Publications

identification of myotropic neuropeptides from the brain and corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the beetle, zophobas atratus.	the neuropeptide profiles of the two major neuro-endocrinological organs, brain and retrocerebral complex corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum (cc/ca) of adult beetles, zophobas atratus fabricius (coleoptera:tenebrionidae) were analyzed by a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi tof/tof ms). the homological semi-isolated heart bioassay was used to screen hplc fractions for myotropic a ...	0	21067424
genome-wide comparison of genes involved in the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling of juvenile hormone between silkworm and other insects.	juvenile hormone (jh) contributes to the regulation of larval molting and metamorphosis in insects. herein, we comprehensively identified 55 genes involved in jh biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling in the silkworm (bombyx mori) as well as 35 in drosophila melanogaster, 35 in anopheles gambiae, 36 in apis mellifera, 47 in tribolium castaneum, and 44 in danaus plexippus. comparative analysis showed that each gene involved in the early steps of the mevalonate (mva) pathway, in the neuropeptide r ...	0	25071411
repellant and insecticidal activities of shyobunone and isoshyobunone derived from the essential oil of acorus calamus rhizomes.	it was found that the essential oil of acorus calamus rhizomes showed insecticidal activity.	0	26600710
identification of a calcitonin-like diuretic hormone that functions as an intrinsic modulator of the american lobster, homarus americanus, cardiac neuromuscular system.	in insects, a family of peptides with sequence homology to the vertebrate calcitonins has been implicated in the control of diuresis, a process that includes mixing of the hemolymph. here, we show that a member of the insect calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (cldh) family is present in the american lobster, homarus americanus, serving, at least in part, as a powerful modulator of cardiac output. specifically, during an ongoing est project, a transcript encoding a putative h. americanus cldh precu ...	0	20008368
molecular analysis of juvenile hormone analog action in controlling the metamorphosis of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	the juvenile hormone analogs (jha) are known to disrupt insect development but the molecular mechanisms of their action have been studied only in a few model insects belonging to orders diptera and lepidoptera. here, we investigated the mechanisms of jha action in red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, belonging to the order coleoptera. application of jha during penultimate and final instar larval stages blocked larval-pupal metamorphosis and induced supernumerary larval molts. when compared to ...	0	19072925
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a novel p450 gene encoding cyp345d3 from the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	a novel cdna clone encoding a cytochrome p450 gene has been isolated from the insecticide-susceptible strain of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae). the nucleotide sequence of the clone, designated cyp345d3, was determined. the cdna is 1554 bp in length and contains an open reading frame from base pairs 32 to 1513, encoding a protein of 493 amino acid residues and a predicted molecular weight of 57466 daltons. the putative protein contains the classic h ...	0	20331399
strain-specific priming of resistance in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	as invertebrates lack the molecular machinery employed by the vertebrate adaptive immune system, it was thought that they consequently lack the ability to produce lasting and specific immunity. however, in recent years, it has been demonstrated that the immune defence of invertebrates is by far more complicated and specific than previously envisioned. lasting immunity following an initial exposure that proves protection on a secondary exposure has been shown in several species of invertebrates. ...	0	18796392
evidence for deep regulatory similarities in early developmental programs across highly diverged insects.	many genes familiar from drosophila development, such as the so-called gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes, play important roles in the development of other insects and in many cases appear to be deployed in a similar fashion, despite the fact that drosophila-like "long germband" development is highly derived and confined to a subset of insect families. whether or not these similarities extend to the regulatory level is unknown. identification of regulatory regions beyond the well-studied ...	0	25173756
a context-dependent combination of wnt receptors controls axis elongation and leg development in a short germ insect.	short germ embryos elongate their primary body axis by consecutively adding segments from a posteriorly located growth zone. wnt signalling is required for axis elongation in short germ arthropods, including tribolium castaneum, but the precise functions of the different wnt receptors involved in this process are unclear. we analysed the individual and combinatorial functions of the three wnt receptors, frizzled-1 (tc-fz1), frizzled-2 (tc-fz2) and frizzled-4 (tc-fz4), and their co-receptor arrow ...	0	21652652
rna interference as a method for target-site screening in the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera.	to test the efficacy of rna interference (rnai) as a method for target-site screening in diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleptera: chrysomelidae) larvae, genes were identified and tested for which clear rnai phenotypes had been identified in the coleopteran model, tribolium castaneum. here the cloning of the d. v. vergifera orthologs of laccase 2 (dvvlac2) and chitin synthase 2 (dvvchs2) is reported. injection of dvvlac2-specific double-stranded rna resulted in prevention of post-molt c ...	0	21067417
the evolution of hexapod engrailed-family genes: evidence for conservation and concerted evolution.	phylogenetic analyses imply that multiple engrailed-family gene duplications occurred during hexapod evolution, a view supported by previous reports of only a single engrailed-family gene in members of the grasshopper genus schistocerca and in the beetle tribolium castaneum. here, we report the cloning of a second engrailed-family gene from schistocerca gregaria and present evidence for two engrailed-family genes from four additional hexapod species. we also report the existence of a second engr ...	0	16790405
selenoproteinless animals: selenophosphate synthetase sps1 functions in a pathway unrelated to selenocysteine biosynthesis.	proteins containing the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (sec), have been described in all three domains of life, but the composition of selenoproteomes in organisms varies significantly. here, we report that aquatic arthropods possess many selenoproteins also detected in other animals and unicellular eukaryotes, and that most of these proteins were either lost or replaced with cysteine-containing homologs in insects. as a result of this selective selenoproteome reduction, fruit flies and mosquit ...	0	18156471
transmission of salmonella montevideo in wheat by stored-product insects.	sitophilus oryzae (l.), s. granarius (l.), tribolium castaneum (hbst.), oryzaephilus surinamensis (l.), rhyzopertha dominica (f.), tenebroides mauritanicus (l.), and cryptolestes pusillus (schon.) transmitted salmonella montevideo from wheat contaminated with 10(6) organisms/g to clean wheat. the insects were fed on the contaminated grain for 21 days and were then transferred to clean grain and allowed to feed for 21 days. they were subsequently transferred to two more samples of clean wheat. al ...	1971	4943271
host-parasite interactions of tribolium confusum and tribolium castaneum with hymenolepis diminuta.		1971	5546105
the biological effectiveness of hze-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the apollo 16 and 17 biostack experiments.	the biostack experiments i and ii were flown on board the apollo 16 and 17 command modules in order to obtain information on the biological damage produced by the bombardment of heavy high-energy (hze) particles of cosmic radiation during spaceflight. such data are required for estimating radiation hazards in manned spaceflight. seven biological systems in resting state (bacillus subtilis spores, colpoda cucullus cysts, arabidopsis thaliana seeds, and eggs of artemia salina, tribolium castaneum ...	1975	11887916
longevity, growth rate and related traits among strains of tribolium castaneum.	longevity of eight laboratory strains of the flour beetle tribolium castaneum, with various geographic backgrounds, was studied under constant laboratory conditions of 33 degrees c and 70% relative humidity in standard medium (95% whole wheat flour and 5% dried yeast) during a period of 227 days starting from the egg stage. the eggs were collected from the same parents, first a few days after emergence and afterwards at intervals of 13, 9, 10 and 11 days. mean survival time (mst) was found to be ...	1975	1158105
[relationship between growth rate and longevity in tribolium castaneum and drosophila melanogaster].	in tribolium and drosophila preimaginal growth rate and imaginal life-span are directly, but inversely related: the lower the growth rate, the shorter the life-span in tribolium, the longer in drosophila. these conflicting results, which give ground to the developmental theory of ageing, may be due to the biology of the species and to the experimental approaches.	1976	821629
growth rate and longevity in drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum.		1977	404569
genotype-environment interaction effects on reproductive performance in tribolium castaneum.	three lines of tribolium castaneum were raised totally on a yeast-free or yeast-supplemented diet, or raised to pupation on a yeast-free diet and then on a yeast-supplemented diet, and vice versa, to study the effects of genotype x environment interaction and diet changes after pupation on reproduction.feeding the yeast-supplemented diet generally resulted in earlier sexual maturation, heavier adult weights and higher egg production. the diets had no effects on larval viability. changes in diet ...	1981	24276391
effect of acrylonitrile on trehalase, phosphorylase and acetylcholinesterase activities in tribolium castaneum herbst and trogoderma granarium everts.	acrylonitrile inhibited trehalase and phosphorylases in larvae and adults of tribolium castaneum. in trogoderma granarium larvae phosphorylases alone were inhibited. acetylcholinesterase was not affected.	1981	7286145
"a" esterases and their role in regulating the toxicity of organophosphates.	esterases which can hydrolyse organophosphates without being inhibited by them are termed "a" esterases. using paraoxon and pirimiphos-methyl oxon as substrates, high "a" esterase activity is found in the liver and plasma or serum of a range of mammalian species. in a study of serum "a" esterases of sheep and humans, over 80% of the activity separated into the high density lipoprotein (hdl) fraction following ultracentrifugation. when hdl fractions from sheep serum were run on sepharose gel colu ...	1987	3304214
enzyme-coding genes as molecular clocks: the molecular evolution of animal alpha-amylases.	we constructed a cdna library for the beetle, tribolium castaneum. this library was screened using a cloned amylase gene from drosophila melanogaster as a molecular probe. beetle amylase cdna clones were isolated from this bank, and the nucleotide sequence was obtained for a cdna clone with a coding capacity for 228 amino acids. both the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence were compared to our recent results for d. melanogaster alpha-amylases, along with published sequences for ...	1987	3129570
genetic analysis of the homeotic gene complex (hom-c) in the beetle tribolium castaneum.	our laboratories have undertaken both genetic and molecular studies of the homeotic gene complex (hom-c) of the beetle tribolium castaneum, and this paper discusses results from our genetic analyses. we describe here the adult phenotypes and complementation behavior of over 50 new mutations. many of these homeotic phenotypes resemble those of drosophila melanogaster, but few precisely parallel the segmental transformations seen in this fly. analysis of putative loss-of-function mutations affecti ...	1989	2565268
a study on the life-cycle and epidemiology of pseudanoplocephala crawfordi baylis, 1927.	a study of the life-cycle and epidemiology of pseudanoplocephala crawfordi baylis, 1927 is reported. intermediate hosts are tenebrio obscurus, t. molitor, carpophilus dimidiatus and tribolium castaneum. the first three species are new host records. development in the intermediate host takes 1-1.5 months. the completion of the life-cycle takes 2-2.5 months. surveys of intermediate hosts, pigs, humans and rats were carried out. in rattus norvegicus, the prevalence was as high as 22%. epidemiologic ...	1990	2338485
rice cystatin: bacterial expression, purification, cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity, and insect growth suppressing activity of a truncated form of the protein.	a cdna clone that encodes oryzacystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor from rice, was isolated and expressed in escherichia coli bl-21 (de3) using an expression plasmid under the control of a t7 rna polymerase promoter. the construct pt7oc 9b encoded a fusion protein containing 11 amino acid residues of the nh2 terminus of the bacterial protein phi 10 and 79 residues of oryzacystatin lacking 23 nh2-terminal residues of the wild-type protein. recombinant oryzacystatin (roc) constituted approximat ...	1992	1422207
assortative mating and directional or stabilizing selection for a non-linear function of traits in tribolium.	summary: assortative or random mating following selection in either direction on a non-linear index (experiment 1) or stabilizing selection for pupal length (experiment 2) were carried out for five generations in two lines of tribolium castaneum (a and r, respectively), with three replicates each. the selected proportion was 25% in all lines. in experiment 1, the selection criterion was designed to increase the aggregate value of adult weight and the first- and second-order powers of pupal lengt ...	1993	21395705
structure and function of the homeotic gene complex (hom-c) in the beetle, tribolium castaneum.	the powerful combination of genetic, developmental and molecular approaches possible with the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, has led to a profound understanding of the genetic control of early developmental events. however, drosophila is a highly specialized long germ insect, and the mechanisms controlling its early development may not be typical of insects or arthropods in general. the beetle, tribolium castaneum, offers a similar opportunity to integrate high resolution genetic analysis w ...	1993	11536538
insecticidal activity of ranunculus sceleratus (l.) against drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum.		1993	8500821
insect detoxifying enzymes: their importance in pesticide synergism and resistance.	pyrethroid esterases of trichoplusia ni, spodoptera littoralis and bemisia tabaci hydrolyze the trans-isomers of various pyrethroids more extensively than the cis-isomers. profenofos fed to t. ni larvae at a level inhibiting the gut pyrethroid esterases by 65% with trans-permethrin and of 95% with cis-cypermethrin increased the toxicity of topically applied trans-permethrin by fourfold and cis-cypermethrin by 20-fold. similar assays with s. littoralis resulted in an increase of about threefold i ...	1993	8431600
a novel alpha-amylase inhibitor from amaranth (amaranthus hypocondriacus) seeds.	the major alpha-amylase inhibitor (aai) present in the seeds of amaranthus hypocondriacus, a variety of the mexican crop plant amaranth, is a 32-residue-long polypeptide with three disulfide bridges. purified aai strongly inhibits the alpha-amylase activity of insect larvae (tribolium castaneum and prostephanus truncatus) and does not inhibit proteases and mammalian alpha-amylases. aai was sequenced with the automated edman method, and the disulfide bridges were localized using enzymatic and che ...	1994	8089137
insecticidal properties of several monoterpenoids to the house fly (diptera: muscidae), red flour beetle (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), and southern corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	house flies, musca domestica (l.), and their eggs were treated with 22 monoterpenoids to determine the topical, fumigant, and ovicidal activity of each compound. fumigant activity of 14 monoterpenoids were examined further using red flour beetles, tribolium castaneum (herbst). third-instar southern corn rootworm, diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi barber, were treated with carvacrol, citral, citronellal, menthol, pulegone, verbenol, and verbenone to determine their activity on larvae. structure- ...	1994	7962947
the beetle tribolium castaneum has a fushi tarazu homolog expressed in stripes during segmentation.	the genetic control of embryonic organization is far better understood for the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster than for any other metazoan. a gene hierarchy acts during oogenesis and embryogenesis to regulate the establishment of segmentation along the anterior-posterior axis, and homeotic selector genes define developmental commitments within each parasegmental unit delineated. one of the most intensively studied drosophila segmentation genes is fushi tarazu (ftz), a pair-rule gene expressed ...	1994	7809147
insect gravitational biology: ground-based and shuttle flight experiments using the beetle tribolium castaneum.	many of the traditional experimental advantages of insects recommend their use in studies of gravitational and space biology. the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, is an obvious choice for studies of the developmental significance of gravity vectors because of the unparalleled description of regulatory mechanisms controlling oogenesis and embryogenesis. however, we demonstrate that drosophila could not survive the conditions mandated for particular flight opportunities on the space shuttle. wi ...	1994	11536636
conservation of wingless patterning functions in the short-germ embryos of tribolium castaneum.	during embryogenesis, all insects reach a conserved, or phylotypic, stage at which all future segments are present. different insects, however, arrive at this stage by overtly different pathways. in the long-germ insect drosophila melanogaster, segmentation of the entire embryo occurs nearly simultaneously and results from the action of a cascade of transcriptional regulatory factors that operate in the acellular environment of the syncytial blastoderm. in short-germ insects, segmentation occurs ...	1994	8107804
genetic control of early embryogenesis in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	the power of genetic analysis possible with the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, has yielded a detailed understanding of pattern formation controlled by homeotic and segmentation genes in early embryogenesis. we are studying the genetic regulation of embryogenesis in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. the dynamic process of germ rudiment formation and sequential segmentation exhibited by tribolium provides a context different than drosophila within which to assess the function of home ...	1994	11540629
the effects of assortative mating on the genetic change due to linear index selection in tribolium.	summary: the effectiveness of the assortative mating of selected individuals in increasing linear index selection response was tested in tribolium castaneum. the experiment was designed to increase pupal length and adult weight, using selection and assortative mating with respect to a linear index of these traits. the experiment consisted of a randomly (r) and assortatively (a) mated line, with three replicates in each line. the proportion of selection was 25 %. phenotypic correlations between m ...	1994	21395772
a new bioassay for testing plant extracts and pure compounds using red flour beetletribolium castaneum herbst.	we designed a new bioassay to test plant extract activity against stored product pests. plant compounds were added to feed disks composed of wheat flour and yeast and fed to the red flour bettle (tribolium castaneum). by measuring insect mass, disk mass, and insect mortality over time it was possible to calculate a phagodepression index, an antifeedant index, the amount of treatment chemical ingested by the beetles, the mortality rate, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food. the assay ...	1994	24242312
infection of tribolium beetles with a tapeworm: variation in susceptibility within and between beetle species and among genetic strains.	host susceptibility and resistance to parasites are often hypothesized to be genetically variable traits. we tested 2 species of tribolium flour beetles for among-strain variation in susceptibility to the rat tapeworm hymenolepis diminuta. twelve genetic strains of tribolium confusum and 11 strains of tribolium castaneum were examined. we found t. castaneum was more susceptible to the tapeworm than t. confusum. there was significant among-strain and between-sex variation for both beetle species ...	1995	7876975
evolution in heterogeneous environments: genetic variability within and across different grains in tribolium castaneum.	the course of adaptation to heterogeneous environments is influenced by the magnitude of genetic variation for ecologically important characters within each environment and the extent of genotype x environment interaction. using the genetic correlation between the expression of characters in different environments as a measure of genotype x environment interaction is particularly useful for evolutionary interpretation. in this study, we estimated patterns of genetic variability and cross-environ ...	1995	7852100
dna sequence and site of mutation of the gaba receptor of cyclodiene-resistant red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	using polymerase chain reactions (pcr) on cdna, the dna sequence of a membrane spanning region of a gaba receptor of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum was identified. the deduced amino acid sequence indicates that its basic structure is similar to the gaba receptor of rdl type subunits of drosophila melanogaster and of blattella germanica. particularly conserved are m1, m2 and m3 segments. within this 146 amino acid stretch, the gaba receptor from the red flour beetle differed from corre ...	1995	7613764
satellite dna of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum--comparative study of satellites from the genus tribolium.	a highly abundant satellite dna comprising 17% of the tribolium castaneum (insecta, coleoptera) genome was cloned and sequenced. the satellite monomer is 360 bp long, has a high a+t content of 73%, and lacks significant internal substructures. the sequence variability is 3.6%, essentially due to random distribution of single-point mutations. the satellite is evenly distributed in the regions of centromeric heterochromatin of all 20 chromosomes, as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization. comp ...	1996	8865660
purification and characterization of a digestive cathepsin d proteinase isolated from tribolium castaneum larvae (herbst).	a digestive proteinase was isolated from larval extracts of tribolium castaneum. the enzyme was partially purified using gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. it is an acidic proteinase with a maximal activity at ph 3. considering its inhibition by pepstatin a, plus its selectivity to hydrolyze hemoglobin but not bovine serum albumin, it was classified as cathepsin d proteinase. its relative molecular weight is 22 kda and it shows a high sensitivity to temperature. unlike other catheps ...	1996	8673082
influence of tapeworm infection on the production of aggregation pheromone and defensive compounds in tribolium castaneum.	recent studies suggest that parasites affect host development, reproduction, and behavior through alterations of host hormones and pheromones, or other hormone-triggered biochemical events. we previously reported that hymenolepis diminuta infection affects surface-seeking and cannibalism behaviors, and reduces male sperm precedence of tribolium castaneum beetles. this study examined the quantitative effects of h. diminuta on the production of aggregation pheromone and 3 defensive compounds in ma ...	1996	8973421
the tribolium decapentaplegic gene is similar in sequence, structure, and expression to the drosophila dpp gene.	we are characterizing members of the transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) superfamily in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, in order to examine the evolutionary conservation of the structure and function of tgf-β-like genes during insect development. a decapentaplegic-like gene of the tgf-β superfamily was isolated in tribolium (tc dpp) that is similar in sequence, organization, and expression to the drosophila melanogaster dpp gene (dm dpp). conserved features include a high degree of s ...	1996	24173563
the early stages of ommatidial development in the flour beetle tribolium castaneum (coleoptera; tenebrionidae).	using electron microscopy, the first stages of ommatidial development in the flour beetle tribolium castaneum were analysed in relation to the cellular architecture of the adult compound eye and were compared to the corresponding patterning process in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. the ommatidia of the slightly horse-shoe shaped beetle compound eye contain six peripheral and two central retinula cells. the rhabdomere of the posteriorly located central photoreceptor cell is restricted to ...	1996	24173466
embryonic patterning mutants of tribolium castaneum.	the identification and analysis of genes controlling segmentation in drosophila melanogaster has opened the way for understanding similarities and differences in mechanisms of segmentation among the insects. homologues of drosophila segmentation genes have been cloned and their expression patterns have been analyzed in a variety of insects, revealing that the patterns of expression of many genes are conserved. conserved expression patterns do not, however, necessarily reflect conserved gene func ...	1996	8631258
gregarina triboliorum (eugregarinida: gregarinidae) n. sp. from tribolium confusum and resolution of the confused taxonomic history of gregarina minuta ishii, 1914.	the septate gregarine parasites of flour beetles (tribolium spp.) include gregarina minuta ishii, 1914, a relatively small species in which both primite and satellite possess an obvious protomerite, and a larger species that lacks the satellite protomerite. the latter species has been placed in the genera didymophyes and hirmocystis by various authors, but studies reported here demonstrate that this species, herein described as gregarina triboliorum, exhibits early pairing and produces oocyst ch ...	1997	9194834
a chestnut seed cystatin differentially effective against cysteine proteinases from closely related pests.	cystatin csc, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from chestnut (castanea sativa) seeds, has been purified and characterized. its full-length cdna clone was isolated from an immature chestnut cotyledon library. the inhibitor was expressed in escherichia coli and purified from bacterial extracts. identity of both seed and recombinant cystatin was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis, two-dimensional electrophoresis and n-terminal sequencing. csc has a mo ...	1998	9869428
insecticidal, acaricidal and synergistic effects of soosan, pancratium maritimum extracts and constituents.	in assessing the pesticidal activity of soosan, p. maritimum, the bulbs and leaves were extracted using acetone/ethanol & ethanol as solvents and mosquito larvae c. pipiens, as a test organism. the actone/ethanol extract of bulbs was more toxic (lc50: 25 ppm) than that of the leaves (lc50: 75 ppm). crude alkaloids, lycorine, terpenes & sterols and fixed oil were isolated from soosan bulb. their percentages were: 0.193, 0.02, 0.13 and 3.3%, respectively. the acetone/ethanol extract showed a stron ...	1998	9617056
insecticidal and synergistic activity of atriplex halimus l. extracts.	the acetone/ethanol, petroleum-ether, ether and chloroform extracts of atriplex halimus l. proved to be with considerable toxicity to culex larvae with lc50 values of 115, 36, 54 and 48 ppm, respectively. out of the different extracts of a. halimus, the ether and pet-ether extracts showed strong aphicidal activity against a. gossypii with lc50 values of 0.059 and 0.085%, respectively. only the ethanol extracts were found to be toxic to the cotton leafworm with ld50 value of 5.6 mg/larva. all of ...	1998	9617055
the effect of some solanum steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids on larvae of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, and the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta.	evaluation of the inhibitory effect of a series of secondary plant compounds including steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids on larvae of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, was investigated. larval growth was inhibited on artificial diets containing 1 mumol g-1 diet of the glycoalkaloids solamargine, solasonine and tomatine, whereas the corresponding aglycones solasodine and tomatidine, and also tomatidenol, were inactive. the inhibitory effect of solamargine and tomatine, but not of so ...	1998	9431673
cannibalism facilitates the use of a novel environment in the flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	cannibalism is well known to affect both the population dynamics and the competitive relationships of organisms. cannibalistic behaviour commonly increases in stressful conditions, such as when density is high or food is scarce, and cannibals often obtain a nutritional benefit. might cannibalism also increase in a novel environment to which a population is poorly adapted physiologically? moreover, might cannibalistic behaviour provide enough of a nutritional advantage in a nutritionally stressfu ...	1999	10341438
maternal-effect selfish genes in flour beetles.	a previously unknown class of dominant, maternal-effect lethal m factors was found to be widespread in natural populations of the flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, collected on several continents. such factors are integrated into the host chromosomes at variable locations and show the remarkable property of self-selection by maternal-effect lethality to all hatchlings that do not inherit a copy of the factor itself. offspring are rescued by either paternally or maternally inherited copies. the ...	1999	1566060
functional conservation of the wingless-engrailed interaction as shown by a widely applicable baculovirus misexpression system.	the expression patterns of the segment polarity genes wingless and engrailed are conserved during segmentation in a variety of arthropods, suggesting that the regulatory interactions between these two genes are also evolutionarily conserved. hypotheses derived from such comparisons of gene expression patterns are difficult to test experimentally as genetic manipulation is currently possible for only a few model organisms.	1999	10574758
high sequence turnover in the regulatory regions of the developmental gene hunchback in insects.	extensive sequence analysis of the developmental gene hunchback and its 5' and 3' regulatory regions in drosophila melanogaster, drosophila virilis, musca domestica, and tribolium castaneum, using a variety of computer algorithms, reveals regions of high sequence simplicity probably generated by slippage-like mechanisms of turnover. no regions are entirely refractory to the action of slippage, although the density and composition of simple sequence motifs varies from region to region. interestin ...	1999	10028291
the maternal nf-kappab/dorsal gradient of tribolium castaneum: dynamics of early dorsoventral patterning in a short-germ beetle.	in the long-germ insect drosophila melanogaster dorsoventral polarity is induced by localized toll-receptor activation which leads to the formation of a nuclear gradient of the rel/ nf-kappab protein dorsal. peak levels of nuclear dorsal are found in a ventral stripe spanning the entire length of the blastoderm embryo allowing all segments and their dorsoventral subdivisions to be synchronously specified before gastrulation. we show that a nuclear dorsal protein gradient of similar anteroposteri ...	2000	11060240
rnai analysis of deformed, proboscipedia and sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for hox genes in the hemipteran head.	insects have evolved a large variety of specialized feeding strategies, with a corresponding variability in mouthpart morphology. we have, however, little understanding of the developmental mechanisms that underlie this diversity. until recently it was difficult to perform any analysis of gene function outside of the genetic model insects drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum. in this paper, we report the use of dsrna-mediated interference (rnai) to dissect gene function in the develop ...	2000	10934013
implications of the tribolium deformed mutant phenotype for the evolution of hox gene function.	among insects, the genetic regulation of regional identities in the postoral head or gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary, and labial) is best understood in the fly drosophila melanogaster. in part, normal gnathal development depends on deformed (dfd) and sex combs reduced (scr), genes in the split drosophila homeotic complex. the gnathal segments of dfd and scr mutant larvae are abnormal but not homeotically transformed. in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, we have isolated loss-of- ...	2000	10781053
distinct roles of the homeotic genes ubx and abd-a in beetle embryonic abdominal appendage development.	insects are easily distinguishable by the absence of legs on the adult abdomen. studies performed on the dipteran, drosophila melanogaster, indicate that this is because of the repressive effects of the homeotic genes ultrabithorax (ubx) and abdominal-a (abd-a) on the limb promoting gene distal-less (dll) during embryonic development. however, in many species appendage-like structures are present on abdominal segments in embryonic and juvenile stages. here, by using classical genetics and double ...	2000	10781052
divergent decapentaplegic expression patterns in compound eye development and the evolution of insect metamorphosis.	in the fruit fly drosophila, the patterning genes decapentaplegic and wingless contribute to the spatial control of retina development in an antagonistic manner. we examined the expression patterns of these genes in the developing visual system of the hemimetabolous grasshopper schistocerca americana and the primitive holometabolous beetle species tribolium castaneum. the pattern of wingless expression was strongly conserved as a pair of lateral domains at the anterior margins of both the develo ...	2000	10750052
repellency and toxicity of oil from artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles.	the essential oil of artemisia annua l. was tested for its toxic repellent and development inhibitory activities against 2 economically important stored product insects: tribolium castaneum (herbst) and callosobruchus maculatus (l.). adult beetles of t. castaneum were repelled significantly by oil of a. annua at 1% concentration (vol:vol) and above in filter paper arena test. dose-response relationship of a. annua oil revealed a significant negative correlation between larval survival; pupal sur ...	2000	14658510
characterization of the hox cluster from the mosquito anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae).	the hox genes have been found to encode transcription factors, which specify the morphological identity of structures along the anteroposterior axis of animals ranging from worms to mice. the canonical set of nine genes is organized in a cluster in the genome of several protostomes and deuterostomes. however, within insects, whereas the hox genes are organized in a single cluster in the beetle tribolium castaneum, they are split into two separate groups in the flies drosophila melanogaster and d ...	2000	11256376
effect of some ghanaian plant components on control of two stored-product insect pests of cereals.	in an attempt to find natural and cheaper methods for the control of stored-product pests of cereals, some traditionally useful ghanaian plant materials were evaluated. hexane+isopropyl alcohol extract of leaves of ocimum viride proved most effective in the control of tribolium castaneum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) and sitophilus oryzae (coleoptera: curculionidae), followed by that of chromolaena odorata. o. viride showed strong repellent activity and thus deterred the insects from feeding. it r ...	2000	11124372
grain surface-layer treatment of diatomaceous earth for insect control.	this paper describes an alternative method to synthetic insecticides used for protection of stored agricultural products the purpose of which is to minimise the everyday human exposure to those chemicals. the method uses diatomaceous earth which is practically non-toxic to humans and fully acceptable for the environment. fifty and 100-cm-deep layers of hard red spring wheat triticum aestivum (l.) in metal containers (cylinders), 30 cm in diameter and 150 cm in height were treated with 0.5 and 0. ...	2000	11059067
bioactivities of methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide from essential oil of garlic to two species of stored-product pests, sitophilus zeamais (coleoptera: curculionidae) and tribolium castaneum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae).	two of the major constituents of the essential oil of garlic, allium sativum l., methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, were tested against sitophilus zeamais motschulsky and tribolium castaneum (herbst) for contact toxicity, fumigant toxicity, and antifeedant activity. the contact and fumigant toxicities of diallyl trisulfide were greater than that of methyl allyl disulfide to the adults of these two species of insects. these two compounds were also more toxic to t. castaneum adults tha ...	2000	10826211
efficacy of essential oils of caesulia axillaris and mentha arvensis against some storage pests causing biodeterioration of food commodities.	the essential oils of caesulia axillaris and mentha arvensis have been tested for their fumigant activity in the management of biodeterioration of stored wheat samples by aspergillus flavus and the insect pests, sitophilus oryzae and tribolium castaneum, at 1300 and 600 ppm, respectively. the findings indicate the efficacy of the oils as potent fumigants for management of the biodeterioration of stored wheat samples. the oils also controlled the blue mould rot of oranges caused by penicillium it ...	2001	11529443
cd4+ lymphocyte responses to pulmonary infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis in naïve and vaccinated balb/c mice.	the biostack experiments i and ii were flown on board the apollo 16 and 17 command modules in order to obtain information on the biological damage produced by the bombardment of heavy high-energy (hze) particles of cosmic radiation during spaceflight. such data are required for estimating radiation hazards in manned spaceflight. seven biological systems in resting state (bacillus subtilis spores, colpoda cucullus cysts, arabidopsis thaliana seeds, and eggs of artemia salina, tribolium castaneum ...	2001	11800583
efficacy and fumigation characteristics of ozone in stored maize.	this study evaluated the efficacy of ozone as a fumigant to disinfest stored maize. treatment of 8.9tonnes (350bu) of maize with 50ppm ozone for 3d resulted in 92-100% mortality of adult red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst), adult maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais (motsch.), and larval indian meal moth, plodia interpunctella (hübner) and reduced by 63% the contamination level of the fungus aspergillus parasiticus speare on the kernel surface. ozone fumigation of maize had two distinct p ...	2001	11463399
toxicity, feeding deterrence, and effect of activity of 1,8-cineole from artemisia annua on progeny production of tribolium castanaeum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae).	1,8-cineole isolated from artemisia annua was tested against tribolium castaneum (herbst) for contact toxicity, fumigant toxicity, and antifeedant activity. the adults of t. castaneum were more susceptible than larvae to both contact and fumigant toxicity of 1,8-cineole, and ld50 and lc50 values of 108.4 microg/mg body weight of adult insect and 1.52 mg/liter air were found, respectively. furthermore, 14-d-old t. castaneum larvae were more tolerant than 16- and 18-d-old larvae and adults to the ...	2001	11561861
genetic transformation of the housefly musca domestica with the lepidopteran derived transposon piggybac.	the piggybac transposable element was successfully used for stable genetic transformation of the housefly musca domestica. the construct contains the egfp marker under the control of pax-6 binding sites, which can drive eye-specific expression in insect species as distantly related as drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum [berghammer, a.j., klingler, m. and wimmer, e.a. (1999) nature 402: 370-371]. we obtained seven independent integration events among 41 fertile g0 musca flies. most o ...	2001	11422506
interactions of the tribolium sex combs reduced and proboscipedia orthologs in embryonic labial development.	the role of hox genes in the development of insect gnathal appendages has been examined in three insects: the fruitfly, drosophila melanogaster; the milkweed bug, oncopeltus fasciatus; and the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. in each of these organisms, the identity of the labium depends on the homeotic genes sex combs reduced (scr) and proboscipedia (pb). loss of pb function in each of the three insects results in homeotic transformation of the labial appendages to legs. in contrast, loss ...	2001	11779803
molecular characterization of cephalothorax, the tribolium ortholog of sex combs reduced.	sex combs reduced (scr), a hox gene located in the antennapedia complex of drosophila melanogaster, is required for the proper development of the labial and first thoracic segments. the tribolium castaneum genetically defined locus cephalothorax (cx) is a candidate scr ortholog based on the location of cx in the beetle homeotic complex and mutant effects on the labial and first thoracic segments. to address this hypothesis, we have cloned and characterized the tribolium ortholog of scr (tcscr). ...	2001	11353513
the short antennae gene of tribolium is required for limb development and encodes the orthologue of the drosophila distal-less protein.	insects bear a stereotyped set of limbs, or ventral body appendages. in the highly derived dipteran drosophila melanogaster, the homeodomain transcription factor encoded by the distal-less (dll) gene plays a major role in establishing distal limb structures. we have isolated the dll orthologue (tcdll) from the beetle tribolium castaneum, which, unlike drosophila, develops well-formed limbs during embryogenesis. tcdll is initially expressed at the sites of limb primordia formation in the young em ...	2001	11124123
a molecular study of abdominal-a in the ant myrmica rubra reveals lineage dependent evolutionary rates for a developmental gene.	we have characterized the abdominal-a locus in a hymenopteran, the ant myrmica rubra. the sequence of the homeotic domain of the abdominal-a family of orthologous genes is known for a fairly large number of insects but the complete sequence of the abdominal-a protein, is known only for a few. the two proteins of drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum differ markedly outside the homeodomain. a comparison of the ant abdominal-a protein sequences with those of these two insects shows that ...	2001	11881816
sequence of the tribolium castaneum homeotic complex: the region corresponding to the drosophila melanogaster antennapedia complex.	the homeotic selector genes of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, are located in a single cluster. we have sequenced the region containing the homeotic selector genes required for proper development of the head and anterior thorax, which is the counterpart of the antc in drosophila. this 280-kb interval contains eight homeodomain-encoding genes, including single orthologs of the drosophila genes labial, proboscipedia, deformed, sex combs reduced, fushi tarazu, and antennapedia, as well a ...	2002	11901122
bioactivities of the leaf essential oil of curcuma longa (var. ch-66) on three species of stored-product beetles (coleoptera).	essential oil extracted from the leaves of turmeric, curcuma longa l., was investigated for contact and fumigant toxicity and its effect on progeny production in three stored-product beetles, rhyzopertha dominica f. (lesser grain borer), sitophilus oryzae l. (rice weevil), and tribolium castaneum herbst (red flour beetle). oviposition-deterrent and ovicidal actions of c. longa leaf oil were also evaluated against t. castaneum. the oil was insecticidal in both contact and fumigant toxicity assays ...	2002	11942755
hole density and capture of stored-product insect pests in grain probe traps.	the relationship between number of holes in a grain probe trap body and capture of stored-grain pests was determined in laboratory tests using adults of the rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae (l.), the sawtoothed grain beetle, oryzaephilus surinamensis (l.), and the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst). polyvinylchloride (pvc) probe bodies were attached to electronic sensor heads, and insect captures were recorded electronically using an electronic grain probe insect counter (egpic) system ...	2002	12539850
efficacy of ethiprole applied alone and in combination with conventional insecticides for protection of stored wheat and stored corn.	the insecticidal pyrazole ethiprole, applied at rates of 7.5 and 10.0 ppm either alone or in combination treatments with deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and chlorpyrifos-methyl, was evaluated as a protectant of stored wheat and stored corn. the commodities were treated with six treatment combinations, including an untreated control, and held for 6 mo at 22, 27, or 32 degrees c and 57% rh. bioassays were conducted monthly by exposing the rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae (l.), and the red flour be ...	2002	12539848
toxicity of cyanogen to insects of stored grain.	range-finding studies on the toxicity of cyanogen to all stages of five species of stored product coleoptera are reported. the species were rhyzopertha dominica (f), sitophilus granarius (l), sitophilus oryzae (l), tribolium castaneum (herbst), tribolium confusum jacquelin du val and ephestia cautella (walker). exposures for 24 h to cyanogen at 1.3 mg litre(-1) controlled all external stages. control of internal stages of sitophilus species was achieved by a 5-day exposure to initial concentrati ...	2003	12639054
post-harvest entomology research in the united states department of agriculture-agricultural research service.	this is a review of current post-harvest entomology research conducted by the agricultural research service, the research branch of the us department of agriculture. the review covers both durable and perishable commodities. research on biochemistry, genetics, physiology, monitoring and control of insects infesting stored grain, dried fruits and nuts, and processed commodities is reviewed. research on development of quarantine treatments, particularly for fruit flies, is also reviewed, including ...	2003	12846312
quantitative trait loci for susceptibility to tapeworm infection in the red flour beetle.	parasites have profound effects on host ecology and evolution, and the effects of parasites on host ecology are often influenced by the magnitude of host susceptibility to parasites. many parasites have complex life cycles that require intermediate hosts for their transmission, but little is known about the genetic basis of the intermediate host's susceptibility to these parasites. this study examined the genetic basis of susceptibility to a tapeworm (hymenolepis diminuta) in the red flour beetl ...	2003	14668384
stored-product insects associated with a retail pet store chain in kansas.	the types and numbers of insect species associated with eight kansas retail stores belonging to a pet store chain were surveyed during february to august 2001. insects were monitored at 1-3-wk intervals using food- and pheromone-baited pitfall traps for beetles and pheromone-baited sticky traps for moths. thirty traps of each type were placed within a store. thirty insect species belonging to 20 families in four orders were recorded from the eight stores. the weevils, sitophilus spp.; indianmeal ...	2003	14977139
effects of tapeworm infection on male reproductive success and mating vigor in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	parasites may exert negative effects on host survivorship and reproductive success. the effects of parasites on female host fitness have been well documented; however, the effects of parasites on the reproductive success of male hosts and particularly the underlying mechanisms that alter male fitness are not well understood. previous studies demonstrated that infection by rat tapeworm (hymenolepis diminuta) reduced the fitness of male red flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) in an environment of ...	2003	12880251
patch exploitation by female red flour beetles, tribolium castaneum.	the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) has had a long association with human stored food and can be a major pest in anthropogenic structures used for the processing and storage of grain-based products. anthropogenic structures are fragmented landscapes characterized by spatially and temporally patchy resources. here we investigate the ability of female t. castaneum to evaluate the quality of small patches of food and to adjust the number of eggs they lay p ...	2003	15841236
evolution of insect eye development: first insights from fruit fly, grasshopper and flour beetle.	the molecular genetic dissection of drosophila eye development led to the exciting discovery of a surprisingly large panel of genes and gene activities, which are functionally conserved across phyla. little effort has yet been made towards pinpointing non-conserved gene functions in the developing drosophila eye. this neglects the fact that drosophila visual system development is a highly derived process. the comparative analysis of drosophila eye development within insects can be expected to en ...	2003	21680459
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the flour beetle tribolium castanaeum.	we describe the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a representative of the insect order coleoptera, the flour beetle tribolium castaneum. the 15,881 bp long tribolium mitochondrial genome encodes 13 putative proteins, two ribosomal rnas and 22 trnas canonical for animal mitochondrial genomes. their arrangement is identical to that in drosophila melanogaster, which is considered ancestral for insects and crustaceans (boore et al., 1998; hwang, et al., 2001a). nucleotide composition ...	2003	12644407
proboscipedia represses distal signaling in the embryonic gnathal limb fields of tribolium castaneum.	orthologs of the hox genes sex combs reduced ( scr) and proboscipedia ( pd) are active in the developing labial appendages of all insect species tested. the remarkable variation among insect gnathal structures, particularly in the distal podomeres, suggests two hox genes may enhance the adaptive potential of gnathal appendage morphology. functional studies in the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster, the flour beetle tribolium castaneum and the milkweed bug oncopeltus fasciatus show that cooperation ...	2003	12632174
native fluorescence from juvenile stages of common food storage insects.	insect infestation of stored foods has significant economic and health consequences; the development of novel methods of detection thus presents considerable opportunities. the fluorescence from nine species of storage insects (beetles and moths) was studied; the juvenile stages of all nine species exhibited fluorescence under long-wave (365 nm) uv light; none of the adult insects emit fluorescence, so the fluorophore(s) might be a compound(s) associated with the unsclerotized cuticle. the spect ...	2003	12537421
the sp8 zinc-finger transcription factor is involved in allometric growth of the limbs in the beetle tribolium castaneum.	members of the sp gene family are involved in a variety of developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. we identified the ortholog of the drosophila sp-1 gene in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum, termed t-sp8 because of its close phylogenetic relationship to the vertebrate sp8 genes. during early embryogenesis, t-sp8 is seen in segmental stripes. during later stages, tsp8 is dynamically expressed in the limb buds of the tribolium embryo. at the beginning of bud formatio ...	2004	14724124
patterning of the branched head appendages in schistocerca americana and tribolium castaneum.	much of our understanding of arthropod limb development comes from studies on the leg imaginal disc of drosophila melanogaster. the fly limb is a relatively simple unbranched (uniramous) structure extending out from the body wall. the molecular basis for this outgrowth involves the overlap of two signaling molecules, decapentaplegic (dpp) and wingless (wg), to create a single domain of distal outgrowth, clearly depicted by the expression of the distal-less gene (dll). the expression of wg and dp ...	2004	15509222
larval rnai in tribolium (coleoptera) for analyzing adult development.	we report here on the use of rna interference (rnai) to create pupal and adult loss-of-function phenotypes in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, by injection of double-stranded rna (dsrna) into late instar larvae (we refer to this method as larval rnai). rnai is well-established as a useful method to mimic loss-of-function phenotypes in many organisms including insects. however, with a few exceptions (such as in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster), rnai analysis has usually been limit ...	2004	15365833
biological activity of volatile di-n-propyl disulfide from seeds of neem, azadirachta indica (meliaceae), to two species of stored grain pests, sitophilus oryzae (l.) and tribolium castaneum (herbst).	head space volatiles, including 73% di-n-propyl disulfide, were collected from freshly crushed neem seeds. this compound along with previously reported diallyl disulfide (di-2-propenyl disulfide) were toxic when applied topically or as a fumigant to tribolium castaneum adults and 8-, 12-, and 16-d-old larvae, and sitophilus oryzae adults. di-n-propyl disulfide significantly decreased the growth rate and dietary utilization with moderate inhibition of food consumption in both insects. the total c ...	2004	15279303
characterization of a homologue of the rel/nf-kappab transcription factor from a beetle, allomyrina dichotoma.	a cdna encoding a rel/nf-kappab homologue was cloned from a beetle, allomyrina dichotoma, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) taking advantage of the conserved rel homology domain (rhd) to synthesize primers. the rel/nf-kappab homologue was designated a. dichotoma (a.d.) rel a. the amino acid sequence of the a.d. rel a rhd was compared with those of insect rhds. the result showed that it has 70% identity with tribolium castaneum dorsal, 66% with drosophila melanogaster d ...	2004	15157734
dirs retroelements in arthropods: identification of the recently active tcdirs1 element in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.	members of the dirs family of retrotransposons differ from most other known retrotransposons in that they encode a tyrosine recombinase (yr), a type of enzyme frequently involved in site-specific recombination. this enzyme is believed to insert the extrachromosomal dna intermediate of dirs element retrotransposition into the host genome. dirs elements have been found in plants, a slime mold, fungi, and a variety of animals including vertebrates, echinoderms and nematodes. they have a somewhat pa ...	2004	15221458
chronological age-grading of three species of stored-product beetles by using near-infrared spectroscopy.	the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy (nirs) for predicting the chronological age of adults of the rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae (l.); the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.); and the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst), three pests of stored grain, was examined. nirs-predicted age correlated well with actual age of these three species. age predictions in s. oryzae by using the nirs method are not dependent upon adult sex or temperatures to which adult weevils are expo ...	2004	15279305
diatomaceous earth increases the efficacy of beauveria bassiana against tribolium castaneum larvae and increases conidia attachment.	this research tested the suppressive ability of beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin alone and in combination with diatomaceous earth against the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst). adults did not show a dose response to b. bassiana, and the addition of diatomaceous earth (de) did not result in a significant increase in mortality. against larvae, however, de at 190 mg/kg grain enhanced the efficacy of b. bassiana at all concentrations ranging from 33 to 2,700 mg of conidia per kilo ...	2004	15154445
costly resistance to parasitism: evidence from simultaneous quantitative trait loci mapping for resistance and fitness in tribolium castaneum.	information on the molecular basis of resistance and the evolution of resistance is crucial to an understanding of the appearance, spread, and distribution of resistance genes and of the mechanisms of host adaptation in natural populations. one potential important genetic constraint for the evolution of resistance is fitness cost associated with resistance. to determine whether host resistance to parasite infection is associated with fitness costs, we conducted simultaneous quantitative trait lo ...	2005	15687267
expression of a synthetic gene encoding a tribolium castaneum carboxylesterase in pichia pastoris.	this is the first report of an insect esterase efficiently expressed in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris (so far insect esterases have been produced only in the baculovirus system). having isolated a tribolium castaneum carboxylesterase cdna (tce), we were initially unable to express it in escherichia coli or p. pastoris despite significant transcription levels. as codon usage bias is different in t. castaneum and p. pastoris, we assumed this was a possible explanation for the translatio ...	2005	15946860
efficacy of bauveria bassiana for red flour beetle when applied with plant essential oils or in mineral oil and organosilicone carriers.	the carriers mineral oil and silwet l-77 and the botanical insecticides neemix 4.5 and hexacide were evaluated for their impacts on the efficacy of beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin conidia against red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst), larvae. the dosages of liquid treatments were quantified by both conidia concentration in the spray volume and conidia deposition on the target surface. the latter approach allowed comparison with dry, unformulated conidia. the median lethal concent ...	2005	16022293
carbonic anhydrase metabolism is a key factor in the toxicity of co2 and cos but not cs2 toward the flour beetle tribolium castaneum [coleoptera: tenebrionidae].	the analogues carbon dioxide (co(2)), carbonyl sulfide (cos) and carbon disulfide (cs(2)) have been useful as substrate probes for enzyme activities. here we explored the affinity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase for its natural substrate co(2), as well as cos and cs(2) (1) by in vitro kinetic metabolism studies using pure enzyme and (2) through mortality bioassay of insects exposed to toxic levels of each of the gases during carbonic anhydrase inhibition. hydrolysis of cos to form hydrogen sulf ...	2005	15792633