| analysis of genetic diversity in earthworms using dna markers. | earthworms are one of the most important and beneficial macrofauna, and are used extensively in organic farming. earthworms mediate soil biological regulation systems, and produce biogenic structures. they help to maintain soil structure, water infiltration, and regulate the availability of nutrients assimilated by plants. the objectives of this study were to perform morphological and molecular characterizations of 24 earthworm individuals collected from geographically diverse locations to asses ... | 2011 | 21186943 |
| changes in microbial and nutrient composition associated with rumen content compost incubation. | physico-chemical and microbiological investigations were carried out on rumen content material composted for nine months, fresh vermicasts (obtained after passing the same compost through the guts of a mixture of three species of earthworms: eisenia fetida, lumbricus rubellus and perionyx excavates) and microbially enhanced extracts derived from rumen compost, vermicast and vermicast leachate incubated for up to 48 h. compared to composted rumen contents, vermicast was only improved in terms of ... | 2011 | 21169013 |
| optimizing vermistabilization of waste activated sludge using vermicompost as bulking material. | an integrated composting-vermicomposting system has been developed for stabilization of waste activated sludge (was) using matured vermicompost as bulking material and eisenia fetida as earthworm species. composting was considered as the main processing unit and vermicomposting as polishing unit. the integrated system was optimized by successive recycling and mixing of bulking material with was during composting and examining the effects of environmental condition (i.e. temperature: 10-30°c and ... | 2011 | 21145224 |
| effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (eisenia fetida). | the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) soil. earthworms (eisenia fetida) were exposed to agno(3) and ag nps with similar size ranges coated with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (hydrophilic) or oleic acid (amphiphilic) during a standard sub-chronic reproduction toxicity test. no significant effects on growth or mortality were observed within any of the test treatments. significant decreases in reproduction were seen ... | 2011 | 21142839 |
| analysis of earthworm eisenia fetida proteomes during cadmium exposure: an ecotoxicoproteomics approach. | identification of differential proteomic responses to cadmium (cd) would provide a means for better understanding the survival mechanisms of the earthworm, eisenia fetida, living in a cd-polluted environment, and the stress responses can be assessed by ecotoxiptoromics approaches. extracts of whole earthworm collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after cd exposure were analyzed by 2-de and quantitative image analysis. in total, 143 proteins demonstrated significant regulation in at least at one tim ... | 2010 | 21136600 |
| limit-test toxicity screening of selected inorganic nanoparticles to the earthworm eisenia fetida. | the toxicity of a range of inorganic (ag, cu, ni, al(2)o(3), sio(2), tio(2) and zro(2)) nanoparticles (np) and their corresponding metal salt or bulk metal oxide were screened for toxicity toward the earthworm eisenia fetida using the limit-test design (1000 mg/kg). this study provides the first ecotoxicological life history trait data on earthworms for each these nps, as well as for agno(3), al(2)o(3), sio(2), tio(2) and zro(2). significant effects were observed on survival for agno(3) (2.5% of ... | 2011 | 21120603 |
| application of organic wastes on a benzo(a)pyrene polluted soil. response of soil biochemical properties and role of eisenia fetida. | in this paper we studied the bioremediation effects of a soil artificially contaminated by benzo(a)pyrene with and without two organic wastes (organic municipal solid waste, msw, and poultry manure, pm) and with and without worms (eisenia fetida) over 90 days. for the organic treatments, soil samples were mixed with msw at a rate of 10% or pm at a rate of 7.6%, in order to apply the same amount of organic matter to the soil. an unamended and non-polluted soil was used as control. cellulase and g ... | 2011 | 21112089 |
| the effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin on the earthworm eisenia fetida under experimental conditions of tropical and temperate regions. | plant protection products can affect soil organisms and thus might have negative impacts on soil functions. little research has been performed on their impact on tropical soils. therefore, the effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin on earthworms were evaluated in acute and chronic laboratory tests modified for tropical conditions, i.e. at selected temperatures (20 and 28°c) and with two strains (temperate and tropical) of the compost worm eisenia fetida. the insecticide was spiked in two ... | 2011 | 21106283 |
| bioaccumulation of 14c60 by the earthworm eisenia fetida. | carbon fullerenes, including buckminsterfullerene (c(60)), are increasingly available for numerous applications, thus increasing the likelihood of environmental release. this calls for information about their bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential. in this study, (14)c-labeled c(60) and (14)c-phenanthrene (positive control) were added separately to soils of varying composition and organic carbon content (oc), and their bioaccumulation in the earthworm eisenia fetida was compared. biota-se ... | 2010 | 21049992 |
| a comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida. | reduction and stabilization of sewage sludge during the clarification of municipal wastewater was synchronously shown to be improved significantly in a pilot-scale vermifiltration using an epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida. the present study aimed to select a better filter media suited to vermifiltration performance by the comparisons of sludge yields, the characteristics of the by-products of vermifiltration-vermicast and the abrasions of earthworms between ceramsite and quartz sand. it was obse ... | 2011 | 21041027 |
| vermistabilization of primary sewage sludge. | an integrated composting-vermicomposting process has been developed for utilization of primary sewage sludge (pss). matured vermicompost was used as bulking material and a source of active microbial culture during aerobic activated composting (aac). aac resulted in sufficient enrichment of bulking material with organic matter after 20 cycles of recycling and mixing with pss and produced materials acceptable for vermicomposting. vermicomposting caused significant reduction in ph, volatile solids ... | 2011 | 21036608 |
| effects of biochar and the earthworm eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements. | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and potentially toxic elements (ptes) were monitored over 56 days in calcareous contaminated-soil amended with either or both biochar and eisenia fetida. biochar reduced total (449 to 306 mg kg(-1)) and bioavailable (cyclodextrin extractable) (276 to 182 mg kg(-1)) pahs, pah concentrations in e. fetida (up to 45%) but also earthworm weight. earthworms increased pah bioavailability by >40%. combined treatment results were similar to the biochar-only treatme ... | 2011 | 21035930 |
| in silico identification of conserved micrornas and their target transcripts from expressed sequence tags of three earthworm species. | micrornas are a recently identified class of small regulatory rnas that target more than 30% protein-coding genes. elevating evidence shows that mirnas play a critical role in many biological processes, including developmental timing, tissue differentiation, and response to chemical exposure. in this study, we applied a computational approach to analyze expressed sequence tags, and identified 32 mirnas belonging to 22 mirna families, in three earthworm species eisenia fetida, eisenia andrei, and ... | 2010 | 21030313 |
| accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm (eisenia fetida). effects of soil type and aging. | in the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (bfrs) were investigated. the tested bfrs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), hexabromobenzene (hbb), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (tbech), were found to be bioavailable to eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. to our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of tbech in terrestrial ... | 2010 | 21028802 |
| toxicity and transformation of insecticide fenamiphos to the earthworm eisenia fetida. | this study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide fenamiphos to earthworms (eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions. earthworms were exposed to soils differing in their physico-chemical properties spiked with fenamiphos at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 mg kg(-1) for a period of 4 weeks. residues of fenamiphos and its metabolites were determined in both soils and earthworms after 4 weeks of pesticide exposure. fenamiphos was degraded faster in the ... | 2011 | 20882337 |
| evidence for bioavailability of au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (eisenia fetida). | because au nanoparticles (nps) are resistant to oxidative dissolution and are easily detected, they have been used as stable probes for the behavior of nanomaterials within biological systems. previous studies provide somewhat limited evidence for bioavailability of au nps in food webs, because the spatial distribution within tissues and the speciation of au was not determined. in this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence, including orthogonal microspectroscopic techniques, as well as ev ... | 2010 | 20879765 |
| surfactant-facilitated remediation of metal-contaminated soils: efficacy and toxicological consequences to earthworms. | the effectiveness of surfactant formulations to remove aged metals from a field soil and their influence on soil toxicity was investigated. batch studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cationic (1-dodecylpyridinium chloride; dpc), nonionic (oleyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; trade name ammonyx kp), and anionic (rhamnolipid biosurfactant blend; trade name jbr-425) surfactants for extracting zn, cu, pb, and cd from a soil subjected to more than 80 years of metal deposition. all t ... | 2011 | 20853447 |
| assessing the fate and effects of nano aluminum oxide in the terrestrial earthworm, eisenia fetida. | nano-sized aluminum is currently being used by the military and commercial industries in many applications including coatings, thermites, and propellants. due to the potential for wide dispersal in soil systems, we chose to investigate the fate and effects of nano-sized aluminum oxide (al2o3), the oxidized form of nano aluminum, in a terrestrial organism. the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of micron-sized (50-200 microm, nominal) and nano-sized (11 nm, nominal) al2o3 was comparatively as ... | 2010 | 20821608 |
| soil sterilization affects aging-related sequestration and bioavailability of p,p'-dde and anthracene to earthworms. | laboratory experiments investigated the effects of soil sterilization and compound aging on the bioaccumulation of spiked p,p'-dde and anthracene by eisenia fetida and lumbricus terrestris. declines in bioavailability occurred as pollutant residence time in both sterile and non-sterile soils increased from 3 to 203 d. accumulation was generally higher in sterile soils during initial periods of aging (from 3-103 d). by 203 d, however, bioavailability of the compounds was unaffected by sterilizati ... | 2010 | 20708831 |
| continuous-feeding vermicomposting as a recycling management method to revalue tomato-fruit wastes from greenhouse crops. | huge quantities of discarded fruits generated from greenhouse crops represent a worldwide environmental problem. the aim of this work was to assess the efficiency of vermicomposting as a recycling management option for biotransforming tomato-fruit wastes from greenhouses into an organic nutrient-rich product available for agricultural purposes. a pilot vermireactor was constructed. it was provided with a manure layer, where an initial population of eisenia fetida was introduced and fed continuou ... | 2010 | 20675115 |
| eisenia fetida avoidance behavior as a tool for assessing the efficiency of remediation of pb, zn and cd polluted soil. | remediation by means of soil leaching with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) is capable of extracting the most labile soil fractions, leaving the residual metals in biologically non-available forms. we evaluated the feasibility of the standardized earthworm (eisenia fetida) avoidance test for assessing the efficiency of soil remediation of pb, zn and cd polluted soil. chemical extraction tests (six-step sequential extraction, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, physiologically based ... | 2010 | 20570420 |
| genotoxic effects of nickel, trivalent and hexavalent chromium on the eisenia fetida earthworm. | the aim of this study was to examine genotoxic effects of nickel (ni=105 mg kg(-1)), trivalent and hexavalent chromium (cr=491 mg kg(-1)) on the eisenia fetida earthworm after 2 and 4d of exposure to two different spiked soils (an artificial (oecd) and a natural one). dna damages were evaluated on the earthworm's coelomocytes using the comet assay. after an exposure into oecd spiked soils, ni did not induce genotoxic effect whereas cr(iii) and cr(vi) revealed to be genotoxic after 2d of exposure ... | 2010 | 20561668 |
| redistribution of residual pb, zn, and cd in soil remediated with edta leaching and exposed to earthworms (eisenia fetida). | after soil remediation with ethylenediamine tetraacetate (edta) leaching/washing, the residual pb, zn, and cd species are left in the soil in non-labile forms. the effect of earthworms as main soil biotic factors on the residual pb, zn, and cd fraction lability (mobility, bioavailability to plants, and oral-availability) was investigated. contaminated soil from a smelter site was treated with increasing edta concentrations (2.5 to 4-times 40 mmol kg(-1) to gradually reduce the heavy metal conten ... | 2010 | 20540427 |
| substrate-induced changes in protease active site conformation impact on subsequent reactions with substrates. | enzymatic catalysis of biochemical reactions is essential to all living systems. the "lock and key" and "induced fit" models were early contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the reaction between an enzyme and its substrate. however, whether a given substrate-induced conformation is rigid or remains flexible has not yet been determined. by measuring the enzyme activity and intrinsic fluorescence of a nonspecific eisenia fetida protease-i with different chromogenic subst ... | 2010 | 20484054 |
| calcium is required for coelomocyte activation in earthworms. | the role of calcium signaling in activation of both innate and adaptive immunity is basically important, however, the evolutionary aspects are not clarified yet. currently limited data are available about calcium levels of coelomocytes, cellular mediators of earthworm immunity. we aimed to observe basal and induced ca(2+) levels of coelomocyte subgroups after various stimulations in eisenia fetida and allolobophora caliginosa using a ca(2+)-sensitive dye. e. fetida chloragocytes had the highest ... | 2010 | 20439116 |
| assessment of pyrene bioavailability in soil by mild hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction. | bioavailability of organic pollutants in soil is currently a much-debated issue in risk assessment of contaminated sites. ecorisk of an organic pollutant in soil is strongly influenced by the properties of the soil and its contamination history. to evaluate the effect of aging on the availability of pyrene, earthworm (eisenia fetida) accumulation and chemical extraction by exhaustive and nonexhaustive techniques in soil spiked with a range of pyrene levels (1.07, 9.72, 88.4, 152, and 429 μg g⁻¹ ... | 2011 | 20437042 |
| bioaccumulation and biological effects in the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to natural and depleted uranium. | the accumulations of both natural (u) and depleted (du) uranium in the earthworms (eisenia fetida) were studied to evaluate corresponding biological effects. concentrations of metals in the experimental soil ranged from 1.86 to 600 mg kg(-1). five biological endpoints: mortality, animals' weight increasing, lysosomal membrane stability by measuring the neutral red retention time (the nrrt), histological changes and genetic effects (comet assay) were used to evaluate biological effects in the ear ... | 2010 | 20362371 |
| correlations of eisenia fetida metabolic responses to extractable phenanthrene concentrations through time. | eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to phenanthrene for thirty days to compare hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (hpcd) extraction of soil and 1h nmr earthworm metabolomics as indicators of bioavailability. the phenanthrene 28-d lc50 value was 750 mg/kg (632-891, 95% confidence intervals) for the peat soil tested. the initial phenanthrene concentration was 319 mg/kg, which biodegraded to 16 mg/kg within 15 days, at which time hpcd extraction suggested that phenanthrene was no longer bioavailabl ... | 2010 | 20338675 |
| the influence of thermal desorption on genotoxicity of multipolluted soil. | a multipolluted soil sampled from a former coking plant in lorraine (france) was evaluated for its genotoxic effects on coelomocytes of the eisenia fetida earthworm using the comet assay. the biological efficiency of thermal desorption of the contaminated soil was also investigated. the untreated polluted soil was shown to be genotoxic to earthworms. although thermal desorption reduced the concentration of pahs by 94% (sigma(16 pahs)=1846 and 101 mg/kg before and after thermal desorption, respec ... | 2010 | 20236704 |
| sterilization affects soil organic matter chemistry and bioaccumulation of spiked p,p'-dde and anthracene by earthworms. | laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of soil sterilization on the bioavailability of spiked p,p'-dde and anthracene to the earthworms eisenia fetida and lumbricus terrestris. physical and chemical changes to soil organic matter (som) induced by sterilization were also studied. uptake of both compounds added after soil was autoclaved or gamma irradiated increased for e. fetida. sterilization had no effect on bioaccumulation of p,p'-dde by l. terrestris, and anthracene uptak ... | 2010 | 20227150 |
| potential of domestic biogas digester slurry in vermitechnology. | this work illustrates the potential of domestic biogas digester slurry in vermicompost production. to achieve the objectives biogas plant slurry (bgs) was mixed with crop residues (cr) in different ratios to produce seven different feed mixtures for earthworm eisenia fetida. after 15weeks vermicomposted material was analyzed for different chemical parameters. in all waste mixtures, a decrease in ph, organic c and c:n ratio, but increase total n, available p and exchangeable k was recorded. c:n r ... | 2010 | 20189381 |
| metallic trace element body burdens and gene expression analysis of biomarker candidates in eisenia fetida, using an "exposure/depuration" experimental scheme with field soils. | smelting plant activities lead to the accumulation of metal trace elements (mtes) in soils. the presence of high concentrations of mtes can generate an environmental stress likely to affect macroinvertebrates living in close soil contact such as the annelida oligochaeta. eisenia fetida, an ecotoxicologically important test species, was successively exposed to two field soils: (1) a highly contaminated agricultural topsoil collected near the former smelter metaleurop nord (noyelles-godault, franc ... | 2010 | 20149457 |
| pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 (pac1) receptor is expressed during embryonic development of the earthworm. | pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (pacap)-like molecules have been shown to be present in cocoon albumin and in eisenia fetida embryos at an early developmental stage (e1) by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. here, we focus on detecting the stage at which pac1 receptor (pac1r)-like immunoreactivity first appears in germinal layers and structures, e.g., various parts of the central nervous system (cns), in developing earthworm embryos. pac1r-like immunoreactivity was reve ... | 2010 | 20066549 |
| ecotoxicity of wastes in avoidance tests with enchytraeus albidus, enchytraeus crypticus and eisenia fetida (oligochaeta). | contact bioassays are important for testing the ecotoxicity of solid materials. however, survival and reproduction tests are often not practical due to their duration which may last for several weeks. avoidance tests with soil invertebrates may offer an alternative or extension to the classic test batteries due to their short duration (days rather than weeks) and due to a sensitive sub-acute endpoint (behavior). | 2010 | 20042324 |
| [ecotoxicolgical effects of albendazole on eisenia fetida]. | by using artificial soil test, the effects of different concentration albendozole on eisenia foetida's growth, survival, reproduction, and activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-sulfurtransferase (gst-s) and acetylcholine esterase (ache) were studied. low concentration (5 mg x kg(-1)) albendazole inhibited the reproduction of e. foetida significantly (p < 0.05), and 7 mg x kg(-1) of albendazole had significant effects on the growth and survival of e. foetida. when the albendazole ... | 2009 | 20030157 |
| vermicomposting of olive oil mill wastewaters. | the disposal of olive oil mill wastewaters (omw) represents a substantial environmental problem in italy. a vermicompost process could be an alternative and valid method for the management of omw. in a laboratory experiment, the omw were absorbed onto a ligno-cellulosic solid matrix and 30 adult earthworms of eisenia fetida specie were added. the experiment was carried out for 13 weeks. the number of earthworms increased throughout the experimental period and after 2 weeks about 90% of the earth ... | 2010 | 20015937 |
| comparison of earthworm bioaccumulation between readily desorbable and desorption-resistant naphthalene: implications for biouptake routes. | the bioaccumulation of readily desorbable naphthalene and that of desorption-resistant naphthalene in earthworms were compared to examine the effect of desorption resistance on bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil. a series of naphthalene-contaminated soil samples representing different degrees of desorption resistance were prepared using a batch sorption-repetitive desorption approach, and bioaccumulation of these samples was evaluated using earthworms (eisenia fetida). s ... | 2010 | 20000398 |
| influence of clay content on bioavailability of copper in the earthworm eisenia fetida. | we investigated the effect of clay content on the bioavailability of copper to the earthworm eisenia fetida, in the laboratory for 28 days using oecd artificial soil adjusted to 5%, 20% and 40% clay. mortality, growth, cocoon production and internal copper concentrations were assessed in worms, and total, dtpa and cacl(2) extractable copper in the substrates were also determined. the results showed that with increased clay content, there was significant reduction in internal cu concentration of ... | 2010 | 19962760 |
| effects of the veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. | as part of the risk assessment of veterinary pharmaceuticals, the potential impact of these chemicals on soil ecosystems has to be determined according to european law. however, almost no data from standardized laboratory tests are available. therefore, in the eu fp6 erapharm, the effects of the widely used veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin, an anthelminthic, were studied in chronic laboratory tests performed according to oecd (organisation for economic co-operation and development) and iso ( ... | 2010 | 19882295 |
| ecotoxicity assessment of aged petroleum sludge using a suite of effects-based end points in earthworm eisenia fetida. | laboratory investigations were conducted to test the toxicity of aged petroleum sludge collected from shengli oil field, the second largest oilfield in china, to earthworm eisenia fetida. various end points were measured in the earthworms, including mortality, growth, cocoon output, juvenile production, and avoidance behavioral response, to determine their comparative sensitivity for assessing harmful effects of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. the results showed that all these assays re ... | 2010 | 19844801 |
| effect of heavy metal supplementation on local (allolobophora parva) and exotic (eisenia fetida) earthworm species: a comparative study. | this study compares the effects of different metal concentration on survival, reproduction and total metal accumulation by two different earthworm species, allolobophora parva and eisenia fetida. the substrate was spiked with different heavy metals (cu, cr, pb, zn & cd) with concentrations varying from 500-2500 mg/kg. cu resulted in complete mortality at all doses for both species. the accumulation of heavy metals for eisenia fetida in 45 days was in order of cr>cd>pb>zn where as for allolobopho ... | 2009 | 19827495 |
| increased cytotoxic and genotoxic tolerance of eisenia fetida (oligochaeta) to cadmium after long-term exposure. | since life-cycle studies showed that the earthworm species eisenia fetida can develop increased tolerance after long-term exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of cd in the laboratory, we assessed both the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of cd in a long-term cd-exposed population. we exposed e. fetida specimens from this population, from a laboratory control population and from a field population to various concentrations of cdso(4) in artificial soil water. toxic effects were measured using the ... | 2010 | 19771509 |
| relative proportions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons differ between accumulation bioassays and chemical methods to predict bioavailability. | chemical methods to predict the bioavailable fraction of organic contaminants are usually validated in the literature by comparison with established bioassays. a soil spiked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) was aged over six months and subjected to butanol, cyclodextrin and tenax extractions as well as an exhaustive extraction to determine total pah concentrations at several time points. earthworm (eisenia fetida) and rye grass root (lolium multiflorum) accumulation bioassays were co ... | 2010 | 19647356 |
| bioconversion of filter mud using vermicomposting employing two exotic and one local earthworm species. | three different earthworm species eisenia fetida, eudrilus eugeniae and perionyx excavatus in individual (monocultures) and combinations (polycultures) were utilized to compare the suitability of worm species for vermicomposting of filter mud as well as the quality of the end product. the filter mud blended with saw dust can be directly converted into good quality fertilizer (vermicompost). eight different reactors including three monocultures and four polycultures of e. fetida, e. eugeniae and ... | 2009 | 19608410 |
| accumulation, subcellular distribution and toxicity of copper in earthworm (eisenia fetida) in the presence of ciprofloxacin. | land application of wastes from concentrated animal feeding operations results in accumulation of copper (cu) and antimicrobials in terrestrial systems. interaction between cu and antimicrobials may change cu speciation in soil solution, and affect cu bioavailability and toxicity. in this study, earthworms were exposed to quartz sand percolated with different concentrations of cu and ciprofloxacin (cip). copper uptake by earthworms, its subcellular partition, and toxicity were studied. an increa ... | 2009 | 19544874 |
| the hormetic effect of cadmium on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the earthworm eisenia fetida. | the hormetic dose-response relationships induced by environmental toxic agents are often characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. confirmation of the general phenomenon of hormesis may have significant implications for ecological risk assessment, although the mechanisms that underlie hormesis remain an enigma. in this study, a model-based approach for describing a dose-response relationship incorporating the hormetic effect was applied to the detection and estimation of th ... | 2009 | 19501435 |
| the hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress for the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to tetrabromobisphenol a. | biochemical effects of tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) on the earthworm eisenia fetida, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, gsh/gssg ratio and malondialdehyde (mda) level, were measured to assess ecological toxicity of tbbpa. with oecd standard filter-paper contact test method, earthworms were exposed to tbbpa of a range of concentrations (0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg l(-1)). according to the electron paramagnetic ... | 2009 | 19499334 |
| uptake kinetics of metals by the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to field-contaminated soils. | it is well known that earthworms can accumulate metals. however, most accumulation studies focus on cd-, cu-, pb- or zn-amended soils, additionally few studies consider accumulation kinetics. here we model the accumulation kinetics of 18 elements by eisenia fetida, exposed to 8 metal-contaminated and 2 uncontaminated soils. tissue metal concentration was determined after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days. metal elimination rate was important in determining time to reach steady-state tissue metal conc ... | 2009 | 19482399 |
| identification of novel neuropeptides in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and their targets in an annelid worm, eisenia fetida. | periviscerokinins (pvks) and pyrokinins (pks) are neuropeptides known in several arthropod species. sequence homology of these peptides with the molluscan small cardioactive peptides reveals that the occurrence of pvks and pks is not restricted to arthropods. our study focuses on the biochemical and immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides with sequence homology to pvks and pks in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm eisenia fetida. by means of affinity chromatogr ... | 2009 | 19350635 |
| uptake, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) and its reduced metabolites (mnx and tnx) by the earthworm (eisenia fetida). | uptake and accumulation kinetics of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) and its two major n-nitroso metabolites, hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (mnx) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (tnx), in earthworms was investigated. results indicated that rdx and its n-nitroso metabolites were rapidly absorbed into earthworms (eisenia fetida), reaching the highest concentrations within a few days. accumulation of rdx was greater than its n-nitroso metabolites, as evid ... | 2009 | 19278715 |
| neurochemical and electrophysiological diagnosis of reversible neurotoxicity in earthworms exposed to sublethal concentrations of cl-20. | hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (cl-20) is a relatively new energetic compound sharing some degree of structural similarity with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx), a known neurotoxic compound. previously, we demonstrated using a noninvasive electrophysiological technique that cl-20 was a more potent neurotoxicant than rdx to the earthworm eisenia fetida. in the present study, we investigated the effect of cl-20 exposure and subsequent recovery on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mac ... | 2010 | 19274471 |
| effect of cation competition on cadmium uptake from solution by the earthworm eisenia fetida. | metal speciation alone is insufficient to predict metal accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, because competition between cations can play an important role. in the present study, the effects of competing cations (ca2+, mg2+, and h+) on cd uptake by the earthworm eisenia fetida were quantified through short-term experiments over a large cd concentration range in aqueous exposure solutions. free cd2+ activity was a better predictor for cd accumulation in the earthworms than was total ... | 2009 | 19265459 |
| bioaccumulation assessment via an adapted multi-species soil system (ms.3) and its application using cadmium. | this paper presents an experimental design for quantifying the transfer of chemicals at low trophic levels of terrestrial ecosystems. the soil microcosms, ms.3(foodchain) (food chain multi-specie soil system) covered the transfer from soil to earthworms (eisenia fetida) and from soil to plant (triticum aestivum), then to phytophagus (rhopalosiphum padi) and finally predator (chrysoperla carnea) species. cadmium was used as model pollutant. cadmium accumulation in foliar invertebrates was related ... | 2009 | 19237196 |
| kinetics of cadmium uptake and subcellular partitioning in the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to cadmium-contaminated soil. | to understand the bioaccumulation kinetics of cadmium (cd) at the subcellular level, toxicokinetics and subcellular fractionation of cd were determined for the terrestrial earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to cd-contaminated red soil. the bioaccumulation factor was 1.74 after exposure to soil containing 1 mg cd/kg dry weight for 21 days. four distinct compartments with different cd-binding affinities were obtained by sequential centrifugations, including the cytosolic fraction (g), the organelles ... | 2009 | 19234863 |
| the risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. | this study was undertaken to assess the toxicological risks from sodium accumulation in a vermifiltration wastewater treatment system to the key worm species, eisenia fetida. the study found that sodium chloride (nacl) is the more toxic of the common sodium salts found in wastewater to the worms. the research further found that the worms have an ability to detoxify nacl although reproduction will be impaired if the worms are exposed to moderate concentrations of nacl for a long period of time. t ... | 2009 | 19232487 |
| effects of earthworms on metal uptake of heavy metals from polluted mine soils by different crop plants. | a pot experiment was conducted in order to assess the effect of the earthworm eisenia fetida on the uptake of pb, zn, cd and cu from soils polluted by mining activities using maize (zea mays) and barley (hordeum vulgare). results from single and sequential extractions showed that the soil chemical partitioning of heavy metals was significantly changed by e. fetida, leading to a higher concentration of metals in the non-residual fractions of the soil. earthworm activities significantly increased ... | 2009 | 19232427 |
| avoidance behaviour of two eco-physiologically different earthworms (eisenia fetida and aporrectodea caliginosa) in natural and artificial saline soils. | we studied the avoidance behaviour of eisenia fetida and aporrectodea caliginosa in oecd artificial soil spiked with nacl and in natural saline soil (of varying ionic constitutions) collected from robertson experimental farm (robs) in western cape, south africa. for each organism, the ecotoxicological test was performed using a two-chamber test over a period of 48 h. the results showed that in the oecd soil, the avoidance ec50 (the concentration/electrical conductivity at which there is effect o ... | 2009 | 19211128 |
| subcellular compartmentalization of lead in the earthworm, eisenia fetida: relationship to survival and reproduction. | metals are detoxified and sequestered into subcellular compartments when accumulated by earthworms. differential centrifugation was used to quantify subcellular pb in three separate studies to measure 14-day acute toxicity (lethality), 28/56-day reproductive effects, and 90-day bioaccumulation in spiked-soil exposed earthworms, eisenia fetida. observed toxicity and total body pb was consistent with published work of others. pb showed concentration-dependent toxicity relationships (lethality and ... | 2009 | 19193437 |
| combined compost and vermicomposting process in the treatment and bioconversion of sludge. | traditional thermophillic composting is commonly for treatment of sludge. a related technique as vermicomposting process, using earthworms to breakdown sludge, is also becoming popular. these two techniques have their inherent advantages and disadvantages. the combined approach suggested in this study to enhance the overall process and improve the products qualities. two systems, vermicomposting and combined compost-vermicomposting processes, have been investigated in this study. the sludge used ... | 2007 | 19090260 |
| nonexhaustive beta-cyclodextrin extraction as a chemical tool to estimate bioavailability of hydrophobic pesticides for earthworms. | chemical methods to assess bioavailability in soil and sediment often use synthetic polymers that mimic uptake of organic compounds in organisms or microbial degradation. in this paper we have assessed a biomimetic extraction method using hydroxyl-beta-cyclodextrin (hp-beta-cd) to estimate uptake of the two insecticides alpha-cypermethrin (alpha-cyp) and chlorfenvinphos (cfvp) in the earthworm eisenia fetida. additionally, a novel approach was developed to estimate the efficiency of biomimetic e ... | 2008 | 19068827 |
| genotoxic and reproductive effects of an industrially contaminated soil on the earthworm eisenia fetida. | polluted soil sampled from a former coking plant in lorraine (france) was studied for its genotoxicity and reproductive effects on the eisenia fetida earthworm. genotoxicity was investigated by means of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay on the coelomocytes of earthworms after 4 and 10 days of exposure to the soil. dna damage and a decline in the number of coelomocytes extruded from earthworms were observed at coking plant soil concentrations of 20 and 40% (w/w) in iso soil. these ... | 2009 | 19031410 |
| immobilization of pentachlorophenol in soil using carbonaceous material amendments. | in this study, three pentachlorophenol (pcp) laboratory-spiked and one field-contaminated soil were amended with 2.0% char, humic acid (ha) and peat, respectively. the amended soils were aged for either 7 or 250 days. after amendment, cacl(2) extractability of pcp was significantly decreased. desorption kinetics indicated that the proposed amendment could lead to a strong binding and slow desorption of pcp in soils. amendment with char reduced the bioaccumulation factor (baf) of pcp most signifi ... | 2009 | 19028411 |
| impact of biotransformation and bioavailability on the toxicity of the insecticides alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos in earthworm. | knowledge about the bioavailability and metabolism of pesticides in soil organisms facilitates interpretation of its toxicity in soil. the present study relates uptake kinetics and metabolism of two insecticides, the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin (alpha-cyp) and the organophosphate chlorfenvinphos (cfvp), in the earthworm eisenia fetida to their lethal and sublethal toxicity. experiments were conducted in two soils with different organic matter contents to provide media with contrasting sorption ... | 2008 | 18959415 |
| usefulness of dna barcoding in ecotoxicological investigations: resolving taxonomic uncertainties using eisenia malm 1877 as an example. | standard test species may differ in their response to toxicants. accurate identification of test organisms is therefore of critical importance in correctly interpreting data generated from laboratory assays. this is not always possible when species are morphologically similar or where the taxonomy of the group has recently been revised. a case in hand concerns eisenia sp. based on recent genetic evidence two species, eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida, which were previously considered a single sp ... | 2009 | 18949437 |
| the toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. | this study was undertaken to assess the toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to key species within the vermifiltration process. the key species, the earthworm eisenia fetida, was subjected to a series of tests in solid phase mesocosms and full-scale units. the solid phase tests showed a relatively low toxicity to ammonium with ammonium chloride having an lc50 for ammonium of 1.49 g/kg. ammonium sulfate did not show an effect on mortality at 2 g/kg ammonium. the full-scale units showed that ammonia hydro ... | 2008 | 18845859 |
| lysosomal membrane response of earthworm, eisenia fetida, to arsenic contamination in soils. | earthworm (eisenia fetida) were exposed to sandy soils contaminated with arsenate (0.01-0.3 micromol g(-1)) for 28 days. lysosomal membrane stability was used as a biomarker to determine the applicability of neutral-red retention times (nrrts) for arsenic (as) toxicity to earthworm in soils. total as and as speciation were analyzed to evaluate dose-response relationship between as accumulation and nrrts and to observe the role of as metabolism in earthworms on a subcellular level toxicity. signi ... | 2009 | 18825726 |
| multi-isomorphous replacement phasing of the earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component a from eisenia fetida. | earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component a (efea) from eisenia fetida, a protein functioning not only as a direct fibrinolytic enzyme, but also as a plasminogen activator, has been crystallized in p2(1)2(1)2(1) space group with 3 protein molecules per asymmetric unit. four heavy atom derivatives were prepared using a mother liquor containing 1.4 mol . l(-1) li(2)so(4) and 0.1 mol . l(-1) mops buffer (ph7.2) and used to solve the protein's diffraction phase. the heavy atom binding sites in the der ... | 2003 | 18763141 |
| metal remediation from partially composted distillery sludge using composting earthworm eisenia fetida. | distillery sludge, a sugar industry byproduct, has been recommended widely as a potential soil conditioner, but high concentrations of metals limit its continuous use for field crops. in this study we tested the feasibility of earthworm eisenia fetida (savigny) in removing metals (fe, cu, zn, pb) from sludge through vermitechnology. the transfer of metals during the vermicomposting process was also estimate in terms of total metal contents in vermicomposted sludge and earthworm tissues. the slud ... | 2008 | 18728904 |
| measuring and modelling mixture toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid on caenorhabditis elegans and eisenia fetida. | while the standard models of concentration addition and independent action predict overall toxicity of multicomponent mixtures reasonably, interactions may limit the predictive capability when a few compounds dominate a mixture. this study was conducted to test if statistically significant systematic deviations from concentration addition (i.e. synergism/antagonism, dose ratio- or dose level-dependency) occur when two taxonomically unrelated species, the earthworm eisenia fetida and the nematode ... | 2009 | 18723220 |
| role of clay content in partitioning, uptake and toxicity of zinc in the earthworm eisenia fetida. | we studied the effect of clay content on the bioavailability of zinc to pre-clitellate earthworm, eisenia fetida in the laboratory using oecd artificial soil adjusted to 5%, 20%, and 40% clay. batches of worms were exposed to a wide range of zinc concentrations. mortality, growth, maturation (% clitellate), cocoon production, and body zinc concentrations were assessed over and after a period of 4 weeks. total, dtpa, and cacl(2) extractable zinc in the substrates were also determined. the results ... | 2009 | 18715644 |
| vermistabilization of municipal sewage sludge amended with sugarcane trash using epigeic eisenia fetida (oligochaeta). | efforts have been made in this study to stabilize the sewage sludge mixed with sugarcane trash in four different proportions: 20% (t(1)); 40% (t(2)); 60% (t(3)) and 80% (t(4)), under laboratory conditions using epigeic earthworm (oligochaeta) eisenia fetida. the composting potential of worm was also evaluated in 100% sewage sludge treatment (t(5)). the changes in chemical properties of substrate was measured at the end. the vermicomposted material showed decrease in organic c (4.8-12.7%) and exc ... | 2009 | 18672324 |
| identification and expression profile of gene transcripts differentially expressed during metallic exposure in eisenia fetida coelomocytes. | the aim of this work was to identify in eisenia fetida genes whose expression are regulated following exposure to a complex mixture of metallic trace elements (mte) representative of a highly polluted smelter soil. suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) was used to construct cdna libraries enriched in up- or down-regulated transcripts in the immune-circulating cells of the coelomic cavities, namely coelomocytes, from worms exposed to metallic pollution. among 1536 ssh-derived cdna clones se ... | 2008 | 18634820 |
| expression of pacap-like compounds during the caudal regeneration of the earthworm eisenia fetida. | the regeneration of the ventral nerve cord ganglion and peripheral tissues was investigated by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry in the model animal, eisenia fetida (annelida, oligochaeta). it is now well-established that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) is a neurotrophic factor, playing important roles in the development of the nervous system in vertebrate animals. based on the apparent evolutionary conservation of pacap and on the several common mechanisms of ... | 2008 | 18622585 |
| arsenic accumulation and toxicity in the earthworm eisenia fetida affected by chloride and phosphate. | chloride and phosphate (po4) were added to field soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals, and eisenia fetida were inoculated in these treated soils for 70 d. after 28 d, earthworm survival, body weight, and cocoon production were measured. during the exposure period, the accumulation of as and four metals (cu, zn, cd, and pb) in e. fetida was analyzed. bulk soils and soil solutions were characterized for the contents of as, metals, organic matter, and major cations and anions; cation ex ... | 2008 | 18620473 |
| effects, uptake, and fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene aged in soil in plants and worms. | the present study was aimed at providing data to be used at predicting exposure-based effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) aged in soil on endpoint organisms representing two trophic levels. these data can be used to define criteria or reference values for environmental management and conducting specific risk assessment. long-term exposure tests were conducted to evaluate sublethal toxicity and uptake of aged soil-based explosives, with tnt as the main contaminant. in these tests, plants were ... | 2008 | 18620472 |
| [impact of benzo [a] pyrene the expression of mitochondrion-encoded genes in the earthworm eisenia fetida]. | the earthworm eisenia fetida's benzo [a] pyrene (bap) exposure experiments were carried out in artificial soil according to iso 11268-1:1993. and then the upregulated and downregulated subtractive cdna libraries were constructed by clontech pcr-select cdna subtration kit. from the bap exposure upregulated subtractive cdna library, several cdna segments matched mitochondrion-encoded genes were found, including cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (co i), subunit ii (co ii), subunit ill (co iii), nadh d ... | 2008 | 18613511 |
| changes in the expression of pacap-like compounds during the embryonic development of the earthworm eisenia fetida. | pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) is expressed at very early stages in the vertebrate nervous system, and its functions in the embryonic development have been shown by various studies. pacap is an extremely conserved molecule in phylogeny; however, little is known about its presence and functions in invertebrates. our previous studies have shown the occurrence of pacap-like immunoreactivity in the invertebrate nervous system. the aim of this study was to investigate the ... | 2008 | 18607777 |
| effects of incubation time and organism density on the bioaccumulation of soil-borne p,p'-dde by the earthworm, eisenia fetida. | laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to assess the influence of incubation time and organism density on bioaccumulation of weathered p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-dde) from soil by the earthworm eisenia fetida. bioaccumulation was measured after 14, 28, 42, and 56 days of exposure. tissue concentration increased with incubation time and steady state was not reached until at least 42 days. organism density had no effect on the bioaccumulation of weathered p,p'-dde. ratios of ... | 2008 | 18587515 |
| subcellular distribution of cd and pb in earthworm eisenia fetida as affected by ca2+ ions and cd-pb interaction. | a semi-static solution culture method was used to study the effects of ca(2+) supply and interaction of cd-pb on the subcellular distribution of cd and pb in earthworm eisenia fetida. the subcellular distribution of cd and pb was shown to be metal specific. about 80% of the cd was distributed in the cytosol (fraction g), and only about 20% of total cd was found in the tissue and cell membrane (fraction e) and the microsomes (fraction f). nearly 50% of the pb was rich in the tissue and cell membr ... | 2008 | 18502505 |
| [low dose benzo(a)pyrene up-regulated the transcription of hsp70 and hsp90 in eisenia fetida]. | to search for the molecular biomarkers of sub-lethal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs)-contamination of soil, the subtractive cdna libraries of earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (bap) in artificial soil were constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. after sequencing and analyzing with basic local alignment search tool (blast), two clones matching heat shock protein 70 k da (hsp70) and one clone matching heat shock protein 90 k da (hsp90) were isolated from the ... | 2008 | 18464650 |
| using earthworms to test the efficiency of remediation of oil-polluted soil in tropical mexico. | this study focuses on the medium-term effects of soil bioremediation on mortality and reproduction rates of eisenia fetida (laboratory experiment) and of the tropical earthworm polypheretima elongata (field experiment). we compared soils restored with the two bioremediation technologies landfarming (lf) and compost-bioremediation (bi) with control soils and with soils contaminated with 1% and 2% of petroleum. control and restored soils both were fertile and showed low hydrocarbon contents. the m ... | 2008 | 18455235 |
| transcriptomic analysis of rdx and tnt interactive sublethal effects in the earthworm eisenia fetida. | explosive compounds such as tnt and rdx are recalcitrant contaminants often found co-existing in the environment. in order to understand the joint effects of tnt and rdx on earthworms, an important ecological and bioindicator species at the molecular level, we sampled worms (eisenia fetida) exposed singly or jointly to tnt (50 mg/kg soil) and rdx (30 mg/kg soil) for 28 days and profiled gene expression in an interwoven loop designed microarray experiment using a 4k-cdna array. lethality, growth ... | 2008 | 18366604 |
| effect of herbicides on glutathione s-transferases in the earthworm, eisenia fetida. | earthworms have been studied as a readily available, easily maintainable and cheap test species for assessing chemical pollution, and may be an alternative to in vivo rodent bioassays. the current investigation aims to characterize detoxification enzymes in eisenia fetida and stress response against two herbicides with different modes of action, namely, fenoxaprop and metolachlor. | 2008 | 18380233 |
| toxicity of four nitrogen-heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (npahs) to soil organisms. | the aims of this study were: (i) to investigate the toxicity of n-heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (npahs) quinoline, acridine, phenazine, and 1,10-phenanthroline to the soil invertebrates eisenia fetida, enchytraeus crypticus, folsomia candida, and caenorhabditis elegans, (ii) to compare the toxicity of four npahs and the species sensitivity, and (iii) to discuss possible risks of these compounds in soils. different toxicities were found for the tested npahs which might be partially expla ... | 2008 | 18367247 |
| evaluation of sample preparation methods for nuclear magnetic resonance metabolic profiling studies with eisenia fetida. | the earthworm eisenia fetida is frequently used in ecotoxicological studies; however, it has not yet been investigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h nmr) metabolic profiling methods. the present study investigates the impact of depuration time, sample homogenization, and different extraction solvents on the quality and reproducibility of the (1)h nmr spectra of e. fetida with the goal of determining whether this species is suitable for future metabonomic studies. a depuration tim ... | 2008 | 18333692 |
| influence of soil properties on copper toxicity for two soil invertebrates. | although a large body of evidence indicates that metal toxicity to soil organisms is affected by physicochemical soil properties, use of this knowledge in ecological risk assessments is limited because of the lack of a model applicable to a wide range of soils. to study the effect of soil characteristics on the toxicity of copper to terrestrial invertebrates, chronic toxicity tests with eisenia fetida and folsomia candida were performed in 19 european field soils. these soils were carefully sele ... | 2008 | 18290689 |
| influence of cadmium(ii) ions and brewery sludge on metallothionein level in earthworms (eisenia fetida) - bio- transforming of toxic wastes. | metallothioneins belong to a group of intracellular, high molecular andcysteine-rich proteins whose content in an organism increase with increasing concentrationof a heavy metal. the aim of this work was to apply the electrochemical analysis for theanalysis of metallothioneins in earthworms exposed to cadmium ions and brewery sludge.here we utilized adsorptive transfer technique coupled with differential pulse voltammetrybrdicka reaction to determine metallothionein in different biological sampl ... | 2008 | 27879751 |
| toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment. | alpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an insecticide in agricultural settings and is increasingly replacing organophosphates and carbamates because of lower application rates and lower toxicity to mammals. because very little is known about the acute and chronic toxicity of this compound for soil-living organisms, the present study investigated acute and sublethal toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin for four terrestrial invertebrate species in an agricultural soil from norway. bioass ... | 2008 | 18211124 |
| effect of temephos on cholinesterase activity in the earthworm eisenia fetida (oligochaeta, lumbricidae). | in this study, adult eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to the sub-lethal concentrations of temephos using the contact filter paper test procedure. since temephos is an organophosphate pesticide, its effects on earthworms were determined by measuring che inhibition--a known biomarker of exposure. the che activity was measured after a short time of exposure--1 and 2 h. as expected, the lowest che activity (72.70% and 38.03% inhibition) was measured at the highest concentration of temephos (12 ... | 2008 | 18206236 |
| toxicogenomic analysis provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of the sublethal toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in eisenia fetida. | xenobiotics such as explosives and pesticides released into the environment can have lethal and sublethal impacts on soil organisms such as earthworms with potential subsequent impacts at highertrophic levels. to better understand the molecular toxicological mechanisms of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt), a commonly used explosive, in eisenia fetida, earthworms were exposed to a gradient of tnt-spiked soils for 28 days and impacts on gene expression were examined using a 4032 cdna microarray. reprodu ... | 2007 | 18186358 |
| effect of major cations and ph on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the earthworm eisenia fetida: implications for the biotic ligand model approach. | the purpose of this study was to characterize the individual effect of different cations (ca(2+), mg(2+), na(+), k(+), and h(+)) on the acute toxicity of cd to the earthworm eisenia fetida. higher activities of the considered cations increased the 48-h lc(50) (expressed as cd(2+) activities) linearly to different extents in simulated soil solution. the conditional constants for the binding of h(+ )(log k = 5.41), cd(2+ )(log k = 4.0), ca(2+ )(log k = 3.35), mg(2+ )(log k = 2.82), na(+ )(log k = ... | 2008 | 18175161 |
| annetocin and tctp expressions in the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to pahs in artificial soil. | the toxicity of sublethal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) levels in soils was assessed by testing their impact on expression of annetocin, a reproduction regulating gene, and translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp), a tumorigenic response gene, in the earthworm eisenia fetida cultured in artificial soil spiked with, phenanthrene (phe), pyrene (pyr), fluoranthene (flu), or benzo(a)pyrene (bap). annetocin and tctp were both up-regulated by 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) benzo(a)pyrene and t ... | 2008 | 18096229 |
| uptake of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (cl-20) by the earthworm eisenia fetida through dermal contact. | the explosive compound hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (cl-20) has been shown to cause both lethal and sublethal (reproductive and neurotoxic) effects in exposed oligochaetes. however, whether worms take up cl-20 and how much cl-20 enters worm bodies leading to toxicity (e.g., lethality) remain to be determined. in the present study, we used high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radiolabeled tracer methods to investigate the cl-20 uptake in the whole worm body after contact exposures. ... | 2008 | 17996277 |
| effects of chronic gamma irradiation on reproduction in the earthworm eisenia fetida (oligochaeta). | eisenia fetida were exposed continuously to (60)co gamma radiation during two generations (f(0) and f(1)). adult f(0) reproduction capacity (i.e., number of cocoons produced, hatchability and number of f(1) hatchlings) in controls and at five dose rates (0.18, 1.7, 4, 11 and 43 mgy/h) was measured over a 13-week exposure period. survival, growth and sexual maturation of f(1) hatchlings were observed for 11 weeks. f(1) adults were exposed for a further 13 weeks to determine their reproduction cap ... | 2007 | 17973550 |
| pac1 receptor localization in a model nervous system: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry on the earthworm ventral nerve cord ganglia. | the presence and pattern of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (pacap) type i (pac1) receptors were identified by means of pre- and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods in the ventral nerve cord ganglia (vnc) of the earthworm eisenia fetida. light and electron microscopic observations revealed the exact anatomical positions of labeled structures suggesting that pacap mediates the activity of some interneurons, a few small motoneurons and certain sensory fibers that are locat ... | 2008 | 17950477 |
| effect of pesticides on the reproductive output of eisenia fetida. | we investigated the effects of three different pesticides (carbendazim, dimethoate, and glyphosate) and their mixture on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm species, eisenia fetida. the study was conducted following the suggestion of the international workshop on earthworm ecotoxicology. the results showed that the pesticide treatment had a marked negative impact on the growth and reproduction of earthworms. carbendazim and dimethoate were found to cause greater harm to the selected ear ... | 2007 | 17891325 |
| effects of the fungicide benomyl on earthworms in laboratory tests under tropical and temperate conditions. | soil organisms play a crucial role in the terrestrial ecosystem. plant protection products (ppps) are known to affect soil organisms and might have negative impacts on soil functions influenced by these organisms. little research has been performed to date on the impact of ppps on tropical soil ecosystems. therefore, in this study it was investigated whether the effects of the fungicide benomyl (chosen as a model substance) differ between tropical and temperate regions and whether data generated ... | 2007 | 17713810 |
| recovery of cholinesterase activity in the earthworm eisenia fetida savigny following exposure to chlorpyrifos. | organophosphorus (op) insecticides inhibit cholinesterase activity, an essential process in the nervous system of most animals. re-establishment of active enzymes is slow and depends on elimination of the insecticide from the body followed by two lengthy processes: reactivation and/or biosynthesis of new enzymes. earthworms (eisenia fetida) were exposed to either clean or chlorpyrifos-containing (240 mg/kg) soil for 48 h. after transfer to clean soil, we monitored two cholinesterases (e1 and e2) ... | 2007 | 17705658 |
| chemical reactivation and aging kinetics of organophosphorus-inhibited cholinesterases from two earthworm species. | an in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the ability of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-pam) to recover organophosphorus (op)-inhibited cholinesterase (che) activity of two earthworm species (eisenia fetida and lumbricus terrestris). after inhibition of che activity by op pesticides, an alkyl group may be released from the op-che complex. this reaction is termed aging, and the esterase cannot be reactivated either spontaneously or by the action of reactivating agents, such as 2-pam. we a ... | 2007 | 17705652 |
| supercritical carbon dioxide extraction as a predictor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation and toxicity by earthworms in manufactured-gas plant site soils. | the toxicity and uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) by earthworms were measured in soil samples collected from manufactured-gas plant sites having a wide range in pah concentrations (170-42,000 mg/kg) and soil characteristics. samples varied from vegetated soils to pure lampblack soot and had total organic carbon contents ranging from 3 to 87%. the biota-soil accumulation factors (bsafs) observed for individual pahs in field-collected earthworms (aporrectodea caliginosa) were up t ... | 2007 | 17705650 |