. the proportion of mosquitoes with body in ... | 2009 | 19635881 |
| genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of culex flavivirus, an insect-specific flavivirus, isolated from culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in iowa. | adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected in 2007 and tested for specific viruses, including west nile virus, as part of the ongoing arbovirus surveillance efforts in the state of iowa. a subset of these mosquitoes (6,061 individuals in 340 pools) was further tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using flavivirus universal primers. of the 211 pools of culex pipiens (l.) tested, 50 were positive. one of 51 pools of culex tarsalis coquillet was also positive ... | 2009 | 19645300 |
| isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of culex flavivirus (flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in uganda. | the genus flavivirus, which contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses, represents a unique model for studying the evolution of vector-borne disease, as it includes viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. both theoretical work and field studies suggest the existence of a large number of undiscovered flaviviruses. recently, the first isolation of cell fusing agent virus (cfav) was reported from a natural mosquito population in puerto rico, a ... | 2009 | 19656970 |
| larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus. | a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ... | 2010 | 19725768 |
| bloodmeal identification and detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) inhabiting coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan. | bloodmeal identification and the detection of avian malaria parasite from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were carried out by polymerase chain reaction-based methods for field samples collected in coastal areas of tokyo bay, japan, from april to october 2007. the following seven mosquito species were collected: aedes albopictus (skuse), culex pipiens pallens coquillett, culex pipiens form molestus forskal, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex inatomii kamimura & wada, culex bitaeniorhynchus gile ... | 2009 | 19769059 |
| adulticidal and larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes. | the adulticidal and larvicidal effect of indigenous plant extracts were investigated against the adult cattle tick haemaphysalis bispinosa neumann, 1897 (acarina: ixodidae), sheep fluke paramphistomum cervi zeder, 1790 (digenea: paramphistomatidae), fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, anopheles subpictus grassi and japanese encephalitis vector, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae). the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of leaf hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ... | 2009 | 19819626 |
| present and future arboviral threats. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ... | 2010 | 19857523 |
| male mating biology. | before sterile mass-reared mosquitoes are released in an attempt to control local populations, many facets of male mating biology need to be elucidated. large knowledge gaps exist in how both sexes meet in space and time, the correlation of male size and mating success and in which arenas matings are successful. previous failures in mosquito sterile insect technique (sit) projects have been linked to poor knowledge of local mating behaviours or the selection of deleterious phenotypes during colo ... | 2009 | 19917078 |
| first time detection of japanese encephalitis virus antigen in dry and unpreserved mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, 1901, from karnal district of haryana state of india. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) antigen has been detected by antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (elisa) in dry specimens of the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, 1901, collected from karnal district of haryana state in northern india. these mosquitoes were stored in dry condition for 20 months, at room temperature, before processing. the procedure of detecting jev infection in long time stored, dry vector mosquitoes, has important application in the surveillance of japanese ... | 2005 | 16749277 |
| nationwide surveillance of west nile virus targeting mosquitoes and dead birds from april 2004 through march 2007 in japan. | we conducted nationwide west nile virus (wnv) surveillance targeting mosquitoes and dead birds to reveal whether the virus and its potential vectors are present in japan. a total of 12 766 mosquitoes and 230 dead birds were collected in april 2004-march 2005 (the 2004-2005 period), 10 755 mosquitoes and 267 dead birds in april 2005-march 2006 (the 2005-2006 period), and 8624 mosquitoes and 245 dead birds in april 2006-march 2007 (the 2006-2007 period). the species of most of the mosquitoes colle ... | 2011 | 20163573 |
| banna virus, china, 1987-2007. | banna viruses (bavs) have been isolated from pigs, cattle, ticks, mosquitoes, and human encephalitis patients. we isolated and analyzed 20 bavs newly isolated in china; this finding extends the distribution of bavs from tropical zone to north temperate climates and demonstrate regional variations in bav phylogeny and mosquito species possibly involved in bav transmission. | 2010 | 20202434 |
| infection and vertical transmission of kamiti river virus in laboratory bred aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | kamiti river virus (krv) is an insect-only flavivirus that was isolated from field-collected ae. macintoshi mosquitoes in 1999, and is closely related to cell fusing agent virus. both of these viruses belong to the family flaviviridae, which also contains other viruses of medical importance, such as yellow fever virus, west nile virus and dengue. because ae. macintoshi is the only known natural host to krv, the main objective of this study was to establish the possibility that other mosquito hos ... | 2007 | 20337552 |
| glycosylation of the west nile virus envelope protein increases in vivo and in vitro viral multiplication in birds. | many west nile (wn) virus isolates associated with significant outbreaks possess a glycosylation site on the envelope (e) protein. e-protein glycosylated variants of new york (ny) strains of wn virus are more neuroinvasive in mice than the non-glycosylated variants. to determine how e protein glycosylation affects the interactions between wn virus and avian hosts, we inoculated young chicks with ny strains of wn virus containing either glycosylated or non-glycosylated variants of the e protein. ... | 2010 | 20348522 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| effects of warm winter temperature on the abundance and gonotrophic activity of culex (diptera: culicidae) in california. | culex tarsalis coquillett, cx. quinquefasciatus say, and cx. pipiens l. were collected during the warm winter of 2009 using dry ice-baited and gravid traps and walk-in red boxes positioned in desert, urban, and agricultural habitats in riverside, los angeles, kern, and yolo counties. temperatures exceeded the preceding 50 yr averages in all locations for most of january, whereas rainfall was absent or below average. abundance of culex species in traps during january ranged from 83 to 671% of the ... | 2010 | 20380305 |
| molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus, taiwan. | | 2010 | 20409392 |
| temporal variation in the susceptibility of culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) to japanese encephalitis virus in an endemic area of tamil nadu, south india. | the study area, cuddalore, is one of the endemic districts for japanese encephalitis (je) in southern india and there is a strong seasonality in je case incidence, as well as je virus (jev) infection in the principal vector culex (culex) tritaeniorhynchus giles. in a longitudinal 3-year study (july 2003 to june 2006), we determined the susceptibility of wild-caught female cx. tritaeniorhynchus for jev infection over several seasons from several villages. the susceptibility varied in all four sea ... | 2010 | 20426689 |
| the neglected arboviral infections in mainland china. | the major arboviral diseases in mainland china include japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever), and tick-borne encephalitis. these and other newly found arbovirus infections due to banna virus and tahyna virus contribute to a large and relatively neglected disease burden in china. here we briefly review the literature regarding these arboviral infections in mainland china with emphasis on their epidemiology, primary vectors, ... | 2010 | 20436960 |
| transmission of west nile virus by culex quinquefasciatus say infected with culex flavivirus izabal. | the natural history and potential impact of mosquito-specific flaviviruses on the transmission efficiency of west nile virus (wnv) is unknown. the objective of this study was to determine whether or not prior infection with culex flavivirus (cxfv) izabal altered the vector competence of cx. quinquefasciatus say for transmission of a co-circulating strain of west nile virus (wnv) from guatemala. | 2010 | 20454569 |
| screening of mosquitoes using sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr with group-specific primers for detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in taiwan. | surveillance for infectious agents carried by mosquitoes is important for predicting the risk of vector-borne infectious diseases. in this study, a method was established to mass-screen mosquitoes for viral infections. the assay detected the viral load of 4 dengue virus (denv) serotypes (denv-1, denv-2, denv-3, and denv-4), the japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the sindbis virus and the chikungunya virus at 1pfu/ml (determined by real-time rt-pcr) in 36.64-43.45 cycles. this method was applied ... | 2010 | 20471427 |
| molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus circulating in south korea, 1983-2005. | we sequenced the envelope (e) gene of 17 strains of the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) isolated in south korea in 1983-2005 and compared the sequences with those from previously reported strains. our results show the remarkable genetic stability of the e gene sequence in korean jev strains. five pairs of e gene sequences from 10 korean strains were identical, despite geographical differences and a maximum five-year time span. sequence comparisons with other asian strains revealed that the kor ... | 2010 | 20546562 |
| the relationship between mosquito abundance and rice field density in the republic of korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the causative agent of japanese encephalitis (je), is endemic to the republic of korea (rok) where unvaccinated united states (u.s.) military service members, civilians and family members are stationed. the primary vector of the jev in the rok is culex tritaeniorhynchus. the ecological relationship between culex spp. and rice fields has been studied extensively; rice fields have been shown to increase the prevalence of cx. tritaeniorhynchus. this research was c ... | 2010 | 20573242 |
| dogs as sentinels for human infection with japanese encephalitis virus. | because serosurveys of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) among wild animals and pigs may not accurately reflect risk for humans in urban/residential areas, we examined seroprevalence among dogs and cats. we found that jev-infected mosquitoes have spread throughout japan and that dogs, but not cats, might be good sentinels for monitoring jev infection in urban/residential areas. | 2010 | 20587189 |
| characterization of highly toxic indigenous strains of mosquitocidal organism bacillus sphaericus. | three indigenous isolates of bacillus sphaericus (ispc-5, ispc-6 and ispc-8), along with standard 2362 and 1593 strains, were evaluated for spore viability and mosquitocidal activity. among these, ispc-8 was the most viable and virulent isolate, exhibiting a significantly higher total viability count (tvc) and lower lc(50) values. the tvc of the standard strains ranged from 4.0 to 9.2 x 10(8) spores ml(-1), whereas it was 1.3 x 10(9) spores ml(-1) for ispc-8. the lc(50) values of ispc-8, 2362 an ... | 2010 | 20659167 |
| the efficacy of different mosquito trapping methods in a forest-fringe village, yunnan province, southern china. | despite a control program, malaria incidence in yunnan has increased and knowledge of vector bionomics is needed for efficient control. multi-drug resistant plasmodium falciparum necessitates alternatives to human landing catches as a means of studying vectors. therefore cdc light traps with uv or ordinary incandescent bulbs were tested for 57 trap nights. 2,703 mosquitos were caught, including the vector species an. minimus and an. sinensis and the suspected vector an. maculatus. larval an. dir ... | 2001 | 11556577 |
| predators of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) larvae in wetlands, western kenya: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction method. | polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. aquatic mosquito predators were collected from six wetlands near lake victoria in mbita, western kenya. this study revealed that the whole positive rate of an. gambiae s.l. from 330 predators was 54.2%. the order of positive rate was the highest in odonata (70.2%), followed by hemiptera (62.8%), amphibia (41.7%), and coleoptera (18%). th ... | 2010 | 20939371 |
| experimental studies on comparison of the potential vector competence of four species of culex mosquitoes in china to transmit west nile virus. | to assess the risk that indigenous mosquitoes in china are capable of transmitting and sustaining west nile virus (wnv), four important culex mosquito species, culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex modestus, culex pipiens pallens, and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, were allowed to feed on the artificial infectious blood meal with wnv dose of 10(6.8) plaque-forming unit/ml and tested approximately 2 wk later to determine infection and transmission rates. the results indicated that four culex mosquitoes ... | 2010 | 20939372 |
| modeling the distribution of culex tritaeniorhynchus to predict japanese encephalitis distribution in the republic of korea. | over 35,000 cases of japanese encephalitis (je) are reported worldwide each year. culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of the je virus, while wading birds are natural reservoirs and swine amplifying hosts. as part of a je risk analysis, the ecological niche modeling programme, maxent, was used to develop a predictive model for the distribution of cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the republic of korea, using mosquito collection data, temperature, precipitation, elevation, land cover and the norm ... | 2010 | 21080320 |
| factors influencing the abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in india--i. abiotic. | mosquitoes of the culex vishnui subgroup (diptera: culicidae) are the most important vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) and ricefields are their most productive breeding sites in south india, where predominant species of this subgroup are culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. pseudovishnui colless and cx. vishnui theobald sensu stricto. the relationship of 13 abiotic variables with the abundance of cx. vishnui subgroup immatures was investigated in transplanted rice fields for 3 years (1991-94) ... | 2001 | 11776457 |
| genetic characterization of japanese encephalitis virus genotype ii strains isolated from 1951 to 1978. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the prototype member of the jev serocomplex, genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, is the most significant arthropod-borne encephalitis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. at least four genotypes (gi-giv) of the virus have been identified; however, to date, the genomic nucleotide sequence of only one gii virus has been determined (fu strain, australia, 1995). this study sequenced three additional gii strains of jev isolated between 1951 and 1978 in ... | 2010 | 21123550 |
| factors influencing the abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in india--ii. biotic. | the relationship of insect predators and phytoplankton with the abundance of culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. vishnui theobald and cx. pseudovishnui colless mosquito larvae and pupae (diptera: culicidae) in ricefields was investigated during three rice growing seasons. notonectids were the most abundant insect predators, whereas diatoms dominated among phytoplankton. multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of notonectids (both nymphs and adults) was negatively associated with l ... | 2002 | 11963972 |
| alphavirus transducing system: tools for visualizing infection in mosquito vectors. | alphavirus transducing systems (atss) are important tools for expressing genes of interest (goi) during infection. atss are derived from cdna clones of mosquito-borne rna viruses (genus alphavirus; family togaviridae). the alphavirus genus contains about 30 different mosquito-borne virus species. alphaviruses are enveloped viruses and contain single-stranded rna genomes (~11.7 kb). alphaviruses transcribe a subgenomic mrna that encodes the structural proteins of the virus required for encapsidat ... | 2010 | 21178952 |
| rift valley fever virus(bunyaviridae: phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. | rift valley fever(rvf) virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid-19th century and was only identified at the beginning of the 1930's in the rift valley region of kenya. despite being an arbovirus with a relatively simple but temporally and geographically stable genome, this zoonotic virus has already demonstrated a real capacity for emerging in new territories, as exemplified by the outbreaks in egypt (1977), weste ... | 2010 | 21188836 |
| evaluation of octenol and lurex as baits in mosquito magnet pro traps to collect vector mosquitoes in china. | the effectiveness of the attractants 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and l-lactic acid (lurex) on the collection of aedes albopictus, culex tritaeniorhynchus, cx. pipiens pallens, and anopheles sinensis was first evaluated in mosquito magnet pro traps in yamenkou and badachu residential areas, beijing city, and lishui area, zhejiang province, china. the mosquito magnet pro traps baited with octenol collected significantly more ae. albopictus, cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and an. sinensis, but fewer cx. pipiens ... | 2010 | 21290944 |
| developmental- and tissue-specific expression of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 homologue from aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. | we have identified a homologue of the drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes (designated atiap1). the atiap1 gene maps to a single locus on chromosome 2. the translation product is a 403 amino acid protein that contains two baculovirus iap repeat (bir) domains and a ring finger motif. atiap1 mrna was detectable by rt-pcr amplification in all the mosquito developmental stages (embryos, first-fourth instar larvae, early and late pupae, adults) and adult tissues ... | 2002 | 12230542 |
| newly recognized mosquito-associated viruses in mainland china, in the last two decades. | there are four principal arboviruses in mainland china. two kinds of them are mosquito-borne viruses, namely japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus, which lead to japanese encephalitis, and dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever respectively; the other two are tick-borne viruses, namely tick-borne encephalitis virus and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus), which contribute to tick-borne encephalitis and xinjiang hemorrhagic fever respective ... | 2011 | 21314994 |
| the afhsc-division of geis operations predictive surveillance program: a multidisciplinary approach for the early detection and response to disease outbreaks. | the armed forces health surveillance center, division of global emerging infections surveillance and response system operations (afhsc-geis) initiated a coordinated, multidisciplinary program to link data sets and information derived from eco-climatic remote sensing activities, ecologic niche modeling, arthropod vector, animal disease-host/reservoir, and human disease surveillance for febrile illnesses, into a predictive surveillance program that generates advisories and alerts on emerging infec ... | 2011 | 21388561 |
| larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using eclipta prostrata leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vectors. | mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. insecticides of synthesized natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. in this study, larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) utilizing aqueous extract from eclipta prostrata, a member of the astera ... | 2011 | 21419749 |
| new japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle and transmitted by the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus, causes epidemics of encephalitis throughout much of asia. resident populations, including short- or long-term visitors to enzootic regions, are at risk of infection and disease. for the past several decades, killed viral vaccines prepared in tissue culture or mouse brain have been used effectively to immunize travelers and residents of enzootic countries. cost, ... | 2011 | 21434803 |
| life history effects of prey choice by copepods: implications for biocontrol of vector mosquitoes. | macrocyclops distinctus, megacyclops viridis, and mesocyclops pehpeiensis, which are common in rice fields during the summer season in nagasaki, japan, showed variable potentialities as biological control agents of larval aedes albopictus, culex tritaeniorhynchus, and anopheles minimus in the laboratory. macrocyclops distinctus and m. viridis, the largest copepod species, had fewer eggs within an egg clutch in nature than the smallest species, m. pehpeiensis, which also had a lower developmental ... | 2003 | 12674538 |
| delayed cytosolic exposure of japanese encephalitis virus double-stranded rna impedes interferon activation and enhances viral dissemination in porcine cells. | interferon is a principal component of the host antiviral defense system. in this study, abortive focus formation by japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in primate cells was accompanied with early interferon induction, while productive focus formation in porcine cells was associated with a late interferon response. neutralization antibodies against interferon relieved the restricted infection in primate cells, and increasingly larger foci were generated as treatment with exogenous interferon was d ... | 2011 | 21525349 |
| seasonal prevalence of the vector mosquitoes of japanese encephalitis virus in kyungpook province, korea. | in order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in kyungpook province, a survey based on average number of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from may to november in 1984. among the 34,571 mosquitoes collected in kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 % were culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34.0 % per cent culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent anopheles sinensis. by comparison, ... | 1985 | 12888695 |
| continuity and change of japanese encephalitis virus in toyama prefecture, japan. | abstract. to determine the mechanisms of maintenance and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in a temperate zone, we attempted to isolate jev from mosquitoes and pigs in toyama prefecture, japan. a total of 87 jevs were isolated from female culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and pigs during 2005-2009. the prevalence of jev in toyama prefecture was seasonally late in comparison with that of the virus during 1966-1972. furthermore, jevs were isolated after the peak in the number of fema ... | 2011 | 21540378 |
| pathogenesis of japanese encephalitis virus infection in a golden hamster model and evaluation of flavivirus cross-protective immunity. | abstract. japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to southeast asia and surrounding pacific islands, and it has most recently emerged in northern australia. jev is closely related to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), both endemic to the united states. in the event that jev is introduced into the americas, it will be important to determine whether immunity to wnv or slev might afford protection from infection and development of viremia ... | 2011 | 21540381 |
| distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in yunnan province near the china-myanmar-laos border. | abstract. economic development and increased tourism in the southern region of yunnan province in china, adjacent to several countries in southeast asia, has increased the likelihood of import and export of vectors and vector-borne diseases. we report the results of surveillance of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses along the border of china-myanmar-laos in 2005 and 2006, and information associating several arboviruses with infections and possibly disease in local human populations. seven ... | 2011 | 21540383 |
| laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate. | abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ... | 2011 | 21595988 |
| comparison of the efficacy of co(2) -baited and unbaited light traps, gravid traps, backpack aspirators, and sweep net collections for sampling mosquitoes infected with japanese encephalitis virus. | two field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of mosquito collection methods for species composition, species abundance, and japanese encephalitis virus infection rates in taiwan. traps evaluated included john w. hock (jh) model ud black light traps, jh model 1012 new standard miniature cdc light traps, jh model 1712 cdc gravid traps, and taiwan-made pest-o-lite light traps. backpack aspirators and sweep nets were also used to collect the resting population. culex tritaeniorhynchus ... | 2011 | 21635643 |
| the inhibitory effect of a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin on blood feeding by mosquitoes in dogs raised under outdoor conditions. | combinations of imidacloprid and permethrin were frequently used to control harmful arthropod of companion animals. the inhibitory effects on blood-feeding activity of mosquitoes in dogs raised under outdoor conditions were evaluated by using combination of 10% (w/v) of imidacloprid and 50% (w/v) of permethrin as spot-on form. dogs in the treated group received the combination imidacloprid/permethrin spot-on. after treatment, dogs in the control and treated groups were kept separately from the e ... | 2008 | 18450384 |
| feeding behaviour of potential vectors of west nile virus in senegal. | west nile virus (wnv) is a widespread pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds with occasional spill-over into dead-end hosts such as horses and humans. migratory birds are believed to play an important role in its dissemination from and to the palaearctic area, as well as its local dispersion between wintering sites. the djoudj park, located in senegal, is a major wintering site for birds migrating from europe during the study period (sept. 2008- jan. 2009). in this ... | 2011 | 21651763 |
| the spatial heterogeneity between japanese encephalitis incidence distribution and environmental variables in nepal. | to identify potential environmental drivers of japanese encephalitis virus (je) transmission in nepal, we conducted an ecological study to determine the spatial association between 2005 nepal je incidence, and climate, agricultural, and land-cover variables at district level. | 2011 | 21811573 |
| larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts against anopheles subpictus & culex tritaeniorhynchus. | background & objectives: mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents. the present study assessed the role of larvicidal activities of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol dried leaf and bark extracts of annona squamosa l., chrysanthemum indicum l., and tridax procumbens l. agai ... | 2011 | 21808141 |
| simultaneous detection and differentiation of dengue virus serotypes 1-4, japanese encephalitis virus, and west nile virus by a combined reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | abstract: | 2011 | 21777455 |
| evidence of introgression of the ace-1(r) mutation and of the ace-1 duplication in west african anopheles gambiae s. s. | the role of inter-specific hybridisation is of particular importance in mosquito disease vectors for predicting the evolution of insecticide resistance. two molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s., currently recognized as s and m taxa, are considered to be incipient sibling species. hybrid scarcity in the field was suggested that differentiation of m and s taxa is maintained by limited or absent gene flow. however, recent studies have revealed shared polymorphisms within the m and s forms, and ... | 2008 | 18478097 |
| male mating competitiveness of a wolbachia-introgressed aedes polynesiensis strain under semi-field conditions. | lymphatic filariasis (lf), a global public health problem affecting approximately 120 million people worldwide, is a leading cause of disability in the developing world including the south pacific. despite decades of ongoing mass drug administration (mda) in the region, some island nations have not yet achieved the threshold levels of microfilaremia established by the world health organization for eliminating transmission. previously, the generation of a novel aedes polynesiensis strain (cp) inf ... | 2011 | 21829750 |
| evaluation of leaf extracts of vitex negundo l. (family: verbenaceae) against larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus and repellent activity on adult vector mosquitoes. | petroleum ether (60-80 degrees c) extracts of the leaves of vitex negundo (verbenaceae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity against larval stages of culex tritaeniorhynchus in the laboratory. larvae of c. tritaeniorhynchus were found more susceptible, with lc(50) and lc(90) values of 2.4883 and 5.1883 mg/l, respectively. human volunteers wearing special terricot (68:32) fabrics, in the form of armbands, anklets, headbands, collar, and shoulder and pocket strips impregnated with v. negundo lea ... | 2008 | 18500538 |
| the jak-stat pathway controls plasmodium vivax load in early stages of anopheles aquasalis infection. | malaria affects 300 million people worldwide every year and 450,000 in brazil. in coastal areas of brazil, the main malaria vector is anopheles aquasalis, and plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria cases in the americas. insects possess a powerful immune system to combat infections. three pathways control the insect immune response: toll, imd, and jak-stat. here we analyze the immune role of the a. aquasalis jak-stat pathway after p. vivax infection. three genes, the transcr ... | 2011 | 22069502 |
| Mosquito host selection varies seasonally with host availability and mosquito density. | Host selection by vector mosquitoes is a critical component of virus proliferation, particularly for viruses such as West Nile (WNV) that are transmitted enzootically to a variety of avian hosts, and tangentially to dead-end hosts such as humans. Culex tarsalis is a principal vector of WNV in rural areas of western North America. Based on previous work, Cx. tarsalis utilizes a variety of avian and mammalian hosts and tends to feed more frequently on mammals in the late summer than during the res ... | 2011 | 22206038 |
| [analysis of sequence and genotype of e gene of the newly isolated japanese encephalitis virus strains in wuhan, hubei province]. | to analyze the molecular characteristics of the newly isolated two japanese encephalitis virus strains (jev) in wuhan. | 2011 | 22097600 |
| discovery of dna viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes using small rna high throughput sequencing. | mosquito-borne infectious diseases pose a severe threat to public health in many areas of the world. current methods for pathogen detection and surveillance are usually dependent on prior knowledge of the etiologic agents involved. hence, efficient approaches are required for screening wild mosquito populations to detect known and unknown pathogens. | 2011 | 21949749 |
| small noncoding rna modulates japanese encephalitis virus replication and translation in trans. | sequence and structural elements in the 3'-untranslated region (utr) of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) are known to regulate translation and replication. we previously reported an abundant accumulation of small subgenomic flaviviral rna (sfrna) which is collinear with the highly conserved regions of the 3'-utr in jev-infected cells. however, function of the sfrna in jev life cycle remains unknown. | 2011 | 22040380 |
| larvicidal activity of isolated compound 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one from marine streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, anopheles stephensi, and culex tritaeniorhynchus. | the aim of the present study was to assess the larvicidal property of marine actinobacterial compound 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one (dmbpo) extracted and isolated from streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. tested against the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus canestrini (acari: ixodidae), anopheles stephensi liston, and culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae). the isolate bacteria was taxonomically characterized, identified, and designated as streptomyces vitsvk5 sp. the crude ... | 2011 | 22009268 |
| the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine species (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles sinensis in yongcheng city, people's republic of china. | abstract: background: the knowledge of mosquito species diversity and the level of anthropophily exhibited by each species in a region are of great importance to the integrated vector control. culicine species are the primary vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) virus and filariasis in china. anopheles sinensis plays a major role in the maintenance of plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in china. the goal of this study was to compare the abundance and host-seeking behavior of culicine specie ... | 2011 | 22115320 |
| novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in spain. | abstract we report the characterization of three novel flaviviruses isolated in spain. marisma mosquito virus, a novel mosquito borne virus, was isolated from ochlerotatus caspius mosquitoes; spanish ochlerotatus flavivirus and spanish culex flavivirus, two novel insect flaviviruses, were isolated from oc. caspius and culex pipiens, respectively. during this investigation, we designed a sensitive rt-nested polymerase chain reaction method that amplifies a 1019bp fragment of the flavivirus ns5 ... | 2011 | 22022811 |
| me tri virus: a semliki forest virus strain from vietnam? | me tri virus (mtv) is a member of the semliki forest virus (sfv) complex in the genus alphavirus, first isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in vietnam in 1971 and described as a newly recognized alphavirus, based on antigenic characterization. however, based on a partial nucleotide sequence of the e1 envelope glycoprotein gene, it has recently been argued that mtv may represent a variant of sfv rather than a separate species. to enable definitive classification, we determined the co ... | 2008 | 18753222 |
| japanese encephalitis virus genotype replacement, taiwan, 2009-2010. | genotype i of japanese encephalitis virus first appeared in taiwan in 2008. phylogenetic analysis of 37 viruses from pig farms in 2009-2010 classified these viruses into 2 unique subclusters of genotype i viruses and suggested multiple introductions and swift replacement of genotype iii by genotype i virus in taiwan. | 2011 | 22172307 |