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comparison of sampling efficacy of sweeping and dipping for aedes aegypti larvae in tires.a sweep net with a flexible plastic frame was compared to a dipper for sampling efficacy for aedes aegypti larvae in different-sized tires. when known numbers of mosquito larvae were introduced into tires, from 2 to 6.8 times more larvae were recovered by sweeping than by dipping. sediment in the tires significantly reduced the recovery of larvae by both methods. sampling efficacy was affected by water level and tire size. in relation to dipping, sweeping showed less variation in percentage reco ...19938245942
oviposition response of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to different concentrations of hay infusion in trinidad, west indies.ovitraps containing various concentrations of hay infusion and tap water were exposed weekly in the field for 15 wk to determine the oviposition patterns of aedes aegypti. the results showed 10, 20, 60 and 80% hay infusions each attracted similar numbers of ae. aegypti eggs oviposited and egg occurrences. no repellent effect was observed. in another field study, significantly more eggs and egg occurrences were collected from 25 and 50% hay infusions and tap water. the differences in these result ...19938245947
distribution, abundance and bionomics of aedes albopictus in southern texas.a survey was conducted for aedes albopictus in southern texas during the summer of 1992. thirty-five new country records were added to the distribution of this imported mosquito in texas. aedes albopictus was widely distributed throughout the ecological regions in the survey area, but its abundance decreased in counties adjacent to the rio grande river. however, these counties had high densities of aedes aegypti.19938245952
blood-feeding patterns of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) collected in a rural thai village.aedes aegypti (l.) were collected by aspiration once each week from in and around houses in a rural village in chachoengsao province. thailand, during may 1990 to june 1991. of the 1,230 specimens analyzed with a sandwich elisa, 73% reacted to one or more of the seven hosts which we tested. eighty-eight percent (789/896) of all detectable meals were identified as being from a single host (human). patent multiple meals (double and triple), of which one was always human, were detected in 7% (66/89 ...19938254642
laboratory demonstration of oviposition by aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in covered water jars.in thailand, ceramic jars (135-200 liters) covered by aluminum lids commonly are used to store water for household use. in laboratory cages, gravid female aedes aegypti (l.) were able to enter and oviposit in a covered water jar. although the aluminum lid was not a complete barrier to gravid females, it reduced the number of eggs oviposited by 77%. a vertically oriented foam rubber ring which was compressed between the lip of the jar and the flange of the lid effectively sealed the jar against o ...19938254646
the gonotrophic status and diel pattern of entry to outdoor oviposition sites of female aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).experimental observations, made outdoors during the dry and wet seasons in trinidad, confirm earlier findings regarding the diel pattern of entry to ovitraps and oviposition there and the taking of more than one bloodmeal during a single gonotrophic cycle. for 6-h but not for 6-h exposure periods, significantly more eggs were laid in the morning peak during the dry season than during the wet season. at the study site females were encountered singly, and only in ovitraps that contained eggs. with ...19938257237
seasonal abundance of dengue vectors in manila, republic of the philippines.the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were surveyed within the city of manila from august 1985 to july 1987. survey techniques included ovitraps, indoor resting collections, fay traps, and larval surveys. aedes aegypti was the principal container breeder within the residential areas, while ae. albopictus predominated in cemeteries. the ovitrap was very effective in detecting the presence of ae. aegypti, but not in measuring population changes during the year. indoor resting and fay ...19938266245
codon usage patterns in chromosomal and retrotransposon genes of the mosquito anopheles gambiae.codon usage was compiled for fourteen chromosomal genes and four retrotransposons from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. variation exists among chromosomal genes in the degree of bias. the genes showing the highest bias are probably most highly expressed. in these genes, the base composition at the third codon position is much richer in g + c than is the overall coding sequence. thus, codon usage is biased toward g- or c-ending codons. codon usage in each retrotransposon is quite different, not on ...19938269095
codon preference of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.the codon bias of two aedes mosquito species was examined using a sign test. in general, there appeared to be some preference for c + g at the third base position, although this was not statistically significant. while amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine clearly displayed biases, others such as valine and serine appeared to have little or no bias for any particular codon. three homologous genes of aedes aegypti and drosophila melanogaster were compared using the chi-square test and th ...19938269097
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): analysis of the literature and model development.the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.). it is designed to provide a framework for related models of similar mosquitoes which inhibit artificial and natural containers. cimsim is an attempt to provide a mechanistic, comprehensive, and dynamic accounting of the multitude of relationships known to play a role in the life history of these mosquitoes. development rates of eggs, larvae, pupae, and the g ...19938271242
dynamic life table model for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): simulation results and validation.the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (cimsim) is a weather-driven, dynamic life table simulation model of aedes aegypti (l.) and similar nondiapausing aedes mosquitoes that inhabit artificial and natural containers. this paper presents a validation of cimsim simulating ae. aegypti using several independent series of data that were not used in model development. validation data sets include laboratory work designed to elucidate the role of diet on fecundity and rates of larval devel ...19938271243
sialokinin i and ii: vasodilatory tachykinins from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.the saliva of the mosquito aedes aegypti has previously been reported to contain a 1400-da peptide with pharmacological properties typical of a tachykinin. in the present study this vasodilator has been purified to homogeneity and found to consist of two peptides: sialokinin i, with the sequence asn-thr-gly-asp-lys-phe-tyr-gly-leu-met-nh2, and sialokinin ii, identical to sialokinin i except for an asp in position 1. these peptides are present in amounts of 0.62 and 0.16 pmol (711 and 178 ng), re ...19948278354
[outbreak of classical fever of dengue caused by serotype 2 in araguaiana, tocantins, brazil].we report the first outbreak of dengue fever caused by dengue 2 (den 2) in araguaina, tocantins state. four hundred people of 74 families, living at s. joão, araguaina sul and neblina districts were questioned and then bled, in order to obtain sera to test for anti-dengue antibodies. if a person was sick, a small quantity of blood was collected for virus isolation. the main clinical picture of disease was characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, arthralgias and skin rash. were obtained 1,105 ...19938284598
role of the cryivd polypeptide in the overall toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.the gene encoding the cryivd protein of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals was disrupted by in vivo recombination. the toxicity of the cryivd protein-free inclusions was similar to that of the wild-type crystals on anopheles stephensi larvae but was half the wild-type toxicity on culex pipiens and aedes aegypti larvae.19938285695
on the transmissibility of eperythrozoon suis by stomoxys calcitrans and aedes aegypti.the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (linnaeus), and the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (linnaeus), were utilized to determine their capability to transmit eperythrozoon suis splitter between swine. three groups of each insect in each trial were allowed to feed on a pig previously infected with e. suis and then transferred to susceptible splenectomized pigs. as a control, one group of each insect was fed on a non-infected pig and then transferred to a susceptible pig. stable flies were tran ...19938291187
stable transformation of mosquito cell lines using a hsp70::neo fusion gene.mosquito cell culture transfection will allow the advancement of genetic studies of these important disease-transmitting insects. towards this end, we report the generation of stably transformed aedes aegypti mos20 cells using a plasmid construct containing the tn5 neo gene, the drosophila melanogaster hsp70 promoter, an sv40 intron and poly adenylation sequence, and a pbr 322 backbone. the apparent frequency of transfection, as measured by transient resistance of cell colonies to geneticin (g41 ...19938293995
[the effect of water temperature on the action of bacterial insecticides against mosquito larvae].the ld50 logarithm of bacillus thuringiensis and b. sphaericus toxins effects on the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens is in inverse correlation with the water temperature. the influence of the temperature on the toxins effect on c. pipiens larvae is higher than that for a. aegypti larvae. similarly, b. sphaericus toxin effect depends on the water temperature to a greater measure than that of b. thuringiensis toxin. the authors predict a high efficacy of b. sphaericus-based insecticides ...19938336659
heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector.oocyst prevalence and intensity have been recorded in 349 laboratory infections of anopheles stephensi with plasmodium berghei. intensity and prevalence of infection are shown to be predictably related. the structure and heterogeneity in the infections has been analysed with the objective of describing the biological mechanisms by which the observed negative binomial oocyst distributions are generated. the analysis has revealed that the most likely processes lie within the population dynamic eve ...19938341579
genetic maps of the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina: linkage-group correlations with other dipteran genera.linkage data and revised genetic maps for 72 autosomal loci in lucilia cuprina are presented. comparison of the linkage relationships of biochemically and morphologically similar mutations in ceratitis capitata, drosophila melanogaster, and musca domestica supports the hypothesis that the major linkage elements have survived relatively intact during evolution of the higher diptera. the relationship of the linkage groups of the mosquito aedes aegypti to these species is less clear.19938349126
unreliable supply of potable water and elevated aedes aegypti larval indices: a causal relationship?we investigated the hypothesis that a deficient supply of piped water was causing a high prevalence of water storage containers, which in turn, become important aquatic habitats of aedes aegypti in a small town in venezuela. the house (71.2%) and breteau indices (229) were considerably elevated. prevalent positive containers were: metal drums, small disposable containers (bottles, tins, etc.), tires, house plants (flowers in vases and plants in pots with earth) and tanks. most people reported fr ...19938350076
identification of blood meals in aedes aegypti by antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.a comparative study of 3 elisa protocols was performed for host blood meal identification in aedes aegypti. in the sandwich-b elisa, which used a combination of heavy and heavy+light chain conjugates, specificity was improved to such a degree that conjugates no longer required cross-adsorption with heterologous sera. using the sandwich-b assay, human blood meals in laboratory reared ae. aegypti could be detected longer after feeding (100% at 32 h and 80% at 42 h) than with a direct assay (100% a ...19938350077
aedes aegypti in new jersey. 19938350084
mass spectrometry and characterization of aedes aegypti trypsin modulating oostatic factor (tmof) and its analogs.trypsin modulating oostatic factor (tmof), a decapeptide that directly inhibits the biosynthesis of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like enzymes in epithelial cells of mosquito midgut and indirectly inhibits vitellogenesis in anautogenous females, has been sequenced by fourier transform mass spectrometry analysis. the peptide has a primary amino acid sequence of nh2-tyr-asp-pro-ala-(pro)6-cooh and probably exhibits left-handed helical conformation as was shown by computer stereoview simulation. the fa ...19938353526
[a study on transmission of dengue virus by culex fatigans].patients with acute dengue fever within 2 days of onset were simultaneously bitten by culex fatigans, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, which were fed and incubated in the laboratory. isolation and quantitative assay of dengue virus and transmission experiment were conducted on specimens collected from 3 kinds of mosquitoes at different time. the result showed a positive rate of 5.13% (2/39) and an average viral titer of 2.41 logtcid50, for culex fatigans, which indicates that culex fatigans m ...19938353818
three simple devices for preventing development of aedes aegypti larvae in water jars.we developed three types of covers that are easily fabricated from plastic screen locally manufactured in thailand. the covers were designed to permit normal use of water jars for drinking, utility water uses, and water storage. tests of the covers in the laboratory and field demonstrated that they could completely prevent successful development of aedes aegypti (l.) in water jars. initial experience in a village setting demonstrated that these devices were readily manufactured and used in a com ...19938357077
temperature-induced refractoriness of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to infection with the filaria brugia pahangi. 19938369568
phototoxicity of (1h-indenyl)thiophenes.the (1h-indenyl)thiophene derivatives 2 and 3 were recently reported to be excellent singlet oxygen sensitizers, comparable to alpha-terthienyl (1). the phototoxicity of these compounds was compared, using human erythrocytes, aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, daphnia magna, and fish (fathead minnows, pimephales promelas). the known ranking of the photooxidation properties was found to be a good predictor of phototoxic properties in erythrocytes and mosquito larvae but not in daphnias. all three com ...19938378432
experimental infection of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by the oral route with sindbis virus.the infectivity, dissemination, and transmissibility of wild-type sindbis (sin) virus were studied in aedes aegypti (l). there was an initial decline in the viral titer of whole mosquitoes for 3 d after ingestion of virus, followed by a gradual increase to a maximal level by day 6. immunoperoxidase staining of ae. aegypti for viral antigen showed infection of midgut epithelial cells on day 1, of the fat body by day 3, and of the brain by day 4. by day 5, there was infection of the foregut, hindg ...19938384663
cloning and sequencing of the cyclodiene insecticide resistance gene from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. conservation of the gene and resistance associated mutation with drosophila.in order to examine the conservation of the mechanism of cyclodiene insecticide resistance between species we cloned a cdna from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti homologous to the resistance gene rdl in drosophila. in d. melanogaster, resistance to cyclodienes and picrotoxinin is caused by a single amino acid substitution (alanine to serine) in the putative channel lining of a gamma-aminobutyic acid gated chloride ion channel. we report that the mosquito gene not only shows high homology ...19938391473
insecticide susceptibility status of anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti in panaji, goa.adult and larval insecticidal tests conducted in panaji, goa, revealed that adults of an. stephensi were resistant to ddt (4.0%), dieldrin (0.4%) and malathion (5.0%). the larvae of an. stephensi were also resistant to ddt (2.5 mg/l) and malathion (3.125 mg/l). cx. quinquefasciatus adults were resistant to ddt, dieldrin, malathion and fenitrothion (1.0%), and larvae were highly resistant to ddt but showed low resistance to malathion and fenitrothion (0.125 mg/i). adults of ae. aegypti were resis ...19938405597
effects on toxicity of eliminating a cleavage site in a predicted interhelical loop in bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin.when activated by treatment with mosquito (aedes aegypti) gut extract, the bacillus thuringiensis cryivb delta-endotoxin lysed a. aegypti cells in vitro. sds-page and n-terminal sequence determination showed that in addition to removal of the c-terminal half of the molecule, the activated toxin had undergone proteolytic cleavage at two internal regions producing 47-48-kda and 16-18-kda polypeptides. aligning the cryivb protein sequence with the crystallographic structure of the cryiiia toxin sug ...19938405934
vapour toxicity & repellence of some essential oils & terpenoids to adults of aedes aegypti (l) (diptera: culicidae).bioefficacy of commercially used synthetic insecticides/repellents and potential of selected essential oils and terpenoids were assessed against mosquitoes. essential oils and terpenoids, were vapourised in commercially manufactured mosquito repellent electronic assemblies and effects of such vapours were tested on 6-7 days old adult female aedes aegypti. commercially available 'mats' (coir rectangles) impregnated with allethrin were used as standards for comparison of kt50 and kt90 values. fast ...19938406635
dengue in gujarat state, india during 1988 & 1989.following the reports of epidemics of febrile illness from several rural and urban areas of gujarat state (india) in 1988, epidemiological investigations were carried out and dengue (den) virus activity was demonstrated in large cities such as surat and rajkot as well as several villages in sabarkantha district. two strains of dengue type-2 each were isolated from human sera from surat city and a village in sabarkantha district. six strains of dengue virus were isolated from aedes aegypti mosqui ...19938406637
genetic determinants of host ranges of bacillus sphaericus mosquito larvicidal toxins.the 51.4-kda-41.9-kda binary toxin produced by different strains of bacillus sphaericus shows differential activity toward culex quinquefasciatus, aedes atropalpus, and aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. the patterns of larvicidal activity toward all three mosquito species and growth retardation in a. aegypti have been shown to be due to the 41.9-kda protein. by using mutant toxins expressed in escherichia coli, insecticidal activity and growth retardation correlated with amino acids centered around ...19938419297
pgs28 belongs to a family of epidermal growth factor-like antigens that are targets of malaria transmission-blocking antibodies.although pgs28, a 28-kd surface protein of plasmodium gallinaceum oökinetes, was previously thought not to be a target of transmission-blocking antibodies, we found that polyclonal antisera to pgs28 completely blocked parasite infectivity to aedes aegypti mosquitoes. antisera raised against reduced pgs28 were less effective in blocking transmission than were antisera to nonreduced pgs28; thus, the target epitope(s) of transmission-blocking antibodies appears to be conformation dependent. in stag ...19938426118
structure, expression, and hormonal control of genes from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, which encode proteins similar to the vitelline membrane proteins of drosophila melanogaster.genomic and cdna clones of a gene expressed after a blood meal in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, were identified as having significant similarity to the vitelline membrane protein genes of drosophila melanogaster. the predicted protein had unusually high contents of alanine, histidine, and proline and contained a region of hydrophobic amino acids that was highly conserved in the predicted protein of the d. melanogaster vitelline membrane protein genes. the 15a gene was expressed from 5 to 40 hr af ...19938432405
detection of multiple blood feeding in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle using a histologic technique.we evaluated a histologic technique for its usefulness in detecting multiple blood feeding by aedes aegypti (l.) in a single gonotrophic cycle. to standardize the procedure, we carried out a laboratory study in which 166 mosquitoes imbibed two blood meals at known intervals. eighty percent (78/98) of the multiple meals were detected when the interval between meals was from 1 to < to = 24 h and the time from the second meal to fixation ranged from 0 to 12 hr. at intervals outside this range, only ...19938433350
lessons of aedes aegypti control in thailand.the incidence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) in thailand has increased cyclically since the first recognized outbreak in 1958. without an effective vaccine against dengue, and considering the clinical difficulty of treating dhf cases, vector control is needed to prevent dengue transmission. since the establishment of the who aedes research unit in 1964, continued since 1973 as the who collaborating centre at the department of medical research in bangkok, much operational research has been ca ...19938435481
changes in enzyme titres with age in four geographical strains of aedes aegypti and their association with insecticide resistance.the enzymes acetylcholinesterase, glutathione s-transferase (gst), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd), and general esterases were assayed in four strains of aedes aegypti mosquitoes aged between 1 and 30 days. microtitre plate methods were used to assay activity in the homogenates of individual mosquitoes. the levels of gst and g6pd declined with the age of the mosquitoes, while the activity for the other enzymes remained constant. soluble protein content was also found to decline with mos ...19938435483
effects of preblood-meal sugar on sugar seeking and upwind flight by gravid and parous aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).sugar seeking and upwind flight of gravid and parous female aedes aegypti (l.) was measured by their attraction to honey in a dual-port airflow olfactometer at selected time intervals after a blood meal. comparisons were made between pre-blood-meal sugar-fed and unfed females. sugar-fed females had greater total energy reserves, mostly because of elevated lipid levels. gravid mosquitoes in both groups showed a strong tendency to fly upwind. this appears to be a pre-ovipositional response. gravid ...19938459411
regulation of epithelial shunt conductance by the peptide leucokinin.isolated malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti spontaneously secrete nacl, kcl and water across an epithelium of modest transepithelial resistance (40-80 omega cm2) and high transepithelial voltage (30-70 mv, lumen positive). transepithelial electrochemical potentials indicate that na and k are secreted by active and cl by passive transport mechanisms. the addition of synthetic leucokinin-viii (lk-viii, insect myotropic peptide) to the peritubular bath significantly incre ...19938459448
critical review of aedes aegypti control programs in the caribbean and selected neighboring countries.in recent years the region of the americas has experienced increasing dengue activity with circulation of multiple virus serotypes. associated with this trend has been the occurrence of sporadic dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) cases and of dhf epidemics in both the caribbean and latin america. high vector infestation levels persist even though most countries in the caribbean conduct national aedes aegypti control programs and despite the fact that in some instances, expenditures exceed us$5 per c ...19938468568
effect of the insect growth regulator methoprene on the ovipositional behavior of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus.laboratory and field tests were conducted to determine the attractiveness of the insect growth regulator methoprene to ovipositing mosquitoes when presented at concentrations used in mosquito control programs. laboratory experiments indicated that ovipositing culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti were not attracted to methoprene. in field experiments, culex stigmatosoma and cx. quinquefasciatus larval dip counts in experimental ponds treated with methoprene briquets were not significantly dif ...19938468569
effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome p-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity.the plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome p-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of manduca sexta. the concentrations of these flavonoids required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroi ...19938485518
observations on the breeding habitats of aedes aegypti in calcutta following an episode of dengue haemorrhagic fever.a year-long (nov. 1990-oct. 1991) search for ae. aegypti larvae was made of all water containers in and around fixed 100 houses at bowbazar area in calcutta following an episode of dhf. out of 10151 containers searched, 615 (6%) were positive. masonry tanks were the major (64.2%) and preferred (17%) breeding sites of ae. aegypti. indoor containers (6.7%) were more conducive to breeding of the vector species than the outdoor ones (3%). breteau index showing wide variation (25 in december '90 to ' ...19938486410
[yellow fever epidemic in the extreme north of cameroon in 1990: first yellow fever virus isolation in cameroon].some two years ago, suspicious cases of yellow fever (yf) were reported in northern cameroon. a deadly epidemic broke out during the second half of the rainy season (from 15 september to 22 december 1990) with 180 known cases, of which 125 died. the real figures could have been between 5000 and 20,000 cases with between 500 and 1000 deaths. the affected area was within the yellow fever belt, which is situated around latitude 11 degrees north and 14 degrees east. in this mountainous area (altitud ...19938490979
growth and development of brugia pahangi larvae under various in vitro conditions.in vitro culture methods were utilized to investigate specific nutritional requirements of brugia pahangi larvae. infective third-stage larvae (l3) isolated from aedes aegypti (liverpool) mosquitoes were cultured in nctc 135:imdm (ni) medium plus various types of serum under 5% co2/air and 5% co2/n2 atmospheres. larvae grew, developed, and molted to the fourth stage (l4); however, further growth and differentiation beyond the mid-l4 were minimal. serum supplementation was necessary to induce mol ...19938501596
[the culicidian fauna and its nuisance in kinshasha (zaire)].a public health study to inventory bloodsucking mosquitoes was conducted in kinshasa and its regions. 20 culicidian species were represented by 7 anopheles, 6 culex, 5 aedes and 2 mansonia. in general, the number of bites/man/night (b/m/n) was in average 141.5 of cx. quinquefasciatus, 60.1 of cx. antennatus, 21.1 of m. africana, 16.3 of an. gambiae and 7.7 of m. uniformis. the nuisance is different from region to other. culex quinquefasciatus is the most abundant and aggressive species in the ur ...19938504267
insecticide susceptibility status of certain populations of aedes aegypti mosquito from rural areas of maharashtra state.ae. aegypti mosquitoes from rural areas of maharashtra state were subjected to insecticide bio-assays. all the populations showed resistance to ddt at larval and adult stages. no resistance to deltamithrin and malathion was detected at any stage. biochemical analysis of these mosquito populations showed that resistance to ddt was probably due to increase in the kinetics of glutathione s-transferase.19938505082
gametogenesis and sporogony of hepatozoon mocassini (apicomplexa: adeleina: hepatozoidae) in an experimental mosquito host, aedes aegypti.the sexual life cycle of the hemogregarine hepatozoon mocassini was studied in aedes aegypti, an experimental mosquito host, using transmission electron microscopy. gamonts were observed leaving the host snake erythrocyte as early as 30 min after mosquitoes ingested infected blood, and some gamonts had penetrated the gut epithelial cells by this time. six hours post-feeding, gamonts were identified within cells of the abdominal fat body. twenty-four hours post-feeding, gamonts were often entrapp ...19938508167
arachidonic acid and prostaglandin e2 in malpighian tubules of female yellow fever mosquitoes.the fatty acid compositions of malpighian tubules from adult females of the mosquito aedes aegypti were determined for total lipids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols and three phospholipid fractions, namely phosphatidylcholine (pc), phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) and phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylserine (pi/ps). the prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) occurred in total lipids and phospholipids, but not triacylglycerols. within phospholipids, nearly all of the 20:4n-6 was detected ...19938508185
sustainable urban development and human health: septic tank as a major breeding habitat of mosquito vectors of human diseases in south-eastern nigeria.septic tank mosquitoes in abia state university okigwe, south-eastern nigeria were studied using exit traps between november 1988 and april 1989. the results were revealing and striking. apart from the common septic tank mosquitoes, culex p. quinquefasciatus, cu. cinereus and aedes aegypti, which have been previously commonly found breeding in ammonia and nitrate-rich waters of latrines and septic tanks, the other species, cu. horridus, cu. tigripes and aedes vittatus, have not been commonly rep ...19938508215
gorging response of culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to blood fractions.although anopheline mosquitoes will ingest plasma without blood cells, culex spp. and aedes spp. require the phagostimulatory effect of blood cells; this effect can be duplicated by the addition of adenine-nucleotides to plasma. because activation of platelets released adp and atp into the plasma, they were suspected as the major source of the phagostimulant. this paper describes quantitatively the role of platelets in ingestion by aedes aegypti (l.) and culex univittatus theobald. we found that ...19938510110
distribution of container-inhabiting aedes larvae (diptera: culicidae) at a dengue focus in thailand.a thai village with dengue transmission was surveyed for aedes aegypti (l.) and ae. albopictus (skuse) larvae at the end of the rainy season. all containers (1,819) in 186 households were surveyed, recording the presence of larvae, container type, level of water, kind of cover, and location. the number of positive containers was proportional to the total number of containers in a household. standard water jars (approximately 200 liters) contributed 57% and small water jars (< 100 liters) contrib ...19938510120
search for antifungal, molluscicidal and larvicidal compounds from african medicinal plants.african medicinal plants provide a rich source of biologically-active natural products. by the use of simple bioassays in conjunction with an approach involving bioactivity guided fractionation, it is possible to isolate novel compounds with interesting properties. several hundred plant extracts have been submitted to different screens, including bioautography on tlc plates with the fungi cladosporium cucumerinum and candida albicans. among the other test systems are a bioassay for molluscicidal ...19938510471
public service deficiencies and aedes aegypti breeding sites in venezuela.the 1992 study reported here assessed relationships between potable water supply and trash collection practices and the prevalence of dengue vector mosquito (aedes aegypti) breeding sites in 30 towns located along the north coast of venezuela. within each study town, 100 homes were chosen. at each of these homes the number of water-bearing containers and containers harboring a. aegypti were determined and interviews were conducted to obtain information about the local water supply, trash collect ...19958520605
[single larva sampling for aedes aegypti surveillance].buildings in araraquara city, southeastern brazil, were searched during a year for the presence of aedes larvae using single larva sampling in order to check the single-larva methodology. in those breeding places in which aedes larvae were found, one of them was collected. as a control, after the single larva had been collected, all the larvae from the breeding place were collected for later identification. this process was repeated in the laboratory. of the 447 domiciles searched, 12 were consi ...19958525326
glutathion s-transferase activity and ddt-susceptibility of malaysian mosquitos.comparative ddt-susceptibility status and glutathion s-transferase (gst) activity of malaysian anopheles maculatus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was investigated to ascertain the role of this enzyme in ddt resistance. the standardised who dose-mortality bioassay tests were used to determine ddt susceptibility in these mosquitos, whilst gst microassay (brogdon and barber, 1990) was conducted to measure the activity of this enzyme in mosquito homogenate. it appeared that ddt susceptibi ...19958525405
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of california to subperiodic brugia malayi.laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of six species of mosquitoes, representing three genera, to subperiodic brugia malayi. the black-eye, liverpool strain of aedes aegypti was the susceptible control. mosquitoes were fed on microfilaremic jirds (meriones unguiculatus). all mosquitoes, except wild caught culex erythrothorax, were laboratory-reared and allowed to feed when 8 to 10 days old. anopheles freeborni, anopheles hermsi, and culiseta inornata proved refrac ...19958533667
cloning and expression of a novel toxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan encoding a highly mosquitocidal protein.a gene, designated cry11b, encoding a 81,293-da crystal protein of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan was cloned by using a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. the sequence of the cry11b protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cry11b gene, contains large regions of similarity with the cry11a toxin (previously cryivd) from b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the cry11b protein was immunologically related to both cry11a and cry4a proteins. the cry11b gene was expressed in a nontoxic s ...19958534090
rotundial, a new natural mosquito repellent from the leaves of vitex rotundifolia.a new natural mosquito repellent was isolated from fresh leaves of vitex rotundifolia. its structure was elucidated by an extensive nmr spectral analysis to be a cyclopentene dialdehyde named rotundial. this compound possessed potent repelling activity against aedes aegypti.19958534996
isolation of the insecticidal components of tagetes minuta (compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults.application of tagetes minuta floral extract to silica gel column chromatography produced 2 fractions with the hydrogenate part 20-30 times more toxic to larvae and 12-13 times more toxic to adults of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, respectively, than the oxygenate part. further fractionation by column chromatography of the hydrogenate fraction produced 4 thiophenes, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-5'-methyl-2,2'-bithiophene, 2,2',5',2"-terthiophene, and 5-meth ...19958551298
characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of aedes aegypti from venezuela.resistance to the organophosphates (op) temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl, and the carbamate propoxur was found to be low (< 5-fold) in 3 aedes aegypti populations collected from falcon and aragua states of venezuela. resistance to chlorpyrifos (op), permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) was moderate (7-fold) in both populations. mechanisms of resistance were investigated with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (mixed function oxidase inhibitor) and s, s, s-tributyl phosphorot ...19958551300
probing and gorging responses of three mosquito species to a membrane feeding system at a range of temperatures.membrane feeding of 3 mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and anopheles arabiensis, with formulated protein meals was carried out at a range of temperatures. the response was evaluated in terms of probing after 5 min, engorgement after 90 min, and 50% feeding time. aedes aegypti showed a satisfactory feeding response across the complete temperature range investigated, 28-40 degrees c, although engorgement was significantly faster between 36 and 40 degrees c. anopheles stephensi ...19958551304
residual activity of three slow-release temephos formulations against aedes aegypti larvae.residual effectiveness of plaster matrix formulations of temephos and temephos plus an emulsifier (atlox 3409f) were evaluated against aedes aegypti larvae during an 8-wk period. formulations of 2% and 5% (ai) atlox with 5% (ai) temephos yielded 100% larval mortality for 8 wk. a 5% temephos formulation without the addition of the emulsifier produced 100% larval mortality through only 1 wk.19958551307
evaluation of enemas for exposing aedes aegypti to suspensions of dengue-2 virus.to determine if enemas could be used to simulate oral exposure of aedes aegypti to dengue-2 virus, we compared infection rates of mosquitoes administered an enema of a blood suspension containing dengue-2 virus to infection rates in mosquitoes that imbibed the same suspension from a drop of blood. in 1 of 4 experiments infection rates were significantly different. more importantly, during 2 of the 4 trials, 100% of the mosquitoes in the enema treatment group were infected. we speculate that the ...19958551311
failure of immune sera to neutralize dengue-2 virus in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti became infected when inoculated with a mixture of dengue-2 virus and anti-dengue-2 antibodies, but not when they were exposed to the same mixture per os. this phenomenon merits more detailed investigation. understanding why this difference in mosquito infection rate occurs may lead to improved dengue virus assays or provide insights into the nature of dengue virus-antibody interactions.19958551312
establishment and characterization of three cell lines from aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae).three cell lines (a.t. grip-1, 2, and 3) were established from aedes triseriatus (say) embryonated eggs or neonate larvae and their morphology, growth, karyotype, and isozyme pattern were studied. the isozyme alleles observed in the 3 cell lines also were found in adults of the original mosquito colony. each cell line differed in enzymatic, morphological, and karyotypical patterns. la crosse encephalitis (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses, members of the california encephalitis virus group, w ...19958551501
parasitism of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus (diptera: culicidae) by ascogregarina spp. (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in florida.aedes aegypti (l.) and ae. albopictus (skuse) from 40 sites in 17 counties of florida were surveyed for gregarine parasites during the spring and autumn of 1993 and in july 1994. larvae collected from containers (mainly tires) were dissected to determine the number of gregarine trophozoites present. ascogregarina spp. were found at 70% of the sites and occurred as frequently in ae. aegypti populations as in ae. albopictus. within sites, parasite distributions were highly variable and aggregated ...19958551508
characterization of six highly mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis strains that do not belong to h-14 serotype.four strains belonging to bacillus thuringiensis serovars thompsoni, malaysiensis, canadensis, jegathesan and two auto-agglutinating b.t. strains were identified as being highly toxic to the mosquito larvae of the species aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex pipiens. their larvicidal and hemolytic activities were determined and compared with those of strains known to be highly mosquitocidal and/or cytolytic from serovars of b.t. israelensis, morrisoni, darmstadiensis, medellin, kyushuen ...19968555944
the premise condition index: a tool for streamlining surveys of aedes aegypti.premise inspections and treatment of the larval habitats of container-breeding aedes aegypti are extremely labor intensive. since this means of control is the only one available in relation to dengue fever, this report presents an effective approach for streamlining premise surveys in north queensland, australia. from a survey of 877 premises in townsville, charters towers, and mingela/ravenswood in 1990, occupier and premise variables were collected to examine any relationships with the presenc ...19958561259
understanding productivity, a key to aedes aegypti surveillance.the objective of this work was to define criteria that could be applied to achieve faster, more economical, and accurate assessment of vector populations for control of dengue viruses. during 1989-1990, 1,349 premises were surveyed in townsville, charters towers and mingela/ravenswood, queensland, australia. in each locality, 1.9-8.4% of premises contained three or more containers with aedes aegypti immature forms and were designated as key premises. comparison of surveys in townsville from 1989 ...19958561260
infection of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) and ae. aegypti with lambornella stegomyiae (ciliophora: tetrahymenidae).the transformation of lambornella stegomyiae trophonts to theronts, the distribution of invasion cysts on larval aedes albopictus cuticle, and the virulence of l. stegomyiae to ae. albopictus and aedes aegypti were studied in the laboratory. transformation of trophonts into theronts was induced by a morphogenic agent released from larval ae. albopictus homogenate. the first transformation was observed 4 hr after exposure to larval mosquito homogenate, but most transformations occurred between 12 ...19958568285
towards malaria control in nigeria: a qualitative study on the population of mosquitoes.malaria is still highly prevalent in many tropical countries and this disease can only survive in areas where mosquitoes and infected human populations are high. relevant information on the species of mosquitoes, their habitats and their population are important in planning preventative strategies in the control of malaria, hence this study. mosquito species and their habitats were investigated in both high and low density areas of benin city, edo state, nigeria. the results showed that culex pi ...19958568784
immunohistological localization of regulatory peptides in the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti.the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti was studied immunohistologically with antisera to various regulatory peptides. endocrine cells immunoreactive with antisera to perisulfakinin, rfamide, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, urotensin 1, locustatachykinin 2 and allatostatins a1 and b2 were found in the midgut. perisulfakinin, rfamide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide all react with the same, about 500 endocrine cells, which were evenly distributed throughout the posterior midgut, with the ...19958574883
toward a physical map of aedes aegypti.labelled recombinant cosmids were used as in situ hybridization probes to aedes aegypti metaphase chromosomes. the cosmid probes yielded paired signals, one on each arm of sister chromatids, and they were ordered along the three chromosomes. in total, thirty-seven different probes were mapped to the three chromosomes of ae. aegypti (2n = 6): twenty-eight to chromosome 1, six to chromosome 2, and six to chromosome 3. these results represent an initial stage in the generation of a physical map of ...19958589842
mosquitocidal activity of the cryic delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai.the cloned 135-kda cryic delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis is a lepidopteran-active toxin, displaying high activity in vivo against spodoptera litoralis and spodoptera frugiperda larvae and in vitro against the s. frugiperda sf9 cell line. here, we report that the cryic delta-endotoxin cloned from b. thuringienesis subsp. aizawai hd-229 and expressed in an acrystalliferous b. thuringiensis strain is also toxic to aedes aegypti, anophles gambiae, and culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larv ...19968593070
jungle yellow fever: clinical and laboratorial studies emphasizing viremia on a human case.the authors report the clinical, laboratorial and epidemiological aspects of a human case of jungle yellow fever. the patient suffered from fever, chills, sweating, headaches, backaches, myalgia, epigastric pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and prostration. he was unvaccinated and had been working in areas where cases of jungle yellow fever had been confirmed. investigations concerning the yellow fever virus were performed. blood samples were collected on several days in the course of the illnes ...19958599063
[yellow fever in mexico. the eradication of aëdes aegypti. 1966]. 19958599142
[dengue in mexico: a priority problem of public health].dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by aedes aegypti. it has been recently incorporated to the agenda of priorities in many countries in the americas. the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases is becoming a public health threat and requires the implementation of intensive surveillance and control strategies. the epidemiological panorama of dengue in mexico provides the opportunity to analyze a regional health problem and the risk factors involved in the genesis of hemorrhagic cases ...19958599144
[the role of the aedes aegypti vector in the epidemiology of dengue in mexico].the role of aedes aegypti (lineo) in the epidemiology of dengue fever in mexico is herein discussed based on the vectorial capacity model. comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each model component at the time of field determinations are also presented. emphasis is made on the impact of sampling and method bias on the results of vectorial capacity studies. the paper also addresses the need to increase vector biology knowledge as an input for epidemiological work to explain and predict ...19958599147
[vectors of dengue in mexico: a critical review)].the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linneaus, 1762) is the vector of dengue viruses in america. recently, another related species, aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) was first introduced to america in 1986 in texas, usa and later on in sao paulo, brazil. since then, this mosquito has rapidly colonized new areas along the northern border states of mexico. the importance of this species as a vector of dengue virus is not clear. this work presents a revision of some characteristics of the two speci ...19958599149
stable expression of insect gaba receptors in insect cell lines. promoters for efficient expression of drosophila and mosquito rdl gaba receptors in stably transformed mosquito cell lines.we are interested in establishing stably transformed insect cell lines efficiently expressing the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor subunit gene resistance to dieldrin or rdl. in order to facilitate this we utilized a system based on stable transformation of aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines using the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene as a selected marker. here we report the production of stable mosquito cell lines carrying high copy numbers of rdl genes from both drosophila an ...19968601436
mosquitoes, models, and dengue.in the last 10 years dengue has spread markedly through latin america and the caribbean (dominican republic, jamaica, barbados, mexico, guatemala, el salvador, honduras, nicaragua, costa rica, panama, ecuador, colombia, venezuela, and brazil). the mosquito aedes aegypti has taken advantage of increased urbanization and crowding to transmit the dengue virus. the mosquito infests tires, cans, and water jars near dwellings. the female mosquito practices multiple, interrupted feeding. thus, mosq ...19968622446
possible contributing factors to the paucity of yellow fever epidemics in the ashanti region of ghana, west africa.yellow fever virus vectors identified in the ashanti region of ghana included aedes aegypti, aedes africanus, aedes luteocephalus and aedes vittatus. other mosquito species, unrelated to yellow fever transmission, identified in this study included culex tigripes, culex thalassius, culex decens, culex tarsalis, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephansi and toxorynchites brevipalpis. factors generally known to influence yellow fever transmission were also studied in the ashanti region. these included ...19968625858
population genetics with rapd-pcr markers: the breeding structure of aedes aegypti in puerto rico.rapd-pcr polymorphisms at 57 presumptive loci were used to examine the breeding structure of the mosquito aedes aegypti in puerto rico. mosquitoes were sampled from 16 locations in six cities and samples were located in a nested spatial design to examine local patterns of gene flow. allele frequencies were estimated assuming (1) that genomic regions amplified by rapd-pcr segregate as dominant alleles, (2) that genotypes at rapd loci are in hardy-weinberg proportions, (3) identity in state (iis) ...19968626220
genetically engineered resistance to dengue-2 virus transmission in mosquitoes.the control of arthropod-borne virus diseases such as dengue may ultimately require the genetic manipulation of mosquito vectors to disrupt virus transmission to human populations. to reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit dengue viruses, a recombinant sindbis virus was used to transduce female aedes aegypti with a 567-base antisense rna targeted to the premembrane coding region of dengue type 2 (den-2) virus. the transduced mosquitoes were unable to support replication of den-2 virus in t ...19968629025
aedes aegypti midgut early trypsin is post-transcriptionally regulated by blood feeding.early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the aedes aegypti midgut during the first hours after ingestion of a blood meal. early trypsin gene expression was studied by northern blot analysis. the early trypsin mrna, absent in larvae, pupae and newly emerged females, reaches detectable levels at 24 h post-emergence and attains a maximum level at an adult age of 4-7 days. after the first week there is a decrease in the steady-state level of the transcript, but it remains readily detec ...19968630532
cloning and developmental expression of the ecdysone receptor gene from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana.degenerate oligonucleotides were designed on the basis of conserved amino acid sequences in the dna and ligand-binding regions of the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. using these oligonucleotides in rna-pcr, a cdna fragment was isolated from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this cdna fragment with the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily suggested that this pcr fragment is a region of the ecdysone re ...19958641050
antibody-mediated inhibition of aedes aegypti midgut trypsins blocks sporogonic development of plasmodium gallinaceum.the peritrophic matrix (pm) that forms around a blood meal is a potential barrier of plasmodium development in mosquitoes. previously, we have shown that to traverse the pm, plasmodium ookinetes secrete a prochitinase and that an inhibitor of chitinase blocks further parasite development. here we report that it is the mosquito trypsin that activates the plasmodium prochitinase. trypsin was identified as the chitinase-activating enzyme by two criteria: (i) trypsin activity and activating activity ...19968641775
critical examination of aedes aegypti indices: correlations with abundance.the following immature stage indices for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti surveillance were evaluated in four north queensland, australia towns with respect to their relationship to immature and adult female densities: breteau, house, container, larval density, stegomyia (and modifications thereof), and a newly created adult productivity index. spearman's correlations of indices that considered larval or immature (larvae and pupae) numbers had a better relationship with immature abundance but this was ...19968644913
cloning and sequencing of trehalose synthase gene from pimelobacter sp. r48.the gene encoding trehalose synthase (catalyzing the conversion of maltose into alpha, alpha-trehalose by intramolecular transglucosylation) was cloned from pimelobacter sp. r48. sequence analysis revealed a 1719-bp synthase gene and a 573-residue amino-acid sequence. the 220 n-terminal residues were homologous to those of maltases from saccharomyces carlsbergensis and aedes aegypti.19968645698
subunit cleavage of mosquito pro-vitellogenin by a subtilisin-like convertase.the eukaryotic convertase family plays an important role in posttranslational proteolytic processing and activation of many pro- and polypeptides that have at their cleavage sites the paired basic motif, rx(k/r)r. recent studies have revealed that the cleavage site of insect pro-vitellogenins (pro-vg) also contains this motif. to identify and characterize the insect pro-vg processing enzyme, vg convertase (vc), its cdna was cloned from a vitellogenic female fat body cdna library of the mosquito, ...08650241
functional analysis of a mosquito gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor gene promoter.a single point mutation in the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (gabar)-encoding gene (rdl) confers high levels of resistance to cyclodienes in drosophila and other insects. we were interested in studying the promoter of this gene for two reasons. firstly, to define the elements underlying rdl expression. secondly, to identify the minimum set of regulatory elements necessary for construction of a functional rdl minigene. such an insecticide-resistance-associated minigene should form a str ...19968654932
cloning and expression of the first anaerobic toxin gene from clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia, encoding a new mosquitocidal protein with homologies to bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins.a gene (cbm71) encoding a 71,128-da mosquitocidal protein (cbm71) was obtained by screening a size-fractionated xbai digest of total genomic dna from clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia ch18 with two gene-specific oligonucleotide probes. the sequence of the cbm71 protein, as deduced from the sequence of cbm71, corresponds to that of the 66-kda protein previously described as one of the mosquitocidal components of c. bifermentans subsp. malaysia. cbm71 shows limited similarities with bacillu ...19968655486
experimental evidence against replication or dissemination of hepatitis c virus in mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) using detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.in 3 laboratory experiments, mosquitoes were fed hepatitis c virus (hcv)-rna positive blood by using membrane feeders, separated into head, thorax, and abdomen, and tested by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for hcv-rna. hcv did not replicate or disseminate in mosquitoes that had ingested blood from patients that were hcv-viremic positive. when yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l.), were held for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after feeding, hcv-rna was detected in the abdomens of ...19968667387
[the residual effect of temephos on aedes aegypti larvae].one of the most used strategies for controlling aedes aegypti is the use of the larvicide temephós (abate). this larvicide has a prolonged residual effect which allows planning the focal treatments. this study aims to verify the duration of the larvicide residual effect stimulating a field situation. plastic containers of one and five liters were treated with temephós and the residual effect was evaluated every 30 day after the treatment. different residual effect was observed in the containers ...20138668838
impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in accra and tema, ghana.the total of 75 mosquito species recorded in accra have declined to 28 species. contributing factors to this decline and the reduction in prevalence of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in accra presently include extensive water pollution and a fairly high daily mosquito mortality due to several factors including loss of natural adult resting places, use of mosquito repellents and the probable increase of anopheles arabiensis population. presently low yellow fever incidence is due inter alia to ...19958669399
mosquito dopa decarboxylase cdna characterization and blood-meal-induced ovarian expression.dopa decarboxylase (ddc) functions in insect catecholamine biochemistry to produce materials essential for cross-linking reactions that result in tanning and/or melanization, include tanning of the mosquito egg chorion and encapsulation of parasites. we have cloned ddc from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, and studied its expression in response to blood-feeding, which initiates events necessary for egg maturation in mosquitoes. the ae. aegypti ddc cdna was isolated via heterologous screening using a ...19968673262
aedes aegypti: induced antibacterial proteins reduce the establishment and development of brugia malayi.the effect of host immune activation on the development of brugia malayi in one susceptible and four refractory strains of aedes aegypti and in armigeres subalbatus was assessed. a. aegypti that were immune activated by the injection of saline or bacteria 24 hr before feeding on a b. malayi-infected gerbil had significantly reduced prevalences and mean intensities of infection from those of naive controls when exposed to bloodmeals with low (105 mf/20 microliters) and medium (160 mf/20 microlite ...19968682188
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