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bacterial parasite of a plant nematode: morphology and ultrastructure.the life cycle of a bacterial endoparasite of the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. the infective stage begins with the attachment of an endospore to the surface of the nematode. a germ tube then penetrates the cuticle, and mycelil colonies form in the pseudocoelom. sporulation is initiated when terminal cells of the mycelium enlarge to form sporangia. a septum within each sporangium divides the forespore from the basal ...1977838678
ultrastructure of anterior sensory organs of the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita. 1977864822
scanning electron microscopy in nematode-induced giant transfer cells.a study of giant cells induced by the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, in roots of impatiens balsamina was made by scanning electron microscopy. the cytoplasmic contents of giant cells were removed by a procedure based on koh digestion, to reveal inner wall structure. wall ingrowths typical of transfer cells are present in giant cells from six days onwards after induction. they develop on walls adjacent to vascular tissues, and their distribution and development was examined. pit field ...19761001022
a species-specific oligonucleotide dna probe for the identification of meloidogyne incognita.a genomic library of meloidogyne incognita race 1 has been prepared in the bacteriophage lambda gt10 and screened for specific dna sequences by hybridization with radio-isotope labelled total genomic dna from a number of meloidogyne species. one clone isolated (mr1 #15), although not totally species specific, clearly showed preferential hybridization to m. incognita. following subcloning and sequencing of the 255 bp insert, four stretches of the sequence corresponding to oligonucleotides of appr ...19911745557
characterization of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms of the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne.multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase have been isolated and characterized from the root-knot nematodes meloidogyne arenaria and meloidogyne incognita. the forms of enzyme present in these 2 species are similar but not identical to those that occur in the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. the 5 enzyme forms exhibit differential solubilities and can be classified into 3 classes, a, b, and c, based on substrate affinity, inhibitor and detergent sensitivity, and thermal inacti ...19911775164
characterisation of potential adhesins of the bacterium pasteuria penetrans, and of putative receptors on the cuticle of meloidogyne incognita, a nematode host.pasteuria penetrans spores were fragmented by glass bead vortexing, producing exosporial membranes and spore fragments, which consisted of fibre bundles. both exosporia and spore fragments are capable of host-specific attachment to the cuticle of meloidogyne incognita, a root-knot nematode host. putative m. incognita receptors appear to be soluble in beta-mercaptoethanol (bme) but not sds, and are also sensitive to tryptic digestion and deglycosylation by endoglycosidase f. polyclonal antibodies ...19911808209
effect of nemacur, an organophosphate nematicide, on meloidogyne incognita and its possible mode of action. 20092820870
pasteuria thornei sp. nov. and pasteuria penetrans sensu stricto emend., mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria parasitic, respectively, on plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera pratylenchus and meloidogyne.descriptions are presented of two members of the pasteuria penetrans group of mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria, parasitic on plant-parasitic nematodes. in one case, the epithet p. penetrans sensu stricto emend. has now been limited to members of this group with cup-shaped sporangia and ellipsoidal endospores, parasitic primarily on the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. the second organism, with rhomboidal sporangia and nearly spherical endospores, which is parasitic primarily on t ...19883382544
an electron microscopic study of glycogen and lipid in female meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode). 19744436740
water uptake and hatching in the potato cyst nematode, heterodera rostochiensis, and the root knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita. 19744475089
triphasic locomotor response of a plant-parasitic nematode to avermectin: inhibition by the gaba antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin.the response of the plant parasitic nematode, meloidogyne incognita (j2 stage) to avermectin b2a-23-one is triphasic, comprising an initial loss of locomotor activity where the juveniles remain sensitive to touch, a recovery phase and a final loss of activity where the juveniles are relatively insensitive to touch. in contrast, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, oxamyl, causes initial hyperactivity of juveniles followed by a progressive decline in movement. the addition of bicuculline and to a ...19846326020
in vitro studies of antibiotic (kt-199) on the hatching of eggs and survival of larvae of meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood. 20146687061
studies on the efficacy of the antihelminthic antibiotic (kt-199) in the control of root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white) chitwood on tomato. 20056746308
characterization of a pathogen-induced potato catalase and its systemic expression upon nematode and bacterial infection.we have isolated a cdna encoding a catalase (cat2st) by differential screening of a cdna library constructed from potato roots infected with the cyst nematode globodera pallida. expression analysis confirmed the local induction of cat2st and showed that it was highest at the adult stage of the parasite. it also revealed that cat2st was induced in uninfected roots, stems, and leaves of infected plants. localized and systemic induction of cat2st was also observed upon root-knot nematode (meloidogy ...19957655060
identification and analysis of a cuticular collagen-encoding gene from the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita.the vast majority of proteins in the nematode cuticle are collagens. cuticular collagen-encoding genes (col) have been described for the animal parasites ascaris suum and haemonchus contortus and for the free-living caenorhabditis elegans. the proteins encoded by all these genes seem to have the same basic structure, indicating that there is a conserved subfamily of cuticular col in these nematodes. in this paper, we describe the identification and characterization of a cdna (lemmi 5) which corr ...19947828882
trans-splicing of a meloidogyne incognita mrna encoding a putative esophageal gland protein.a monoclonal antibody, 7a9, specific for antigens in the subventral esophageal glands of adult female meloidogyne incognita and for antigens in the longitudinal muscles of second-stage juveniles, was used to isolate a clone from a m. incognita cdna expression library. the corresponding genomic dna was isolated by hybridization and the gene designated sec-1. dna sequence analysis of sec-1 revealed the presence of 9 introns having structural similarities to introns from the free-living nematode ca ...19947891751
the nematophagous fungus verticillium chlamydosporium produces a chymoelastase-like protease which hydrolyses host nematode proteins in situ.the nematophagous fungus verticillium chlamydosporium secreted several proteases in submerged culture in which soya peptone was the sole carbon and nitrogen source. one protease, vcp1 (m(r) 33,000, pi 10.2), was purified 14-fold from culture filtrates to apparent homogeneity using preparative isoelectric focusing in free solution, and shown to rapidly hydrolyse the chymotrypsin substrate suc-(ala)2-pro-phe-pna and elastin. vcp1 had a km for suc-(ala)2-pro-phe-pna of 4.3 x 10(-5) m and a kcat of ...19948000541
dna sequence and expression analysis of root-knot nematode-elicited giant cell transcripts.fifty-eight cdna clones isolated from a library of transcripts exhibiting up regulation in tomato root giant cells induced by infection with the parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita were characterized. a survey of plant tissues identified 31 transcripts present in tissues other than root, including actively dividing and expanding tissues and mature leaf tissues. the identities of approximately 20% of the giant cell transcripts were inferred from dna sequence data; they include sequences enco ...20118012051
differential gene expression in nematode-induced feeding structures of transgenic plants harbouring promoter-gusa fusion constructs.sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes are able to induce specialized feeding structures in the root system of their host plants by triggering a series of dramatic cellular responses. these changes presumably are accompanied by a reprogramming of gene expression. to monitor such changes, a variety of promoter-gusa fusion constructs were introduced into arabidopsis and tobacco. transgenic plants were analysed histochemically for gus activity in the nematode feeding structures after infection with ei ...19938275103
a molecular study of root-knot nematode-induced feeding sites.in a compatible interaction, root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne) induce a sophisticated feeding site shortly after they have penetrated the plant root. the feeding site contains metabolically highly active giant cells. to gain insight into the molecular aspects that are typical for giant cells, a cdna library from tomato roots infected with meloidogyne incognita was differentially screened to find induced genes. among the genes identified, two extensin genes (lemmi8 and lemmi11) and a lea-like gen ...19968580972
secretory granule proteins from the subventral esophageal glands of the potato cyst nematode identified by monoclonal antibodies to a protein fraction from second-stage juveniles.sodium dodecyl sulfate-extracted proteins from second-stage juveniles (j2) of the potato cyst nematode globodera rostochiensis were fractionated by preparative continuous flow electrophoresis, and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised against the 38- to 40.5-kda protein fraction. screening of the hybridoma culture fluids by immunofluorescence microscopy of j2 resulted in the identification of 12 mabs that bound specifically to the subventral esophageal glands. on western blots of j2 these mab ...19968589421
expression and functional characterization of a single chain fv antibody directed against secretions involved in plant nematode infection process.expression in plants of antibodies directed against proteins essential for pathogenesis could provide an alternative approach to engineer new resistance traits into crops. salivary secretions of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita are known to play a key role during this nematode infection process. from a hybridoma cell line producing an igm monoclonal antibody specific to these secretions, we have constructed a synthetic gene that encodes an antigen-binding single-chain fv protein (scf ...19968645292
identification and in situ and in vitro characterization of secreted proteins produced by plant-parasitic nematodes.secretions of plant-parasitic nematodes which are released into plant tissue may play critical roles in plant-nematode interactions. the identification and characterization of these molecules are of fundamental importance and may help to facilitate the development of novel strategies to interfere with nematode infection of plants and thereby decrease nematode-induced damage to crops. an antibody-based approach was used to isolate molecules present on the nematode surface and in nematode secretio ...19968939056
identification and characterization of the meloidogyne incognita col1 cuticle collagen gene. 19969010847
continual green-fluorescent protein monitoring of cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter activity in nematode-induced feeding cells in arabidopsis thaliana.the responsiveness of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in feeding sites developed by both sexes of heterodera schachtii and female meloidogyne incognita has been studied. the objective was to establish the value of green-fluorescent protein (gfp) as a nondestructive reporter gene system for characterizing promoter activity at nematode feeding sites in vivo. growth units were devised that allowed individual feeding sites in roots of arabidopsis thaliana to be observed by both bright-fiel ...19979100383
resistance to both cyst and root-knot nematodes conferred by transgenic arabidopsis expressing a modified plant cystatin.plant nematodes are major pests of agriculture. transgenic plant technology has been developed based on the use of proteinase inhibitors as nematode anti-feedants. the approach offers prospects for novel plant resistance and reduced use of environmentally damaging nematicides. a modified rice cystatin, oc-i delta d86, expressed as a transgene in arabidopsis thaliana, has a profound effect on the size and fecundity of females for both heterodera schachtii (beet-cyst nematode) and meloidogyne inco ...19979301094
identification of a meloidogyne incognita cuticle collagen gene and characterization of the developmental expression of three collagen genes in parasitic stages. 19989662034
a secretory cellulose-binding protein cdna cloned from the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita).a cdna encoding a secretory cellulose-binding protein was cloned from the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) with rna fingerprinting. the putative full-length cdna, named mi-cpb-1, encoded a 203 amino acid protein containing an n-terminal secretion signal peptide. the c-terminal sequence of the putative mi-cbp-1 was similar to a bacterial-type cellulose-binding domain, whereas the n-terminal sequence did not show significant similarity to any proteins in data bases. recombinant mi-cbp-1 ...19989768512
rpe, a plant gene involved in early developmental steps of nematode feeding cells.sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes are able to induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate nematode feeding sites (nfss). we have isolated by promoter trapping an arabidopsis thaliana gene that is essential for the early steps of nfs formation induced by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. its pattern of expression is similar to that of key regulators of the cell cycle, but it is not observed with the cyst nematode. later in nfs development, this gene is induced by b ...19989843485
the tomato mi-1 gene confers resistance to both root-knot nematodes and potato aphids.mi-1, a lycopersicon peruvianum gene conferring resistance to the agricultural pests, root-knot nematodes, and introgressed into tomato, has been cloned using a selective restriction fragment amplification based strategy. complementation analysis of a susceptible tomato line with a 100 kb cosmid array yielded a single cosmid clone capable of conferring resistance both to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita and to an unrelated pathogen, the potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae. this resis ...19989853621
isolation of the lemmi9 gene and promoter analysis during a compatible plant-nematode interaction.plant-endoparasitic root-knot nematodes feed on specialized giant cells that they induce in the vascular cylinder of susceptible plants. although it has been established that a number of plant genes change their expression pattern during giant cell differentiation, virtually no data are available about the mechanisms involved in that change. one possibility is differential promoter recognition by the transcription factor(s) responsible for the expression of specific genes. we have isolated and c ...199910226377
identification and characterization of excreted-secreted products and surface coat antigens of animal and plant-parasitic nematodes.nematode surface coat (sc) proteins and excreted-secreted products (e-s) are likely to play important roles in the host-parasite interaction and considerable similarities can be found in sc proteins and e-s products from certain plant and animal parasitic nematodes. monoclonal antibodies raised to e-s products of plant-parasitic nematodes were shown to cross-react with e-s products and the surface coats of the animal parasites trichinella spiralis and haemonchus contortus. most of the antibodies ...199910340331
molecular cloning of an acetylcholinesterase gene from the plant parasitic nematodes, meloidogyne incognita and meloidogyne javanica.a gene encoding a protein with strong homology with caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae acetylcholinesterase ace-1 was cloned from meloidogyne incognita and m. javanica pre-parasitic juveniles. both cdnas have an orf of 1968 bp for a deduced translation product of 656 amino acid residues. the key residues essential to acetylcholinesterase (ache) structure and function are conserved in both sequences. m. incognita and m. javanica ache share a homology of 98.8% at the amino acid level and 97% a ...199910340488
differential in vitro pathogenicity of predatory fungi of the genus monacrosporium for phytonematodes, free-living nematodes and parasitic nematodes of cattle.in vitro tests were carried out on the pathogenicity of nine isolates of the predatory fungi of the genus monacrosporium (5 m. sinense isolates, 3 m. appendiculatum and 1 m. thaumasium isolate) for a phytonematode (second stage juveniles from meloidogyne incognita, race 3), a free-living nematode (panagrellus spp), and two gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of cattle (infective larvae of cooperia punctata and haemonchus placei). a suspension containing 2,000 nematodes from each species was add ...199910347773
isolation of a cdna encoding a beta-1,4-endoglucanase in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita and expression analysis during plant parasitism.a beta-1,4-endoglucanase encoding cdna (egases, e.c. 3.2.1.4), named mi-eng-1, was cloned from meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (j2). the deduced amino acid sequence contains a catalytic domain and a cellulose-binding domain separated by a linker. in m. incognita, the gene is transcribed in the migratory j2, in males, and in the sedentary adult females. in pre-parasitic j2, endoglucanase transcripts are located in the cytoplasm of the subventral esophageal glands. the presence of bet ...199910478479
molecular cloning and characterisation of a venom allergen ag5-like cdna from meloidogyne incognita.rna fingerprinting was used to identify rnas that were expressed in parasitic second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita, but absent from or reduced in preparasitic second-stage juveniles. a cdna encoding a putative secretory protein was cloned from a m. incognita second-stage juvenile cdna library by probing with a 0.5kb fragment derived from fingerprinting that was more strongly expressed in parasitic second-stage juveniles. the cdna, named mi-msp-1, contained an open reading frame encodi ...200010675748
changes in the lipophilicity of the surfaces of meloidogyne incognita and haemonchus contortus during exposure to host signals.the surfaces of plant and animal parasitic nematodes share certain lipids, which seem to be important in the infection process. the surfaces of 2 parasitic nematodes, meloidogyne incognita and haemonchus contortus, were activated by different ph buffers to allow the insertion of different fluorescent probes. the lipid analogue pkh26 and the surface charge indicator, cationized ferritin, were used as probes with these nematodes but labelled only the retaining 2nd-stage moulted cuticle of h. conto ...200010726281
biochemical characterization of mi-eng1, a family 5 endoglucanase secreted by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.a beta-1,4-endoglucanase named mi-eng1, homologous to the family 5 glycoside hydrolases, was previously isolated from the plant parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. we describe here the detection of the enzyme in the nematode homogenate and secretion and its complete biochemical characterization. this study is the first comparison of the enzymatic properties of an animal glycoside hydrolase with plant and microbial enzymes. mi-eng1 shares many enzymatic properties with known endog ...200010824111
nematicidal constituents of the aerial parts of lantana camara.two new constituents, lantanoside (1) and lantanone (2), and the known compounds linaroside (3) and camarinic acid (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of lantana camara. compounds 1, 3, and 4 were tested for nematicidal activity against root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita and showed 90, 85, and 100% mortality, respectively, at 1.0% concentration. the results were comparable to those obtained with the conventional nematicide furadan (100% mortality at 1.0% concentration). structures of t ...200010869197
cdna cloning and expression analysis of a calponin gene from the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita. 200111166397
molecular cloning of a cdna encoding an amphid-secreted putative avirulence protein from the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of three pairs of meloidogyne incognita near-isogenic lines (nils) was used to identify markers differential between nematode genotypes avirulent or virulent against the tomato mi resistance gene. one of these sequences, present only in the avirulent lines, was used as a probe to screen a cdna library from second-stage juveniles (j2s) and allowed cloning of a cdna encoding a secretory protein. the putative full-length cdna, named map-1, encod ...200111194874
characterisation of a collagen gene subfamily from the potato cyst nematode globodera pallida.we have isolated two full-length genomic dna sequences, which encode the cuticle collagen proteins gp-col-1 and gp-col-2, from the potato cyst nematode globodera pallida. a third, partial collagen gene orf termed gp-col-t(t=truncated) has also been isolated and appears to represent an unexpressed pseudogene. the gp-col-1 and gp-col-2 genes both contain three short (<97 bp) introns which disrupt coding regions predicted to specify proteins with molecular weights of 33 and 32.7 kda respectively. a ...200111223244
[modulation of plant resistance to diseases by water-soluble chitosan].low-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan with a molecular weight of 5 kda obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of native crab chitosan was shown to display an elicitor activity by inducing the local and systemic resistance of solanumi tuberosum potato and lycopesicon esculentum tomato to phytophthora infestans and nematodes, respectively. chitosan induced the accumulation of phytoalexins in tissues of host plants, decreased the total content and changed the composition of free sterols producin ...201311234398
arabidopsis thaliana genes expressed in the early compatible interaction with root-knot nematodes.in the compatible interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and the endoparasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita, galls are formed on the roots of the host plant. differential display was used to identify alterations of gene expression in young a. thaliana root galls caused by m. incognita. six genes were confirmed as plant genes by dna gel blot hybridizations. significant homology was found with a trypsin inhibitor, peroxidase, mitochondrial uncoupling protein, endomembrane protein, 20s proteaso ...200111277426
genes induced during early response to meloidogyne incognita in roots of resistant and susceptible alfalfa cultivars.a cdna library made to rna from roots of meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) susceptible alfalfa cv. lahontan seedlings 72 h after root-knot nematode inoculation was differentially screened with cdna made from uninoculated control and m. incognita infested (72 h) root rna. of the six cdnas isolated, the deduced amino acid sequences of four showed significant homology to sequences present in the databank, while two were pioneer sequences. the four cdnas with matches to known sequences incl ...200111448760
pesticidal properties of parthenin (from parthenium hysterophorus) and related compounds.eleven sesquiterpene lactone derivatives of parthenin (1), obtained from wild feverfew, parthenium hysterophorus, were prepared by chemical and photochemical transformations. the compounds tested were a pyrazoline adduct (2) of parthenin, its cyclopropyl (3) and propenyl (4) derivatives, anhydroparthenin (5), a dihydro-deoxygenated product (6), a formate (7) and its corresponding alcohol (8) and acetate (9), a rearranged product (10), lactone (11) and hemiacetal (12). all these derivatives, alon ...200111455638
nematode-antagonistic trichothecenes from fusarium equiseti.a strain of the fungus fusarium equiseti isolated from soybean cyst nematode secretes nematode-antagonistic compounds. bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of the culture broth was undertaken to identify the compounds. fractions were assayed for activity against a root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita), a plant pathogen that attacks the roots of numerous plant species. two trichothecene compounds were isolated that inhibited egg hatch and immobilized second-stage juveniles of this nem ...200111471940
isolation of a novel collagen gene (mj-col-5) in meloidogyne javanica and analysis of its expression pattern.mj-col-5, isolated from the plant parasitic nematode meloidogyne javanica, has a longer carboxy-terminus than other members of the caenorhabditis elegans col-6 subfamily of cuticle collagen, including an extra tyrosine residue, and may form altered nonreducible cross-linkages. by semiquantitative determination at different life stages, mj-col-5 transcript was shown to be more abundant in eggs than in juveniles/young females and adult females. to characterize further this gene's contribution to t ...200111534644
[investigation on root-knot diseases of medicinal plants in yunnan].during 1994-1997, the damage levels about root-knot diseases on 52 medicinal plants were investigated and analyzed. 185 samples were collected from more than 20 counties or cities in yunnan province. the results showed that 76 specimens were infected by root-knot nematode, which are meloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white 1919, chitwood 1949), m. javanice (trenb 1855, chitwood 1949), m. arenaria (neal 1889, chitwood 1949) and m. halpa (chitwood 1949). they infected 21 medicinal plants. the paper ...200111917839
biologically active secondary metabolites from the ascomycete a111-95. 1. production, isolation and biological activities.eight secondary metabolites were isolated from submerged cultures of the ascomycete a111-95 during a search for new nematicidal metabolites. (-)-galiellalactone (7) and compound 2 are metabolites previously obtained from cultures of galiella rufa while the compounds 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 (3 and 4 were obtained as an unseparable mixture), were isolated as natural products for the first time. compound 2, pregaliellalactone (5) and the mixture of 3 and 4 showed nematicidal activities towards caenorha ...200211918063
a novel root-specific gene, mic-3, with increased expression in nematode-resistant cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) after root-knot nematode infection.a full-length cdna, mic-3, has been identified from a lambda zapii cdna library constructed from the mrna of nematode-resistant cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) roots after infection with root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita). the putative open reading frame of mic-3 encoded a protein of 141 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15.3 kda. seven alternative polyadenylation sites have been identified for the mic-3 transcripts, and the major transcripts are the longest ones. the mic-3 ...200212031505
direct identification of stylet secreted proteins from root-knot nematodes by a proteomic approach.the stylet secretions produced by plant parasitic root-knot nematodes are thought to be pathogenicity factors involved in the invasion of the root tissue and in the induction and maintenance of feeding cells. a new procedure was established that allowed the direct qualitative analysis of proteins secreted by meloidogyne incognita infective juveniles. purified proteins whose isoelectric point (pi) ranged from 5.0 to 7.5 were separated by two-dimensional (2d) electrophoresis and the seven most abu ...200212034454
a polygalacturonase of animal origin isolated from the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.the first animal polygalacturonase (pg, ec 2.1.15) encoding cdna, mi-pg-1, was cloned from the plant parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita. the enzymatic activity of mi-pg-1 was confirmed after heterologous expression in escherichia coli. the presence of a predicted signal peptide on the mi-pg-1 sequence together with the specific localization of the transcripts of the mi-pg-1 gene in the oesophageal glands of infective juveniles imply that mi-pg-1 could be secreted into plant tissues. the po ...200212095628
characterization of a cdna related to k-cl cotransporters in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.we report the cloning of a full-length cdna from the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita, which encodes a putative protein of 1082 amino acids showing high similarity with k-cl cotransporters (kccs) from the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans (54% identity) and from a number of mammals, including human. hydropathy analysis indicates typical kcc topology patterns, with a hydrophylic nh2-terminal region, 12 membrane-spanning domains, and a long cooh-terminal hydrophylic region. ...200212180345
effects of phytohormones on the surfaces of plant-parasitic nematodes.the direct effects of phytohormones (auxin and kinetin) and root diffusates on the surface lipophilicity of the plant parasitic nematodes globodera rostochiensis and meloidogyne incognita were investigated. the fluorescent lipid probe af18 (5-n(octodecanoyl) aminofluorescein) was used to detect surface changes. root diffusates increased af18 uptake by g. rostochiensis while it had no effect on m. incognita. kinetin and auxin decreased af18 uptake in g. rostochiensis, while they had the opposite ...200212211609
influence of plant species on the biological control activity of the antagonistic rhizobacterium rhizobium etli strain g12 toward the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita.the influence of plant species on the antagonistic activity of the rhizosphere bacterium rhizobium etli g12 towards the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita was studied. the crops tested were tomato, cucumber, cotton, soybean and pepper. the plants were evaluated for the following parameters: root gall-index, total number of galls and egg masses of m. incognita, as well as shoot and root fresh weight and root length. results indicated a clear influence of plant species on the ability of r. e ...200112425090
induced systemic resistance of selected endophytic bacteria against meloidogyne incognita on tomato.in previous work, the four endophytic bacteria pantoea agglomerans mk-29, cedeca davisae mk-30, enterobacter spp. mk-42 and pseudomonas putida mt-19 were shown to reduce meloidogyne incognita on tomato when applied as a seed treatment and/or soil drench. the objective of this work was to study these bacteria for their potential to induce systemic resistance against root knot nematodes on tomato. to guarantee spatial separation between inducing agent and pathogen a split-root system was chosen an ...200112425091
the endosymbiosis-induced genes enod40 and ccs52a are involved in endoparasitic-nematode interactions in medicago truncatula.plants associate with a wide range of mutualistic and parasitic biotrophic organisms. here, we investigated whether beneficial plant symbionts and biotrophic pathogens induce distinct or overlapping regulatory pathways in medicago truncatula. the symbiosis between sinorhizobium meliloti and this plant results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules requiring the activation of specific genes in the host plant. we studied expression patterns of nodule-expressed genes after infection with ...200212437298
potato-associated bacteria and their antagonistic potential towards plant-pathogenic fungi and the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood.to study the effect of microenvironments on potato-associated bacteria, the abundance and diversity of bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, endorhiza, and endosphere of field grown potato was analyzed. culturable bacteria were obtained after plating on r2a medium. the endophytic populations averaged 10(3) and 10(5) cfu/g (fresh wt.) for the endosphere and endorhiza. respectively, which were lower than those for the ectophytic microenvironments, with 10(5) and 10(7) cfu/g (fresh ...200212455609
arabidopsis thaliana mutants with an altered susceptibility to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.sedentary endoparasitic nematodes of plants are obligate parasites of roots in which they complete their sophisticated life cycle. to study the plant/root-knot nematode interaction, a screening was performed for mutants of arabidopsis thaliana that were less susceptible to nematode infection. ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized a. thaliana m2 seeds (13,000) were germinated and the seedlings were screened in vitro for nematode susceptibility. another 5,000 plants were screened in a sand mixture un ...200212491969
genetics of resistance to meloidogyne incognita in crosses of grape rootstocks.progeny testing was used to investigate the value of selected grape varieties as parents in breeding nematode-resistant rootstocks. six pistillate-flowered rootstocks (ramsey, dog ridge, harmony, freedom, 1613c, and 161-49c) and four staminate-flowered rootstocks (riparia gloire, 3309c, 1616c, and st. george) were used. each male was crossed to each female. six weeks after inoculation with 1,500 second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita race 3, roots were stained in an aqueous solution of ...200212582495
development of a new management strategy for the control of root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp) in organic vegetable production.the nematophagous fungus, pochonia chlamydosporia (goddard) zare & gams, has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for use in integrated pest management strategies for meloidogyne incognita (kof & white) chitwood in vegetable crops. the release of the fungus as a biological control agent requires a diagnostic method to monitor its spread in the environment and to gain knowledge of its ecology. only molecular methods are sufficiently discriminating to enable the detection of s ...200312587872
the heat-stable root-knot nematode resistance gene mi-9 from lycopersicon peruvianum is localized on the short arm of chromosome 6.the tomato gene mi-1 confers resistance to three species of root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp. however, the resistance mediated by mi-1 is inactive at soil temperatures above 28 degrees c. previously, we identified and mapped a novel heat-stable nematode resistance gene from the wild species lycopersicon peruvianum accession la2157 on to chromosome 6. here we report further characterization of this heat-stable resistance against three mi-1-avirulent biotypes of meloidogyne javanica, meloidogy ...200312589548
protein variability in meloidogyne spp. (nematoda:meloidogynidae) revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.total protein variation as revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2d-e) was studied in 18 isolates from populations of meloidogyne arenaria (six isolates), meloidogyne incognita (10 isolates), and meloidogyne javanica (one isolate) plus an unclassified isolate. gels (80 x 60 x 0.75 mm) were silverstained and digitized in order to compare their protein patterns. optical density and position of protein patterns were measured using statistical cluster analysis and computer-assisted image anal ...200212645913
a sulfonic anhydride derivative from dibenzyl trisulphide with agro-chemical activities.in the present study, the biologically active natural product dibenzyl trisulphide (dts) which was previously isolated from the sub-tropical shrub petiveria alliacea was transformed to methyl benzyl sulphonic anhydride (mbsa) using a "one pot" transformation method. the anhydride was evaluated for anti-microbial activities on the bacteria, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas fluorescens and found to be 2.5 fold more effective than the commercial agents isoniazid and ampicillin in inhibiting the gr ...200312668029
efficacy of the liquid formulation of some nematicides.bunches of 25 g of tomato galled roots containing ca. 270 eggs and juveniles/g of meloidogyne incognita were buried on 29 september 2001 in gauze bags at the depth of 15, 30 and 45 cm in a sandy loam. the liquid formulation of the nematicides 1,3 dichloropropene (at the rate of 100, 200 and 300 l/ha), metam sodium (at the rate of 500, 1000, and 1500 l/ha), oxamyl (at the rate of 50, 100 and 150 l/ha) and fenamiphos (at the rate of 30, 60, and 90 l/ha) were then applied in 10, 20 or 40 l/m2 of wa ...200212696439
tylenchida associated with field crops in tehran and central provinces of iran.on a survey of plant parasitic nematodes, belonging to the order tylenchida, about 500 soil and root samples were collected from different field crops, such as wheat, barley, tomato, potato, corn, beets, eggplants, cuccumber, melon and also other crops cultivated in tehran and central provinces during 1995-2000. all samples were washed and the nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation technique. they were fixed and transferred to glycerin, then permanent slides were mounted. morphologica ...200212696441
management of root-knot nematode in tomato lycopersicon esculentum, mill, with biogas slurry.the effect of biogas slurry application on the severity of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, attack on tomato cv. co-1, was tested in the green house with two levels of biogas slurry: 5% and 10% (w/w) added to soil. both the number (3 fruits/plant) and fruit yield (35.2 g/plant) of tomato increased significantly with 10% (w/w) biogas slurry. the plants amended with biogas slurry put up more vegetative growth and tended to flower and fruit much earlier than did those of the control. the ...200312699936
analysis and functional classification of transcripts from the nematode meloidogyne incognita.plant parasitic nematodes are major pathogens of most crops. molecular characterization of these species as well as the development of new techniques for control can benefit from genomic approaches. as an entrée to characterizing plant parasitic nematode genomes, we analyzed 5,700 expressed sequence tags (ests) from second-stage larvae (l2) of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.200312702207
a profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.identifying parasitism genes encoding proteins secreted from a nematode's esophageal gland cells and injected through its stylet into plant tissue is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants. meloidogyne incognita parasitism genes were cloned by microaspirating the cytoplasm from the esophageal gland cells of different parasitic stages to provide mrna to create a gland cell-specific cdna library by long-distance reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ...200312744507
nematicidal activity of some sri lankan plants.nineteen solvent extracts from seven sri lankan plants were examined for nematicidal activity against the root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. extracts of allophyhu cobbe, lepisanthes tetraphylla (sapindaceae), sarcococca zeylanica (buxaceae) and hedyotis lawsoniae (rubiaceae) have shown significant nematicidal activity.200312822904
pr proteins in plants infested with the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid et white, 1919) chitwood 1949. 201612918384
effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a non-pathogenic fusarium oxysporum on meloidogyne incognita infestation of tomato.arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and non-pathogenic strains of soil-borne pathogens have been shown to control plant parasitic nematodes. as am fungi and non-pathogenic fungi improve plant health by different mechanisms, combination of two such partners with complementary mechanisms might increase overall control efficacy and, therefore, provide an environmentally safe alternative to nematicide application. experiments were conducted to study possible interactions between the am fungus glomus c ...200312938032
a virus disease of meloidogyne incognita incognita, the southern root knot nematode. 195914417916
biological activities of an extract from cleome viscosa l. (capparaceae).electron micrograph examination of the leaf and stem surfaces of cleome viscosa l (family capparaceae) revealed the presence of secretory glandular trichomes with club-cylinder and cylinder morphologies. in the present study, the leaves and stems of c. viscosa were extracted with hexane and the extract was evaluated for the following biological activities: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, contact insecticidal and nematicidal. the extract was found to be a potent anti-bacterial agent according to the ...200314564407
location of independent root-knot nematode resistance genes in plum and peach.prunus species express different ranges and levels of resistance to the root-knot nematodes (rkn) meloidogyne spp. in myrobalan plum ( prunus cerasifera), the dominant ma gene confers a high-level and wide-spectrum resistance to the predominant rkn, meloidogyne arenaria, meloidogyne incognita, meloidogyne javanica and the isolate meloidogyne sp. florida which overcomes the resistance of the amygdalus sources. in japanese plum ( prunus salicina), a similar wide-spectrum dominant resistance gene, ...200414569426
induction of the hahsp17.7g4 promoter by root-knot nematodes: involvement of heat-shock elements in promoter activity in giant cells.root-knot nematodes feed from specialized giant cells induced in the plants that they parasitize. we found that the promoter of the hahsp17.7g4 gene, which encodes a small heat-shock protein involved in embryogenesis and stress responses, directed gus expression in tobacco galls induced by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. in roots containing a gus reporter fusion to the hahsp17.7g4 promoter, 10% of the galls stained for gus expression 1 to 3 days after infection and the fraction sta ...200314651339
a set of genes differentially expressed between avirulent and virulent meloidogyne incognita near-isogenic lines encode secreted proteins.a cdna-amplification fragment length polymorphism (aflp)-based strategy has been used to identify genes differentially expressed between two pairs of near-isogenic lines (nil) of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita either avirulent or virulent against the tomato mi resistance gene. gene expression profiles from infective second-stage juveniles (j2) were compared, and 22 of the 24,025 transcript-derived fragments (tdf) generated proved to be differential, i.e., present in both avirulent ...200314651341
[photosynthetic pigments of tomato under conditions of biotic stress and effects of furostanol glycosides].adaptogenic effect of furostanol glycosides (fg) on biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments in tomato plants (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) were studied under conditions of biotic stress caused by root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita kofoid et white). treatment of plants with 5 x 10(-4) m fg was accompanied by an increase in the rate of biosynthesis of pigments (particularly, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), which was observed against the background of a decrease in the relative contributio ...201314714485
inheritance of resistance to meloidogyne incognita race 2 in the hot pepper cultivar carolina cayenne (capsicum annuum l.).root-knot nematodes of the genus meloidogyne are important pathogens affecting vegetable crop production in brazil and worldwide. the pepper species capsicum annuum includes both hot and sweet peppers; very little emphasis has been placed on breeding sweet peppers for nematode resistance. we report on the inheritance of resistance to meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood race 2 in the hot pepper cultivar carolina cayenne. the hot pepper cv. carolina cayenne was used as seed parent and ...200214963835
feeding and maturation by soybean looper (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae on soybean affected by weed, fungus, and nematode pests.feeding and maturation by the soybean looper, pseudoplusia includens (walker) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), were investigated in a 2-yr study on 'davis' soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., grown alone and combined with the weed hemp sesbania, sesbania exaltata (raf.) rybd. ex. a. w. hill, the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood, and the charcoal rot fungus, macrophomina phaseolina (tassi) goid. of the three pests, hemp sesbania had the greatest effects on plant growth an ...200414998122
expression of an arabidopsis phosphoglycerate mutase homologue is localized to apical meristems, regulated by hormones, and induced by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes.we previously isolated a partial soybean cdna clone whose transcript abundance is increased upon infection by the sedentary, endoparasitic soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines. we now isolated the corresponding full-length cdna and determined that the predicted gene product was similar to the group of cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase/bisphosphoglycerate mutase enzymes (pgm/bpgm; ec 5.4.2.1/5.4.2.4). we designated the corresponding soybean gene gmpgm. pgm and bpgm are key catalysts ...200315010616
[interaction between structure of plant steroids and their effect on phytonematodes].the effects of certain plant steroids of the groups of furostanol glycosides, glycoalkaloids, and alpha-ecdysone on growth and development of phytoparasitic nematodes were studied. it was shown using an experimental system including tomato, lycopersicon esculentum mill., and root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita kofoid et white, that steroid molecule had significant nematicidic activity if it contained a carbohydrate moiety and an additional heterocycle in the steroid core. the maximum nemat ...200615029710
the interaction of so2 and root-knot nematode on tomato.intermittent exposure of tomato plants (cv. pusa ruby) to so(2) at 286 microg m(-3) (3 h every heavy third day for 75 days) induced slight chlorosis of leaves. at 571 microg m(-3), considerable chlorosis with browning developed on the foliage. these symptoms were more pronounced and appeared earlier on so(2)-exposed plants infected with meloidogyne incognita race 1 (mi), especially in post- and concomitant-inoculation exposures. mi and/or so(2) significantly reduced different parameters of plant ...199315091816
efficacy of paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251) for the control of root-knot nematodes.the egg pathogenic fungus paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251), is a unique strain with a wide range of activity against the most important plant parasitic nematodes. due to increased production capacity by solid state fermentation and a new water dispersible granule (wdg) formulation, this biological nematicide may be used in an integrated approach to control plant parasitic nematodes. dose response experiments were conducted with the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita on tomatoes using th ...200315149100
the use of olive mill wastes for the control of root-knot nematodes.the suppressive effect of olive mill wastes was tested in a field experiment in sandy soil, infested by meloidogyne incognita, in the province of lecce, southern italy. the field was subdivided in 12 m2 plots distributed at random in four blocks. treatment consisted of different dosages (10, 20 and 40 t/ha) of two composts prepared with either exhausted or fresh olive pomace or raw extraction sewage at rate of 40 or 80 m3/ha. there were four untreated control plots and four plots on which the gr ...200315149102
comparative analysis of two 14-3-3 homologues and their expression pattern in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved ubiquitous proteins found in all eukaryotic organisms. they are involved in various cellular processes including signal transduction, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, stress response and cytoskeleton organisation. we report here the cloning of two genes encoding 14-3-3 isoforms from the plant parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita, together with an analysis of their expression. both genes were shown to be transcribed in unhatched second stage larvae ...200415157770
isolation and characterization of pra1, a trypsin-like protease from the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 displaying nematicidal activity.mycoparasitic trichoderma strains secrete a complex set of hydrolytic enzymes under conditions related to antagonism. several proteins with proteolytic activity were detected in culture filtrates from t. harzianum cect 2413 grown in fungal cell walls or chitin and the protein responsible for the main activity (pra1) was purified to homogeneity. the enzyme was monomeric, its estimated molecular mass was 28 kda (sds-page), and its isoelectric point 4.7-4.9. the substrate specificity and inhibition ...200415221228
effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and composed organic fertilizers on the reproduction of meloidogyne incognita and tomato growth.glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of pseudomonas fluorescens, azotobacter chroococcum, azospirillum brasilense and composted organic fertilizers (cow dung, horse dung, goat dung and poultry manure) alone and in combination on the multiplication of meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. p. fluorescens was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than a. chroococcum or a. brasilense. among composted organic fertilizers, pou ...200415246448
development of a bionematicide with paecilomyces lilacinus to control meloidogyne incognita.root-knot disease caused by meloidogyne incognita is a matter of grave concern because it affects several economically important crop plants. the use of solid-state fermentation (ssf) may help to elaborate efficient formulations with fungi to be employed in the biologic control of nematodes. attempts were made to select low-cost substrates for spore production of a strain of paecilomyces lilacinus with known nematicide capacity. coffee husks, cassava bagasse, and defatted soybean cake were utili ...200415304741
biochemical changes in glomus fasciculatum colonized roots of lycopersicon esculentum in presence of meloidogyne incognita.glasshouse experiments were conducted to elicit biochemical substantiation for the observed difference in resistance to nematode infection in roots colonized by mycorrhiza, and susceptibility of the fresh flush of roots of the same plant that escaped mycorrhizal colonization. tomato roots were assayed for their biochemical profiles with respect to total proteins, total phenols, indole acetic acid, activities of polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and indole acetic acid oxidase. the r ...200415339037
safety of pochonia chlamydosporia var catenulata in acute oral and dermal toxicity/pathogenicity evaluations in rats and rabbits.the nematophagous fungus, pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata (kamyschlco ex barron & onions) zare & w-gams, was investigated as a potential biocontrol agent in integrated pest management strategy for meloidogyne incognita (kofoid and white) chitwood in vegetable crops in cuba. an acute oral and dermal toxicity/patogenicity study was performed to determine the safety of this fungus in non-target organisms. in the first study, a 1-dose level of 5 x 10(8) units of the microbial pest control ag ...200415487645
effects of glucosinolates and their enzymatic hydrolysis products via myrosinase on the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid et white) chitw.the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita (kofoid et white) chitw. is responsible for large yield losses in several horticultural crops. fumigation with chemicals has been efficient in fighting this soil pest, but it clearly shows a negative environmental impact. thus, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly alternative to control this nematode and meet the requirements imposed by world regulation to ban some chemical fumigants in the world after 2005. the glucosinolate-myrosinase ...200415506804
an sxp/ral-2 protein produced by the subventral pharyngeal glands in the plant parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.meloidogyne incognita is a major parasite of numerous plant families, including many crop species. upon infection of the plant root, it induces several multinucleate giant cells by the injection of pharyngeal gland secretions into the root cells. in order to obtain a better understanding of the nematode-plant interaction, characterization of the pharyngeal gland secretions is a necessity. by differential display, a nematode gene was identified that encodes a new member of the sxp/ral-2 protein f ...200515565464
3-hydroxypropionic acid as a nematicidal principle in endophytic fungi.3- hydroxypropionic acid was isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation of extracts obtained from submerged cultures of several endophytic fungi isolated from above-ground plant organs. this compound showed selective nematicidal activity against the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne incognita with ld50 values of 12.5-15 microg/ml. activity against the saprophytic caenorhabditis elegans was fivefold lower. no antimicrobial, cytotoxic or phytotoxic effects were observed. propionic acid and d- ...200415587708
phenylacetic acid-producing rhizoctonia solani represses the biosynthesis of nematicidal compounds in vitro and influences biocontrol of meloidogyne incognita in tomato by pseudomonas fluorescens strain cha0 and its gm derivatives.the aim of the present investigation was to determine the influence of rhizoctonia solani and its pathogenicity factor on the production of nematicidal agent(s) by pseudomonas fluorescens strain cha0 and its gm derivatives in vitro and nematode biocontrol potential by bacterial inoculants in tomato.200515610416
pro domain peptide of hgcp-iv cysteine proteinase inhibits nematode cysteine proteinases.cysteine proteinases (cps) are synthesized as zymogens and converted to mature proteinase forms by proteolytic cleavage and release of their pro domain peptides. a cdna encoding a papain-like cp, called hgcp-iv, was isolated from a heterodera glycines j2 cdna library, expressed and utilized to assess the ability of its propeptide to inhibit proteinase in its active form. the hgcp-iv cdna sequence encodes a polypeptide of 374 amino acids with the same domain organization as other cathepsin l-like ...200415614726
resistance gene analogue markers are mapped to homeologous chromosomes in cultivated tetraploid cotton.degenerate primers designed from conserved motifs of known plant resistance gene products were used to amplify genomic dna sequences from the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) resistance genetic source, upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) cultivar auburn 634 rnr. a total of 165 clones were isolated, and sequence analysis revealed 57 of the clones to be novel nucleotide sequences, many containing the resistance (r)-protein nucleotide-binding site motif. a cluster analysis was performed wi ...200515726317
effects of dl-methionine on hatching and activity of meloidogyne incognita eggs and juveniles.several concentrations of dl-methionine were tested in the laboratory for their effects on meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood egg hatching and juvenile activity in aqueous suspensions and infested soil. after 7 days in methionine solutions, the proportions of hatched eggs were reduced by 23.3% at 0.25 mg litre(-1) methionine and by 76.4% at 25 g litre(-1) when compared with controls in tap water. an effect of methionine solutions on juvenile activity was also apparent after 24 h in ...200515751006
optimizing the efficacy of paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251) for the control of root-knot nematodes.the egg pathogenic fungus paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251) is a biocontrol fungus with a potential range of activity to control the worldwide most important plant parasitic nematodes. this biological nematicide may be an useful tool in an integrated approach to control mainly sedentary nematodes. greenhouse experiments were conducted with the root-knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita and m. hapla on tomato. p. lilacinus, formulated as wg (bioact wg), was incorporated into soil inoculated with ...200415759437
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