| limited diversity of anopheles darlingi in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos. | anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the amazon basin of south america, and is capable of transmitting both plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. to understand the genetic structure of this vector in the amazonian region of peru, a simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test to identify this species of mosquito was used. a random amplified polymorphic dna-pcr was used to study genetic variation at the micro-geographic level in nine geographically separate populations of ... | 2006 | 16896125 |
| effectiveness of zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. | recently, there were considerable efforts made to promote the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. in this study, zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil isolated by steam distillation was investigated and compared to the standard synthetic repellent, n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), for repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. the oil of z. piperitum alone and also with 5% ... | 2007 | 16896651 |
| re-emergence of chikungunya virus in malaysia. | an outbreak of chikugunya (chik) fever occurred among the fishing community in bagan pancor, perak. the outbreak was laboratory confirmed within 48 hours after the receipt of the specimens. fifty-three patients' serum samples were submitted for laboratory investigation and 47 (88.7%) were confirmed to be positive for chik infection by rt-pcr, and/or virus isolation, and/or in-house immunoflourescent test. rt-pcr and virus isolation were the tests of choice for patients with illness of four days ... | 2006 | 16898316 |
| chikungunya virus infection. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus which causes epidemic fever, rash and polyarthralgia in africa and asia. two outbreaks have been reported in malaysia, in klang, selangor (1998) and bagan panchor, perak (2006). it is not known if the outbreaks were caused by the recent introduction of chikv, or if the virus was already circulating in malaysia. seroprevalence studies from the 1960s suggested previous disease activity in certain parts of the country. in asia, chikv is thoug ... | 2006 | 16898330 |
| geographic and temporal genetic patterns of aedes aegypti populations in rio de janeiro, brazil. | rio de janeiro is considered as the most important entry point for dengue viruses in brazil. using isoenzyme markers, we investigated the genetic structure of the mosquito vector aedes aegypti sampled at three-month intervals in 14 districts in rio de janeiro from december 2002 to december 2003. we detected high levels of genetic differentiation (i.e. high f(st) values and significant p values), which tended to persist throughout the year. the species does not take advantage of routes and railwa ... | 2006 | 16903890 |
| [aedes aegypti resistance to temefos in counties of ceará state]. | the susceptibility of aedes aegypti to temefos was evaluated by means of samples of eggs and larvae from four large counties in the state of ceará (fortaleza, barbalha, juazeiro do norte and crato). the technique standardized by the world health organization for tests with larvicides was used. the cl50 of eight samples from populations of aedes was determined, as were their respective resistance ratios, compared to the cl50 of the susceptible rockefeller strain. all populations submitted to the ... | 2006 | 16906249 |
| a novel association between clustered nf-kappab and c/ebp binding sites is required for immune regulation of mosquito defensin genes. | a comparative analysis identified key cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for the temporal control of mosquito defensin gene expression. the promoters of anopheles gambiae defensin 1 and two isoforms of aedes aegypti defensin a are up-regulated by immune challenge. this stimulated activity depends upon a cluster of three nf-kappab binding sites and closely associated c/ebp-like motifs, which function as a unit for optimal promoter activity. binding of nf-kappab and c/ebp like transcriptio ... | 2006 | 16907826 |
| a tapeworm molecule manipulates vitellogenin expression in the beetle tenebrio molitor. | metacestodes of hymenolepis diminuta secrete a molecule that decreases vitellogenin (vg) synthesis in the beetle host, tenebrio molitor. the 5608 bp t. molitor vg cdna represents a single-copy gene encoding a single open reading frame of 1821 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 206 kda. northern blot analysis revealed detectable levels of transcripts only in adult females. in vivo, vg mrna abundance was significantly higher in fat bodies from infected females compared with control fem ... | 2006 | 16907836 |
| genome of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (mosquito iridescent virus). | iridoviruses (ivs) are classified into five genera: iridovirus and chloriridovirus, whose members infect invertebrates, and ranavirus, lymphocystivirus, and megalocytivirus, whose members infect vertebrates. until now, chloriridovirus was the only iv genus for which a representative and complete genomic sequence was not available. here, we report the genome sequence and comparative analysis of a field isolate of invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (iiv-3), also known as mosquito iridescent viru ... | 2006 | 16912294 |
| yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered. | yellow fever virus (yfv) is the prototype member of the genus flavivirus, a group of viruses that are transmitted between vertebrates by arthropod vectors. the virus is found in tropical regions of africa and south america and is transmitted to primates by mosquitoes: aedes spp. in africa and haemagogus and sabethes spp. in south america. despite the availability of an effective vaccine, yellow fever (yf) is considered a reemerging disease owing to its increased incidence in the past 25 years. m ... | 2007 | 16913829 |
| p elements and mite relatives in the whole genome sequence of anopheles gambiae. | miniature inverted-repeat terminal elements (mites), which are particular class-ii transposable elements (tes), play an important role in genome evolution, because they have very high copy numbers and display recurrent bursts of transposition. the 5' and 3' subterminal regions of a given mite family often show a high sequence similarity with the corresponding regions of an autonomous class-ii te family. however, the sustained presence over a prolonged evolutionary time of mites and te master cop ... | 2006 | 16919158 |
| expression, purification, kinetic, and structural characterization of an alpha-class carbonic anhydrase from aedes aegypti (aaca1). | carbonic anhydrases (cas) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. the alpha-class cas are found predominantly in vertebrates, but they are also expressed in insects like mosquitoes. recently, an alpha-ca from the midgut of aedes aegypti larvae (aaca1) was identified, cloned, and subsequently shown to share high sequence homologous to human ca i (hca i). this paper presents the bacterial expression, purification, and kinetic characte ... | 2006 | 16920039 |
| host-seeking strategies of mosquito disease vectors. | disease transmission by arthropods normally requires at least 2 host contacts. during the first, a pathogen (nematode, protozoan, or virus) is acquired along with the blood from an infected vertebrate host. the pathogen penetrates the vector's midgut and infects a variety of tissues, where replication may occur during an extrinsic incubation period lasting 3-30, days depending on vector and parasite physiology and ambient temperature. following salivary-gland infection, the pathogen is usually t ... | 2005 | 16921679 |
| recent advances in deciphering viral and host determinants of dengue virus replication and pathogenesis. | | 2006 | 16928749 |
| confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein. | ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ... | 2006 | 16928887 |
| molecular characterization of insulin-like peptides in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti: expression, cellular localization, and phylogeny. | insulin-like peptides are key regulators of metabolism, reproduction, and senescence in higher eukaryotic organisms. here we present the identification, expression, and tissue localization of eight genes encoding insulin-like peptides (ilps) in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. all eight ilps share the conserved features of the insulin superfamily as prepropeptides consisting of contiguous signal, b, c, and a peptides. however, one of the ilps has a truncated c peptide and a carboxy term ... | 2006 | 16934367 |
| olfactory responses in a gustatory organ of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the proboscis is an important head appendage in insects that has primarily been thought to process gustatory information during food intake. indeed, in drosophila and other insects in which they have been identified, most gustatory receptors are expressed in proboscis neurons. our previous characterization of the expression of agor7, a highly conserved odorant receptor (or) of the afrotropical malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae in the labellum at the tip of the proboscis was suggestive of ... | 2006 | 16938890 |
| sampling mosquitoes with cdc light trap in rice field and plantation communities in ogun state, nigeria. | mosquito species were sampled to determine the mosquito composition and abundance in rice field and plantation communities in ogun state nigeria. mosquitoes were caught once weekly from four selected houses in each of the two communities by means of cdc light traps. a total of 47,501 mosquitoes representing fifteen species were caught in the two communities of which the rice field community accounted for 63.8% of the total catch. mansonia africana constituted the most important biting mosquito i ... | 2005 | 16941935 |
| comparative toxicity effect of bush tea leaves (hyptis suaveolens) and orange peel (citrus sinensis) oil extract on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | the ethanolic extracts of the orange peel (citrus sinensis) and bush tea leaves (hyptis suaveolens) were compared for their toxicity effect on the larvae of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti collected from disused tyres beside college of natural sciences building university of agriculture, abeokuta, nigeria. eight graded concentrations, 0.9ppm, 0.8ppm, 0.7ppm, 0.6ppm, 0.5ppm, 0.4ppm, 0.3ppm and 0.2ppm of both plant extracts were tested on the larvae. the mean lethal dose ld10, was 0.15 ppm ... | 2005 | 16941944 |
| molecular characterization of sodium/proton exchanger 3 (nhe3) from the yellow fever vector, aedes aegypti. | transport across insect epithelia is thought to depend on the activity of a vacuolar-type proton atpase (v-atpase) that energizes ion transport through a secondary proton/cation exchanger. although several of the subunits of the v-atpase have been cloned, the molecular identity of the exchanger has not been elucidated. here, we present the identification of sodium/proton exchanger isoform 3 (nhe3) from yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (aenhe3). aenhe3 localizes to the basal plasma membrane o ... | 2006 | 16943493 |
| avian gis models signal human risk for west nile virus in mississippi. | west nile virus (wnv) poses a significant health risk for residents of mississippi. physicians and state health officials are interested in new and efficient methods for monitoring disease spread and predicting future outbreaks. geographic information systems (gis) models have the potential to support these efforts. environmental conditions favorable for mosquito habitat were modeled using gis to derive wnv risk maps for mississippi. variables important to wnv dissemination were selected and cla ... | 2006 | 16945154 |
| cyt1ca from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis: production in escherichia coli and comparison of its biological activities with those of other cyt-like proteins. | the larvicidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis against dipteran larvae is determined by four major polypeptides of the parasporal crystalline body produced during sporulation. cyt1aa shows the lowest toxicity when used alone but is the most synergistic with any of the other proteins. the sequence of the plasmid pbtoxis, which contains all the toxin genes in this subspecies, revealed a new cyt-like coding sequence named cyt1ca. in addition to the cyt-like region, the predict ... | 2006 | 16946260 |
| [frequency and spatial distribution of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera, culicidae) in rio de janeiro, brazil]. | we evaluated the intra- and peri-domiciliary distribution of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in urban, suburban, and rural districts in the municipalities of nova iguaçu and rio de janeiro, brazil, from august 2002 to july 2004. mostly ae. aegypti females and males were captured in urban areas (56%) and indoors (78%), suggesting a preference by this species to rest inside houses and in areas with high human density, a behavior that favors vector-human contact. meanwhile, ae. albopictus females ... | 2006 | 16951879 |
| high degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies populations (mali and kenya). | salivary proteins from sandflies are potential targets for exploitation as vaccines to control leishmania infection; in this work we tested the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandfly populations are highly divergent due to the pressure exerted by the host immune response. salivary gland cdna libraries were prepared from wild-caught p. duboscqi from mali and recently colonised flies of the same species from kenya. | 2006 | 16952314 |
| identification, typing, and insecticidal activity of xenorhabdus isolates from entomopathogenic nematodes in united kingdom soil and characterization of the xpt toxin loci. | xenorhabdus strains from entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from united kingdom soils by using the insect bait entrapment method were characterized by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, four housekeeping genes (asd, ompr, reca, and serc) and the flagellin gene (flic). most strains (191/197) were found to have genes with greatest similarity to those of xenorhabdus bovienii, and the remaining six strains had genes most similar to those of xenorhabdus nematophila. generally, 16s rrna sequenc ... | 2006 | 16957209 |
| role of the yellow fever virus structural protein genes in viral dissemination from the aedes aegypti mosquito midgut. | live-attenuated virus vaccines are key components in controlling arboviral diseases, but they must not disseminate in or be transmitted by mosquito vectors. although the cycles in which many mosquito-borne viruses are transmitted are well understood, the role of viral genetics in these processes has not been fully elucidated. yellow fever virus (yfv) is an important arbovirus and the prototype member of the family flaviviridae. here, yfv was used in aedes aegypti mosquitoes as a model to investi ... | 2006 | 16963758 |
| [ecological factors linked to the presence of aedes aegypti larvae in highly infested areas of playa, a municipality belonging to ciudad de la habana, cuba]. | to identify local ecological factors that might have had an impact on the higher infestation rates by the vector mosquito aedes aegypti seen in four urban health districts of ciudad de la habana, cuba, and to determine the type of containers with the highest number of larvae. | 2006 | 16968592 |
| biochemical, molecular, and functional characterization of piscf-allatostatin, a regulator of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti piscf-allatostatin or allatostatin-c (ae-as-c) was isolated using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (tof) mass spectrum of positive elisa fractions revealed a molecular mass of 1919.0 da, in agreement with the sequence qiryrqcyfnpiscf, with bridged cysteines. this sequence was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem tof/tof mass ... | 2006 | 16968697 |
| genomic sequence of spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a, an enveloped, double-stranded dna insect virus that manipulates apoptosis for viral reproduction. | ascoviruses (family ascoviridae) are double-stranded dna viruses with circular genomes that attack lepidopterans, where they produce large, enveloped virions, 150 by 400 nm, and cause a chronic, fatal disease with a cytopathology resembling that of apoptosis. after infection, host cell dna is degraded, the nucleus fragments, and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. these vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps during ovi ... | 2006 | 16987980 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of dengue virus ns1 antigen in human serum. | we evaluated a one-step sandwich-format microplate enzyme immunoassay for detecting dengue virus ns1 antigen (ag) in human serum by use of platelia dengue ns1 ag kits (bio-rad laboratories, marnes la coquette, france). we collected 299 serum samples from patients with dengue disease and 50 serum samples from patients not infected with dengue virus. for the 239 serum samples from patients with acute infections testing positive by reverse transcription-pcr and/or virus isolation for one of the fou ... | 2006 | 16988003 |
| the meiotic bouquet promotes homolog interactions and restricts ectopic recombination in schizosaccharomyces pombe. | chromosome architecture undergoes extensive, programmed changes as cells enter meiosis. a highly conserved change is the clustering of telomeres at the nuclear periphery to form the "bouquet" configuration. in the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe the bouquet and associated nuclear movement facilitate initial interactions between homologs. we show that bqt2, a meiosis-specific protein required for bouquet formation, is required for wild-type levels of homolog pairing and meiotic allelic re ... | 2006 | 16988108 |
| oceans and human health: emerging public health risks in the marine environment. | there has been an increasing recognition of the inter-relationship between human health and the oceans. traditionally, the focus of research and concern has been on the impact of human activities on the oceans, particularly through anthropogenic pollution and the exploitation of marine resources. more recently, there has been recognition of the potential direct impact of the oceans on human health, both detrimental and beneficial. areas identified include: global change, harmful algal blooms (ha ... | 2006 | 16996542 |
| re-introducing bacteria in mosquitoes--a method for determination of mosquito feeding preferences based on coloured sugar solutions. | in this study, sugar-feeding was investigated as a possible means of re-introducing bacteria into mosquito midguts with the aim of identifying bacteria that are suitable for creating paratransgenic mosquitoes. in a paratransgenic approach, bacteria are utilised to deliver effector molecules capable of inhibiting pathogen development in the midgut of the vector. to determine if mosquitoes discriminate between sterile sugar solutions and sugar solutions with bacteria, a method for screening mosqui ... | 2006 | 16999928 |
| murine model for dengue virus-induced lethal disease with increased vascular permeability. | lack of an appropriate animal model for dengue virus (den), which causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss), has impeded characterization of the mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis. the cardinal feature of dhf/dss, the severe form of den infection, is increased vascular permeability. to develop a murine model that is more relevant to dhf/dss, a novel den strain, d2s10, was generated by alternately passaging a non-mouse-adapted den strain between ... | 2006 | 17005698 |
| piggybac is a flexible and highly active transposon as compared to sleeping beauty, tol2, and mos1 in mammalian cells. | a nonviral vector for highly efficient site-specific integration would be desirable for many applications in transgenesis, including gene therapy. in this study we directly compared the genomic integration efficiencies of piggybac, hyperactive sleeping beauty (sb11), tol2, and mos1 in four mammalian cell lines. piggybac demonstrated significantly higher transposition activity in all cell lines whereas mos1 had no activity. furthermore, piggybac transposase coupled to the gal4 dna-binding domain ... | 2006 | 17005721 |
| the four serotypes of dengue recognize the same putative receptors in aedes aegypti midgut and ae. albopictus cells. | dengue viruses (denv) attach to the host cell surface and subsequently enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. several primary and low affinity co-receptors for this flavivirus have been identified. however, the presence of these binding molecules on the cell surface does not necessarily render the cell susceptible to infection. determination of which of them serve as bona fide receptors for this virus in the vector may be relevant to treating denv infection and in designing control str ... | 2006 | 17014723 |
| potential of ancestral sylvatic dengue-2 viruses to re-emerge. | dengue viruses (denv) are the most important arboviral pathogens in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. denv transmission includes both a sylvatic, enzootic cycle between nonhuman primates and arboreal mosquitoes of the genus aedes, and an urban, endemic/epidemic cycle between aedes aegypti, a mosquito with larval development in peridomestic water containers, and human reservoir hosts. all 4 serotypes of endemic denv evolved independently from ancestral sylvatic viruses and ha ... | 2007 | 17014880 |
| do distantly related parasites rely on the same proximate factors to alter the behaviour of their hosts? | phylogenetically unrelated parasites often increase the chances of their transmission by inducing similar phenotypic changes in their hosts. however, it is not known whether these convergent strategies rely on the same biochemical precursors. in this paper, we explored such aspects by studying two gammarid species (gammarus insensibilis and gammarus pulex; crustacea: amphipoda: gammaridae) serving as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of two distantly related parasites: the trematode, micropha ... | 2006 | 17015311 |
| is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of niono, mali? | malaria vectors can reach very high densities in villages near irrigated rice fields in africa, leading to the expectation that malaria should be especially prevalent there. surprisingly, this is not always the case. in niono, mali, villages from nonirrigated areas have higher malaria prevalence than those within the irrigated regions, which suffer from higher mosquito numbers. one hypothesis explaining this observation is that mosquitoes from irrigated fields with high densities are inefficient ... | 2006 | 17017214 |
| different spatial distribution of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus along an urban-rural gradient and the relating environmental factors examined in three villages in northern thailand. | a larval survey of dengue vectors was conducted from july to november 1966 and from may to november 1997 in chiangmai province, thailand. three villages in urban, transition, and rural areas were selected for the survey to clarify the spatial distribution of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus along an urban-rural ecological gradient. the average number of ae. aegypti larvae in larvitraps was higher in the urban area than in the rural area, as we expected, whereas the opposite was found for ae. albop ... | 2006 | 17019767 |
| new tools for surveillance of adult yellow fever mosquitoes: comparison of trap catches with human landing rates in an urban environment. | a novel mosquito trapping system, the bg-sentinel trap, was evaluated as a monitoring tool for adult aedes aegypti in field tests in the city of belo horizonte, brazil. human landing/biting collections, a gas-powered co2 trap, and a fay-prince trap with only visual cues serving as references to evaluate the efficacy of the new trap. the bg-sentinel is a simple suction trap that uses upward-directed air currents as well as visual cues to attract mosquitoes. the trap was tested with a new dispense ... | 2006 | 17019768 |
| mosquito larvicidal activity of aromatic medicinal plant oils against aedes aegypti and culex pipiens pallens. | larvicidal activity of essential oils derived from 11 aromatic medicinal plants against early 4th-stage larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens pallens was tested in the laboratory. at 100 ppm, the essential oils of all plants caused 100% mortality against ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens pallens. at 25 ppm, the essential oils of citrus bergamia, cuminum myrrha, and pimenta racemosa caused 100% mortality against larvae of ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens pallens. the oil of c. begamia caused 32.5% and 2 ... | 2006 | 17019775 |
| field efficacy of the bg-sentinel compared with cdc backpack aspirators and co2-baited evs traps for collection of adult aedes aegypti in cairns, queensland, australia. | in this study, we compared the efficacy of the newly available bg-sentinel with an established "gold standard,", the cdc backpack aspirator, and a co2-baited evs trap for the collection of aedes aegypti (l.) in cairns, australia. bg-sentinels collected significantly more (p = 0.017) female ae. aegypti (mean per collection, 1.92 +/- 0.39) than both the cdc backpack aspirator (1.00 +/- 0.35) and the evs trap (0.71 +/- 0.27). male-only and combined male-female ae. aegypti collections for th bg-sent ... | 2006 | 17019776 |
| space treatments of insecticide for control of dengue virus vector aedes aegypti in southern mexico. i. baseline penetration trials in open field and houses. | we studied the efficacy of space ultra-low volume treatments of 3 insecticides for the control of the dengue virus vector aedes aegypti in southern mexico. insecticides tested were permethrin (aqua-reslin super), d-phenothrin (anvil), and cyfluthrin (solfac), applied at rates of 10.87, 7.68, and 2 g/ha, respectively, by using london fog, hp910-phxl, or micro-gen pumps mounted on vehicles. studies included 1) open field penetration tests and 2) house penetration tests. open field tests indicated ... | 2006 | 17019777 |
| larvicidal activity of some cerrado plant extracts against aedes aegypti. | one hundred ninety hexanic and ethanolic extract from 27 plant species from the cerrado biome of brazil were tested for larvicidal activity against 3rd-stage aedes aegypti larvae at 500 microg/ml. fourteen extracts from 7 species showed activity (>65% mortality) against the larvae. of these dugeutia furfuracea, piptocarpha rotundifolia, casearia sylvestris var. lingua, serjania lethalis, and xylopia aromatica were active at 56.6, 162.31, 232.4, 285.76, and 384.37 microg/ml, respectively. annona ... | 2006 | 17019779 |
| mutagenesis of the la crosse virus glycoprotein supports a role for gc (1066-1087) as the fusion peptide. | the la crosse virus (lacv) m segment encodes two glycoproteins (gn and gc), and plays a critical role in the neuropathogenesis of lacv infection as the primary determinant of neuroinvasion. a recent study from our group demonstrated that the region comprising the membrane proximal two-thirds of gc, amino acids 860-1442, is critical in mediating lacv fusion and entry. furthermore, computational analysis identified structural similarities between a portion of this region, amino acids 970-1350, and ... | 2007 | 17027056 |
| failure to control mosquitoes has led to two fever epidemics in india. | | 2006 | 17038726 |
| kinase activity of overexpressed hipa is required for growth arrest and multidrug tolerance in escherichia coli. | overexpression of the hipa protein of the hipba toxin/antitoxin module leads to multidrug tolerance in escherichia coli. hipa is a "toxin" that causes reversible dormancy, whereas hipb is an antitoxin that binds hipa and acts as a transcriptional repressor of the hipba operon. comparative sequence analysis shows that hipa is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3/4-kinase superfamily. the kinase activity of hipa was examined. hipa was autophosphorylated in the presence of atp in vitro, and the p ... | 2006 | 17041039 |
| molecular aspects of viviparous reproductive biology of the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans): regulation of yolk and milk gland protein synthesis. | tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) viviparous reproductive physiology remains to be explored at the molecular level. adult females carry their young in utero for the duration of embryonic and larval development, all the while supplying their offspring with nutrients in the form of a "milk" substance secreted from a modified accessory gland. flies give birth to fully developed third instar larvae that pupariate shortly after birth. here, we describe the spatial and temporal expression dynamics of ... | 2006 | 17046784 |
| comparison of the inhibitory effects of interferon alfacon-1 and ribavirin on yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model. | antiviral compounds were evaluated for efficacy against yellow fever virus (yfv) in a hamster model of yfv-induced liver disease. challenge with a 10(2) 50% cell culture infectious doses of yfv resulted in a 50-80% mortality rate in female hamsters. virus was detected by quantitative real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) in liver, kidney, spleen and serum with peak titers on 4-6 days post-viral challenge (dpi). serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase (alt), bilirubin, blood urea nitr ... | 2007 | 17049380 |
| analysis and functional annotation of expressed sequence tags from the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda. | little is known about the genome sequences of lepidopteran insects, although this group of insects has been studied extensively in the fields of endocrinology, development, immunity, and pathogen-host interactions. in addition, cell lines derived from spodoptera frugiperda and other lepidopteran insects are routinely used for baculovirus foreign gene expression. this study reports the results of an expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing project in cells from the lepidopteran insect s. frugiperd ... | 2006 | 17052344 |
| molecular detection of dengue viruses in field caught aedes aegypti mosquitoes from northeastern argentina. | most molecular protocols for dengue virus detection described so far are time consuming and cumbersome with mosquito samples. in order to count with a sensitive and specific molecular detection system for monitoring possible dengue outbreaks and circulating viral serotypes in field-caught aedes aegypti populations from northeastern argentina, a rt-pcr and rflp assay was developed. the original rt-pcr assay proposed by sudiro et al. for human serum was optimized for mosquito samples. modification ... | 2005 | 17061532 |
| long-lasting effects of a bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis experimental tablet formulation for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) control. | dengue is a growing public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. at present, the only method of controlling or preventing the disease is to eliminate its vector, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). in the current study, an experimental larvicide tablet formulation xl-47 based on bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) and containing 4.8% of technical powder was developed. this formulation was evaluated against ae. aegypti in three different sets of ex ... | 2006 | 17066787 |
| discovery of a widespread infestation of aedes albopictus in the torres strait, australia. | aedes albopictus is a container-breeding stegomyia mosquito that has dispersed widely from its origins in southeast asia. because ae. albopictus is a known dengue vector and a potential vector of a variety of arboviruses and it can tolerate cooler climates than aedes aegypti, australian quarantine and health authorities have strategies to detect and eliminate it from international ports. following the detection of 42 adult ae. albopictus in bg-sentinel traps set on yorke island in the torres str ... | 2006 | 17067032 |
| laboratory evaluation of susceptibility of natural subpopulations of aedes aegypti larvae to temephos. | aedes aegypti showed the ability to develop resistance to different insecticides, including temephos, the most widely used larvicide. the objectives of this work were to 1) determine the resistance value of 4 natural subpopulations of ae. aegypti, identified by their different haplotypes, to the insecticide temephos "abate 1g (1%)"; 2) determine the lethal concentration (lc)50 and lc90 values by using the rockefeller strain as control; and 3) estimate the resistance ratios. mosquito samples were ... | 2006 | 17067038 |
| mesocyclops brevisetosus (cyclopoida: cyclopoidae) as a potential biological control agent against mosquito larvae in indonesia. | mesocyclops brevisetosus dussart and sarnita, an indigenous copepod in indonesia, was evaluated as a potentially useful biological control agent against larval aedes (stegomyia). in the laboratory, female m. brevisetosus were found to readily consume mosquito larvae of species from 3 genera (aedes aegypti, culex quinquefaciatus, and anopheles farauti). mesocyclops brevisetosus preferentially fed on larvae of ae. aegypti (mean 95% consumed), followed by cx. quinquefasciatus (71%) and an. farauti ... | 2006 | 17067043 |
| nonlinear auditory mechanism enhances female sounds for male mosquitoes. | sound plays an important role in the life history of mosquitoes. male mosquitoes detect females by the sound generated by their wingbeat. because female wings are weak acoustic radiators, males have been driven by sexual selection to evolve sensitive acoustic sensors. mosquito antennae are very sensitive acoustic receivers, featuring up to 16,000 sensory cells, a number comparable with that contained in the human cochlea. the antennal sound receiver exhibits frequency selectivity, input amplific ... | 2006 | 17068125 |
| a toll receptor and a cytokine, toll5a and spz1c, are involved in toll antifungal immune signaling in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | the fungal-specific immune response in the mosquito aedes aegypti involves the toll immune pathway transduced through rel1, a homologue of the nf-kappab transcription factor drosophila dorsal. the toll receptor and its ligand, spätzle (spz), link extracellular immune signals to the toll intracellular transduction pathway. five homologues to the drosophila toll (toll1) receptor (toll1a, toll1b, toll5a, toll5b, and toll4) and three homologues to the drosophila cytokine spätzle (spz1a, 1b, and 1c) ... | 2006 | 17068331 |
| comparative analysis of serine protease-related genes in the honey bee genome: possible involvement in embryonic development and innate immunity. | we have identified 44 serine protease (sp) and 13 serine protease homolog (sph) genes in the genome of apis mellifera. most of these genes encode putative secreted proteins, but four sps and three sphs may associate with the plasma membrane via a transmembrane region. clip domains represent the most abundant non-catalytic structural units in these sp-like proteins -12 sps and six sphs contain at least one clip domain. some of the family members contain other modules for protein-protein interacti ... | 2006 | 17069636 |
| a deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. | the honeybee genome has substantially fewer protein coding genes ( approximately 11 000 genes) than drosophila melanogaster ( approximately 13 500) and anopheles gambiae ( approximately 14 000). some of the most marked differences occur in three superfamilies encoding xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes. specifically there are only about half as many glutathione-s-transferases (gsts), cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s) and carboxyl/cholinesterases (cces) in the honeybee. this includes 10-fold or ... | 2006 | 17069637 |
| genes of the antioxidant system of the honey bee: annotation and phylogeny. | antioxidant enzymes perform a variety of vital functions including the reduction of life-shortening oxidative damage. we used the honey bee genome sequence to identify the major components of the honey bee antioxidant system. a comparative analysis of honey bee with drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae shows that although the basic components of the antioxidant system are conserved, there are important species differences in the number of paralogs. these include the duplication of thior ... | 2006 | 17069640 |
| latex constituents from calotropis procera (r. br.) display toxicity upon egg hatching and larvae of aedes aegypti (linn.). | calotropis procera r. br. (asclepiadaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant with leaves, roots, and bark being exploited by popular medicine to fight many human and animal diseases. this work deals with the fractionation of the crude latex produced by the green parts of the plant and aims to evaluate its toxic effects upon egg hatching and larval development of aedes aegypti. the whole latex was shown to cause 100% mortality of 3rd instars within 5 min. it was fractionated into water-soluble dial ... | 2006 | 17072453 |
| population genetic structure of the dengue mosquito aedes aegypti in venezuela. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue in venezuela. the genetic structure of this vector was investigated in 24 samples collected from eight geographic regions separated by up to 1160 km. we examined the distribution of a 359-basepair region of the nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 mitochondrial gene among 1144 ae. aegypti from eight collections. this gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and tested for variation using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. ... | 2006 | 17072474 |
| upregulation of two actin genes and redistribution of actin during diapause and cold stress in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens. | two actin genes cloned from culex pipiens l. are upregulated during adult diapause. though actins 1 and 2 were expressed throughout diapause, both genes were most highly expressed early in diapause. these changes in gene expression were accompanied by a conspicuous redistribution of polymerized actin that was most pronounced in the midguts of diapausing mosquitoes that were exposed to low temperature. in nondiapausing mosquitoes reared at 25 degrees c and in diapausing mosquitoes reared at 18 de ... | 2006 | 17078965 |
| entomological indices of aedes aegypti at some international airports and seaports of southern india--a report. | entomological surveys were undertaken at some of the international airports/seaports (bangalore, calicut, chennai, cochin, thiruvanathapuram and vishakapatnam) to find out the breeding prevalence of dengue vector mosquito in diverse breeding containers from 1998 to 2004. three vector indices (house index, container index and breateu index) were used to assess the breeding potential at each airport/seaport. international health regulations urged national governments to keep all the international ... | 2005 | 17080700 |
| an analysis of mobile genetic elements in three plasmodium species and their potential impact on the nucleotide composition of the p. falciparum genome. | the completed genome sequences of the malaria parasites p. falciparum, p. y. yoelii and p. vivax have revealed some unusual features. p. falciparum contains the most at rich genome sequenced so far--over 90% in some regions. in comparison, p. y. yoelii is approximately 77% and p. vivax is approximately 55% at rich. the evolutionary reasons for these findings are unknown. mobile genetic elements have a considerable impact on genome evolution but a thorough investigation of these elements in plasm ... | 2006 | 17083741 |
| smtrc1, a novel schistosoma mansoni dna transposon, discloses new families of animal and fungi transposons belonging to the cacta superfamily. | the cacta (also called en/spm) superfamily of dna-only transposons contain the core sequence cacta in their terminal inverted repeats (tirs) and so far have only been described in plants. large transcriptome and genome sequence data have recently become publicly available for schistosoma mansoni, a digenetic blood fluke that is a major causative agent of schistosomiasis in humans, and have provided a comprehensive repository for the discovery of novel genes and repetitive elements. despite the e ... | 2006 | 17090310 |
| spliceosomal small nuclear rna genes in 11 insect genomes. | the removal of introns from the primary transcripts of protein-coding genes is accomplished by the spliceosome, a large macromolecular complex of which small nuclear rnas (snrnas) are crucial components. following the recent sequencing of the honeybee (apis mellifera) genome, we used various computational methods, ranging from sequence similarity search to rna secondary structure prediction, to search for putative snrna genes (including their promoters) and to examine their pattern of conservati ... | 2007 | 17095541 |
| a common pumiliotoxin from poison frogs exhibits enantioselective toxicity against mosquitoes. | neotropical poison frogs (dendrobatidae) contain a variety of lipophilic alkaloids in their diffusely distributed cutaneous glands, including a major class of compounds known as pumiliotoxins. pumiliotoxins are highly toxic and are believed to protect frogs against predators. their potential activity against ectoparasites, however, has not been investigated. we tested female yellow fever mosquitoes (aedes aegypti) for responses to 8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2'-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]non ... | 2006 | 17095598 |
| characterization of hemocytes from the mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti. | hemocytes are an essential component of the mosquito immune system but current knowledge of the types of hemocytes mosquitoes produce, their relative abundance, and their functions is limited. addressing these issues requires improved methods for collecting and maintaining mosquito hemocytes in vitro, and comparative data that address whether important vector species produce similar or different hemocyte types. toward this end, we conducted a comparative study with anopheles gambiae and aedes ae ... | 2006 | 17098164 |
| molecular characterization of iron binding proteins from glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). | the regulation of iron is critical for maintaining homeostasis in the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), in which both adult sexes are strict blood feeders. we have characterized the cdnas for two putative iron-binding proteins (ibps) involved in transport and storage; transferrin (gmmtsf1) and ferritin from glossina morsitans morsitans. gmmtsf1 transcripts are detected in the female fat body and in adult reproductive tissues, and only in the adult developmental stage in a bloodmeal independent ... | 2006 | 17098167 |
| diapause-specific gene expression in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens l., identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization. | in this study we probe the molecular events underpinning diapause observed in overwintering females of culex pipiens. using suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh) we have identified 40 genes that are either upregulated or downregulated during this seasonal period of dormancy. northern blot hybridizations have confirmed the expression of 32 of our ssh clones, including six genes that are upregulated specifically in early diapause, 17 that are upregulated in late diapause, and two upregulated ... | 2007 | 17098250 |
| proteolytic stability of insecticidal toxins expressed in recombinant bacilli. | the production of the vegetative mosquitocidal toxin mtx1 from bacillus sphaericus was redirected to the sporulation phase by replacement of its weak, native promoter with the strong sporulation promoter of the bin genes. recombinant bacilli developed toxicity during early sporulation, but this declined rapidly in later stages, indicating the proteolytic instability of the toxin. inhibition studies indicated the action of a serine proteinase, and similar degradation was also seen with the purifi ... | 2007 | 17098916 |
| mosquito ribosomal protein s3 lacks a critical glutamine residue associated with dna repair activity in homologous drosophila proteins. | in drosophila melanogaster, ribosomal protein rps3 has extra-ribosomal activities including apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity and n-glycosylase activity that participate in dna repair. it has been suggested that these activities couple dna repair to the translational machinery. to establish a basis for participation of rps3 in dna repair in mosquitoes, we cloned rps3 cdnas from aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines. the sequence data were used to reconstruct the homologous ge ... | 2006 | 17103402 |
| clinical presentations and laboratory findings in suspected cases of dengue virus. | to study the clinical presentations and laboratory findings of patients presented with fever in a hospital in portsudan, sudan and to detect dengue virus antibodies in their blood. | 2006 | 17106547 |
| development of multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays for detecting eight medically important flaviviruses in mosquitoes. | a multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr has been developed for the rapid detection and identification of eight medically important flaviviruses from laboratory-reared, virus-infected mosquito pools. the method used involves the gene-specific amplification of yellow fever virus (yfv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), west nile virus (wnv), st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), and dengue virus (denv) serotypes 1 to 4 (denv-1 to denv-4, respectively) by use of the flavivirus consensus amp ... | 2007 | 17108075 |
| the use of transcriptional profiles to predict adult mosquito age under field conditions. | age is a critical determinant of an adult female mosquito's ability to transmit a range of human pathogens. despite its central importance, relatively few methods exist with which to accurately determine chronological age of field-caught mosquitoes. this fact is a major constraint on our ability to fully understand the relative importance of vector longevity to disease transmission in different ecological contexts. it also limits our ability to evaluate novel disease control strategies that spec ... | 2006 | 17110448 |
| strategic expression of ion transport peptide gene products in central and peripheral neurons of insects. | structurally related ion transport peptides (itp) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormones (chh) are increasingly implicated in diverse metabolic and developmental functions in arthropods. we identified a conserved itp gene encoding two peptides by alternative splicing in manduca sexta, bombyx mori, and aedes aegypti: a c-terminally amidated itp and a c-terminally unblocked itp-like peptide (itpl), which share common n-terminal sequences but have divergent c-termini. in the moth m. sexta, these pep ... | 2007 | 17111378 |
| [periodicity of oviposition of females of aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) (diptera: culicidae) in laboratory and field]. | the object of this work was to determine of gonotrophic diel pattern of female aedes aegypti in laboratory and field conditions. three day-old female mosquitoes were the fed on chicken blood and transferred to bioassay cages. four oviposition substrates were offered: paper sulfite, filter, butter and towel. the results showed that filter paper received a significantly higher (40.4%) percentage of deposited eggs than the other oviposition substrates. after their first blood meal, females started ... | 2006 | 17119745 |
| developmental expression and phylogenetic conservation of alternatively spliced forms of the c-terminal binding protein corepressor. | the c-terminal binding protein (ctbp) is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional corepressor found in multicellular eukaryotes. multiple forms of the protein are typically found in animal cells, produced from separate genes and by alternative splicing. ctbp isoforms have also been implicated in cytoplasmic functions, including golgi fission and vesicular trafficking. all forms of ctbp contain a conserved core domain that is homologous to alpha-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, and a subset of isof ... | 2007 | 17120023 |
| longevity of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) compared in cages and field under ambient conditions in rural thailand. | aedes aegypti (l.) were exposed to all of the physiological stresses of a natural environment, without mortality from predation or from the defensive behavior of bitten hosts. each replicate consisted of four cages containing 50 male and 50 female, locally reared ae. aegypti. the cages were placed in the bedroom and kitchen of a typical thai house in the village of hua samrong, chachoengsao province. replicates were repeated five times between october 1991 and june 1992. mosquitoes had constant ... | 2006 | 17120964 |
| double infection of heteroserotypes of dengue viruses in field populations of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) and serological features of dengue viruses found in patients in southern thailand. | in order to understand more about the epidemiology of dhf, a study of the type of dengue viruses and vectors under natural conditions was carried out. mosquito vectors in the field and the serum of dhf patients in southern thailand were examined. the two mosquito species are abundant and dhf incidence remains high in this region. dengue viruses were examined in field-caught mosquitoes by rt-pcr technique. the mosquitoes were caught in 4 provinces: krabi, phuket, phang-nga and surat thani during ... | 2006 | 17120966 |
| aedes aegypti vectorial capacity is determined by the infecting genotype of dengue virus. | dengue viruses causing severe, hemorrhagic disease have displaced less virulent strains in the americas during the past three decades. the american (am) genotype of dengue serotype 2 has been endemic in the western hemisphere and south pacific, causing outbreaks of dengue fever (df), but has not been linked to dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf). the southeast asian (sea) genotype of dengue was introduced into this hemisphere in 1981, has caused outbreaks with numerous cases of dhf, and has displaced ... | 2006 | 17123982 |
| growth characteristics of chimerivax-den vaccine viruses in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus from thailand. | four chimeric yellow fever (yf) 17d-dengue (den) candidate vaccine viruses (chimerivax-den; acambis, cambridge, ma) were characterized in aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from thailand. the four vaccine viruses contained the relevant prm and e genes of wild-type dengue viruses (denv; serotypes 1-4) substituted for the equivalent genes in the yf vaccine virus (17d) backbone. each chimera conferred protection against the homologous denv serotype; a tetravalent mix of all four ... | 2006 | 17124001 |
| formulation of tablets from the crude extract of rhinacanthus nasutus (thai local plant) against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae: a preliminary study. | dried root powder of rhinacanthus nasutus, thong phan chang (thai name) were extracted with methanol (meoh) in a soxhlet apparatus and made into 2 formulations of tablet containing the extract at 5% and 10% concentration. due to the viscous and poor flow properties of the crude meoh extract obtained, a wet granulation method was conducted in developing the tablets. lactose was used as a filler. polyvinyl pyrrolidone (pvp) k30 (15% w/w solution in alcohol) was used as the binding agent, while ste ... | 2006 | 17124984 |
| interaction of bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis cry toxins with binding sites from aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae midgut. | this work shows in vitro processing of bacillus thuringiensis svar. isralensis cry toxins and the capacity of the active fragments to bind the midgut microvilli of aedes aegypti larvae. processing of cry11aa, cry4aa and cry4ba yielded double fragments of 38-30, 45-20 and 45-18 kda, respectively. competition assays showed that all active (125)i-cry toxins are able to specifically bind to brush border membrane fractions and they might share a common class of binding sites. the values of ic(50) sug ... | 2007 | 17132151 |
| rapid and real-time detection of chikungunya virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | the standardization and validation of a one-step, single-tube, accelerated, quantitative reverse transcription (rt) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay targeting the e1 gene for the rapid and real-time detection of chikungunya virus (chikv) are reported. a linear relationship between the amount of template and time of positivity value over a range of 2 x 10(8) to 2 x 10(2) copies was obtained. the feasibility of chikv rt-lamp for clinical diagnosis was validated with patient s ... | 2007 | 17135444 |
| larvicidal activities against aedes aegypti of some brazilian medicinal plants. | larvicidal activities against aedes aegypti have been determined in the ethanolic extracts obtained from 51 brazilian medicinal plants. eleven of the 84 extracts studied showed significant (lc50 < 100 microg ml(-1)) activities against larvae, with extracts from annona crassiflora (root bark, lc50 = 0.71 microg ml(-1); root wood, lc50 = 8.94 microg ml(-1)) and annona glabra (seed, lc50 = 0.06 microg ml(-1)) showing the highest activities. the results obtained should be of value in the search for ... | 2007 | 17137781 |
| characterization and expression of the short neuropeptide f receptor in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | a short neuropeptide f (snpf) precursor and a snpf receptor (snpfr) were characterized for the mosquito, anopheles gambiae. the snpfr was expressed in cho-k1 cells, and it exhibited high affinity binding, ic(50) approximately 3-5 nm, for specific snpfs. snpf1 potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated camp production by transfected cells, suggesting snpfr acts via g(i/o). transcripts for snpf and snpfr were present in all body regions of larvae, pupae, and adults, and immunoblots for snpfr confirme ... | 2007 | 17140700 |
| vectorbase: a home for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. | vectorbase (http://www.vectorbase.org/) is a web-accessible data repository for information about invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. vectorbase annotates and maintains vector genomes providing an integrated resource for the research community. currently, vectorbase contains genome information for two organisms: anopheles gambiae, a vector for the plasmodium protozoan agent causing malaria, and aedes aegypti, a vector for the flaviviral agents causing yellow fever and dengue fever. | 2007 | 17145709 |
| malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing. | the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ... | 2005 | 17148162 |
| ensembl 2007. | the ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) project provides a comprehensive and integrated source of annotation of chordate genome sequences. over the past year the number of genomes available from ensembl has increased from 15 to 33, with the addition of sites for the mammalian genomes of elephant, rabbit, armadillo, tenrec, platypus, pig, cat, bush baby, common shrew, microbat and european hedgehog; the fish genomes of stickleback and medaka and the second example of the genomes of the sea squirt ( ... | 2007 | 17148474 |
| expression of aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of tmv: a potential larvicide. | we report the engineering of the surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) virion with a mosquito decapeptide hormone, trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (tmof). the tmv coat protein (cp) was fused to tmof at the c terminus by using a read-through, leaky stop codon that facilitated expression of cp and chimeric cp-tmof (20:1 ratio) that were coassembled into virus particles in infected nicotiana tabacum. plants that were infected with the hybrid tmv rna accumulated tmof to levels of 1.3% of tota ... | 2006 | 17148608 |
| the insulin signaling cascade from nematodes to mammals: insights into innate immunity of anopheles mosquitoes to malaria parasite infection. | as revealed over the past 20 years, the insulin signaling cascade plays a central role in regulating immune and oxidative stress responses that affect the life spans of mammals and two model invertebrates, the nematode caenorhabitis elegans and the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. in mosquitoes, insulin signaling regulates key steps in egg maturation and immunity and likely affects aging, although the latter has yet to be examined in detail. reproduction, immunity and aging critically influenc ... | 2007 | 17161866 |
| movement of dengue vectors between the human modified environment and an urban forest in rio de janeiro. | the movement of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) females between sylvatic and urban environments was investigated by marking, releasing, and recapturing adults and by identifying rubidium (rb)-marked eggs of females that were released after taking a bloodmeal containing rbci. when released in the forest, ae. albopictus females flew as far as 1000 m and reached houses within 1 wk. when ae. albopictus were released close to houses, most females were recaptured near the release point ... | 2006 | 17162942 |
| selection of insensitive acetylcholinesterase as a resistance mechanism in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from santiago de cuba. | a sample of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) from santiago de cuba, cuba, with a high level of propoxur resistance compared with the reference susceptible rockefeller strain (12.60 x at the 50% lethal concentration [lc50] and 18.08 at the 90% lethal concentration [lc90]), with a 4.3% frequency of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) frequency, was subjected to propoxur selection for 13 successive generations to increase the frequency of this resistance mechanism in ae. aegypti. high re ... | 2006 | 17162951 |
| laboratory evaluation of pyriproxyfen and spinosad, alone and in combination, against aedes aegypti larvae. | in this study, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen and spinosad, alone and in combination, was evaluated against the dengue vector aedes aegypti (l.). larval bioassays were carried out on susceptible mosquito larvae to determine the concentration-mortality responses of mosquitoes exposed to each insecticide alone and in mixture. synergism between pyriproxyfen and spinosad was determined by the calculation of a combination index (ci) by using the isobologram method. for pyriproxyfen, lc50 and lc95 were ... | 2006 | 17162952 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| biting deterrent activity of a deet analog, two depa analogs, and ss220 applied topically to human volunteers compared with deet against three species of blood-feeding flies. | an earlier in vitro screening of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) analogs showed that two depa analogs, n,n-diethyl(3-bromophenyl) acetamide and n,n-diethyl[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)]acetamide, and one deet analog, n,n,diethyl[3-(trifluoromethyl)]benzamide, had biting-deterrent activities that were superior to deet against aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. in the current study, the three analogs and (1s,2's)-methylpiperidinyl ... | 2006 | 17162960 |
| drosophila melanogaster methoprene-tolerant (met) gene homologs from three mosquito species: members of pas transcriptional factor family. | the methoprene-tolerant (met) gene in drosophila melanogaster has been shown to function in juvenile hormone (jh) action. met homologs were isolated from three mosquito species, culex pipiens, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. sequence similarity was found to be high in bhlh and pas conserved domains, and the majority of the 7-9 introns in aamet and agmet are located in either identical or similar positions, indicating evolutionary relatedness. sequence comparison with met and the similar ger ... | 2007 | 17166512 |